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NIH$Toolbox$
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!Technical$Manual$
Jerry!Slotkin,!PhD,!Michael!Kallen,!PhD,!James!Griffith,!PhD,!Susan!Magasi,!PhD,!John!Salsman,!PhD,!Cindy!Nowinski,!MD,!PhD,!and!Richard!Gershon,!PhD!
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September$27,$2012$
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NIH$Toolbox$Technical$Manual$
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Domain:$
COGNITION$
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Subdomains:$
EXECUTIVE$FUNCTION,$ATTENTION,$EPISODIC$MEMORY,$
LANGUAGE,$PROCESSING$SPEED,$WORKING$MEMORY$
$
Measure:$
NIH$Toolbox$Cognition$Composite$Scores$
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$
$
3$$
Expert$ContributorsLCOGNITION$
$
Patricia$Bauer,$PhD$(Emory$University),$Noelle$Carlozzi,$PhD$(University$of$Michigan),$Kevin$
Conway,$PhD$(National$Institute$on$Drug$Abuse,$NIH),$Sureyya$Dikmen,$PhD$(University$of$
Washington),$Emmeline$Edwards,$PhD$(National$Center$for$Complementary$and$Alternative$
Medicine,$NIH),$Nathan$Fox,$PhD$(University$of$Maryland),$Lisa$Freund,$PhD$(National$Institute$
of$Child$Health$and$Human$Development,$NIH),$Richard$Gershon,$PhD$(Northwestern$
University),$Richard$Havlik,$MD$(Westat,$Inc.),$Robert$Heaton,$PhD$(University$of$CaliforniaVSan$
Diego),$Jonathan$King,$PhD$(National$Institute$on$Aging,$NIH),$Jennifer$Manly,$PhD$(Columbia$
University),$Claudia$Moy,$PhD$(National$Institute$of$Neurological$Disorders$and$Stroke,$NIH),$
Dan$Mungas,$PhD$(University$of$CaliforniaVDavis),$Jerry$Slotkin,$PhD$(Northwestern$University),$
David$Tulsky,$PhD$(University$of$Michigan),$Sandra$Weintraub,$PhD$(Northwestern$University),$
Ellen$Witt,$PhD$(National$Institute$on$Alcohol$Abuse$and$Alcoholism,$NIH),$Philip$Zelazo,$PhD$
(University$of$Minnesota)$
$
$ $
4$$
Member$Institutes,$Centers,$and$Offices$
$
National$Center$for$Complementary$and$Alternative$Medicine$(NCCAM)$
National$Eye$Institute$(NEI)$
National$Institute$of$Biomedical$Imaging$and$Bioengineering$(NIBIB)$$
Eunice$Kennedy$Shriver$National$Institute$of$Child$Health$and$Human$Development$(NICHD)$$
National$Institute$of$Dental$and$Craniofacial$Research$(NIDCR)$
National$Institute$of$Environmental$Health$Sciences$(NIEHS)$$
National$Institute$of$General$Medical$Sciences$(NIGMS)$
National$Institute$of$Mental$Health$(NIMH)$$
National$Institute$of$Neurological$Disorders$and$Stroke$(NINDS)$$
National$Institute$of$Nursing$Research$(NINR)$$
National$Institute$on$Aging$(NIA)$
National$Institute$on$Alcohol$Abuse$and$Alcoholism$(NIAAA)$
National$Institute$on$Deafness$and$Other$Communication$Disorders$(NIDCD)$
National$Institute$on$Drug$Abuse$(NIDA)$
Office$of$Behavioral$and$Social$Sciences$Research$(OBSSR)$
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5$$
This$project$is$funded$in$whole$or$in$part$with$Federal$funds$from$the$Blueprint$for$
Neuroscience$Research$and$the$Office$of$Behavioral$and$Social$Sciences$Research,$National$
Institutes$of$Health,$under$Contract$No.$HHSVNV260V2006V00007VC,$with$additional$support$from$
the$National$Children’s$Study,$under$Contract$No.$HHSVNV267V2007V00027VC.$
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©$2006V2012$National$Institutes$of$Health$and$Northwestern$University$
6$$
This$Technical$Manual$contains$the$following$informational$sections:$
$
Section$1:$ Introduction$to$NIH$Toolbox$
Section$2:$ Validation$
Section$3:$ Norming$
Section$4:$ NIH$Toolbox$and$the$National$Children’s$
Study$(NCS)$
Section$5:$ Domain$Definition$
Section$6:$ Subdomain$Definition$
Section$7:$ Measure$Description$
Section$8:$ PostLValidation/PostLNorming$Changes$to$
the$Measure$
Section$9:$ The$Measure’s$Scoring$Model$
Section$10:$ Measure$NormsLFluid$Cognition$
7$$
Section$11:$ Measure$NormsLCrystallized$Cognition$
Section$12:$ Measure$NormsLCognitive$Function$
Section$13:$ Measure$NormsLEarly$Childhood$
$ $
8$$
Section$1:$ Introduction$to$NIH$Toolbox$
$
NIH$Toolbox$is$a$multidimensional$set$of$brief$measures$assessing$cognitive,$emotional,$motor,$
and$sensory$function$from$ages$3V85.$This$suite$of$onVline$and$royaltyVfree$measures$can$be$
administered$to$study$participants$3$to$85$years$of$age$in$two$hours$or$less,$across$diverse$study$
designs$and$settings.$
$
What$is$the$NIH$Toolbox?$
The$NIH$Toolbox$provides$a$standard$set$of$royaltyVfree,$brief,$and$comprehensive$assessment$
tools$that$can$be$used$by$researchers$and$clinicians$in$a$variety$of$settings,$with$a$particular$
emphasis$on$measuring$outcomes$in$longitudinal$epidemiologic$studies$and$prevention$or$
intervention$trials$across$the$lifespan$(ages$3V85).$The$battery$ensures$that$assessment$
methods$and$results$can$be$used$for$comparisons$across$existing$and$future$studies$and$
provides$a$“common$currency”$for$the$study$of$neurological$research$that$promotes$economies$
of$scale$and$enhanced$efficiency$in$measurement.$The$NIH$Toolbox$can$be$used$to$monitor$
neurological$and$behavioral$function$over$time$and$measure$key$constructs$across$
developmental$stages.$This$facilitates$the$study$of$functional$changes$across$the$lifespan,$
including$evaluating$intervention$and$treatment$effectiveness.$
$
$
$
9$$
The$NIH$Toolbox$Batteries$
The$basic$NIH$Toolbox$can$be$administered$within$two$hours$and$divides$tests$into$four$domain$
batteries:$Cognition,$Emotion,$Motor,$and$Sensation.$In$addition,$within$some$domains,$there$
are$supplemental$measures$that$are$available$to$be$administered.$$
$
Selection$of$the$NIH$Toolbox$Domains$and$Subdomains$$
Four$domains$were$selected$for$the$NIH$Toolbox:$Cognition,$Emotion,$Motor,$and$Sensation.$
Subdomain$selection$was$based$upon$literature$reviews,$expert$interviews,$and$multiple$formal$
Requests$for$Information$(RFI)$of$NIHVfunded$researchers.$Initial$literature$and$database$
reviews$and$an$RFI$identified$the$subdomains$for$inclusion$in$the$NIH$Toolbox,$existing$
measures$relevant$to$the$project$goals,$and$criteria$for$instrument$selection.$NIH$Project$Team$
members,$external$content$experts,$and$contract$scientists$met$at$a$followVup$consensus$
meeting$to$discuss$potential$subdomains$along$with$the$criteria$affecting$instrument$selection,$
creation,$and$norming.$Additional$expert$interviews$were$undertaken$to$gather$more$detailed$
information$from$clinical$and$scientific$experts$to$help$further$refine$the$list$of$possible$
subdomains.$A$second$consensus$group$meeting$was$held$and$results$directed$the$decision$for$
the$final$NIH$Toolbox$to$assess$four$core$domain$areas$(cognitive,$emotional,$motor,$and$
sensory$health$and$function).$
$
Selection$of$Measures$for$the$NIH$Toolbox$
More$than$1,400$existing$measures$were$identified$and$evaluated$for$potential$inclusion$in$the$
NIH$Toolbox.$The$selection$criteria$included$a$measure’s$applicability$across$the$life$span,$
10$$
psychometric$soundness,$brevity,$ease$of$use,$applicability$in$diverse$settings$and$with$different$
groups,$and$lack$of$intellectual$property$constraints.$There$was$also$a$preference$for$
instruments$that$were$already$validated$and$normed$for$use$with$individuals$between$3$and$85$
years$old.$Results$of$the$instrument$selection$process$yielded$draft$development$plans$
established$for$the$NIH$Toolbox$measures.$$
$
Early$Childhood$Use$
NIH$Toolbox$measure$development$focused$special$attention$on$assessing$young$children,$to$
ensure$that$all$tests$given$are$developmentally$appropriate$for$ages$3V7.$A$special$team$of$early$
childhood$assessment$consultants$was$engaged$to$provide$testing$guidelines$for$the$very$
young,$to$offer$input$on$measure$development,$and$to$review$all$NIH$Toolbox$measures$to$
ensure$they$fit$the$needs$of$young$children.$Advanced$statistical$methods$were$used$to$
emphasize$continuity$of$measurement,$allowing$Toolbox$users$to$confidently$conduct$
longitudinal$measurement$from$age$3$through$the$life$span$while$assessing$the$same$domain$
constructs.$
$
Section$2:$ Validation$
$
Validation$studies$were$conducted$for$all$NIH$Toolbox$Cognition$domain$measures,$to$assure$
that$these$important$tools$for$research$met$rigorous$psychometric$standards.$Studies$were$
11$$
conducted$across$the$entire$age$range$and$were$statistically$compared$against$“gold$standard”$
measures$wherever$available.$$
$
For$specifics$regarding$Cognition$domain$measure$validation,$see$Weintraub$et$al.,$Cognition$
Assessment$Using$the$NIH$Toolbox,$Neurology,$in$press.$This$manuscript$describes$measure$
development$studies$undertaken$(e.g.,$expert$panels$for$content$development$and$validation;$
cognitive$interviews;$small$and$largeVscale$pilot$testing)$and$psychometric$characteristics$(e.g.,$
internal$consistency$and$testVretest$reliability;$convergent$and$divergent$validity).$
$
Section$3:$ Norming$
$
NIH$Toolbox$conducted$a$large$national$standardization$study$in$both$English$and$Spanish$
languages$to$allow$for$normative$comparisons$on$each$assessment.$A$sample$of$4,859$
participants,$ages$3V85$–$representative$of$the$U.S.$population$based$on$gender,$ethnicity,$race,$
and$socioeconomic$status$–$was$administered$all$of$the$NIH$Toolbox$measures$at$sites$around$
the$country$(n$=$2,917$EnglishVspeaking$children,$ages$3V17;$n$=$496$SpanishVspeaking$children,$
ages$3V7;$n$=$1,038$EnglishVspeaking$adults,$ages$18V85;$n$=$408$SpanishVspeaking$adults,$ages$
18V85).$NIH$Toolbox$normative$scores$are$now$available$for$each$year$of$age$from$3$through$17,$
as$well$as$for$age$ranges$18V29,$30V39,$40V49,$50V59,$60V69,$and$70V85,$allowing$for$targeted$
and$accurate$comparisons$to$the$U.S.$population.$
$
12$$
Specifics$regarding$NIH$Toolbox$norming$sampling$methods$(e.g.,$stratification$by$age,$gender,$
and$language$preference;$sampling$a$minimum$of$25V100$individuals$per$targeted$demographic$
and$language$subgroup)$and$norming$analytic$methods$(e.g.,$postVstratification$adjustment$
using$iterative$proportional$fitting,$i.e.,$“raking”)$can$be$found$in$the$following$publication:$
Beaumont$et$al.,$Norming$Plans$for$the$NIH$Toolbox,$Neurology,$in$press.$
$
Section$4:$ NIH$Toolbox$and$the$National$Children’s$
Study$(NCS)$
$
In$collaboration$with$NIH$Toolbox$scientists,$NCS$investigators$selected$measures$from$PROMIS$
and$NIH$Toolbox$for$a$Maternal$Health$Profile,$the$Maternal$SelfVReported$Health$Battery.$This$
profile$assesses$Physical$Health$(Physical$function,$Fatigue,$Sleep$disturbance,$SleepVrelated$
impairment),$Mental$Health$(Anger,$Anxiety,$Depression,$Positive$affect,$Perceived$stress,$SelfV
efficacy),$and$Social$Health$(Social$support$and$companionship,$Social$isolation).$The$Maternal$
SelfVReported$Health$Battery$was$field$tested$in$fall$2011,$using$an$online$sample$of$1000$
women$(200$preVconception,$150$pregnant$women$(50$per$trimester),$and$650$mothers$with$a$
child$between$0V36$months$of$age).$In$addition,$NIH$Toolbox$norming$was$jointly$sponsored$by$
the$NCS$and$included:$3,413$children$in$singleVyear$age$bands$(from$3V17$years);$1,446$adults$in$
seven$age$bands,$including$the$mothers$of$children$also$being$tested;$and$105$pregnant$
women.$The$NIH$Toolbox$sampling$plan$matched$distributions$of$race/ethnicity$and$level$of$
education$for$each$age$band.$
13$$
Section$5:$ Domain$Definition$
$
Domain:$ COGNITION$
Cognition$refers$to$the$mental$processes$involved$in$gaining$knowledge$and$comprehension.$It$
includes$processes$such$as$thinking,$knowing,$remembering,$judging,$and$problemVsolving.$
These$higherVlevel$functions$of$the$brain$encompass$language,$imagination,$perception,$and$the$
planning$and$execution$of$complex$behaviors.$Measurement$of$cognition$is$essential$to$any$
study$of$health$and$wellVbeing$and$should$be$included$in$largeVscale$epidemiologic$studies$and$
experimental$studies$of$health$and$development,$even$when$the$target$of$the$study$is$not$
cognition$itself.$The$Cognition$domain$includes$measures$of:$
$
EXECUTIVE$FUNCTION$$
Measured$by:$$
NIH$Toolbox$Flanker$Inhibitory$Control$and$Attention$Test$
NIH$Toolbox$Dimensional$Change$Card$Sort$Test$$
$
ATTENTION$
Measured$by:$
NIH$Toolbox$Flanker$Inhibitory$Control$and$Attention$Test$
$
$
14$$
EPISODIC$MEMORY$$
Measured$by:$
NIH$Toolbox$Picture$Sequence$Memory$Test$$
NIH$Toolbox$Auditory$Verbal$Learning$Test$(Rey)$(Supplemental$Measure)$
$
LANGUAGE$
Measured$by:$
NIH$Toolbox$Picture$Vocabulary$Test$
NIH$Toolbox$Oral$Reading$Recognition$Test$
$
PROCESSING$SPEED$
Measured$by:$
NIH$Toolbox$Pattern$Comparison$Processing$Speed$Test$
NIH$Toolbox$Oral$Symbol$Digit$Test$(Supplemental$Measure)$
$
WORKING$MEMORY$$
Measured$by:$
NIH$Toolbox$List$Sorting$Working$Memory$Test$
$
$
$
$ $
15$$
Section$6:$ Subdomain$Definitions$
$
Subdomain:$ EXECUTIVE$FUNCTION$$
Executive$Function$is$the$capacity$to$plan,$organize,$and$monitor$the$execution$of$behaviors$
that$are$strategically$directed$in$a$goalVoriented$manner.$NIH$Toolbox$focuses$on$set$shifting$
(i.e.,$the$capacity$for$switching$among$multiple$aspects$of$a$strategy$or$task)$and$the$inhibition$
of$automatic$response$tendencies$that$may$interfere$with$achieving$a$goal.$In$NIH$Toolbox,$
Executive$Function$is$measured$by:$$
$
NIH$Toolbox$Flanker$Inhibitory$Control$and$Attention$Test$
NIH$Toolbox$Dimensional$Change$Card$Sort$Test$$
$
Subdomain:$ ATTENTION$
Attention$refers$to$the$allocation$of$one’s$limited$capacities$to$manage$the$abundance$of$
environmental$stimulation.$It$is$the$foundation$for$all$mental$processes.$There$are$several$
forms$of$attention,$including$sustained,$selective,$and$divided.$Sustained$attention$is$closely$
linked$to$the$level$of$wakefulness$or$the$maintenance$of$an$alert$state.$Selective$attention$
serves$to$direct$sensory$and$thought$processes$to$a$particular$stimulus$or$sector$of$the$visual$
field$so$that$action$can$be$taken.$Divided$attention$is$the$ability$to$attend$to$more$than$one$
stimulus,$spatial$sector,$or$modality$simultaneously,$and$overlaps$with$Executive$Function.$In$
NIH$Toolbox,$Attention$is$measured$by:$
$
NIH$Toolbox$Flanker$Inhibitory$Control$and$Attention$Test$
16$$
Subdomain:$ EPISODIC$MEMORY$$
Episodic$Memory$refers$to$cognitive$processes$involved$in$the$acquisition,$storage,$and$retrieval$
of$new$information.$It$involves$conscious$recollection$of$information$learned$within$a$context.$
The$term$"learning"$refers$to$the$acquisition$of$skills$and$knowledge,$while$the$term$"memory"$
refers$to$the$persistence$of$this$learning$over$time$and/or$the$facility$with$which$one$is$able$to$
spontaneously$recall$the$information$following$a$delay.$Episodic$Memory$can$be$verbal,$as$in$
remembering$a$conversation$or$a$list$of$grocery$items,$or$nonverbal,$as$in$imagining$a$place$one$
visited$or$a$picture$one$saw$a$week$ago.$In$NIH$Toolbox,$Episodic$Memory$is$measured$by:$
$
NIH$Toolbox$Picture$Sequence$Memory$Test$$
NIH$Toolbox$Auditory$Verbal$Learning$Test$(Rey)$(Supplemental$Measure)$
$
Subdomain:$ LANGUAGE$
Language$refers$to$a$set$of$mental$processes$that$translate$thought$into$symbols$(e.g.,$words,$
gestures)$that$can$be$shared$among$individuals$for$purposes$of$communication.$NIH$Toolbox$
focuses$on$two$aspects$of$language.$The$first$is$receptive$word$knowledge,$which$is$
fundamental$to$learning$and$has$a$very$high$association$with$overall$intelligence$(or$what$has$
been$called$the$"gVfactor").$The$second$aspect$taps$reading,$which$is$defined$as$the$cognitive$
process$of$deriving$meaning$from$text,$and$is$reflective$of$the$level$and$quality$of$prior$
educational$experiences.$An$oral$reading$measure$provides$a$fairly$robust$indication$of$verbal$
intelligence$that$is$relatively$undisturbed$by$many$medical$conditions$that$affect$the$brain.$In$
NIH$Toolbox,$Language$is$measured$by:$
17$$
NIH$Toolbox$Picture$Vocabulary$Test$
NIH$Toolbox$Oral$Reading$Recognition$Test$
$
Subdomain:$ PROCESSING$SPEED$
Processing$Speed$is$defined$as$either$the$amount$of$time$it$takes$to$process$a$set$amount$of$
information,$or,$conversely,$the$amount$of$information$that$can$be$processed$within$a$certain$
amount$of$time.$It$is$a$measure$that$reflects$mental$efficiency.$Processing$Speed$is$central$for$
many$cognitive$functions$and$domains$and$is$sensitive$to$change$and/or$disease.$In$NIH$
Toolbox,$Processing$Speed$is$measured$by:$
$
NIH$Toolbox$Pattern$Comparison$Processing$Speed$Test$
NIH$Toolbox$Oral$Symbol$Digit$Test$(Supplemental$Measure)$
$
Subdomain:$ WORKING$MEMORY$$
Working$Memory$refers$to$the$ability$to$store$information$until$the$amount$of$information$to$
be$stored$exceeds$one’s$capacity$to$hold$that$information.$Working$Memory$also$refers$to$the$
capacity$of$an$individual$to$process$information$across$a$series$of$tasks$and$modalities,$hold$the$
information$in$a$shortVterm$buffer,$manipulate$the$information,$and$hold$the$products$in$the$
same$shortVterm$buffer.$With$its$notion$of$an$active$computational$workspace,$Working$
Memory$is$a$conceptual$update$to$the$construct$"shortVterm$memory"$that$refers$to$a$passive$
storage$buffer.$In$NIH$Toolbox,$Working$Memory$is$measured$by:$
$
NIH$Toolbox$List$Sorting$Working$Memory$Test$
18$$
Section$7:$ Measure$Description$
$
COGNITION$Batteries$and$Composite$Scores$
The$NIH$Toolbox$Cognition$Battery$for$ages$8V85$includes$all$seven$core$measures$described$
above.$For$ages$3V7,$the$NIH$Toolbox$Early$Childhood$Battery$is$recommended.$This$battery$
includes$the$Picture$Vocabulary,$Flanker,$Dimensional$Change$Card$Sort,$and$Picture$Sequence$
Memory$measures$and$takes$approximately$20$minutes$to$administer$to$young$children.$In$
addition$to$scores$for$individual$measures$as$described$above,$each$cognition$battery$provides$
composite$scores,$which$allow$for$general$interpretation/evaluation$of$overall$cognitive$
functioning,$and$an$even$higher$level$of$reliability$than$is$possible$with$any$given$individual$
measure.$The$four$composite$scores$provided$are$as$follows:$
$
NIH$Toolbox$Fluid$Cognition$Composite$Score$
NIH$Toolbox$Crystallized$Cognition$Composite$Score$
NIH$Toolbox$Cognitive$Function$Composite$Score$
NIH$Toolbox$Early$Childhood$Composite$Score$
$
The$NIH$Toolbox$Fluid$Cognition$Composite$Score$includes$all$of$the$tests$noted$above$that$are$
fluid$ability$measures:$Flanker,$Dimensional$Change$Card$Sort,$Picture$Sequence$Memory,$List$
Sorting,$and$Pattern$Comparison.$$
$
19$$
The$NIH$Toolbox$Crystallized$Cognition$Composite$Score$includes$the$Picture$Vocabulary$Test$
and$the$Oral$Reading$Recognition$Test.$$
$
The$NIH$Toolbox$Cognitive$Function$Composite$Score$includes$all$of$the$tests$listed$above$under$
both$the$Fluid$and$Crystallized$composites.$$
$
The$NIH$Toolbox$Early$Childhood$Composite$Score$is$derived$from$the$four$cognition$measures$
that$comprise$the$Early$Childhood$Battery:$Picture$Vocabulary,$Flanker,$DCCS,$and$Picture$
Sequence$Memory.$It$is$designed$primarily$for$Toolbox$users$assessing$children$ages$3V7.$$
$
Section$8:$ PostLValidation/PostLNorming$Changes$to$
the$Measure$
$
No$notable$PostVValidation/PostVNorming$changes$were$made$to$these$batteries$and$composite$
measures.$
$
Section$9:$ The$Measure’s$Scoring$Model$
$
Measurement$theory$applied$for$scoring:$
Classical$Test$Theory$(CTT)$
20$$
CTT$scoring$approach$employed:$
Average$(i.e.,$the$average$of$the$normalized$score$of$each$of$the$composite’s$respective$
component$measures)$
$
Measure$length:$
Fixed$(number$of$composite$components)$
$
Response$data:$
Continuous$
$
Scores$computed/available$for$each$composite*:$
AgeVAdjusted$Scale$Score$(mean=100,$standard$deviation=15)$
Fully$Adjusted$Scale$Score$(mean=100,$standard$deviation=15)$
Unadjusted$Scale$Score$(mean=100,$standard$deviation=15)$
National$Percentile$Rank$(corresponds$to$the$AgeVAdjusted$Scale$Score)$
$
*Details$on$these$scores$and$their$interpretations$are$available$in$the$NIH$Toolbox$Scoring$and$
Interpretation$Guide.$
$
$
$ $
21$$
Section$10:$ Measure$NormsLFluid$Cognition$
$
The$following$Tables$and$Figure$present$NIH$Toolbox$normative$data$associated$with$this$
measure:$
$
Table$1.$ Composite$Unadjusted$Scale$Score,$and$Fully$Adjusted$Scale$Score$
Summary$(N,$Mean,$Standard$Deviation)$by$Age$Group$(3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9,$
10,$11,$12,$13,$14,$15,$16,$17,$18L29,$30L39,$40L49,$50L59,$60L69,$70L85,$
All)$
$
Table$2.$ Composite$Unadjusted$Scale$Score$Statistics$(N,$Mean,$Standard$
Deviation,$Minimum/Maximum$Observed,$25th/50th/75th$Percentile)$per$
Age$Group$(3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9,$10,$11,$12,$13,$14,$15,$16,$17,$18L29,$30L39,$
40L49,$50L59,$60L69,$70L85,$All)$
$
Figure$1.$ Composite$Mean$Unadjusted$Scale$Scores$across$All$Age$Groups$(3,$4,$5,$
6,$7,$8,$9,$10,$11,$12,$13,$14,$15,$16,$17,$18L29,$30L39,$40L49,$50L59,$60L69,$
70L85)$
$
$ $
Table 1. NIH Toolbox Cognition Fluid Composite
by Age Group
Fluid Composite Unadjusted Scale
Score
Fluid Composite Fully Adjusted Scale
Score
N Mean SD N Mean SD
Age Group
164 70.41 4.43 150 98.15 7.81 3
4 198 77.80 2.57 183 99.42 6.29
5 166 82.62 2.66 152 99.73 7.60
6 155 87.41 2.73 138 100.18 6.57
7 196 90.06 2.21 176 101.20 6.05
8 186 94.70 2.94 179 101.24 7.20
9 191 97.88 3.40 178 101.45 7.12
10 206 100.17 3.83 193 101.23 7.54
11 195 103.51 4.34 184 100.78 7.89
12 202 106.80 4.46 193 100.76 8.25
13 204 109.04 5.37 196 100.94 8.89
14 200 111.58 4.79 193 100.24 8.07
15 200 113.58 5.70 194 101.36 9.03
16 193 116.71 6.15 184 99.98 9.47
17 194 117.72 6.51 187 100.78 9.80
18 - 29 254 116.91 23.13 244 100.20 33.91
30 - 39 293 111.94 16.38 278 100.23 26.03
40 - 49 232 108.85 17.29 221 99.90 27.13
50 - 59 178 101.44 14.98 162 100.62 27.39
60 - 69 135 99.10 12.34 126 101.33 24.53
70 - 85 173 93.44 8.73 156 100.30 18.20
All 4115 105.85 14.21 3867 100.40 16.45
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Fluid Composite – Age 3
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 52 47 99 35 30 65 87 77 164
Mean 69.46 72.50 70.59 70.30 68.08 69.55 69.62 71.78 70.41
Standard Deviation 6.09 3.90 5.24 3.02 2.47 2.79 5.06 3.50 4.43
Minimum Observed 51.90 56.49 51.90 51.90 46.21 46.21 51.90 46.21 46.21
25th Percentile 63.64 68.51 65.72 65.72 63.05 65.72 63.64 68.03 65.72
50th Percentile (Median) 69.28 72.86 71.23 69.84 69.61 69.84 69.53 72.01 71.10
75th Percentile 76.20 77.24 76.20 74.94 74.11 74.61 75.72 76.75 76.20
Maximum Observed 83.70 85.66 85.66 88.46 77.01 88.46 88.46 85.66 88.46
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Fluid Composite – Age 4
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 60 56 116 39 43 82 99 99 198
Mean 78.24 78.18 78.22 75.84 75.38 75.65 77.87 77.70 77.80
Standard Deviation 3.04 2.92 2.97 1.76 1.69 1.72 2.65 2.50 2.57
Minimum Observed 67.83 63.53 63.53 64.85 56.10 56.10 64.85 56.10 56.10
25th Percentile 75.53 75.03 75.53 72.01 72.19 72.19 75.38 74.82 75.26
50th Percentile (Median) 79.17 78.66 78.73 76.52 76.29 76.52 77.99 77.59 77.83
75th Percentile 81.45 81.04 81.45 78.69 79.15 78.97 81.18 80.66 81.04
Maximum Observed 84.73 86.37 86.37 85.09 87.70 87.70 85.09 87.70 87.70
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Fluid Composite – Age 5
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 51 57 108 28 30 58 79 87 166
Mean 82.74 83.19 82.93 81.01 80.27 80.70 82.50 82.79 82.62
Standard Deviation 2.90 2.87 2.87 2.23 2.00 2.10 2.69 2.64 2.66
Minimum Observed 75.02 72.62 72.62 68.75 62.61 62.61 68.75 62.61 62.61
25th Percentile 79.77 79.02 79.35 77.14 77.31 77.14 79.11 79.02 79.11
50th Percentile (Median) 83.03 83.31 83.03 80.73 81.95 81.95 82.87 82.97 82.87
75th Percentile 85.68 86.28 85.82 84.39 85.42 85.20 85.01 86.22 85.82
Maximum Observed 92.89 93.10 93.10 90.79 88.86 90.79 92.89 93.10 93.10
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Fluid Composite – Age 6
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 42 50 92 29 34 63 71 84 155
Mean 87.83 87.87 87.85 84.48 86.55 85.36 87.23 87.64 87.41
Standard Deviation 3.59 2.84 3.19 1.69 1.63 1.69 3.06 2.42 2.73
Minimum Observed 69.37 76.94 69.37 71.66 72.54 71.66 69.37 72.54 69.37
25th Percentile 84.45 84.92 84.49 81.55 82.94 82.33 84.09 84.49 84.38
50th Percentile (Median) 87.03 87.48 87.20 84.12 86.58 84.71 86.91 87.48 86.99
75th Percentile 91.58 90.96 90.96 87.14 90.32 88.99 90.09 90.49 90.32
Maximum Observed 96.48 96.75 96.75 93.20 98.41 98.41 96.48 98.41 98.41
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Fluid Composite – Age 7
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 55 53 108 43 45 88 98 98 196
Mean 90.54 90.43 90.50 88.43 87.79 88.17 90.17 89.88 90.06
Standard Deviation 3.11 1.98 2.61 1.73 1.17 1.46 2.63 1.71 2.21
Minimum Observed 73.91 80.44 73.91 68.32 79.90 68.32 68.32 79.90 68.32
25th Percentile 88.12 87.85 87.85 85.91 84.77 85.68 87.52 87.32 87.32
50th Percentile (Median) 90.85 90.78 90.85 88.12 87.82 88.08 90.09 90.50 90.33
75th Percentile 92.75 92.55 92.75 91.67 91.40 91.55 92.68 92.51 92.51
Maximum Observed 100.78 97.93 100.78 95.67 97.21 97.21 100.78 97.93 100.78
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Fluid Composite – Age 8
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 93 93 186 0 0 0 93 93 186
Mean 94.49 94.98 94.70 94.49 94.98 94.70
Standard Deviation 3.24 2.62 2.94 3.24 2.62 2.94
Minimum Observed 82.62 84.19 82.62 82.62 84.19 82.62
25th Percentile 91.10 91.35 91.27 91.10 91.35 91.27
50th Percentile (Median) 94.17 94.41 94.17 94.17 94.41 94.17
75th Percentile 97.90 98.20 97.92 97.90 98.20 97.92
Maximum Observed 110.35 113.91 113.91 110.35 113.91 113.91
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Fluid Composite – Age 9
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 91 100 191 0 0 0 91 100 191
Mean 97.51 98.39 97.88 97.51 98.39 97.88
Standard Deviation 3.83 2.95 3.40 3.83 2.95 3.40
Minimum Observed 79.07 87.84 79.07 79.07 87.84 79.07
25th Percentile 93.44 93.93 93.71 93.44 93.93 93.71
50th Percentile (Median) 97.59 98.03 97.92 97.59 98.03 97.92
75th Percentile 101.56 101.90 101.56 101.56 101.90 101.56
Maximum Observed 110.85 119.95 119.95 110.85 119.95 119.95
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Fluid Composite – Age 10
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 99 107 206 0 0 0 99 107 206
Mean 99.70 100.84 100.17 99.70 100.84 100.17
Standard Deviation 4.33 3.29 3.83 4.33 3.29 3.83
Minimum Observed 67.93 85.43 67.93 67.93 85.43 67.93
25th Percentile 95.25 96.19 95.27 95.25 96.19 95.27
50th Percentile (Median) 99.94 100.54 100.06 99.94 100.54 100.06
75th Percentile 103.97 104.90 104.10 103.97 104.90 104.10
Maximum Observed 127.68 115.81 127.68 127.68 115.81 127.68
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Fluid Composite – Age 11
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 99 96 195 0 0 0 99 96 195
Mean 102.70 104.71 103.51 102.70 104.71 103.51
Standard Deviation 4.60 3.99 4.34 4.60 3.99 4.34
Minimum Observed 87.86 77.11 77.11 87.86 77.11 77.11
25th Percentile 97.48 99.52 97.68 97.48 99.52 97.68
50th Percentile (Median) 102.09 104.31 102.50 102.09 104.31 102.50
75th Percentile 107.50 109.84 107.92 107.50 109.84 107.92
Maximum Observed 131.77 124.98 131.77 131.77 124.98 131.77
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Fluid Composite – Age 12
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 95 107 202 0 0 0 95 107 202
Mean 105.67 108.25 106.80 105.67 108.25 106.80
Standard Deviation 4.86 3.97 4.46 4.86 3.97 4.46
Minimum Observed 86.20 86.03 86.03 86.20 86.03 86.03
25th Percentile 100.50 102.72 101.16 100.50 102.72 101.16
50th Percentile (Median) 105.92 108.65 106.20 105.92 108.65 106.20
75th Percentile 109.31 112.40 111.49 109.31 112.40 111.49
Maximum Observed 129.60 129.19 129.60 129.60 129.19 129.60
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Fluid Composite – Age 13
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 114 90 204 0 0 0 114 90 204
Mean 108.50 110.11 109.04 108.50 110.11 109.04
Standard Deviation 5.82 4.73 5.37 5.82 4.73 5.37
Minimum Observed 71.72 79.64 71.72 71.72 79.64 71.72
25th Percentile 102.29 102.98 102.84 102.29 102.98 102.84
50th Percentile (Median) 110.85 109.51 110.61 110.85 109.51 110.61
75th Percentile 114.29 115.27 114.29 114.29 115.27 114.29
Maximum Observed 128.37 139.38 139.38 128.37 139.38 139.38
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Fluid Composite – Age 14
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 103 97 200 0 0 0 103 97 200
Mean 111.64 111.50 111.58 111.64 111.50 111.58
Standard Deviation 5.34 4.15 4.79 5.34 4.15 4.79
Minimum Observed 87.11 87.84 87.11 87.11 87.84 87.11
25th Percentile 105.17 105.10 105.17 105.17 105.10 105.17
50th Percentile (Median) 111.23 110.58 111.05 111.23 110.58 111.05
75th Percentile 118.18 117.57 118.02 118.18 117.57 118.02
Maximum Observed 132.68 133.79 133.79 132.68 133.79 133.79
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Fluid Composite – Age 15
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 99 101 200 0 0 0 99 101 200
Mean 113.93 113.11 113.58 113.93 113.11 113.58
Standard Deviation 6.36 5.00 5.70 6.36 5.00 5.70
Minimum Observed 92.46 92.57 92.46 92.46 92.57 92.46
25th Percentile 106.19 106.13 106.19 106.19 106.13 106.19
50th Percentile (Median) 113.81 112.48 113.76 113.81 112.48 113.76
75th Percentile 118.78 119.76 119.76 118.78 119.76 119.76
Maximum Observed 139.28 139.65 139.65 139.28 139.65 139.65
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Fluid Composite – Age 16
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 97 96 193 0 0 0 97 96 193
Mean 117.39 115.70 116.71 117.39 115.70 116.71
Standard Deviation 6.64 5.59 6.15 6.64 5.59 6.15
Minimum Observed 96.37 86.70 86.70 96.37 86.70 86.70
25th Percentile 109.49 108.05 108.90 109.49 108.05 108.90
50th Percentile (Median) 118.53 116.04 117.39 118.53 116.04 117.39
75th Percentile 124.24 122.88 123.55 124.24 122.88 123.55
Maximum Observed 143.15 141.02 143.15 143.15 141.02 143.15
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Fluid Composite – Age 17
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 99 95 194 0 0 0 99 95 194
Mean 118.49 116.41 117.72 118.49 116.41 117.72
Standard Deviation 7.34 5.49 6.51 7.34 5.49 6.51
Minimum Observed 90.79 94.03 90.79 90.79 94.03 90.79
25th Percentile 109.93 107.48 108.76 109.93 107.48 108.76
50th Percentile (Median) 118.24 116.56 117.48 118.24 116.56 117.48
75th Percentile 128.11 125.15 127.19 128.11 125.15 127.19
Maximum Observed 145.91 138.29 145.91 145.91 138.29 145.91
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Fluid Composite – Age 18-29
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 58 111 169 17 68 85 75 179 254
Mean 121.13 116.05 118.41 109.41 105.47 106.56 120.20 114.32 116.91
Standard Deviation 31.64 20.89 25.55 15.93 11.23 12.36 29.59 18.89 23.13
Minimum Observed 96.43 91.65 91.65 93.27 82.65 82.65 93.27 82.65 82.65
25th Percentile 109.64 108.62 109.01 100.32 99.23 99.47 109.43 106.67 108.12
50th Percentile (Median) 121.47 115.43 117.48 109.07 105.47 106.21 119.68 112.87 115.61
75th Percentile 129.22 121.35 125.92 116.15 112.02 112.79 129.22 120.29 125.10
Maximum Observed 153.79 153.79 153.79 133.78 140.10 140.10 153.79 153.79 153.79
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Fluid Composite – Age 30-39
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 52 154 206 21 66 87 73 220 293
Mean 112.88 112.51 112.63 110.16 104.58 106.47 112.56 111.63 111.94
Standard Deviation 25.62 14.84 18.10 14.10 8.07 10.07 22.85 13.62 16.38
Minimum Observed 85.46 92.64 85.46 87.98 87.84 87.84 85.46 87.84 85.46
25th Percentile 103.80 106.59 105.19 102.84 97.28 97.92 103.80 105.87 104.69
50th Percentile (Median) 112.13 112.01 112.13 109.80 104.11 105.17 111.81 110.58 111.27
75th Percentile 122.40 118.49 119.74 121.81 109.49 111.74 122.40 117.82 118.88
Maximum Observed 143.73 147.16 147.16 133.39 128.92 133.39 143.73 147.16 147.16
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Fluid Composite – Age 40-49
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 60 110 170 24 38 62 84 148 232
Mean 109.48 110.18 109.88 97.83 100.95 99.43 108.22 109.35 108.85
Standard Deviation 20.31 17.48 18.48 9.03 8.74 8.93 19.03 16.23 17.29
Minimum Observed 82.67 86.89 82.67 84.53 82.72 82.72 82.67 82.72 82.67
25th Percentile 101.60 102.59 102.02 91.64 94.67 93.19 100.77 101.96 101.12
50th Percentile (Median) 110.54 110.18 110.34 99.13 102.28 99.14 108.41 109.14 109.14
75th Percentile 116.78 117.13 116.85 102.92 107.24 105.10 116.61 116.67 116.65
Maximum Observed 133.63 136.90 136.90 114.66 123.93 123.93 133.63 136.90 136.90
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Fluid Composite – Age 50-59
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 57 80 137 18 23 41 75 103 178
Mean 100.68 102.88 101.68 101.00 95.67 98.61 100.70 102.31 101.44
Standard Deviation 16.68 15.77 16.26 10.44 6.88 9.04 15.35 14.63 14.98
Minimum Observed 84.64 88.06 84.64 86.44 84.72 84.72 84.64 84.72 84.64
25th Percentile 96.77 96.84 96.81 96.07 92.55 94.21 96.77 95.18 95.64
50th Percentile (Median) 99.84 102.45 101.25 97.69 95.09 96.87 99.84 102.08 100.66
75th Percentile 105.47 108.65 107.49 105.16 101.92 103.86 105.47 107.83 106.89
Maximum Observed 113.86 130.16 130.16 117.30 107.83 117.30 117.30 130.16 130.16
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Fluid Composite – Age 60-69
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 45 65 110 10 15 25 55 80 135
Mean 99.25 99.96 99.60 90.39 90.57 90.48 98.75 99.47 99.10
Standard Deviation 14.63 11.01 12.57 9.49 5.98 7.39 14.38 10.78 12.34
Minimum Observed 86.67 80.13 80.13 79.23 81.58 79.23 79.23 80.13 79.23
25th Percentile 94.77 97.04 95.24 85.15 84.56 85.15 94.67 96.49 95.00
50th Percentile (Median) 98.38 99.30 98.75 89.95 89.88 89.88 98.08 99.21 98.56
75th Percentile 103.23 103.80 103.23 92.01 97.87 96.38 102.90 102.06 102.90
Maximum Observed 119.62 114.37 119.62 108.43 100.85 108.43 119.62 114.37 119.62
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Fluid Composite – Age 70-85
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 77 80 157 6 10 16 83 90 173
Mean 93.06 94.34 93.59 86.35 88.17 87.37 92.94 94.14 93.44
Standard Deviation 10.50 7.01 8.91 3.16 6.66 5.51 10.22 7.06 8.73
Minimum Observed 73.24 79.02 73.24 80.17 70.21 70.21 73.24 70.21 70.21
25th Percentile 86.84 90.85 88.69 82.64 84.06 84.06 86.84 89.92 88.31
50th Percentile (Median) 93.33 94.26 94.09 86.33 86.99 86.46 93.12 94.23 94.04
75th Percentile 98.42 98.84 98.56 87.50 93.69 92.70 98.42 98.33 98.42
Maximum Observed 108.05 106.95 108.05 92.70 109.03 109.03 108.05 109.03 109.03
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Fluid Composite – NCS Sample of
Mothers English Spanish All
N 79 34 113
Mean 112.97 104.04 110.28
Standard Deviation 10.57 9.03 10.90
Minimum Observed 86.89 87.98 86.89
25th Percentile 105.91 96.37 103.13
50th Percentile (Median) 112.96 103.28 109.98
75th Percentile 119.77 108.87 117.48
Maximum Observed 147.16 128.92 147.16
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Fluid Composite – NCS Sample of
Pregnant Women English Spanish All
N 81 41 122
Mean 112.49 105.39 110.10
Standard Deviation 8.26 11.04 9.84
Minimum Observed 88.30 82.67 82.67
25th Percentile 107.54 98.17 104.69
50th Percentile (Median) 111.59 105.20 109.48
75th Percentile 117.80 111.74 115.62
Maximum Observed 139.75 140.10 140.10
Table 1 Least Squares Means
22$$
Section$11:$ Measure$NormsLCrystallized$Cognition$
$
The$following$Tables$and$Figure$present$NIH$Toolbox$normative$data$associated$with$this$
measure:$
$
Table$1.$ Composite$Unadjusted$Scale$Score,$and$Fully$Adjusted$Scale$Score$
Summary$(N,$Mean,$Standard$Deviation)$by$Age$Group$(3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9,$
10,$11,$12,$13,$14,$15,$16,$17,$18L29,$30L39,$40L49,$50L59,$60L69,$70L85,$
All)$
$
Table$2.$ Composite$Unadjusted$Scale$Score$Statistics$(N,$Mean,$Standard$
Deviation,$Minimum/Maximum$Observed,$25th/50th/75th$Percentile)$per$
Age$Group$(3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9,$10,$11,$12,$13,$14,$15,$16,$17,$18L29,$30L39,$
40L49,$50L59,$60L69,$70L85,$All)$
$
Figure$1.$ Composite$Mean$Unadjusted$Scale$Scores$across$All$Age$Groups$(3,$4,$5,$
6,$7,$8,$9,$10,$11,$12,$13,$14,$15,$16,$17,$18L29,$30L39,$40L49,$50L59,$60L69,$
70L85)$
$
$ $
Table 1. NIH Toolbox Cognition Crystalized
Composite by Age Group
Crystalized Composite
Unadjusted Scale Score
Crystalized Composite Fully
Adjusted Scale Score
N Mean SD N Mean SD
Age Group
151 73.85 6.21 140 102.03 10.98 3
4 163 75.65 4.05 151 98.02 8.55
5 162 79.61 3.28 149 97.38 7.55
6 154 83.39 3.34 137 96.37 7.44
7 196 86.74 2.84 176 97.16 6.64
8 160 87.54 2.90 153 96.71 6.40
9 165 92.32 2.91 154 97.57 6.48
10 174 94.27 3.37 165 97.65 6.69
11 173 97.53 3.32 164 98.33 7.05
12 179 98.99 3.75 171 98.18 7.26
13 174 102.21 4.28 166 98.57 7.72
14 178 104.80 4.03 172 98.84 7.69
15 178 105.53 4.44 174 98.59 8.38
16 170 108.09 5.23 162 98.36 8.75
17 167 108.09 4.68 161 98.29 8.44
18 - 29 241 111.25 17.44 231 98.28 28.95
30 - 39 280 113.84 15.34 266 98.43 25.09
40 - 49 207 115.01 17.91 197 98.24 29.47
50 - 59 166 114.35 22.79 153 98.09 35.28
60 - 69 124 115.88 23.36 118 97.92 38.07
70 - 85 143 114.97 16.15 130 98.28 25.45
All 3705 109.93 14.80 3490 98.21 17.90
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Crystalized Composite – Age 3
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 53 47 100 29 22 51 82 69 151
Mean 74.79 70.84 73.35 76.21 78.37 76.93 75.00 71.82 73.85
Standard Deviation 9.15 3.57 7.18 3.85 2.77 3.42 7.68 3.58 6.21
Minimum Observed 58.08 54.64 54.64 46.23 67.01 46.23 46.23 54.64 46.23
25th Percentile 68.35 67.48 67.87 69.76 71.39 71.39 68.35 67.56 68.35
50th Percentile (Median) 72.28 70.36 71.33 76.79 80.28 77.20 73.66 71.14 71.87
75th Percentile 76.89 73.56 75.87 82.68 85.20 83.35 77.02 74.55 76.20
Maximum Observed 109.46 112.91 112.91 91.70 91.31 91.70 109.46 112.91 112.91
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Crystalized Composite – Age 4
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 53 50 103 29 31 60 82 81 163
Mean 74.53 73.75 74.22 82.36 87.80 84.55 75.59 75.75 75.65
Standard Deviation 3.64 3.90 3.76 3.70 2.05 3.08 4.00 4.11 4.05
Minimum Observed 63.28 50.09 50.09 60.15 74.75 60.15 60.15 50.09 50.09
25th Percentile 71.07 72.61 71.70 77.75 83.18 78.86 71.70 73.47 72.16
50th Percentile (Median) 74.91 74.63 74.70 79.53 86.59 84.28 75.30 75.59 75.57
75th Percentile 77.72 77.45 77.45 89.55 93.98 91.76 78.63 78.82 78.82
Maximum Observed 86.09 81.86 86.09 106.01 101.59 106.01 106.01 101.59 106.01
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Crystalized Composite – Age 5
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 51 57 108 26 28 54 77 85 162
Mean 78.53 78.76 78.63 85.85 86.57 86.15 79.49 79.77 79.61
Standard Deviation 2.62 3.21 2.93 2.97 2.99 2.96 3.15 3.40 3.28
Minimum Observed 65.76 55.35 55.35 74.49 60.80 60.80 65.76 55.35 55.35
25th Percentile 77.06 75.35 76.44 80.85 82.09 82.09 77.06 75.38 76.48
50th Percentile (Median) 78.69 77.93 78.58 84.43 87.46 86.13 79.15 78.98 79.10
75th Percentile 80.64 81.30 81.19 89.99 90.40 89.99 82.11 81.90 82.11
Maximum Observed 85.56 100.83 100.83 102.38 102.82 102.82 102.38 102.82 102.82
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Crystalized Composite – Age 6
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 42 50 92 28 34 62 70 84 154
Mean 82.12 81.77 81.97 90.65 89.58 90.18 83.60 83.12 83.39
Standard Deviation 3.49 1.90 2.73 3.33 2.79 3.02 3.96 2.73 3.34
Minimum Observed 61.92 69.45 61.92 68.16 57.55 57.55 61.92 57.55 57.55
25th Percentile 79.82 80.38 79.99 86.77 85.56 86.34 80.09 80.40 80.38
50th Percentile (Median) 82.25 81.86 82.21 91.14 90.79 90.97 82.60 82.25 82.50
75th Percentile 84.38 83.84 84.22 95.59 95.25 95.25 86.74 84.22 85.36
Maximum Observed 90.18 90.44 90.44 109.71 104.94 109.71 109.71 104.94 109.71
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Crystalized Composite – Age 7
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 55 53 108 43 45 88 98 98 196
Mean 85.08 86.09 85.45 92.59 91.66 92.21 86.43 87.26 86.74
Standard Deviation 3.65 2.39 3.10 1.72 1.26 1.50 3.37 2.18 2.84
Minimum Observed 68.02 74.69 68.02 83.16 82.41 82.41 68.02 74.69 68.02
25th Percentile 82.81 82.38 82.57 89.40 88.55 89.36 83.36 83.42 83.36
50th Percentile (Median) 84.47 86.74 84.87 91.95 92.71 92.71 86.21 87.28 86.66
75th Percentile 87.67 88.86 87.98 96.09 94.73 95.25 89.87 91.05 90.22
Maximum Observed 101.82 95.97 101.82 104.48 99.58 104.48 104.48 99.58 104.48
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Crystalized Composite – Age 8
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 83 77 160 0 0 0 83 77 160
Mean 87.01 88.36 87.54 87.01 88.36 87.54
Standard Deviation 3.29 2.37 2.90 3.29 2.37 2.90
Minimum Observed 74.21 68.58 68.58 74.21 68.58 68.58
25th Percentile 82.95 84.97 84.09 82.95 84.97 84.09
50th Percentile (Median) 86.61 88.40 87.18 86.61 88.40 87.18
75th Percentile 90.10 91.16 91.05 90.10 91.16 91.05
Maximum Observed 105.49 100.52 105.49 105.49 100.52 105.49
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Crystalized Composite – Age 9
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 82 83 165 0 0 0 82 83 165
Mean 91.95 92.86 92.32 91.95 92.86 92.32
Standard Deviation 3.08 2.73 2.91 3.08 2.73 2.91
Minimum Observed 80.80 76.13 76.13 80.80 76.13 76.13
25th Percentile 88.25 89.49 88.70 88.25 89.49 88.70
50th Percentile (Median) 90.96 92.26 91.38 90.96 92.26 91.38
75th Percentile 96.02 95.51 96.02 96.02 95.51 96.02
Maximum Observed 104.74 112.92 112.92 104.74 112.92 112.92
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Crystalized Composite – Age 10
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 84 90 174 0 0 0 84 90 174
Mean 94.80 93.46 94.27 94.80 93.46 94.27
Standard Deviation 4.19 2.34 3.37 4.19 2.34 3.37
Minimum Observed 73.37 75.77 73.37 73.37 75.77 73.37
25th Percentile 90.65 90.91 90.65 90.65 90.91 90.65
50th Percentile (Median) 93.64 93.97 93.82 93.64 93.97 93.82
75th Percentile 98.22 96.74 97.12 98.22 96.74 97.12
Maximum Observed 115.16 108.58 115.16 115.16 108.58 115.16
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Crystalized Composite – Age 11
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 88 85 173 0 0 0 88 85 173
Mean 97.48 97.60 97.53 97.48 97.60 97.53
Standard Deviation 3.82 2.73 3.32 3.82 2.73 3.32
Minimum Observed 76.92 82.08 76.92 76.92 82.08 76.92
25th Percentile 93.35 92.96 93.23 93.35 92.96 93.23
50th Percentile (Median) 97.63 97.58 97.58 97.63 97.58 97.58
75th Percentile 102.42 101.86 101.98 102.42 101.86 101.98
Maximum Observed 113.22 110.93 113.22 113.22 110.93 113.22
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Crystalized Composite – Age 12
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 82 97 179 0 0 0 82 97 179
Mean 98.00 100.20 98.99 98.00 100.20 98.99
Standard Deviation 4.24 3.20 3.75 4.24 3.20 3.75
Minimum Observed 72.40 82.59 72.40 72.40 82.59 72.40
25th Percentile 94.77 95.91 95.26 94.77 95.91 95.26
50th Percentile (Median) 98.11 100.33 98.71 98.11 100.33 98.71
75th Percentile 102.36 103.49 103.22 102.36 103.49 103.22
Maximum Observed 112.91 117.70 117.70 112.91 117.70 117.70
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Crystalized Composite – Age 13
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 101 73 174 0 0 0 101 73 174
Mean 102.97 100.55 102.21 102.97 100.55 102.21
Standard Deviation 4.78 3.37 4.28 4.78 3.37 4.28
Minimum Observed 81.75 68.43 68.43 81.75 68.43 68.43
25th Percentile 98.76 96.94 97.82 98.76 96.94 97.82
50th Percentile (Median) 103.33 100.13 102.59 103.33 100.13 102.59
75th Percentile 108.03 104.30 107.59 108.03 104.30 107.59
Maximum Observed 127.68 115.38 127.68 127.68 115.38 127.68
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Crystalized Composite – Age 14
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 91 87 178 0 0 0 91 87 178
Mean 105.25 104.08 104.80 105.25 104.08 104.80
Standard Deviation 4.42 3.57 4.03 4.42 3.57 4.03
Minimum Observed 78.02 75.79 75.79 78.02 75.79 75.79
25th Percentile 99.78 99.56 99.74 99.78 99.56 99.74
50th Percentile (Median) 104.34 103.23 103.78 104.34 103.23 103.78
75th Percentile 109.63 108.98 109.37 109.63 108.98 109.37
Maximum Observed 124.48 120.06 124.48 124.48 120.06 124.48
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Crystalized Composite – Age 15
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 84 94 178 0 0 0 84 94 178
Mean 105.86 105.11 105.53 105.86 105.11 105.53
Standard Deviation 5.24 3.60 4.44 5.24 3.60 4.44
Minimum Observed 86.08 90.99 86.08 86.08 90.99 86.08
25th Percentile 99.06 99.30 99.15 99.06 99.30 99.15
50th Percentile (Median) 106.15 105.01 105.21 106.15 105.01 105.21
75th Percentile 112.15 109.36 111.40 112.15 109.36 111.40
Maximum Observed 122.90 125.07 125.07 122.90 125.07 125.07
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Crystalized Composite – Age 16
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 81 89 170 0 0 0 81 89 170
Mean 109.42 106.35 108.09 109.42 106.35 108.09
Standard Deviation 5.65 4.68 5.23 5.65 4.68 5.23
Minimum Observed 81.52 75.05 75.05 81.52 75.05 75.05
25th Percentile 103.25 100.44 103.02 103.25 100.44 103.02
50th Percentile (Median) 107.47 106.61 106.84 107.47 106.61 106.84
75th Percentile 115.24 112.32 113.53 115.24 112.32 113.53
Maximum Observed 127.74 128.31 128.31 127.74 128.31 128.31
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Crystalized Composite – Age 17
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 88 79 167 0 0 0 88 79 167
Mean 108.81 106.75 108.09 108.81 106.75 108.09
Standard Deviation 5.10 4.12 4.68 5.10 4.12 4.68
Minimum Observed 87.58 89.47 87.58 87.58 89.47 87.58
25th Percentile 103.79 100.36 101.96 103.79 100.36 101.96
50th Percentile (Median) 108.08 106.23 107.95 108.08 106.23 107.95
75th Percentile 114.08 111.80 113.01 114.08 111.80 113.01
Maximum Observed 125.08 124.44 125.08 125.08 124.44 125.08
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Crystalized Composite – Age
18-29
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 54 109 163 16 62 78 70 171 241
Mean 113.72 109.66 111.49 108.58 109.86 109.50 113.32 109.69 111.25
Standard Deviation 22.34 18.57 20.27 10.26 8.59 8.91 20.39 15.67 17.44
Minimum Observed 81.56 80.55 80.55 99.40 94.10 94.10 81.56 80.55 80.55
25th Percentile 109.81 103.99 105.75 100.23 103.90 102.37 107.00 103.99 105.40
50th Percentile (Median) 113.68 110.35 112.60 109.31 108.76 108.76 113.64 110.35 112.48
75th Percentile 121.39 114.86 116.78 112.72 114.97 114.86 120.67 114.86 116.74
Maximum Observed 131.61 134.55 134.55 128.18 127.89 128.18 131.61 134.55 134.55
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Crystalized Composite – Age
30-39
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 49 151 200 20 60 80 69 211 280
Mean 114.69 113.69 114.01 113.72 111.83 112.49 114.58 113.50 113.84
Standard Deviation 21.01 15.86 17.22 10.92 8.37 9.04 18.58 14.14 15.34
Minimum Observed 67.24 86.09 67.24 96.84 95.63 95.63 67.24 86.09 67.24
25th Percentile 108.65 106.97 107.54 104.68 105.21 104.68 108.23 106.49 106.97
50th Percentile (Median) 117.34 114.52 114.88 113.69 108.93 111.22 115.40 114.35 114.36
75th Percentile 120.58 120.43 120.58 119.22 117.13 119.05 120.58 120.13 120.43
Maximum Observed 134.96 143.11 143.11 141.44 145.27 145.27 141.44 145.27 145.27
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Crystalized Composite – Age
40-49
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 55 105 160 17 30 47 72 135 207
Mean 115.59 115.09 115.30 111.76 111.79 111.78 115.25 114.83 115.01
Standard Deviation 22.69 17.64 19.46 14.28 8.37 10.73 21.02 16.08 17.91
Minimum Observed 84.14 86.89 84.14 93.43 95.26 93.43 84.14 86.89 84.14
25th Percentile 107.95 108.33 107.95 101.41 107.18 103.79 107.95 107.69 107.69
50th Percentile (Median) 115.55 115.22 115.34 112.88 110.29 110.29 115.55 115.02 115.22
75th Percentile 121.77 120.80 120.85 124.53 120.03 121.02 121.77 120.80 120.85
Maximum Observed 145.66 135.97 145.66 129.00 126.56 129.00 145.66 135.97 145.66
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Crystalized Composite – Age
50-59
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 55 76 131 16 19 35 71 95 166
Mean 114.34 114.73 114.52 111.27 113.42 112.18 114.11 114.64 114.35
Standard Deviation 26.65 23.03 24.52 19.24 9.71 14.66 25.11 21.01 22.79
Minimum Observed 79.95 83.38 79.95 93.93 95.30 93.93 79.95 83.38 79.95
25th Percentile 109.24 107.29 108.48 99.52 105.25 102.31 108.48 106.15 108.08
50th Percentile (Median) 113.87 114.32 113.87 106.30 114.51 110.71 113.83 114.51 113.83
75th Percentile 121.39 123.47 121.46 124.09 119.97 122.30 121.39 123.47 121.46
Maximum Observed 146.04 137.10 146.04 138.90 133.22 138.90 146.04 137.10 146.04
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Crystalized Composite – Age
60-69
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 44 64 108 7 9 16 51 73 124
Mean 116.55 115.97 116.27 107.94 103.02 105.92 116.18 115.56 115.88
Standard Deviation 29.64 20.67 24.59 8.95 4.77 7.10 27.90 19.77 23.36
Minimum Observed 81.74 79.61 79.61 94.55 96.28 94.55 81.74 79.61 79.61
25th Percentile 106.47 109.19 108.41 101.59 99.62 99.69 106.47 109.18 107.92
50th Percentile (Median) 117.98 115.29 115.75 109.66 99.69 103.80 115.88 114.55 115.29
75th Percentile 126.17 123.34 124.73 115.75 103.79 111.88 125.42 122.63 124.63
Maximum Observed 145.25 142.32 145.25 116.89 113.48 116.89 145.25 142.32 145.25
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Crystalized Composite – Age
70-85
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 60 71 131 5 7 12 65 78 143
Mean 115.06 115.47 115.24 103.77 103.32 103.54 114.83 115.14 114.97
Standard Deviation 19.35 13.98 16.59 6.82 7.53 6.92 18.80 13.69 16.15
Minimum Observed 84.40 80.33 80.33 91.05 87.68 87.68 84.40 80.33 80.33
25th Percentile 107.08 106.67 107.08 99.09 97.54 98.25 106.85 106.67 106.85
50th Percentile (Median) 117.08 116.27 116.65 101.68 99.68 101.68 117.08 115.94 116.33
75th Percentile 124.39 122.78 124.39 109.18 109.47 109.47 124.39 122.78 124.33
Maximum Observed 140.82 143.84 143.84 115.21 124.45 124.45 140.82 143.84 143.84
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Crystalized Composite – NCS
Sample of Mothers English Spanish All
N 80 33 113
Mean 112.96 113.16 113.02
Standard Deviation 10.81 8.73 10.21
Minimum Observed 84.57 97.11 84.57
25th Percentile 106.24 106.96 106.72
50th Percentile (Median) 113.50 113.67 113.53
75th Percentile 119.07 120.13 119.55
Maximum Observed 136.69 131.43 136.69
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Crystalized Composite – NCS Sample of Pregnant Women English Spanish All
N 81 38 119
Mean 112.90 108.44 111.48
Standard Deviation 9.94 7.00 9.31
Minimum Observed 82.82 98.29 82.82
25th Percentile 106.81 103.36 105.55
50th Percentile (Median) 113.67 108.17 110.93
75th Percentile 119.05 114.55 117.68
Maximum Observed 134.55 126.22 134.55
Figure 1 Least Squares Means
23$$
Section$12:$ Measure$NormsLCognitive$Function$
$
The$following$Tables$and$Figure$present$NIH$Toolbox$normative$data$associated$with$this$
measure:$
$
Table$1.$ Composite$Unadjusted$Scale$Score,$and$Fully$Adjusted$Scale$Score$
Summary$(N,$Mean,$Standard$Deviation)$by$Age$Group$(3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9,$
10,$11,$12,$13,$14,$15,$16,$17,$18L29,$30L39,$40L49,$50L59,$60L69,$70L85,$
All)$
$
Table$2.$ Composite$Unadjusted$Scale$Score$Statistics$(N,$Mean,$Standard$
Deviation,$Minimum/Maximum$Observed,$25th/50th/75th$Percentile)$per$
Age$Group$(3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9,$10,$11,$12,$13,$14,$15,$16,$17,$18L29,$30L39,$
40L49,$50L59,$60L69,$70L85,$All)$
$
Figure$1.$ Composite$Mean$Unadjusted$Scale$Scores$across$All$Age$Groups$(3,$4,$5,$
6,$7,$8,$9,$10,$11,$12,$13,$14,$15,$16,$17,$18L29,$30L39,$40L49,$50L59,$60L69,$
70L85)$
$
$ $
Table 1. NIH Toolbox Cognitive Function
Composite by Age Group
Cognitive Function Composite
Unadjusted Scale Score
Cognitive Function Composite Fully
Adjusted Scale Score
N Mean SD N Mean SD
Age Group
162 71.33 4.16 151 100.25 9.89 3
4 168 76.23 2.64 156 97.86 7.76
5 166 80.78 2.28 152 98.22 7.74
6 155 84.97 2.31 138 97.80 7.14
7 196 87.81 1.90 176 98.84 6.56
8 160 90.29 2.37 153 98.16 7.07
9 165 94.09 2.55 154 98.93 6.75
10 174 96.08 2.98 165 98.87 7.00
11 173 99.60 3.34 164 99.58 7.39
12 179 102.05 3.73 171 99.42 7.93
13 174 105.15 4.36 166 99.81 7.98
14 178 108.36 4.40 172 99.70 7.98
15 179 109.52 4.87 175 99.66 8.28
16 170 113.63 6.15 162 99.54 9.28
17 167 113.93 5.66 161 99.33 8.79
18 - 29 242 115.75 21.46 231 99.09 31.61
30 - 39 282 115.00 16.88 267 99.36 25.23
40 - 49 207 114.18 20.14 197 98.98 29.09
50 - 59 166 109.31 21.10 153 99.21 32.41
60 - 69 124 108.94 19.64 118 99.54 32.32
70 - 85 143 105.07 13.17 130 99.65 22.67
All 3730 109.24 14.77 3512 99.21 17.40
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognitive Function Composite – Age 3
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 53 47 100 34 28 62 87 75 162
Mean 71.44 70.89 71.24 71.53 72.14 71.73 71.46 71.09 71.33
Standard Deviation 5.74 3.34 4.75 3.45 2.44 3.02 4.95 3.03 4.16
Minimum Observed 53.52 55.51 53.52 46.20 52.10 46.20 46.20 52.10 46.20
25th Percentile 65.73 68.68 66.62 66.25 68.12 66.25 66.25 68.41 66.62
50th Percentile (Median) 71.03 70.28 70.69 72.54 72.45 72.54 71.59 70.35 71.22
75th Percentile 75.82 75.57 75.57 77.10 77.64 77.17 75.82 75.92 75.82
Maximum Observed 94.67 91.53 94.67 83.62 82.41 83.62 94.67 91.53 94.67
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognitive Function Composite – Age 4
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 53 50 103 30 35 65 83 85 168
Mean 75.97 75.34 75.72 78.16 80.50 79.16 76.27 76.16 76.23
Standard Deviation 3.15 2.72 2.94 2.08 1.41 1.78 2.83 2.45 2.64
Minimum Observed 65.59 60.45 60.45 63.64 71.41 63.64 63.64 60.45 60.45
25th Percentile 73.57 72.98 73.57 75.56 77.09 76.54 73.85 73.67 73.71
50th Percentile (Median) 76.65 76.26 76.41 79.48 80.65 79.90 76.94 76.38 76.65
75th Percentile 79.57 78.12 79.06 80.62 83.67 81.98 79.58 79.27 79.58
Maximum Observed 82.23 83.78 83.78 89.51 90.08 90.08 89.51 90.08 90.08
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognitive Function Composite – Age 5
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 51 57 108 28 30 58 79 87 166
Mean 80.36 80.67 80.49 82.69 82.48 82.61 80.69 80.92 80.78
Standard Deviation 2.34 2.41 2.37 1.92 2.11 2.00 2.25 2.32 2.28
Minimum Observed 73.43 63.17 63.17 72.98 63.25 63.25 72.98 63.17 63.17
25th Percentile 78.66 77.85 78.32 78.00 80.58 79.34 78.66 77.85 78.52
50th Percentile (Median) 80.52 80.54 80.54 82.95 82.83 82.95 80.70 81.08 80.88
75th Percentile 82.44 82.63 82.61 86.09 86.31 86.09 82.74 82.85 82.75
Maximum Observed 88.53 90.98 90.98 91.90 94.83 94.83 91.90 94.83 94.83
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognitive Function Composite – Age 6
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 42 50 92 29 34 63 71 84 155
Mean 84.59 84.49 84.55 86.63 87.31 86.92 84.96 84.98 84.97
Standard Deviation 3.03 1.92 2.47 1.99 1.83 1.89 2.69 1.95 2.31
Minimum Observed 68.22 72.93 68.22 73.30 62.60 62.60 68.22 62.60 62.60
25th Percentile 82.57 82.59 82.57 84.23 84.54 84.23 82.57 83.30 82.59
50th Percentile (Median) 84.82 84.61 84.79 86.42 87.35 86.44 84.84 84.99 84.84
75th Percentile 87.97 85.92 86.48 90.01 91.01 90.21 87.97 87.21 87.71
Maximum Observed 91.68 90.82 91.68 95.45 97.40 97.40 95.45 97.40 97.40
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognitive Function Composite – Age 7
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 55 53 108 43 45 88 98 98 196
Mean 87.28 87.69 87.43 89.76 88.98 89.44 87.72 87.96 87.81
Standard Deviation 2.74 1.73 2.29 1.33 0.86 1.11 2.29 1.41 1.90
Minimum Observed 69.90 79.21 69.90 77.57 82.57 77.57 69.90 79.21 69.90
25th Percentile 85.23 86.15 85.32 86.65 87.04 86.65 85.36 86.23 85.78
50th Percentile (Median) 87.56 87.52 87.56 90.25 89.65 90.04 87.61 88.21 87.72
75th Percentile 89.19 89.52 89.19 92.34 90.86 91.82 90.25 90.27 90.27
Maximum Observed 96.96 93.89 96.96 95.92 93.98 95.92 96.96 93.98 96.96
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognitive Function Composite – Age 8
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 83 77 160 0 0 0 83 77 160
Mean 90.00 90.75 90.29 90.00 90.75 90.29
Standard Deviation 2.73 1.90 2.37 2.73 1.90 2.37
Minimum Observed 79.16 81.21 79.16 79.16 81.21 79.16
25th Percentile 87.05 88.22 87.70 87.05 88.22 87.70
50th Percentile (Median) 90.00 90.69 90.46 90.00 90.69 90.46
75th Percentile 92.54 92.78 92.67 92.54 92.78 92.67
Maximum Observed 106.44 102.47 106.44 106.44 102.47 106.44
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognitive Function Composite – Age 9
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 82 83 165 0 0 0 82 83 165
Mean 93.69 94.67 94.09 93.69 94.67 94.09
Standard Deviation 2.83 2.23 2.55 2.83 2.23 2.55
Minimum Observed 84.24 85.00 84.24 84.24 85.00 84.24
25th Percentile 90.20 91.91 90.65 90.20 91.91 90.65
50th Percentile (Median) 93.81 94.40 94.23 93.81 94.40 94.23
75th Percentile 96.78 96.54 96.78 96.78 96.54 96.78
Maximum Observed 105.54 108.04 108.04 105.54 108.04 108.04
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognitive Function Composite – Age 10
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 84 90 174 0 0 0 84 90 174
Mean 96.17 95.94 96.08 96.17 95.94 96.08
Standard Deviation 3.63 2.22 2.98 3.63 2.22 2.98
Minimum Observed 72.59 80.74 72.59 72.59 80.74 72.59
25th Percentile 93.35 93.91 93.62 93.35 93.91 93.62
50th Percentile (Median) 95.26 96.47 95.62 95.26 96.47 95.62
75th Percentile 98.81 98.49 98.59 98.81 98.49 98.59
Maximum Observed 117.74 109.42 117.74 117.74 109.42 117.74
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognitive Function Composite – Age 11
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 88 85 173 0 0 0 88 85 173
Mean 99.15 100.26 99.60 99.15 100.26 99.60
Standard Deviation 3.80 2.78 3.34 3.80 2.78 3.34
Minimum Observed 82.46 79.21 79.21 82.46 79.21 79.21
25th Percentile 94.63 95.91 95.57 94.63 95.91 95.57
50th Percentile (Median) 98.71 100.54 98.98 98.71 100.54 98.98
75th Percentile 102.42 104.51 103.48 102.42 104.51 103.48
Maximum Observed 119.87 112.94 119.87 119.87 112.94 119.87
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognitive Function Composite – Age 12
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 82 97 179 0 0 0 82 97 179
Mean 100.92 103.43 102.05 100.92 103.43 102.05
Standard Deviation 4.03 3.35 3.73 4.03 3.35 3.73
Minimum Observed 82.19 83.95 82.19 82.19 83.95 82.19
25th Percentile 96.72 99.17 97.70 96.72 99.17 97.70
50th Percentile (Median) 100.37 102.61 101.59 100.37 102.61 101.59
75th Percentile 105.58 106.51 106.32 105.58 106.51 106.32
Maximum Observed 116.20 117.23 117.23 116.20 117.23 117.23
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognitive Function Composite – Age 13
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 101 73 174 0 0 0 101 73 174
Mean 105.42 104.58 105.15 105.42 104.58 105.15
Standard Deviation 4.75 3.77 4.36 4.75 3.77 4.36
Minimum Observed 84.05 74.22 74.22 84.05 74.22 74.22
25th Percentile 100.36 99.55 100.18 100.36 99.55 100.18
50th Percentile (Median) 106.56 102.97 105.51 106.56 102.97 105.51
75th Percentile 110.88 109.14 110.62 110.88 109.14 110.62
Maximum Observed 122.46 119.68 122.46 122.46 119.68 122.46
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognitive Function Composite – Age 14
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 91 87 178 0 0 0 91 87 178
Mean 108.66 107.87 108.36 108.66 107.87 108.36
Standard Deviation 4.98 3.72 4.40 4.98 3.72 4.40
Minimum Observed 90.77 82.04 82.04 90.77 82.04 82.04
25th Percentile 102.53 103.33 102.72 102.53 103.33 102.72
50th Percentile (Median) 107.50 107.34 107.50 107.50 107.34 107.50
75th Percentile 113.95 112.12 112.85 113.95 112.12 112.85
Maximum Observed 127.22 130.62 130.62 127.22 130.62 130.62
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognitive Function Composite – Age 15
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 85 94 179 0 0 0 85 94 179
Mean 109.84 109.11 109.52 109.84 109.11 109.52
Standard Deviation 5.56 4.17 4.87 5.56 4.17 4.87
Minimum Observed 91.40 92.69 91.40 91.40 92.69 91.40
25th Percentile 101.53 103.16 102.78 101.53 103.16 102.78
50th Percentile (Median) 109.06 108.23 108.69 109.06 108.23 108.69
75th Percentile 115.64 115.60 115.64 115.64 115.60 115.64
Maximum Observed 135.85 131.93 135.85 135.85 131.93 135.85
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognitive Function Composite – Age 16
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 81 89 170 0 0 0 81 89 170
Mean 115.12 111.67 113.63 115.12 111.67 113.63
Standard Deviation 6.68 5.48 6.15 6.68 5.48 6.15
Minimum Observed 89.57 83.76 83.76 89.57 83.76 83.76
25th Percentile 107.26 102.92 106.27 107.26 102.92 106.27
50th Percentile (Median) 113.81 112.50 112.82 113.81 112.50 112.82
75th Percentile 122.78 120.17 121.39 122.78 120.17 121.39
Maximum Observed 138.76 136.46 138.76 138.76 136.46 138.76
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognitive Function Composite – Age 17
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 88 79 167 0 0 0 88 79 167
Mean 114.69 112.52 113.93 114.69 112.52 113.93
Standard Deviation 6.40 4.67 5.66 6.40 4.67 5.66
Minimum Observed 92.12 95.58 92.12 92.12 95.58 92.12
25th Percentile 107.39 104.99 106.85 107.39 104.99 106.85
50th Percentile (Median) 114.69 113.81 114.64 114.69 113.81 114.64
75th Percentile 120.03 120.19 120.03 120.03 120.19 120.03
Maximum Observed 139.48 130.34 139.48 139.48 130.34 139.48
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognitive Function Composite – Age 18-29
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 54 109 163 17 62 79 71 171 242
Mean 120.01 114.11 116.77 108.94 108.32 108.50 119.07 113.22 115.75
Standard Deviation 28.91 20.84 24.50 13.14 9.17 10.06 26.81 17.82 21.46
Minimum Observed 94.49 87.20 87.20 93.06 90.01 90.01 93.06 87.20 87.20
25th Percentile 111.71 106.58 109.82 102.86 103.35 103.23 110.49 105.77 108.13
50th Percentile (Median) 121.51 113.41 115.93 108.98 107.74 108.03 119.53 112.63 114.41
75th Percentile 127.15 120.05 123.88 111.11 112.98 112.98 126.96 119.69 123.38
Maximum Observed 144.06 153.80 153.80 130.08 135.06 135.06 144.06 153.80 153.80
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognitive Function Composite – Age 30-39
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 49 151 200 21 61 82 70 212 282
Mean 116.44 115.17 115.57 113.03 108.96 110.42 116.02 114.52 115.00
Standard Deviation 24.76 16.59 18.88 11.78 8.65 9.64 21.69 14.97 16.88
Minimum Observed 77.49 90.61 77.49 91.74 92.25 91.74 77.49 90.61 77.49
25th Percentile 106.65 107.75 107.26 107.79 101.25 102.92 106.85 106.25 106.32
50th Percentile (Median) 118.56 115.56 115.70 109.78 108.05 108.75 116.56 113.62 114.96
75th Percentile 123.51 122.05 123.11 117.33 115.32 115.96 123.51 120.96 122.89
Maximum Observed 147.90 142.75 147.90 137.37 145.39 145.39 147.90 145.39 147.90
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognitive Function Composite – Age 40-49
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 55 105 160 17 30 47 72 135 207
Mean 114.64 114.98 114.84 105.80 107.69 106.83 113.87 114.42 114.18
Standard Deviation 25.32 19.94 21.86 12.66 8.31 10.01 23.37 18.26 20.14
Minimum Observed 90.04 89.98 89.98 88.66 95.01 88.66 88.66 89.98 88.66
25th Percentile 105.46 106.45 106.01 96.59 99.87 98.59 103.46 105.28 105.14
50th Percentile (Median) 115.80 115.61 115.74 104.86 107.98 106.24 112.06 114.12 113.68
75th Percentile 122.65 123.00 123.00 117.10 113.54 116.64 122.65 121.56 121.63
Maximum Observed 143.44 146.08 146.08 122.70 128.90 128.90 143.44 146.08 146.08
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognitive Function Composite – Age 50-59
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 55 76 131 16 19 35 71 95 166
Mean 108.70 110.51 109.52 107.41 105.46 106.58 108.60 110.17 109.31
Standard Deviation 23.61 22.19 22.79 16.36 9.12 12.79 22.09 20.34 21.10
Minimum Observed 85.23 90.57 85.23 93.66 89.24 89.24 85.23 89.24 85.23
25th Percentile 104.48 100.47 103.43 97.66 99.41 99.23 104.31 100.47 102.65
50th Percentile (Median) 107.79 109.99 108.97 104.05 104.13 104.05 107.79 109.30 108.47
75th Percentile 112.16 119.50 116.51 112.53 110.49 112.53 112.20 119.10 116.51
Maximum Observed 135.18 135.01 135.18 134.86 124.73 134.86 135.18 135.01 135.18
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognitive Function Composite – Age 60-69
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 44 64 108 7 9 16 51 73 124
Mean 109.48 109.27 109.38 99.79 94.73 97.71 109.07 108.81 108.94
Standard Deviation 25.34 16.50 20.46 7.88 3.74 6.23 24.01 16.07 19.64
Minimum Observed 86.49 79.32 79.32 92.45 87.79 87.79 86.49 79.32 79.32
25th Percentile 102.22 103.71 102.71 95.15 92.48 92.78 102.18 102.98 102.46
50th Percentile (Median) 107.98 107.62 107.98 95.56 93.83 95.56 107.98 107.51 107.62
75th Percentile 117.38 114.98 115.51 107.14 98.81 102.18 115.51 114.89 115.39
Maximum Observed 134.70 131.88 134.70 109.50 99.84 109.50 134.70 131.88 134.70
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognitive Function Composite – Age 70-85
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 60 71 131 5 7 12 65 78 143
Mean 105.07 105.60 105.30 94.72 95.91 95.34 104.86 105.34 105.07
Standard Deviation 15.88 11.15 13.47 4.86 8.38 6.86 15.44 11.04 13.17
Minimum Observed 80.61 83.95 80.61 85.80 79.14 79.14 80.61 79.14 79.14
25th Percentile 98.12 98.04 98.12 91.75 87.81 90.94 98.12 98.04 98.04
50th Percentile (Median) 105.44 105.53 105.44 93.13 94.88 94.88 105.44 105.07 105.07
75th Percentile 113.00 110.76 110.88 97.14 100.80 97.14 112.82 110.76 110.88
Maximum Observed 127.93 127.17 127.93 103.50 121.11 121.11 127.93 127.17 127.93
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognitive Function Composite – NCS
Sample of Mothers English Spanish All
N 80 34 114
Mean 114.77 109.53 113.20
Standard Deviation 11.65 8.70 11.08
Minimum Observed 91.75 95.57 91.75
25th Percentile 107.91 103.43 106.01
50th Percentile (Median) 112.78 107.94 112.15
75th Percentile 123.29 116.40 119.53
Maximum Observed 146.08 137.28 146.08
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognitive Function Composite – NCS Sample of Pregnant Women English Spanish All
N 81 38 119
Mean 114.57 107.18 112.21
Standard Deviation 9.67 8.38 9.87
Minimum Observed 90.25 90.01 90.01
25th Percentile 108.50 102.72 106.01
50th Percentile (Median) 115.73 106.93 110.76
75th Percentile 120.20 110.58 118.33
Maximum Observed 139.91 135.06 139.91
Figure 1 Least Squares Means
24$$
Section$13:$ Measure$NormsLEarly$Childhood$
$
The$following$Tables$and$Figure$present$NIH$Toolbox$normative$data$associated$with$this$
measure:$
$
Table$1.$ Composite$Unadjusted$Scale$Score,$and$Fully$Adjusted$Scale$Score$
Summary$(N,$Mean,$Standard$Deviation)$by$Age$Group$(3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9,$
10,$11,$12,$13,$14,$15,$16,$17,$18L29,$30L39,$40L49,$50L59,$60L69,$70L85,$
All)$
$
Table$2.$ Composite$Unadjusted$Scale$Score$Statistics$(N,$Mean,$Standard$
Deviation,$Minimum/Maximum$Observed,$25th/50th/75th$Percentile)$per$
Age$Group$(3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9,$10,$11,$12,$13,$14,$15,$16,$17,$18L29,$30L39,$
40L49,$50L59,$60L69,$70L85,$All)$
$
Figure$1.$ Composite$Mean$Unadjusted$Scale$Scores$across$All$Age$Groups$(3,$4,$5,$
6,$7,$8,$9,$10,$11,$12,$13,$14,$15,$16,$17,$18L29,$30L39,$40L49,$50L59,$60L69,$
70L85)$
$
Table 1. NIH Toolbox Cognition Early Childhood Composite by Age Group
Early Childhood Composite
Unadjusted Scale Score
Early Childhood Composite Fully
Adjusted Scale Score
N Mean SD N Mean SD
Age Group
158 70.24 4.41 147 98.76 10.16 3
4 168 77.33 2.99 156 100.65 7.83
5 166 82.53 2.52 152 101.81 7.29
6 155 86.84 2.62 138 101.58 6.71
7 196 88.99 1.96 176 101.91 5.74
8 160 92.71 2.57 153 101.45 6.80
9 165 96.20 3.04 154 101.58 6.31
10 174 97.97 3.03 165 101.07 6.46
11 173 102.07 4.24 164 101.74 7.73
12 179 105.35 4.38 171 101.43 8.28
13 174 107.54 5.32 166 101.41 8.65
14 178 110.31 4.49 172 100.75 7.68
15 179 111.48 5.36 175 101.07 8.64
16 170 115.76 6.52 162 101.20 9.64
17 167 116.41 6.28 161 100.98 9.39
18 - 29 241 116.27 22.73 231 100.36 33.15
30 - 39 282 113.92 17.04 267 100.62 24.99
40 - 49 207 111.40 18.87 197 100.09 27.33
50 - 59 166 105.40 18.07 153 100.68 28.82
60 - 69 124 103.66 14.42 118 101.87 26.30
70 - 85 143 99.23 10.13 130 101.86 19.08
All 3725 107.64 14.37 3508 100.80 16.64
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Early Childhood Composite – Age
3
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 53 47 100 32 26 58 85 73 158
Mean 69.15 71.73 70.09 71.04 70.81 70.96 69.48 71.60 70.24
Standard Deviation 5.73 3.41 4.84 4.13 2.81 3.57 5.18 3.20 4.41
Minimum Observed 50.07 55.51 50.07 52.11 46.21 46.21 50.07 46.21 46.21
25th Percentile 64.53 68.05 65.16 67.26 65.73 66.75 64.53 67.83 65.44
50th Percentile (Median) 68.69 70.84 70.36 73.09 70.77 72.77 69.12 70.84 70.65
75th Percentile 73.95 76.16 75.72 77.83 76.20 76.20 75.09 76.16 75.72
Maximum Observed 86.37 82.28 86.37 88.08 90.24 90.24 88.08 90.24 90.24
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Early Childhood Composite – Age
4
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 53 50 103 30 35 65 83 85 168
Mean 77.57 76.79 77.26 76.89 78.73 77.68 77.47 77.10 77.33
Standard Deviation 3.78 3.17 3.49 2.15 1.74 1.95 3.28 2.69 2.99
Minimum Observed 64.36 62.38 62.38 61.08 67.26 61.08 61.08 62.38 61.08
25th Percentile 75.30 73.06 74.32 74.59 74.38 74.38 74.59 73.27 74.32
50th Percentile (Median) 78.52 77.17 77.73 78.18 79.14 78.18 78.41 77.34 77.97
75th Percentile 81.57 80.72 81.42 79.94 82.59 81.16 81.57 81.30 81.42
Maximum Observed 86.94 85.55 86.94 88.70 94.91 94.91 88.70 94.91 94.91
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Early Childhood Composite – Age
5
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 51 57 108 28 30 58 79 87 166
Mean 82.56 82.41 82.49 83.30 81.91 82.73 82.66 82.34 82.53
Standard Deviation 2.58 2.82 2.70 2.12 2.24 2.18 2.42 2.62 2.52
Minimum Observed 73.77 63.45 63.45 73.02 54.07 54.07 73.02 54.07 54.07
25th Percentile 80.48 79.60 80.10 78.33 79.71 78.50 80.48 79.60 79.91
50th Percentile (Median) 82.70 83.24 82.70 84.04 82.28 82.60 82.75 82.60 82.70
75th Percentile 85.00 85.78 85.00 86.72 86.80 86.80 85.69 85.78 85.69
Maximum Observed 89.69 91.48 91.48 91.36 92.99 92.99 91.36 92.99 92.99
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Early Childhood Composite – Age
6
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 42 50 92 29 34 63 71 84 155
Mean 86.98 86.47 86.76 86.87 87.63 87.19 86.96 86.67 86.84
Standard Deviation 3.44 2.67 3.03 1.81 1.95 1.88 2.87 2.40 2.62
Minimum Observed 67.94 75.49 67.94 78.24 59.39 59.39 67.94 59.39 59.39
25th Percentile 83.29 83.98 83.67 84.09 84.92 84.12 83.29 83.98 83.98
50th Percentile (Median) 87.25 86.17 86.64 86.70 88.85 87.62 87.25 86.37 86.70
75th Percentile 91.42 91.13 91.34 91.20 91.63 91.29 91.41 91.13 91.33
Maximum Observed 94.96 95.12 95.12 93.80 94.21 94.21 94.96 95.12 95.12
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Early Childhood Composite – Age
7
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 55 53 108 43 45 88 98 98 196
Mean 88.83 88.71 88.79 89.91 89.73 89.84 89.02 88.93 88.99
Standard Deviation 2.88 1.68 2.36 1.48 1.07 1.28 2.38 1.44 1.96
Minimum Observed 75.67 79.62 75.67 76.88 79.54 76.88 75.67 79.54 75.67
25th Percentile 87.05 86.81 86.81 86.92 88.18 87.65 86.92 86.82 86.82
50th Percentile (Median) 89.11 89.06 89.06 91.17 89.41 90.75 89.42 89.06 89.29
75th Percentile 91.50 91.18 91.34 93.01 92.01 92.70 91.86 91.41 91.52
Maximum Observed 98.78 94.34 98.78 97.92 97.84 97.92 98.78 97.84 98.78
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Early Childhood Composite – Age
8
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 83 77 160 0 0 0 83 77 160
Mean 92.56 92.94 92.71 92.56 92.94 92.71
Standard Deviation 2.79 2.32 2.57 2.79 2.32 2.57
Minimum Observed 81.92 83.41 81.92 81.92 83.41 81.92
25th Percentile 89.60 89.60 89.60 89.60 89.60 89.60
50th Percentile (Median) 92.44 93.08 92.76 92.44 93.08 92.76
75th Percentile 95.41 96.06 95.50 95.41 96.06 95.50
Maximum Observed 102.53 103.41 103.41 102.53 103.41 103.41
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Early Childhood Composite – Age
9
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 82 83 165 0 0 0 82 83 165
Mean 95.92 96.60 96.20 95.92 96.60 96.20
Standard Deviation 3.34 2.72 3.04 3.34 2.72 3.04
Minimum Observed 84.47 84.04 84.04 84.47 84.04 84.04
25th Percentile 92.08 93.00 92.34 92.08 93.00 92.34
50th Percentile (Median) 95.66 96.18 96.01 95.66 96.18 96.01
75th Percentile 98.03 99.39 99.31 98.03 99.39 99.31
Maximum Observed 108.37 109.96 109.96 108.37 109.96 109.96
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Early Childhood Composite – Age
10
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 84 90 174 0 0 0 84 90 174
Mean 97.74 98.33 97.97 97.74 98.33 97.97
Standard Deviation 3.33 2.74 3.03 3.33 2.74 3.03
Minimum Observed 74.61 83.48 74.61 74.61 83.48 74.61
25th Percentile 94.19 93.69 94.01 94.19 93.69 94.01
50th Percentile (Median) 97.12 98.02 97.59 97.12 98.02 97.59
75th Percentile 101.36 101.97 101.40 101.36 101.97 101.40
Maximum Observed 113.84 113.11 113.84 113.84 113.11 113.84
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Early Childhood Composite – Age
11
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 88 85 173 0 0 0 88 85 173
Mean 101.40 103.05 102.07 101.40 103.05 102.07
Standard Deviation 4.64 3.76 4.24 4.64 3.76 4.24
Minimum Observed 84.73 73.67 73.67 84.73 73.67 73.67
25th Percentile 95.30 98.14 96.82 95.30 98.14 96.82
50th Percentile (Median) 101.23 101.98 101.80 101.23 101.98 101.80
75th Percentile 106.70 107.31 107.02 106.70 107.31 107.02
Maximum Observed 123.68 123.91 123.91 123.68 123.91 123.91
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Early Childhood Composite – Age
12
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 82 97 179 0 0 0 82 97 179
Mean 104.05 106.93 105.35 104.05 106.93 105.35
Standard Deviation 4.70 3.98 4.38 4.70 3.98 4.38
Minimum Observed 85.82 83.56 83.56 85.82 83.56 83.56
25th Percentile 99.12 101.51 100.44 99.12 101.51 100.44
50th Percentile (Median) 103.95 106.07 104.53 103.95 106.07 104.53
75th Percentile 107.45 112.34 110.05 107.45 112.34 110.05
Maximum Observed 126.55 126.99 126.99 126.55 126.99 126.99
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Early Childhood Composite – Age
13
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 101 73 174 0 0 0 101 73 174
Mean 107.43 107.78 107.54 107.43 107.78 107.54
Standard Deviation 6.06 4.13 5.32 6.06 4.13 5.32
Minimum Observed 72.24 80.55 72.24 72.24 80.55 72.24
25th Percentile 100.77 103.17 101.43 100.77 103.17 101.43
50th Percentile (Median) 108.20 107.23 108.06 108.20 107.23 108.06
75th Percentile 113.73 113.60 113.73 113.73 113.60 113.73
Maximum Observed 137.86 123.89 137.86 137.86 123.89 137.86
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Early Childhood Composite – Age
14
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 91 87 178 0 0 0 91 87 178
Mean 110.49 110.02 110.31 110.49 110.02 110.31
Standard Deviation 4.97 3.95 4.49 4.97 3.95 4.49
Minimum Observed 91.60 89.05 89.05 91.60 89.05 89.05
25th Percentile 105.47 104.35 104.84 105.47 104.35 104.84
50th Percentile (Median) 108.39 109.54 109.30 108.39 109.54 109.30
75th Percentile 116.14 114.39 115.24 116.14 114.39 115.24
Maximum Observed 129.93 132.73 132.73 129.93 132.73 132.73
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Early Childhood Composite – Age
15
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 85 94 179 0 0 0 85 94 179
Mean 111.52 111.43 111.48 111.52 111.43 111.48
Standard Deviation 5.73 5.04 5.36 5.73 5.04 5.36
Minimum Observed 90.50 95.54 90.50 90.50 95.54 90.50
25th Percentile 104.08 104.49 104.33 104.08 104.49 104.33
50th Percentile (Median) 111.23 110.69 110.94 111.23 110.69 110.94
75th Percentile 117.13 116.31 117.01 117.13 116.31 117.01
Maximum Observed 141.39 142.22 142.22 141.39 142.22 142.22
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Early Childhood Composite – Age
16
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 81 89 170 0 0 0 81 89 170
Mean 117.71 113.21 115.76 117.71 113.21 115.76
Standard Deviation 7.24 5.55 6.52 7.24 5.55 6.52
Minimum Observed 94.59 84.87 84.87 94.59 84.87 84.87
25th Percentile 111.49 107.01 108.62 111.49 107.01 108.62
50th Percentile (Median) 116.79 112.84 115.87 116.79 112.84 115.87
75th Percentile 127.46 120.79 123.98 127.46 120.79 123.98
Maximum Observed 143.54 135.30 143.54 143.54 135.30 143.54
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Early Childhood Composite – Age
17
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 88 79 167 0 0 0 88 79 167
Mean 116.85 115.60 116.41 116.85 115.60 116.41
Standard Deviation 7.17 5.14 6.28 7.17 5.14 6.28
Minimum Observed 91.52 93.91 91.52 91.52 93.91 91.52
25th Percentile 109.50 107.66 108.77 109.50 107.66 108.77
50th Percentile (Median) 117.55 116.08 116.80 117.55 116.08 116.80
75th Percentile 125.07 124.56 125.07 125.07 124.56 125.07
Maximum Observed 141.33 133.28 141.33 141.33 133.28 141.33
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Early Childhood Composite – Age
18-29
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 54 108 162 17 62 79 71 170 241
Mean 119.84 114.98 117.18 111.13 109.26 109.81 119.10 114.09 116.27
Standard Deviation 32.10 21.30 25.80 12.98 12.39 12.47 29.11 18.81 22.73
Minimum Observed 93.09 90.69 90.69 98.85 85.81 85.81 93.09 85.81 85.81
25th Percentile 108.96 107.06 108.41 103.28 102.65 102.78 108.45 106.44 107.06
50th Percentile (Median) 120.66 114.52 116.92 107.61 109.28 108.54 119.60 113.72 115.25
75th Percentile 128.06 122.67 124.50 115.41 116.82 115.41 128.06 121.86 124.00
Maximum Observed 148.45 153.79 153.79 130.45 138.10 138.10 148.45 153.79 153.79
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Early Childhood Composite – Age
30-39
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 49 151 200 21 61 82 70 212 282
Mean 115.06 114.20 114.47 113.54 107.18 109.45 114.87 113.47 113.92
Standard Deviation 26.23 15.78 18.82 14.57 8.85 10.88 23.26 14.44 17.04
Minimum Observed 86.92 92.49 86.92 86.28 86.68 86.28 86.28 86.68 86.28
25th Percentile 106.07 107.96 107.45 105.46 101.12 101.66 106.07 107.01 106.07
50th Percentile (Median) 113.26 113.27 113.27 113.53 105.74 107.68 113.26 112.74 112.75
75th Percentile 122.82 121.13 121.96 124.37 112.54 117.00 122.82 120.52 121.17
Maximum Observed 150.03 141.35 150.03 135.43 138.84 138.84 150.03 141.35 150.03
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Early Childhood Composite – Age
40-49
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 55 105 160 17 30 47 72 135 207
Mean 111.67 112.34 112.06 101.72 105.97 104.03 110.80 111.85 111.40
Standard Deviation 23.63 18.43 20.30 11.06 9.62 10.28 21.93 17.06 18.87
Minimum Observed 84.48 86.37 84.48 89.25 85.19 85.19 84.48 85.19 84.48
25th Percentile 102.04 104.55 104.48 93.68 100.19 94.43 102.00 104.48 103.36
50th Percentile (Median) 112.34 112.17 112.17 103.36 108.62 104.03 110.19 112.04 111.78
75th Percentile 118.15 119.15 119.15 108.68 112.78 112.49 118.09 117.78 118.07
Maximum Observed 133.90 142.95 142.95 119.53 127.19 127.19 133.90 142.95 142.95
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Early Childhood Composite – Age
50-59
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 55 76 131 16 19 35 71 95 166
Mean 104.11 106.86 105.36 108.13 102.90 105.90 104.41 106.59 105.40
Standard Deviation 18.49 19.67 19.33 15.72 8.51 12.50 17.95 18.04 18.07
Minimum Observed 86.01 90.24 86.01 91.29 87.83 87.83 86.01 87.83 86.01
25th Percentile 98.91 97.89 98.26 99.11 97.00 98.55 98.91 97.88 98.49
50th Percentile (Median) 104.00 106.29 104.90 103.89 103.08 103.54 104.00 106.09 104.85
75th Percentile 110.00 113.86 112.05 118.51 106.53 111.23 110.00 113.86 112.05
Maximum Observed 120.91 132.42 132.42 132.09 117.63 132.09 132.09 132.42 132.42
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Early Childhood Composite – Age
60-69
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 44 64 108 7 9 16 51 73 124
Mean 103.51 104.49 103.99 96.58 93.17 95.18 103.21 104.13 103.66
Standard Deviation 17.92 12.58 14.94 5.83 5.90 5.93 17.00 12.39 14.42
Minimum Observed 84.61 84.87 84.61 89.66 83.19 83.19 84.61 83.19 83.19
25th Percentile 97.05 100.39 98.17 92.99 87.73 92.57 96.99 100.36 98.02
50th Percentile (Median) 102.81 104.28 104.07 96.24 92.57 95.22 102.67 104.09 103.77
75th Percentile 109.27 108.08 109.03 100.29 95.68 100.29 109.10 107.45 108.51
Maximum Observed 120.57 122.30 122.30 105.22 104.01 105.22 120.57 122.30 122.30
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Early Childhood Composite – Age
70-85
English Spanish Total
All Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
N 60 71 131 5 7 12 65 78 143
Mean 99.08 99.75 99.37 90.68 95.68 93.28 98.91 99.64 99.23
Standard Deviation 11.99 8.69 10.30 3.99 8.87 7.20 11.68 8.68 10.13
Minimum Observed 79.82 82.10 79.82 84.41 76.02 76.02 79.82 76.02 76.02
25th Percentile 93.17 95.88 94.45 85.84 86.18 85.84 93.17 95.88 93.78
50th Percentile (Median) 97.93 99.75 99.09 91.06 93.84 93.84 96.64 99.72 98.93
75th Percentile 105.59 104.71 105.32 95.32 108.72 96.44 105.59 104.71 105.27
Maximum Observed 118.97 119.77 119.77 96.44 118.30 118.30 118.97 119.77 119.77
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Early Childhood Composite – NCS
Sample of Mothers English Spanish All
N 79 34 113
Mean 113.57 107.16 111.64
Standard Deviation 10.61 10.13 10.83
Minimum Observed 86.37 92.34 86.37
25th Percentile 105.75 102.20 104.08
50th Percentile (Median) 113.75 104.78 111.10
75th Percentile 120.53 112.54 118.41
Maximum Observed 140.72 138.84 140.72
Table 2. NIH Toolbox Cognition Early Childhood Composite – NCS
Sample of Pregnant Women English Spanish All
N 81 38 119
Mean 113.79 108.35 112.05
Standard Deviation 8.79 11.03 9.85
Minimum Observed 91.10 88.13 88.13
25th Percentile 108.48 101.10 106.19
50th Percentile (Median) 113.16 107.27 111.95
75th Percentile 119.76 113.25 117.57
Maximum Observed 136.28 132.76 136.28
Figure 1 Least Squares Means