GREEN MATERIALS

Trade Fair for Environment and Muncipal

Engineering

Helsinki Exhibition & Convention Centre

07.10.2010

Prof. Ali Harlin,

VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland

208/10/2010

Green

Sustainability - meeting the needs of society in ways that can continue indefinitely into the future without damaging or depleting natural resources. In short, meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

"Cradle to cradle" design - ending the "cradle to grave" cycle of manufactured products, by creating products that can be fully reclaimed or re-used.

Source reduction - reducing waste and pollution by changing patterns of production and consumption.

Innovation - developing alternatives to technologies -whether fossil fuel or chemical intensive agriculture - that have been demonstrated to damage health and the environment.

Viability - creating a center of economic activity around technologies and products that benefit the environment, speeding their implementation and creating new careers that truly protect the planet.

308/10/2010

Cotton producers:

USA

China

India

Pakistan

Egypt

Uzbekistan

Turkey

Australia

Turkeminstan

Syyria

South Sahara

Wool Producers:

Australia

China

New Zeland

Iran

UK

India

Sudan

South Africa

USA

Dry heylands

Cotton fields

Fibre production should be

moved to rainy areas

Cotton production in the world

408/10/2010

Potential of regenerated cellulose fibre

World cotton production

40% of all textiles

Growth area 335 000km2

21,7 Mtn (94,2 miljoonaa pales)

256 Gm3 water (2,6% of sweet water)

757 Gtn CO2

560 Mtn N2O

Finland non used wood production is equivalent to

25 Mm3 wood

5 Mtn regenerated cellulose fibre

20% world cotton production

10% of all dessertation

120 Gtn CO2

Food for 18-25 million people

8-10 billion euro turnover

508/10/2010

Dissolving

pulp

Chemicals

CMC

Food packaging

Fibre

Textile

Technical and

Hygenic productsClothing

Export

Consumption

608/10/2010

New possible production plants

Brassica carinata : Ethiopian mustard

Jatropha curcas : Barbados nut, Physic nut

Linum usitatissimum : Flax

Moringa oleifera :

Opuntia ficus-indica : prickly pear cactus

Panicum virgatum : switchgrass

Simmondsia chinensis : jojoba

708/10/2010

Eco-efficient materials

DriversVTT offering

Reduce

Renew

1) Light materials 2) High performance composites3) Thin film barriers

4) Biobased lateces5) Dispersion barriers6) Bioplastics

808/10/2010

Definition of Bioplastics and Composites

1. Bio-based and biodegradable

plastics

2. Bio-based, non biodegradable

plastics

3. Synthetic biodegradable plastics

4. Combinations of previous

5. Plastics

Definition is expanding from biodegradable plastics to bio-based plastics

No common universal definition or standard for bioplastics

No specific legislation regulating the amount of renewable content of a bioplastic

No standards for the measurement and reporting of renewable content

Cotton/ paper

Starch polymer

PLA/ HA

Cellulose polymer

Renew

able

re

sourc

es

Conventional PE/PP

Petr

o b

ased r

esourc

es

Non biodegradable Biodegradable

Starch

PLA

PHA

CA

Bio-based PE

Bio-based PA

Bio-based PU

Bio-based PVC

Renew

able

resourc

es

PVA

PCL

PBS

Plastics:

PE, PP, ABS, PC

PVC, PU, PA,

PMMA, PET etc.Petr

o b

ased

resourc

es

Non

biodegradableBiodegradable

12

35

908/10/2010

Benefits and advances

of biogenic products:

• Biofuels increses biochemical production

• General puprose plastics remain highly efficient

• World economics and logistics requirements

• Reduction of wasted goods, e.g. food

• Waste managemt in future: recycling and energy use Benefiters:• Brandowners find answers for their customer request on sustainable products

• Chemical and material companies find added value and stability against oil price

Our vision

Fibrematerials are renewing:

• Recycling enables efficient solutions

• Environmental risk reduction

• Synergy with plastics

1008/10/2010

Drivers: legislation and others

European Packaging Directive 94/62/EC

includes both the aerobic (composting) and anaerobic treatment of biodegradable packaging as organic recycling

biodegradable plastics are considered as beneficial as recycled plastics, as they reduce the waste that goes to landfill. This creates an advantage for biodegradable plastics over conventional ones.

Directive 94/62/EC been amended by a new packaging directive, Directive 2004/12/EC

European Standards for composting methods EN 13432

Compostability of plastic products

German Packaging Ordinance

Biodegradable packaging products do not have to pay the Green Dot, the recycling tax

• Global warming → public opinion

• Green image

• Land filling

1108/10/2010

Bioplastics Market

Properties

Total Bioplastics Market: Forecast

Development of Total capacity

(World)

2006-2012

Total Bioplastics Market: Unit Shipment

and Revenue forecast (Europe)

2003-2013

At the present 20 companies hold 90% of market share

250 companies by 2015 and 2000 companies by 2020 at the market

Although a fast growing market, not all materials will have equal success

Current production capacity globally is 300 -500 kton

1208/10/2010

Resource efficiency indicators

Mass conversion efficiency

Mass of products per mass of raw materials

Good indicator for material products

Carbon conversion efficiency

Number of carbon atoms in products vs in feed

Good indicator for chemicals and fuels

Energy conversion efficiency

Energy content of products vs feed

Good indicator for fuels

Energy use

Energy input (GJ and kWh) per product unit (usually kg or ton)

Water use

Litres or m3 per product unit

….Material overuse

has to be ended

1308/10/2010

Green Building Materials

The concept of sustainable building incorporates and integrates a variety of strategies during the design, construction and operation of building projects. The use of green building materials and products represents one important strategy in the design of a building.

Green building materials offer specific benefits to the building owner and building occupants

Reduced maintenance/replacement costs over the life of the building.

Energy conservation.

Improved occupant health and productivity.

Lower costs associated with changing space configurations.

Greater design flexibility.

A green building, also known as a sustainable building, is a structure that is designed, built, renovated, operated, or reused in an ecological and resource-efficient manner. Green buildings are designed to meet certain objectives such as protecting occupant health; improving employee productivity; using energy, water, and other resources more efficiently; and reducing the overall impact to the environment.

http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/greenbuilding/Materials/

1408/10/2010

Modifying wood and natural fiber for biocomposites

Chemo-enzymatic modification method for fibre materials leads to

Improving wood and natural fiber has been studied for decades based on chemical grafting and sorption

Functionalization fiber with chemo-enzymatic methods is more specific and targeted method

Lignin-containing wood fibres and other natural fibres as well as fibre products can be modified with

oxidative and cross-linking enzymes are applied for exact modification of the fiber surfaces

Environmentally friendly approach to customize or even to introduce completely new properties

Development of biocomposite materials in conjunction with processing technologies

Totally new way of thinking and designing of composites

biopact.com/2008/01/ VTT, erikoistutkija Anna Suurnäkki, puh. 020 722 7178

Extrusion line for WPC

profiles in K2004 Exhibition

1508/10/2010

Applications, Constructions in Finland

Upm-kymmene, Exel, Naamakka, Kareline

1608/10/2010

WPC Production Figures and Growth

-

200.000

400.000

600.000

800.000

1.000.000

1.200.000

1.400.000

1.600.000

1.800.000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2010

Tons

North America

Europe

China

Japan

WPC-production growth

rates from 2000-2005:

USA ~ 40%

Europa ~100%

Japan ~ 13%

Source: Asta Eder Wood Fibre Polymer Composites International Symposium 2007, Bordeaux

Total WPC Production in

Year 2009 (1, 5 Mtons):

Europe 0, 17 Mton

China 0, 20 Mton

Japan 0, 10 Mton

1708/10/2010

Non renewables

Metals

Cu for electric cars

Li for batterier

Rare earths for electronics and photonics

Metals for high performance energy technology

These materials has to be recycled, there is no more available on the

planet

The materials are strategic and controlled by very few countries

1808/10/2010

In manufacture of Pt-Re catalysts for production of lead-free high-octane

petrol

As a component of catalytic systems for processes of hydrodesulphurisation

In production of heat-resisting alloys and superalloys – mechanically and thermally resistant

alloys used in manufacture of rocket propulsion nozzles and rotating parts of aircraft engines

as well as in power engineering equipment

77,0

15,0

8,0

alloys and superalloys catalysts other

APLICATIONS OF RHENIUM

Melting point: 3180 ºC

Enables high efficiencyEnergy production

1908/10/2010

PRODUCTION OF RHENIUM IN WORLD

The world average annual production of rhenium is about 50 t

ROSKILL, (2006): The Economics of Rhenium. Seventh Edition, Roskill Information Service, London

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Chile

USA

Kazakhstan

China

Uzbekistan

Russia

Poland

Armenia

34 tThe world resources of rhenium are estimated at 11–17 kt

pe

rce

nta

ge o

f w

orld

re

so

urc

es

Rhenium is bound with molybdenum in porphyry deposits of copper and nickel ores

= available in maining waste

2008/10/2010

Green technology – Materials are everywhere

Energy Perhaps the most urgent issue for green technology, this includes the development of alternative fuels, new means of generating energy and energy efficiency.

Green buildingGreen building encompasses everything from the choice of building materials to where a building is located.

Environmentally preferred purchasingThis government innovation involves the search for products whose contents and methods of production have the smallest possible impact on the environment, and mandates that these be the preferred products for government purchasing.

Green chemistryThe invention, design and application of chemical products and processes to reduce or to eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances.

Green nanotechnologyNanotechnology involves the manipulation of materials at the scale of the nanometer, one billionth of a meter. Some scientists believe that mastery of this subject is forthcoming that will transform the way that everything in the world is manufactured. "Green nanotechnology" is the application of green chemistry and green engineering principles to this field.

2108/10/2010

VTT creates business

from technology