TM 5-684 Electrical Exterior Facilities

7/31/2019 TM 5-684 Electrical Exterior Facilities

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ARMY TM 5-684

NAVY NAVFAC MO-200

AIR FORCE AFJMAN 32-1082

TECHNICAL MANUAL

FACILITIES ENGINEERINGELECTRICAL EXTERIOR FACILITIES

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE: Distribution is unlimited

DEPARTMENTS OF THE ARMY, THE NAVY, AND THE AIR FORCE29 November 1996


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REPRODUCTION AUTHORIZATION/RESTRICTIONS

T h i s m a n u a l h a s b e e n p r e p a r e d b y a n d f o r t h e G o v e r n m e n t a n d ,

ex cep t t o t h e ex t en t i n d i ca t ed b e l o w, i s p u b l ic p ro p e r t y an d n o t s u b -

je ct t o cop yr igh t .

C op y r i g h t e d m a t e r i a l i n c lu d e d i n t h e m a n u a l h a s b e e n u s e d w i t h t h e

k n o w l e d g e a n d p e r m i ss io n o f t h e p r o p r i e t or s a n d i s a c k n o w l e d ge d a s

s u ch a t p o i n t o f u s e . An y o n e wi s h i n g t o m ak e fu r t h e r u s e o f an y

co p y r i g h t ed m a t e r i a l , b y i t s e l f an d ap a r t f ro m t h i s t ex t , s h o u l d s eek

n e c e s sa r y p e r m i ss io n d i r e c t ly fr o m t h e p r o p r i e t or s .

R e p r i n t s o r r e p u b l ic a t i on o f t h i s m a n u a l s h o u ld i n c l u d e a c r e d i t s u b -

s t an t i a l ly a s fo ll ows : J o i n t Dep a r t m en t s o f t h e Arm y , t h e Nav y an d

t h e Ai r F o rce , TM 5-86 4/N AVF AC MO -200/AF J MAN 32-1082.

I f t h e r e p r i n t o r r e p u b l i c a t i o n i n c l u d e s c o p y r i g h t e d m a t e r i a l , t h e

c red i t s h o u l d a l s o s t a t e : An y o n e wi s h i n g t o m ak e fu r t h e r u s e o f co p y r i g h t ed m a t e r i a l , b y i t s e l f an d ap a r t f ro m t h i s t ex t , s h o u l d s eek

n eces s a ry p e rm i s s i o n d i r ec t l y f ro m t h e p ro p r i e t o r .

Tab les 13- l and 16-1 a re rep r in ted f rom tab le 2 o f IEEE Std 18-1992

an d ta b le 11 .1 o f IEEE Std 519-1992 resp ec t ive ly .

C o p y r i g h t 1 99 3 b y t h e In s t i t u t e o f E l ect r i c a l an d E l ec t ro n i c s E n g i -

n ee r s , In c . Th e IE E E d i s cl a i m s an y r e s p o n s i b i li t y o r l i ab i li t y r e s u l t in g

f r o m t h e p l a c e m e n t a n d u s e i n t h i s p u b l i c a t i o n . I n f o r m a t i o n i s r e -

p r i n t e d w i t h t h e p e r m i ss io n o f t h e I E E E .


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HEADQUARTERS

TECHNICAL MANUAL No. 5-684 DEPARTMENTS OF THE ARMY,

NAV Y PUBLICATION NAVFAC MO-200 THE NAVY, AND TH E AIR FORCE

AIR F ORCE J OINT MANUAL No. AFJ MAN 32-1082 WASHINGTON , D.C.29 November 1996

ELECTRICAL EXTERIOR FACILITIES

CHAPTER 1 . INTRODUCTION

SECTION I-PRIMARY CONSIDERATIONSPur pose and scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Application of codes and publications. .....................................................

St an da rdsofm ain ten an ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maintena nce r esponsibilities. .............................................................

Maintenance records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Priority and scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SECTION II-SAFETY

Minimizinghazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Qualification of electric workers. ..........................................................

Certification of electric workers ...........................................................

Publicsafety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Personnelsafety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Live-linemaintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SECTION III-AVOIDING PROBLEMS

Operating conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Detecting potent ial trouble ...............................................................

Electrical connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 2. INSPECTION AND TESTS

SECTION I-PERFORMANCE

Determin ing equipment condition .........................................................

Reasons for inspections and tests .........................................................

Associated test guidance and records. .....................................................

SECTION II-REQUIREMENTS

Electric workers, instru ments, an d r eports

F requ en cyofin spect ion .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 3. TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS

SECTION I-GOVERNING CONSIDERATIONS

Typeofsu bst at ion scover ed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Electrical system r elationships. ...........................................................

Substation safetyconcern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Substa t ion secur ity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Periodic inspections of substations ........................................................

Visual inspections of substations ..........................................................

Infrar ed inspections of substations ........................................................

SECTION II-STRUCTURE MAINTENANCE

Importance ofm a i n t e n a n c e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Galvanized steels t r u c t u r e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Painted st eel structures.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Aluminumstructures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wood structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Concrete for str uctur e foundat ions ........................................................

Stru cture connections and joints ..........................................................

SECTION III-SUBSTATION YARDS

Provisionofyards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fences for ya rds.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wa rn in gsign sa tya rds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Substationyards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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This m an ua l super sedes TM 5-684/NAVFAC MO-200/AFM 91-3, dat ed 20 April 1979


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SECTION IV-INSULATORS

F un ction of insu la tor s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Test sofin su la tor s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Inspection and repair of insulators ........................................................

Cleaningofinsulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SECTION V-BUS STRUCTURES

Definitionofbus structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maintenance of bus stru ctures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cleaningofbus structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Testingofbus structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SECTION VI-INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

Definitions of instrument transformers ....................................................

Short-circuiting dangers. .................................................................

Maintenanceof ins t rument t rans formers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tests of instrument tra nsformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SECTION VII-BUSHINGS

Definition ofb u s h i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Type of bushings covered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maintenanceofbushings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Bushingpowerfactortests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Bushing insulation resistance test.........................................................

CHAPTER 4. OVERHEAD DISTRIBUTION

SECTION I-ASSOCIATED OVERHEAD DISTRIBUTION GUIDANCE

Relevant overhead distribution guidance. ..................................................

General construction guidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SECTION II-DEFINING VOLTAGE NOMENCLATURE

Voltage terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Voltagelevelclassification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Voltagedeliveryusage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Voltage origination point ..................................................................

Voltage ter minology usage in this ma nua l .................................................

SECTION III-TYPES OF MAINTENANCE

Componentlinemaintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Other types of line m aintena nce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

S ECTION IV-WOOD POLES

Lifespanofwoodpoles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Supplementary data on wood poles. .......................................................

Wood pole r ecord keeping a nd inspections .................................................

Wood pole maint ena nce crew instru ctions. .................................................

Wood pole spot inspection pr ocedur es. .....................................................

Wood pole-by-pole inspection procedure. ...................................................

Determ inat ion of wood pole adequ acy .....................................................

Woodpolereplacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Woodpolereinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SECTION V-CROSSARMS, BRACES, AND PLATFORMS

Polecrossarms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pole braces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pole platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SECTION VI-MAINTENANCE WOOD PRESERVATION

Init ialwoodtreatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

In-place wood tr eat ment above ground ....................................................

Wood pole treatment at or below the ground line. ..........................................

SECTION VII-METAL POLES

Metalpoleusage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Distribution line meta l poles ..............................................................

Transmission line metal towers ...........................................................

Pole-l inemetalhardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Paint ingofmetalpoles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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S ECTION VIII-CONCRETE POLES

Concrete pole overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Concrete pole foundations................................................................

SECTION IX-OVERHEAD OPEN WIRE CONDUCTORS

Overhead condu ctor constr uction..........................................................

Overheadconductormaterial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Overhead conductor covering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Overheadconduc torsag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Overheadconductordamage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Overheadconductorrepairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

S ECTION X-OVERHEAD CABLE

Overhead cable construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Overhead cable repair requirement s.......................................................

SECTION XI-CONDUCTOR CONNECTIONS

Overhead line conductor requiremen ts.....................................................

Overhead line conductor splices...........................................................

Overhead line connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Overheadline armor rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

S ECTION XII-POLE-LINE INSULATORS

Pole-line insulat or related m aterial........................................................

Insulator operating performance.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .T y p e s o f p o l e - l i n e i n s u l a t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pole-line insu lator class r equirements.....................................................

S ECTION XIII-GUYS

Guy functional r equirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Guy st rand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

An ch or a ssem blies.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Guy at tachments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Gu yst ra in in su la tor s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

S ECTION XIV-TREE TRIMMING

Tree trimm ing objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tree trimming clearances and climbing space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tree trimmingt o o l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Typesof t ree t r imming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tree t rim min g in st ru ct ion s.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Treating a tr ee trimming wound..........................................................

Tr e e r e m ova lm e thods . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tree killing chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Poisonous p l a n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

S ECTION XV-LIVE-LINE MAINTENANCE

Live-line maint enance requirement s.......................................................

Categories of energized-line maintenance..................................................

Energized-linemet hods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Live-line operat ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

S ECTION XVI-AERIAL LIFT REQUIREMENTS

Aerial lift constr uction...................................................................

Aerial lift specifics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 5. UNDERGROUND AND SUBMARIK E CABLES

SECTION I-ASSOCIATED GUIDANCE

Relevant cable guidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

General constr uction guidance............................................................

SECTION II-SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Ca blesa fet y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Structure safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SECTION III-INSPECTION

Frequency of underground system inspections..............................................

Structureinspections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cableinspect ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Underground equipment inspections......................................................

4-30

4-31

4 - 1 5

4 - 1 5

4-32 4 - 1 6

4-33 4 - 1 6

4-34 4 - 1 6

4-35 4 - 1 6

4-36 4 - 1 7

4-37 4 - 1 8

4-38 4 - 1 8

4-39 4 - 1 8

4-40 4-18

4-41 4 - 1 9

4-42 4 - 2 0

4-43 4 - 2 2

4-44 4 - 2 2

4-45 4 - 2 24-46 4 - 2 2

4-47 4 - 2 4

4-48 4 - 2 5

4-49 4 - 2 5

4-50 4 - 2 5

4-51 4 - 2 6

4-52 4 - 2 7

4-53 4 - 2 9

4-54 4 - 3 0

4-55 4 - 3 1

4-56 4 - 3 14-57 4 - 3 2

4-58 4 - 3 2

4-59 4 - 3 2

4-60 4 - 3 3

4 - 6 1 4 - 3 3

4 - 6 2 4 - 3 3

4 - 6 3 4 - 3 3

4 - 6 4 4 - 3 4

4 - 6 5 4 - 3 4

4 - 6 6 4 - 3 5

4 - 6 7 4 - 3 5

5 - l 5 - l

5 -2 5 - l

5 -3 5 -2

5 -4 5 -2

5 -5

5 -6

5 -7

5 -8

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SECTION IV-MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR OF DUCT SYSTEMS

Structure maintenance and repair ........................................................

Duct line maintenance and repair. ........................................................

SECTION V-CABLE FAULTS AND FAULT LOCATIONS

Cable faults.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Visua l meth ods of cable fault locat ing .....................................................

Determ ining type of cable fault ...........................................................

Cable fault locating test methods.........................................................Simplifying cable fault locating ...........................................................

Cable fault locating equipment. ...........................................................

Tracing the cable fault signal .............................................................

Selecting cable fault locating methods. ....................................................

SECTION VI-CABLE REPAIR

Undergroundcablerepairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Su bm ar in eca bler epa ir s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cablerepai rsafe ty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ma kin gca bler epa ir s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Solid dielectric cable repa irs ..............................................................

Other cable insulation and covering repairs. ...............................................

Othercablecomponentrepairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

S ECTION VII-CABLE TESTINGCa blet est s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cable insulation resistance tests ..........................................................

Cable overvoltagetests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cable power factor tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cablemoisturetests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ca blet es t recor ds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SECTION IX-UNDERGROUND CORROSION CONTROL

Importanceofcorrosioncontrol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Types of corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Prevention of corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 6. OUTDOOR LIGHTING

S ECTION I-LIGHTING AND CIRCUIT TYPES

Outdoorl ight inguse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Types of lighting circuits ..................................................................

S ECTION II-MULTIPLE TYPE LIGHTING

Multiple type lighting system components .................................................

Luminaires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Lampt y p e s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Luminaire components.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Luminairemaintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Multiple type lightin g contr ols ............................................................

S ECTION III-LIGHT DISTRIBUTION

Light distribution standards. .............................................................

Roadway ligh t ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Floodlighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Airfield lightin g. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SECTION IV-SERIES TYPE AIRFIELD LIGHTING

Series type lighting system components ...................................................

Series type lighting control and protection .................................................

Series type lighting power supply equipment. ..............................................

Maintenance and troubleshooting series type lighting. ......................................

CHAPTER 7. TRANSFORMERS AND REGULATORS

SECTION I-CONSIDERATIONS

V o l t a g e p r o v i s i o n s c o v e r e d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Defining tra nsformer and regulator chara cteristics .........................................

Tr an sfor mer cla ssifica tion .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Paragraph Page

5-95-10

5-11

5-12

5-13

5-145-15

5 -1 6

5-17

5-18

5-19 5-10

5-20 5-10

5-2 1 5-11

5-22 5-11

5-23 5-12

5-24 5-12

5-25 5-13

5-26 5-14

5-27 5-14

5-28 5-15

5-29 5-16

5-30 5-17

5-31 5-17

5-32 5-18

5-33 5-18

5-34 5-18

6-16 -2

6 - l6 - l

6-3 6 - l

6-4 6 - l

6 - 5 6 - l

6 -6 6 -2

6-7 6 -2

6-8 6-3

6 -9

6-10

6-11

6-12

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S ECTION II-MAINTENANCE

Transformer inspection a nd m ainten ance frequencies. ......................................

Transformer inspections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tran sformer t esting guidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Solid (winding) insulation tests ...........................................................

Transformer insulation liquids. ...........................................................

CHAPTER 8.OVERCURRENT PROTECTIVE AND SWITCHING DEVICES

SECTION

I-CONSIDERATIONSCircuit interrupting devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Locat ion of protective an d swit ching devices ...............................................

Protective and switching device instr uction m anu als .......................................

Protective and switching device records. ...................................................

S ECTION I I - F U S E S

F u seu sa ge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fuse operat ing safety considerations ......................................................

Fuse replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fuse ma intenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SECTION III-SWITCHES

Switchusage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Operationofswitches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Switch maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SECTION IV-CIRCUIT BREAKERS

Circui tbreakerusage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Frequen cy of circuit breaker maint enan ce .................................................

Maintena nce of nonmetalclad switchgear circuit breakers. ..................................

Maintena nce of metalclad circuit break ers .................................................

Maintenance of low-voltage power circuit breakers .........................................

Repairofcircuitbreakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SECTION V-MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES

Circuit switchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Automaticcircuitreclosers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 9. OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION

S ECTION I-CONSIDERATIONS

Overvoltage protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lightning-induced voltage surges .........................................................

System operating voltage disturban ces ....................................................

Surge limiting protective device r equirements. .............................................

SECTION II-SURGE (LIGHTNING) ARRESTERS

Definition of a su rge ar rester .............................................................

Typesofsurgear res te r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Classification of surge arresters. ..........................................................

Maintenance ofsurge arresters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

S ECTION III-OTHER DEVICES

Surgeshieldingdevices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Surge capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Surgeprotectivegaps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Surgebypassres is tors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C HAPTER 1 0 . GROUNDING


Basic principles of ground ing .............................................................

Groundingprovisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

S ECTION II-MAINTENANCE

Groundingmaintenancesafety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Visual inspection of grounds ..............................................................

Galvan ic corrosion of ground s. ............................................................

S ECTION III-TESTING

Ground resistan ce tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Groundva luemeasurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Paragraph Page

7-4 7-2

7-5 7-3

7-6 7-6

7-7 7-6

7 -8 7-7

8 - l

8 -2

8 -3

8 -4

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8-1

8 -1

8 -1

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8- l9 8-14

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1 0 - l

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9 -l9 -1

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Methods of measuring ground resistances. .................................................

Methods of reducing ground resistances ...................................................

CHAPTER 11. RELAYS AND CONTROLS

SECTION I--RELAYS, ELECTRIC POWER APPARATUS

Relayfunct ions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Relayfundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Relayconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Relaymaintenanceperiods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Relaygeneralfieldinspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Relay performance tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Common electr omecha nical relay test s. ....................................................

Relaytestequipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Relay repairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SECTION II-CONTROLS

Control functions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Preventive maintenance and inspections of controls ........................................

Troubleshootingcontrols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 12. INSTRUMENTS AND METERS

SECTION I-CONSIDERATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Electricalmeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Validity of electrical measu remen ts........................................................Fixed installations of instruments and meters. .............................................

Portable instruments and meters .........................................................

Inspections of instruments and meters ....................................................

Tests of instru ments an d meters ..........................................................

SECTION II-PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

Mounting of instrument s and meters ......................................................

Installation of instrum ents a nd meters ....................................................

Maintenance of instru ments a nd meters. ..................................................

SECTION III-CALIBRATION AND ADJUSTMENT

Accuracy check of instruments and meters .................................................

Adjustment of instru ments a nd meters...................................................

SECTION IV-REPAIRS

Paragraph Page

10-8 10-2

10-9 10-4

11- l 11- l

11-2 11-l

11-3 11- l

11-4. 11-2

11-5 11-2

11-6 11-3

11-7 11-3

11-8 11-4

11-9 11-5

11-10 11-6

11-11 11-7

11-12 11-8

12-l 12-1

12-2 12-1

12-3 12-1

12-4 12-1

12-5 12-1

12-6 12-1

12-7 12-1

12-8

12-9

12-10

12-2

12-2

12-2

12-11

12-12

12-2

12-2

Field repairs of instru ments a nd meters...................................................

Shop repairs of instru ments an d meters ...................................................

SECTION V-TROUBLESHOOTING

Temperatur e influence on instru ments a nd meters .........................................

Stray-field influence on instruments and meters ...........................................

Calibration of instruments a nd meter s ....................................................

Other instru ment a nd meter considerations ................................................

CHAPTER 13. POWER CAPACITORS

SECTION I-CONSIDERATIONS

Description of power capacitors...........................................................

Types of power capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Application of power capacitors ...........................................................

Perm issible power capa citors dielectr ics...................................................

SECTION II-MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION

Ensuring safe capacitor deenergizing ......................................................

Power capacitor inspection schedule .......................................................

Ventilation of power capacitors............................................................

Temperature influence on power capacitors ................................................

Exposure influence on power capacitors ...................................................

Voltage influence on power capa citors .....................................................

Fusesforpowercapaci tors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

S ECTION III-TESTS

12-13 12-4

12-14 12-4

12-15 12-5

12-16 12-5

12-17 12-6

12-18 12-6

13-l 13-1

13-2 13-1

13-3 13-1

13-4 13-1

13-5 13-1

13-6 13-1

13-7 13-1

13-8 13-2

13-9 13-2

13-10 13-2

13-11 13-2

Field tests for power capa citors...........................................................

13-12 13-2

Termina l tests of power capacitors ........................................................ 13-13 13-3

Leak t ests of power capa citors............................................................

13-14 13-3

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C HAPTER 14. STORAGE BATTERIES


Battery usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Battery types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Batterysafety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .General batt ery maintena nce procedures

..................................................

SECTION II-FLOODED LEAD-ACID BATTERY MAINTENANCE

Visual inspections of batteries............................................................Measurement s of battery condition.

.......................................................

Ba tt er y m ain ten an ce specifics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Testingofbatter ies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SECTION III-FLOODED LEAD-ACID BATTERY CHARGING

Batter y char ging precaut ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Battery charging considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

N or ma l floa tin g ba tt er y ch a rge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

E qu alizin g ba tt er y ch arge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SECTION IV-VALVE-REGULATED LEAD-ACID CELL BATTERIES

Valve-regulated cell differences...........................................................

Charging or valve-regulated cells.........................................................

Temperatu re compensation for valve regulated cells ........................................

S ECTION V-Nickel-cadmium cell batteries

Description of nickel-cadmium batteries...................................................

Requirements for nickel-cadmium batteries ................................................

SECTION VI-CHECKS AND TROUBLESHOOTING

Inspectionsofbatteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Troubleshooting batt eries.................................................................

SECTION VII-BATTERY CHARGING EQUIPMENT

Ba tt er ych ar gin gr equ ir em en t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rectifier t ype batt ery chargers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Accessories for batt ery char gers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maintenanceofba t te rychargers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SECTION VIII-PLACING A NEW BATTERY IN SERVICE

Placing lead-acid batteries in service......................................................Placing nickel-cadmium batteries in service.

...............................................

Connections for batteries.................................................................

SECTION IX-PUTTING A BATTERY IN STORAGE

Batterystorageprocedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Periodic check of a stored battery.........................................................

SECTION X-REPLACEMENT AND DISPOSAL

Replacementofa battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Dis pos a l of b at t er ies .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C HAPTER 15. TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

S ECTION I - US E

Electrical tools and equipment stan dards..................................................

Tools an d equipm ent classificat ion........................................................

Tools an d equipment safeuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SECTION II-HAZARDOUS MATERIAL PROCEDURES

Hazardous substan ces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Asbest os con ta in in g m at er ia ls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Polycholorinated biphenyl (PCB) insulated equipment......................................

Sulfur hexifluoride (SF,) insulated equipment..............................................

Chemicals us ed for outside mainten ance...................................................

SECTION III-PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Pr otective electrical ru bber goods.........................................................

Helmet s for electrical work...............................................................

Bar rier pr otection for electr ical work......................................................

Visual warnings for electrical work........................................................

Protective grounding of deenergized lines..................................................

Paragraph Page

14-1

14-2

14-3

14-4

1 4 - 1

14-1

14-3

14-4

14-5 14-414-6 1 4 - 6

14-7 14-7

14-8 1 4 - 8

14-9

14-10

1 4 - 1 1

1 4 - 1 2

1 4 - 9

1 4 - 9

14- 1 0

1 4 - 1 0

1 4 - 1 3

1 4 - 1 4

1 4 - 1 5

1 4 - 1 1

1 4 - 1 1

1 4 - 1 1

1 4 - 1 6 14- 1 2

1 4 - 1 7 1 4 - 1 2

1 4 - 1 8 1 4 - 1 4

1 4 - 1 9 14- 1 4

1 4 - 2 0 1 4 - 1 4

1 4 - 2 1 1 4 - 1 5

1 4 - 2 2 1 4 - 1 5

1 4 - 2 3 1 4 - 1 5

1 4 - 2 4 1 4 - 1 61 4 - 2 5 1 4 - 1 6

1 4 - 2 6 1 4 - 1 6

1 4 - 2 7 1 4 - 1 7

1 4 - 2 8 1 4 - 1 7

1 4 - 2 9

1 4 - 3 0

1 4 - 1 7

1 4 - 1 7

1 5 - 1 15-1

1 5 - 2 1 5 - 11 5 - 3 1 5 - 1

15 -4 15-1

1 5 - 5 1 5 - 1

1 5 - 6 1 5 - 2

1 5 - 7 1 5 - 2

1 5 - 8 1 5 - 2

1 5 - 9 1 5 - 2

1 5 - 1 0 1 5 - 3

1 5 - 1 1 1 5 - 3

1 5 - 1 2 1 5 - 3

1 5 - 1 3 1 5 - 3

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7-2.

7-3.

8 - l .

8-2.

11-l.

11-2.

12-l.

12-2.

13-1.13-2.

14-1.

14-2.

14-3.

14-4.

15-1.

16-1.

17-l.

Insulation resistance conversion factors to 20C ......................................................

Satisfactorypowerfactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Troubleshooting chart for oil problems. ..............................................................

Troubleshooting chart for power circuit br eakers .....................................................

Typical laborat ory relay test equipment .............................................................

Troubleshooting char t for general contr ol equipment. .................................................

Troubleshooting chart for indicating instr ument s. ....................................................

Troubleshooting chart for recording instr umen ts a nd met ers ..........................................

Maximum am bient tempera tur es for continuous operation............................................Capacitor ban k oil switch ma intenan ce ..............................................................

Batt ery room war ning notice. .......................................................................

Suggested test a ccessory list for bat tery ma intena nce. ................................................

Equalizingcharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Charging of nickel-cadmium batteries ...............................................................

Suggested list of minimum facility-wide field test equipment. .........................................

Harmonic distortion limits. .........................................................................

Maintenance frequencie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Page

7-6

7-8

8-12

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12-6

13-213-3

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14-9

14-11

14-13

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TM 5 -684 /NAVFAC MO-200/AFJMAN 32-1082

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Section I - PRIMARY CONSIDERATIONS

1-1. Purpose and scope.

This man ua l provides guidan ce for t he ma intena nceand repair of exterior electrical distribution sys-

tems. New construction of exterior electrical facil-

ities, even when funded from maintenance appro-

priat ions , should comply with the appropriate

design criteria. These systems include substations,

overhead and underground electrical distribution

systems, exterior lighting systems, and electrical

apparatus and components. Guidance for genera-

tors and interior electrical systems (600 volts and

less) are covered in the following publications:

a. TM 5-683/NAVFAC MO -ll6/AFJ MAN

32-1083.

b. TM 5-685/NAVFAC MO-912.

c. MIL-HDBK-1003A/ll.

1-2. References.

Appendix A contains a list of references used in this

man u a l .

1-3. Appl icat ion of codes and publ icat ions.

The information in this manual should not super-

sede equipment m an ufacturer s instr uctions an d re-

quirements. When conflicts exist the most rigorous

requirement should be followed. A11 maintenance

an d r epair of electr ical systems should be perform ed

in such a manner that the completed work will

conform to the publications listed below to the de-

gree indicated.

a. Codes. The listed codes and standard contain

rules (both mandatory and advisory) for the safe

installation, maintenance, and operation of electri-

cal systems and equipment.

(1) The National Electrical Code (NEC), NFPA

70 .

(2 ) The Nat iona l E lec t r ica l Safe ty Code

(NESC), ANSI C2.

(3) Occupational Safety and Health (OSHA),

General Industry Standards, 29 CFR 1910.

b. Nongovernment publications. Other nongov-

ernment publications referenced in this manual ex-

pand guidance in line with recognized industry

standards. The most extended coverage on recom-

mended practices for electrical equipment mainte-

nance, and one that should be used in conjunction

with both the NEC and the NESC, is NFPA 70B.Publicat ion N FP A 70B is recomm ended as a u seful

reference in preparing contract requirements for

maintenance to be done by outside service agencies.

1-4. Standards of maintenance.

Electrical systems will be regularly maintained to

ensure continued compliance with the codes and

publications referred to in appendix A. Such main-

tena nce will prevent system a nd equipment failur es

and ensure maximum safety and efficiency in the

utilization of the facilities. At each installation, a

program for proper maintenance should be estab-

lished a nd effectively followed. This p rogra m should

include th e scope of work, inter vals of performa nce,

an d m ethods of applicat ion including safety requir e-ment s, practices and pr ocedur es. When a nu mber of

items require servicing or renewal over a period of

years, a proportionate number should be main-

tained each year. For instance, if there are 100

transformers on the system, requiring maintenance

at 5-year intervals, the work should be performed

on 20 tra nsform ers each year.

a. Predictive maintenance. A predictive mainte-

nance program is more desirable than routine re-

curring maintenance. Predictive testing should oc-

c u r p e r i o d i c a l l y b u t a c t u a l m a i n t e n a n c e o r

replacement sh ould ta ke place only when necessary.

An a utomated testing and record m ana gement sys-

tem should be utilized where available. Where such

a system is not available, its acquisition is recom-

mended.

b. Sample testing formats. Testing formats for

cable, circuit breakers, switchgear, and transform-

ers a re pr ovided in NF PA 70B. These form at s can be

revised as n eeded for local r equirement s.

1 - 5 . Maintenance responsib i l i t ies.

An adequa te supply of dependable electr ical en ergyis essential for the accomplishment of the installa-

tion m ission. Adherence to a well planned an d well

organized maintenance program, including the es-

tablishment of specific goals and follow-up proce-

dures will ensure the proper functioning of the

equipment in the electrical distribution system.

a. Electrical supervisor. As used in this manual,

the title electrical supervisor indicates the indi-

vidual assigned the responsibility for maintenance

of electrical distribution systems and equipment.

The maintenance of electrical distribution systems

is the r esponsibility of th e insta llations comm an derand a specific duty of an Army director of public

1-1


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works, a Navy public works officer, or an Air Force

base engineer. Operation and maintenance are a

single sta ff responsibility, and frequent ly the sa me

personnel will perform both functions.

b. Electrical supervisor

trical supervisor will:

responsibilities. Th e elec-

(1) Initiate positive action to remove, or reduce

to a minimum, the cause of recurrent maintenanceproblems.

(2) Car ry out ma intena nce inspections a nd ser-

vices so there is a minimum of interference with

user activities.

(3) Provide for the accomplishment of as much

work as possible during each ma intena nce visit, an d

ensure that spot checks, inspections, and repairs

are made on all components of the electrical facil-

ities.

(4) Ensure that an adequate set of up-to-date

records a re m aint ained for each ma jor component of

all systems.

(5) Develop s tandard operat ing procedures

which are in compliance with applicable safety re-

quirements .

(6) Train maintenance personnel to improve

their efficiency and to observe safety requirements.

1-6. Maintenance records.

One of the most important sources of information

for aiding inspections, maintenance, or tests is a

comprehens ive f i l e o f equ ipment and serv ice

records. In addition to indicating basic informationrequired for proper inspection of the equipment,

these records will indicate where trouble has been

experienced and where special procedures may be

warran ted .

a. Equipment documents. There are a variety of

documents which indicate the equipment provided

and how to keep it operating properly. These docu-

ments should be provided when new facilities are

built, or existing facilities modified. These records

should be obtained from the construction agency as

soon a s possible, prefera bly before th e electr ical su -

pervisor accepts ma intena nce responsibility. These

documents should address any warranty provisions

applicable to the equipment . Equipment documents

determine maintenance practices and should be in-

cluded as a part of the maintenance records of the

facility. The most common documents are listed be-

low.

(1) Instruction leaflets and manuals. E a c h

piece of major electrical equipment purchased

should be accompanied by an instruction leaflet or

manual outlining the desired methods of installa-

tion, operation, and maintenance. These instruc-tions cont ain valua ble inform at ion on ma intena nce

practices, part designations, and ordering proce-

dures. Spare parts l ists are a vital part of these

records.

(2)In st allat ion dra win gs. Mainten an ce is often

affected by the manner in which the equipment is

installed. For convenience, and as a means of expe-

diting maintenance, as-built installation drawings

should be readily accessible to maintenance andinspection personnel.

(3) Wiring diagrams. Adequate and up-to-date

wiring diagrams are important for proper mainte-

nance. Diagrams facilitate locating troubles, which

otherwise may require extensive probing and test-

ing procedures. Such diagrams should be readily

available to ma intena nce personnel.

(4)Dist ribu tion m aps . Maps showing locations

of distribution lines, wire sizes, transformer sizes,

pole numbers, voltage classes, and sectionalizing

devices are v i tal . Up-to-date d is t r ibut ion maps

mounted on th e ma intena nce or electr ical shop wall

ar e very useful.

b. S ervice records. Service records constitute a

hist ory of all work per form ed on each it em of equip-

ment and are helpful in determining the overall

condition and reliability of the electrical facilities.

Service records should show type of work (visual

inspection, routine maintenance, tests, repair), test

results (load, voltage, amperes, temperature), and

any other remarks deemed suitable. It is highly

recomm ended t ha t service r ecords should include a

log of incidents and emergency operating proce-dures.

(1)Logs of in cid ents. Logs of incidents, such as

power failures, surges, low voltage, or other system

disturbances are very useful in planning and justi-

fying corrective action.

(2) Em ergency operatin g in st ru ction s. E m e r -

gency work on electrical facili t ies is safer and

quicker when instructions are prepared and posted

in advance. Instructions should be prepared for

each general t ype of anticipat ed emergency, stat ing

what each employee will do, setting up alter na tives

for key per sonnel, an d est ablishin g follow-up pr oce-

dures. Instructions should be posted in the electri-

cal shop, security guard office, substations, operat-

i n g a rea s , a n d s u c h o t h e r l o c a t i o n s a s t h e

responsible supervisor deems advisable. Employees

should be 1isted by name, title, and official tele-

phone number. These instructions should empha-

size safety under conditions of stress, power inter-

ru ptions, an d similar emer gencies.

1-7. Pr ior i ty and schedul ing.

a. Priority. In regard to the support of the instal-lation physical plant, it is the policy of the military

l - 2


15/201


departments that, in order of priority, maintenance manders to meet local requirements. Service in-

should be second only to operations. It must be tervals may be lengthened only when justified by

systemat ic, and it mu st be timely. extenua ting circumst an ces. Whenever ser vice inter-

b. Scheduling. The following chapters provide vals or other guidance in this manual differs from

dat a on ser vice inter vals, procedures, an d pra ctices. inform at ion supplied by th e man ufacturer , the more

Modifications may be made by installation com- stringent procedure should be followed.

Section II - SAFETY

1-8. Minimizing hazards.

Material specifications, construction criteria, instal-

lation stan dar ds, and safe working procedures h ave

been developed to minimize hazards. All work and

ma ter ials should conform to the lat est a ccepted pr o-

cedures and standards, as defined in publications

listed or referr ed to in this ma nu al.

1-9. Qual i f icat ion of e lectr ica l workers.

Due to the inherent hazards encountered in the

maintenance of electrical distribution systems and

equipment, it is essential t ha t a ll electr ical workersbe thoroughly trained and be familiar with the

equipment and procedures to be followed.

1-10. Cert i f ica t ion o f e lect r ic workers.

Properly trained electric workers will be certified in

accordance with applicable publications.

1-11. Publ ic safet y.

All necessar y precautions will be taken to warn th e

public of electrical hazards or other conditions

which may constitute a danger. This is especiallytrue of temporary hazards due to work in progress.

1-12. Personnel safety.

Any work on or close to electrical equipment of any

kind should be considered dangerous and proper

safety precaut ions will be ta ken. All personnel who

perform work of any kind on or near electrical

equipment must be familiar with and observe all

safety precautions.

a. Sa fety first. Tw o safety rules are m andat ory as

follows:

(1) Consider all electrical equipment to be en-

ergized until it is known positively (as by the pres-

ence of grounding clamps) that it is not energized.

Comply with regulations and safety instructions

cont ained in NEC an d NESC, the applicable depart -

ment al pu blicat ions, a nd special publicat ions issued

by the local comm an d.

(2) Work may be done on energized lines and

equipment only by personnel qualified by their job

descriptions for that voltage level. Job descriptions

should require actua l ha nds-on work service periods

which meet local u t i l i ty and the In ternat ionalBrotherhood of Electrical Workers approval. All

tools and equipment must be maintained in proper

opera ting order, be suitable for th e ma ximum volt-

age level involved, and sh ould be periodically test ed

for compliance with all safety requirements. De-

partmental publications should be consulted for

specific requirements in each voltage level.

b. S ervice safety m anu als. This manua l addresses

some sa fety requirem ents, but users should also be

familiar with t he ser vice safety ma nua ls TM 5-682,

NAVFAC P-1060, and AFMAN 32-1078.

c.Personal protective temporary grounding. This

is temporar y grounding inst alled to protect worker s

engaged in de-energized line maintenance. The

grounds are provided to limit the voltage difference

between a ny two accessible points a t th e work site

to a safe value. An expanded discussion of protective

grounding principles and practices is contained in

IEE E 1048, NFPA 70B and The Lineman s a nd

Cablema ns Ha ndbook.

1-13. Live- l ine maintenance.

Aerial live lines are energized lines that are being

tested, repaired, and m aintained more an d more byelectrical utilities to reduce the number of outages

or service interruptions. The use of such procedures

on DOD inst allations requir es th at good pra ctice be

followed and that there is no conflict with local

facility ru les.

a. Good practice. Personnel doing live-line work

should ha ve satisfactorily completed a form al t ra in-

ing course of instruction and be examined periodi-

cally. Live-line maintenance usually means any

maintenance activity performed on energized elec-

trical conductors or equipment with a phase-to-

phase voltage exceeding 600 volts. It usually does

not include such activities as switching, hardware

tight ening, climbing, hole digging, pole sett ing, con-

ductor stringing, etc. The performance of this work

requires equipment and tools that meet applicable

industry standards for energized-line maintenance.

b. L oc a l facili ty ru les. Two considerations affect

facility rules on the type and extent of live-line

ma intena nce permit ted: availability of qualified fa-

cility personnel an d equipmen t versu s th e facilitys

requirement for uninterrupted operation. If local

missions prevent electrical power shutdowns andlocal facilities are not qualified to perform live-line

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TM 5-684/NAVFAC MO-200 /AFJ MAN 32-1082

work, then a live-line contractor may need to be and are not intended to substitute for training or

hir ed on a scheduled an d/or a nonschedu led basis. operat ing procedures; for meet ing specific indu str y

General energized-line maintenance practices cov- guidelines; or for meeting federal, state, local, or

ered in chapter 4, section VI, serve only as a guide facility regulat ions an d r ules.

Section III - AVOIDING PROBLEMS

1-14.Operat ing c ondi t ions.

Always observe the four cardinal rules of electricalmaintenance.

a. Keep the equipment clean.

b. Keep the equipment dry or lubricated as ap-

propriate to the part .

c. Keep screwed parts tight.

d. Prevent friction on moving parts.

1-15. Detect ing potent ia l t rouble.

Diagnostic devices, wher e a vailable, allow checking

the system for potential trouble before it occurs.

Potential pr oblems m ay also be detected by the use

of four of our five senses: see, hear, touch, and smell.a. See. Many abnormal conditions can be de-

tected by visual inspection: some of the patterns

identifiable by sight are cleanliness, distortion,

color, m isalignmen t, size, an d position.

b. Hear. Changes in the intensity of noise, pitch,

or frequency are significant clues to operational

changes and possible malfunctions. Some of the

sound patterns that may indicate malfunctioning

are squeaking, rattling, knocking, and whistling.

c. Touch. Among the damaging characteristics

which ma y be ident ified by touch ar e vibra tion, wet-

ness, and heat. Caution should be exercised in

touching components which are normally hot

enough to burn personnel on contact or live parts

with hazardous potentials.

d. S m el l . Burning insulation and battery fumes

provide distinctive odors which signal component

deteriorat ion.

1-16. Electr ical connect ions.

Connections are an essential part of any electriccircuit. Good electrical contact is essential. Dirt is

the enemy of good contact. Whenever an electrical

connection is to be made, extreme care must be

taken to ensure all dirt, rust, corrosion, insulation,

oil, and other contaminants are removed. The con-

tact surfaces should be bright, clean metal. This

requirem ent applies to connections ma de by solder-

ing, clam ps, twist ed sleeves, compression fittin gs, or

any other method.

a. A lu m in u m . Connections of aluminum items

should a lways include t he a pplicat ion of a joint com-

pound wh ich will ensu re m eta llic conta ct by dissolv-ing the a luminum oxide which is a lways present on

aluminum and aluminum alloy surfaces in air. The

contact surfaces of aluminum conductors and con-

nectors should first be vigorously cleaned with a

stainless steel wire brush to a bright finish and

then immediately coated with the aluminum-oxide

inhibiting compound.

b. Copper. Copper contact surfaces should be

cleaned, but not connector barrels. The barrels

should be cleaned on t he inside.

c.Diss im ilar m etal s. Only connectors designed

for th e pur pose should be used to connect a luminu m

an d copper items.

d . Testing. Accessible connections may be tested

using an infrared detector only if the connection is

under load as covered in chapter 3, section I.

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TM 5-684/NAVFAC MO-200/AFJ MAN

CHAPTER 2

INSPECTION AND TESTS

32-1082

Section I - PERFORMANCE

2-1. Determin ing equipment condi t ion.

The a bility of equipmen t t o perform its fun ction, or

to continue its function for its normal life cycle,

must be determined if the distribution system is to

operate dependably and economically. The condition

of equipment can be determined by two methods:

inspection and t ests. Such t hings as broken insula-

tors or oil leaks can eas ily be deter mined by ins pec-

tions, but other details such as the condition of

tr an sform er oil or a t rip sett ing for a circuit brea ker

can be determined only by tests. The scope of in-

spection and tests is dependent on the type and

complexity of the equipment, and the results de-

sired. Inspections are normally visual, but hearing,touching, and smelling can also indicate problem

ar eas. Tests can be electr ical, ph ysical, or chemical,

or combinat ions of these. The selection of the t est t o

be made may be at least partially determined by the

availability of test equipment and of personnel ca-

pable of usin g it.

2-2. Reasons for inspect ions and t ests.

Inspections and tests are performed for s everal r ea-

sons.

a. Preventive maintenance. This includes routine

testing of operat ing equipment and periodic testingof nonoperating components to anticipate and cor-

rect possible equipment failure before it occurs.

b. Maintenance proof testing. This is testing to

ensur e tha t ma intena nce/repair was done properly.

This should be done when maintenance and/or re-

pair are complete, and to show whether the equip-

ment is operable and properly connected.

2-3. Assoc iated test guidance and records.

Tests are ordinarily used in the field to determine

the condition of various elements of an electrical

power-distribution system. The data obtained in

these tests provide information that is used to de-

termine whether any corrective maint enan ce or r e-

placement is necessary or desirable. The ability of

the element to continue to perform its design func-

tion adequately can be ascertained. Also the gradual

deterioration of the equipment over its service life

can be charted. Records must include factory test

data provided with shop drawing submit tals, accep-

tance testing data, and each routine maintenance

test, so that the history of the equipment may be

available for future reference. Records should be

maintained to indicate what test dat a a re required

and wha t mean s are to be used to provide th is data.

Nondestructive maint enance tests can cause insu la-

tion breakdown with no warning. A plan for coping

with this possibility should be included in the test

procedures.

a . Qualifications of test operators. If a testing pro-

gram is to provide meaningful information relative

to the condition of the equipment under test, then

the person evaluating the test dat a mu st be assured

that the test was conducted in a proper mann er and

th at all of th e conditions th at could affect t he evalu-

ation of the tests were considered and any pertinentfactors reported. The test operator, therefore, must

be thoroughly familiar with the test equipment

used in the type of test to be performed, and also

sufficiently experienced to be able to detect any

equipment abnormalities or questionable data dur-

ing th e performa nce of the t ests.

b. Test equipment. It is important to have the

proper equipment for performing t he required t ests

in an y test program. In general, any test equipment

used for the calibration of other equipment should

have an accuracy at least twice the accuracy of theequipment under test. The test equipment should

be main ta ined in good condition an d should be used

only by qualified test operators. All test equipment

should be calibrated at regular intervals to ensure

the validity of the data obtained. In order to get

valid test results, it may be necessary to regulate

the power input to the test equipment for proper

waveform and frequency and to eliminate voltage

surges.

c. Use of forms. To provide optimum benefits,

record a ll testing data and maint enan ce actions on

test circuit diagrams and forms that are complete

and comprehensive. Recording both test data and

maintenance information on the same form is rec-

ommended. A storage and filing system should be

set u p for t hese form s th at will provide efficient a nd

rapid retrieval of information regarding previous

testing a nd m aint enan ce on a piece of equipment. A

well-designed form will also serve as a guide or a

checklist of inspection requirements. Samples of

typical forms that can be used are included in NFPA

70B, appendix G.

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Section II - REQUIREMENTS

2-4. E lect r ic workers , ins t ruments , and re-

ports.

Tests of electrical equipment should be performed

under the supervision of qualified electric workers.

If in-house personnel are not available for these

tests, the services of a qualified electrical testing

agency may be used.a. Testing agency qualifications. The tes t ing

agency should submit proof tha t it is a corporat ely

independent testing organization which can func-

tion as an unbiased testing authority, professionally

independent of the manufacturers, suppliers, and

insta llers of equipment or systems evalua ted by the

testing firm. The test ing agency should meet OSHA

criteria for accreditation of testing laboratories,

Title 29, Part 1910-7; or be a full member company

of th e InterNational Electrical Testing Association

(NETA) and be regularly engaged in the testing of

electrical equipment devices, installations, and sys-

tems. The lead technical agency member on-site

should be currently certified by NETA or t he Na-

tional Institute for Certification in Engineering

Technologies (NICET) in electrical power distribu-

tion system testing.

b. Test instrument calibrations. I n s t r u m e n t s

should have been calibrated within the last 12

months except that analog instruments should have

been calibrated within the last 6 months. Calibra-

tion sh ould provide th e full-scale accur acy based on

th e manu facturers data , usually 1 percent for

switchboard instruments and 0.25 percent for por-

table instruments. Dated calibration labels should

be visible and up-to-date calibration records, in-

str uctions, an d procedures sh ould be ma inta ined for

each instrument which should have had a calibrat-

ing standard of higher accuracy than that of the testins t rument .

c.Test reports. A dat ed test r eport should include,

as a minimum , the following data :

(1) Summary of project findings and recom-

menda tions, if required for additional work.

(2) Description of equipment tested.

(3) Description of test.

(4) Test results.

2-5. Frequency of inspect ion.

The intervals given in t his man ua l and/or by manu -

facturer s m aint enan ce recommen dat ions should be

considered an initial interval for normal conditions.

Int ervals should be shortened wh ere adverse condi-

tions exist an d ma y be length ened only where expe-

rience under better-than-normal conditions show

th is can be done sa fely. The frequency of inspection

may vary for similar equipment operating under

different conditions. Critical equipment, heavily

loaded appara tus, operat or han dled, and intermit-

tent ly operat ed un its a re examples of different op-

erating conditions.

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CHAPTER 3

TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS

Section I - GOVERNING CONSIDERATIONS

3-1. Type of substat ions covered.

This chapter includes a transmission and distribu-tion substation which is an assemblage of equip-

ment for pur poses oth er th an gener at ion or utiliza-

tion, through which electrical energy in bulk is

pas sed for t he pu rpose of switching or m odifying its

characterist ics.

3-2. Electr ical system relat ionship.

A substation is an integral and vital part of an

electrical system. It does not exist independently of

th e rest of the system, th ough it is u sua lly designed

so that a failure of a single component will notinterrupt loads, except for switching times. Such

interr uption may force grea ter t ha n norma l loads to

be car ried by oth er components of the st at ion wh ile

repairs are being made. Most substations are de-

signed so they do not require attendant personnel

on a cont inuous basis. Super visory cont rol and dat a

acquisition (SCADA) systems, where provided, al-

low monitoring a t a centr al point .

3-3. Substat ion safety conc erns.

Substations present a potential safety hazard, ow-

ing to the la rge am ount of energized conductor sur -

face concentra ted in a relat ively sma ll area. In gen-

eral, only portions of an entire substation can be

de-energized, although scheduled outages may be

required for equipment which can not be bypassed

or worked on while energized. All inspecting and

repairing personnel must be thoroughly trained.

The following requirement s ar e minimu m:

a. Fa miliar ity with operat ing procedures, pr otec-

tive and interlocking schemes, and the equipment

capa bilities at th e specific substa tion.

b. Knowledge of the proper use of safety equip-ment, first aid procedures and equipment, and

equipment grounding techniques.

c. Access to safeguar ds such a s dan ger signs, tem-

porary barriers, protective clothing, tools and pro-

tective equipment, and all safety manuals and

ru les. Procedures should clearly indicat e insulat ing

requirements and working clearances for any cat-

egory of ener gized-line ma int ena nce employed.

d. Keeping proper inspection records and check-

lists so that observed defects or improper conditions

not immediately repairable will be promptly cor-rected.

3-4. Substat ion sec ur i ty.

In addition to the personnel safety hazards men-tioned above, an electrical substation presents an

at tr action to would-be vanda ls, dissidents, or other

belligerents. For these reasons, good security is a

basic requirement. All means of access to substa-

tions, including buildings and yards, will be kept

locked when unoccupied and secure when occupied

by aut horized personnel.

3-5. Per iod ic inspec t ions of subst at ions.

An inspection checklist, tailored to a specific substa-

tion and containing all items to be checked, is rec-ommended. Monthly visual and yearly infrared in-

spections of the entire substation are recommended.

3-6. Visual inspect ions of substat ions.

Visual inspections should include the total substa-

tion area including the site, the control house, and

all equipment and structures. The energized sub-

station should be inspected from ground level, to

ensure adequate safety clearances from energized

par ts. Binocular s should be used to view buses an d

oth er equipment locat ed on st ru ctu res. Special car e

should be used when ground connect ions are

checked, since a high voltage could develop across

an y gap creat ed between a ground cable and a piece

of equipment, particularly under fault conditions.

For this reason, ground connections shall not be

rem oved for a ny rea son wh ile th e substa tion is en-

ergized.

Documents

TM 5-684 Electrical Exterior Facilities