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TM 11-2200

, WAR DEPARTMENT. A Pi ^^ ^

TECHNICAL MANUAL

METER I-97-A

August, 1943

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TECHNICAL MANUAL f/ 1 ', 9& WAR DEPARTMENTNo. 11-2200 ^juJWashington, 14 August, 1943

^^

BIAS METER I-97-A

This technical manual published on order no. 4656-Phila-43 isfurnished for the information and guidance of all concerned.

TABLE OF CONTENTSSECTION I Description Paragraph

General ............................... 1

Components ........................... 2

Size and Weight ........................ 3

SECTION II Installation and Operation

Installation ........................... 4

Power Supply ......................... 5

Preparation for Use ................... 6

Operating Adjustments ................. 7

SECTION III Functioning of Parts

General Circuit ........................ 8

Normal Operation ..................... 9

Bias Indication ....................... 10

Bias Measuring Circuit .................. 11

Use of Jack ........................... 12

SECTION IV Maintenance

Servicing ............................. 13

Zero Bias Adjustments ................. 14

SECTION V Supplementary Data

List of Maintenance Parts ............... 15

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONSFig. Page

1 Bias Meter I-97-A................ 3

2 General Circuit of Bias Meter I-97-A ................. 6

3 Equivalent Connections with Pushbutton non-operated. . 8

4 Equivalent Connections for Reading Bias(Pushbutton depressed) ........................ 9

5 Parts Identification I-97-A. .....,...,,.,,...... ....... 11

M558587

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TM 11-2200 SIGNAL CORPS

DESTRUCTION NOTICE

WHY —To prevent the enemy from using or salvaging thisequipment for his benefit.

WHEN —When ordered by your commander, or when you are in

immediate danger of capture.

HOW —1. Smash — Use sledges, axes, hand-axes, pick-axes,hammers, crowbars, heavy tools, etc.

2. Cut — Use axes, hand-axes, machete, etc.

3. Burn — Use gasoline, kerosene, oil, flame-throwers,

incendiary grenades, etc.

4. Explosives — Use firearms, grenades, TNT, etc.

6. Disposal — Bury in slit trenches, fox-holes, otherholes. Throw in streams. Scatter.

6. USE ANYTHING IMMEDIATELY AVAILABLEFOR DESTRUCTION OF THIS EQUIPMENT.

WHAT —1 . Smash—Meter, pushbutton, case, adapter plug, relay

subbase.

2. Cut — Adapter Plug Cable and Power Cord, in sev

eral pieces.

3. Burn — Technical Manuals, Canvas Carrying Case

CS-49-A.

4. Bury or Scatter —All pieces, after destroying them.

DESTROY EVERYTHING

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BIAS METER I-97-A TM 11-2200

1

SECTION I—DESCRIPTION

1. General.

a. Bias Meter I-97-A is for measuring bias in teletypewritersignals and is used in connection with the adjustment of springtension on Western Union 41-C type relays as used in Line UnitBE-77, a component part of Telegraph Printer Sets EE-97 andEE-98. Figure 1 shows an overall view of the bias meter.

Fig. 1. Bias Meter I-97-A

6. Bias is a term denoting a lengthening or shortening oftransmitted teletypewriter signal impulses by the electrical characteristics of the transmission line or the electrical or mechanicalcharacteristics of the transmitter. When these characteristicslengthen each signal, it is said to have marking or positive bias.

When these characteristics reduce the length of each signal, it issaid to have spacing or negative bias. Bias can be largely com-

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TM 11-2200 SIGNAL CORPS2-3

pensated for in the receiving apparatus by changing the springtension of the relay. Thus, if a line has marking bias, the springtension of the relay can be increased so its contacts close a littlelater and open a little earlier for each signal, and the length oftime the relay contacts are closed can usually be made the sameas the length of time of a perfect signal.

2. Components.

Bias Meter I-97-A contains the following componentsmounted within a sheet metal case with a hinged cover:

a. A meter for indicating bias.

6. A socket into which the telegraph relay normally con

tained in Line Unit BE-77 can be plugged.

c. An adapter plug connected to the bias meter by a 3-footextension cord. This plug is placed in the relay subbase of LineUnit BE-77 after the telegraph relay has been transferred fromthe line unit to the socket of Bias Meter I-97-A.

d. A pushbutton type key which can be depressed to connect

the meter in circuit to read bias.

e. A power cord and plug for connection to a source of 115

volts direct current.

/. A bias measuring circuit consisting of resistors in a bridgearrangement and a capacitor and inductance for damping the

needle of the bias meter.

g. A 0-400-ohm rheostat, located inside the case of the biasmeter, for adjusting the measuring circuit so that the meter

indicates correctly on a standard teletypewriter signal.

h. A jack into which the output of a teletype test distributorcan be patched for checking the correctness of the rheostat set

ting, or into which any source of neutral teletypewriter signals

may be patched for measuring the bias of such signals.

3. Size and Weight.

Bias Meter I-97-A is 7" x 4i/2" x 4%" high, and weighs

6 pounds.

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BIAS METER I-97-A TM 11-2200

4-7

SECTION II—INSTALLATION AND OPERATION

4. Installation.

Remove the bias meter from the canvas carrying Case

CS-49-A and install it near Line Unit BE-77, so that the adaptercord of the bias meter will reach the relay subbase in the lineunit and the power cord will reach a source of 115 volts directcurrent.

5. Power Supply.

Bias Meter I-97-A needs a source of 115 volts d-c powerfor its operation. This will normally be the same source of powerused for Line Unit BE-77.

6. Preparation for Use.

a. Connect the power cord of Bias Meter I-97-A to a source

of 115 volts direct current so that the meter needle deflects to theleft when the pushbutton is depressed and no relay or plug is inthe subbase of the bias meter. If the meter needle deflects to theright, withdraw the attachment plug from the power source, turnit 180°, and reinsert it.

6. Remove the Western Union 41-C relay from Line UnitBE-77 and insert the plug of the adapter cord assembly of the

bias meter into the socket from which the relay was removed.

c. Insert the Western Union 41-C relay in the socket of BiasMeter I-97-A.

7. Operating Adjustments.

a. While the operator of the distant station sends "repeatedspace" signals by holding down his teletypewriter space bar, depress

the pushbutton of the bias meter and watch the meter reading. Ifthe meter needle goes to the right of the zero mark, it indicates thatthe received signals have a positive or marking bias, and the knobof the Western Union 41-C relay should be turned counterclockwise (to the left) until the meter needle vibrates around the zeroposition. If the reading was to the left of the zero point, indicating negative or spacing bias, reduce the armature spring tensionof the relay by turning the adjusting knob of the relay clockwise

(to the right) until the meter needle vibrates around the zeroposition.

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TM 11-2200 SIGNAL CORPS

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Fig. 2. General Circuit of Bias Meter I-97-A.

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BIAS METER I-97-A TM 11-2200

7-9

6. It is usually necessary to adjust the knob of the relay forzero bias under the following conditions :

(1) When the equipment is first put into operation on a

line.

(2) Whenever the line has been out of operation for morethan a short time.

(3) Whenever the received messages show any errors.

(4) Whenever line characteristics change because of moisture or humidity.

c. Note that the bias meter is adjusted to read zero bias on

a particular signal which is arbitrarily selected, and which is thesignal for a space in the teletype transmission code. The fact thata space signal is used to check bias adjustments has nothing to

do with "spacing" bias as read on the meter. Any signal can be

used for measuring bias, as long as the bias meter is adjustedto read zero when a perfect signal of the character selected isreceived by the bias meter. The space signal is selected because

it can be transmitted continuously and uniformly from a teletype

writer by holding down the space bar.

d. When working over long lines, it may not be possible toadjust the 41-C relay exactly to zero bias. However, it should beadjusted as closely to zero bias as possible. A small amount ofneedle vibration is always present when the meter is reading bias.

SECTION III—FUNCTIONING OF PARTS

8. General Circuit.

The general circuit of Bias Meter I-97-A is shown in Figure2. The reference numbers shown are the same as those listed inthe List of Maintenance Parts (see Par. 15).

9. Normal Operation.

The terminals of the relay subbase socket in the bias meterare connected in parallel with the terminals of the adapter plugwhen the pushbutton is unoperated. This causes the relay insertedin the socket in the bias meter to operate in the same way asthough it were in its own socket in Line Unit BE-77. Power is

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TM 11-2200 SIGNAL CORPS9-11

supplied to the bias measuring network, but the meter is shortedout of the circuit, so that no indication is given. These connections

are shown in Figure 3.

RELAY SUBBASE SOCKET ADAPTER PLUG ( CONNECTS

IN BIAS METER 1-97-A TO LINE UNIT BE-77)

Fig. 3. Equivalent connections with pushbutton non-operated.

10. Bias Indication.

When the pushbutton is depressed, the short circuit aroundthe meter is removed and the 400-ohm resistor and the 0-400-ohm

rheostat are connected in series with the contacts of the relay tothe proper points in the bias measuring circuit. With the buttondepressed, terminals A and M of the relay subbase socket areshorted together through the adapter plug and the pushbuttoncontacts, thereby keeping the selector magnet of the telegraphprinter energized continuously and preventing it from "runningopen." These connections are shown in Figure 4.

11. Bias Measuring Circuit.

Looking at Figure 4, the circuit is of the Wheatstone-bridge

type with two equal and two unequal bridge arms. The bridge

arms are so proportioned (sized) that there is a reversal of cur

rent through the meter when the leg in which the relay contacts

are located is opened and closed. The reversed currents are ofsuch magnitudes that opening and closing of the relay contactsby repeated unbiased "space" signals will cause the meter to read

zero. Any bias in the signals to the relay will vary the percentage

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BIAS METER I-97-A TM 11-2200

11-13

of open-circuit to closed-circuit time of each signal, causing the

meter to read to the right (indicating marking bias) or to the

WESTERN UNION 41-C RELAYIN SOCKET OF BIAS METER.

RELAY CONNECTIONS ARED-U' LINE COIL

©-©= BIAS COIL

S= SPACING CONTACT

A> MOVING CONTACTM= MARKING CONTACT

ADAPTER PLUG OF BIAS

METER IN RELAY SOCKETOF LINE UNIT BE-77.

Fig. 4. Equivalent Connections for Reading Bias (Pushbutton depressed).

left (indicating spacing bias). The meter needle is damped byan inductance and shunt capacitor, making the meter easier toread by reducing the vibration of the needle.

12. Use of Jack.

The jack is provided in Bias Meter I-97-A for patching theoutput of a Test Distributor, Teletype 100-A, or other source ofneutral type teletypewriter signals into the bias measuring circuit in place of the contacts of the relay. There should be no relayin the subbase of the bias meter when using the jack.

SECTION IV— MAINTENANCE

13. Servicing.

There will be little wear on any part of Bias Meter I-97-A.The relay, part of Line Unit BE-77, may possibly wear. Avoid

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TM 11-2200 SIGNAL CORPS13-15

attempts at repairs in the field. It is more satisfactory to have

repairs made at the depot.

a. The meter used in the bias meter has a full-scale deflection

of one milliampere and therefore is subject to damage if carein servicing is not taken. If a test set is used to check the wiringof the bias meter, disconnect one of the meter leads because thebattery of the test set may pass sufficient current through themeter to damage it.

14. Zero Bias Adjustment.

An occasional check of the zero bias adjustment may be

required and should be by a maintenance group with proper test

equipment. Make the check by connecting a source of unbiasedrepeated "space" signals to the jack of the bias meter. Thesignals, which consist of marking pulse for the third and stop

impulses and a spacing pulse for the start, first, second, fourthand fifth impulses, preferably should be from a brush-type distributor such as No. 100-A Teletypewriter Test Distributor or a

14-Type Transmitter-Distributor, manufactured by the TeletypeCorporation. If the meter does not read zero while receiving the

unbiased signals with the pushbutton depressed, readjust the400-ohm rheostat located within the housing.

a. In order to make this adjustment, remove the sheet metalenclosure forming the sides and rear of the bias meter. Thenremove the cap nut from the rheostat shaft and adjust the rheo

stat with a screwdriver until a zero reading is obtained under theconditions previously described. Replace the cap nut and tightenit securely. If the meter does not read zero when the pushbuttonis not depressed, correct it with the zero adjusting screw on theface of the meter before adjusting the rheostat.

SECTION V—SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

15. Maintenance Parts.

All of the maintenance parts of Bias Meter I-97-A areshown in Figure 5. Descriptions, stock numbers, etc., are listedin the following pages. Each component has the same referencenumber in Figure 2 and Figure 5.

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[A.G. 300.7 (23 July, 1943) ]

BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR :

OFFICIAL :

J. A. ULIO,Major General,

The Adjutant General.

DISTRIBUTION :

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(For explanation of symbols, see FM 21-6)

G. C. MARSHALL,Chief of Staff.

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