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TECHNICAL MANUAL

SHIPBOARD DAMAGE

CONTROL MANUAL FOR

LANDING CRAFT

UTILITY (LCU)

NSN 1905-01-154-1191

Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY17 JANUARY 1989

DAMAGE CONTROL EQUIPMENT 4-1

STABILITY AND BUOYANCY 5-1

FIRE 6-1

SHORING 7-1

FLOODING 8-1

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TECHNICAL MANUAL HEADQUARTERSDEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

No. 55-1905-223-SDC Washington, D.C., 17 January 1989

Shipboard Damage Control Manual for

LANDING CRAFT UTILITY (LCU)NSN 1905-01-154-1191

Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

REPORTING ERRORS AND RECOMMENDING IMPROVEMENTS

You can help improve this manual. If you find any mistake or if you know of a way to improve theprocedures, please let us know. Mail your letter, DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes toPublications and Blank Forms), or DA Form 2028-2 located in the back of this manual direct to:Commander, U.S. Army Troop Support Command, ATTN: AMSTR-MCTS, 4300 Goodfellow Boulevard,St. Louis, MO 63120-1798. A reply will be furnished directly to you.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGECHAPTER 1 GENERAL INFORMATION

Section I Damage Control Introduction ............................................................................................ 1-1Section II Objectives......................................................................................................................... 1-2Section III Principal Characteristics.................................................................................................... 1-2

CHAPTER 2 EFFECTS OF DAMAGE

Section I Types of Damage ............................................................................................................. 2-1Section II Below Waterline Damage ................................................................................................. 2-3Section III Fire ................................................................................................................................... 2-3

Section IV Corrective Measures for Control of Damage ..................................................................... 2-4

CHAPTER 3 VENTILATION

Section I Introduction....................................................................................................................... 3-1Section II Ventilation of HALON-Fitted Spaces................................................................................. 3-1Section III Setting of Closures............................................................................................................ 3-1

CHAPTER 4 DAMAGE CONTROL EQUIPMENT

Section I Introduction....................................................................................................................... 4-1Section II Damage Control Equipment - General Description............................................................ 4-1Section III Damage Control Equipment on the LCU ........................................................................... 4-1

Section IV Life Jackets....................................................................................................................... 4-2Section V Sound-Powered Telephones............................................................................................. 4-3Section VI LS-519A/SIC Intercommunication System ........................................................................ 4-6Section VII General Alarm System...................................................................................................... 4-7

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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

CHAPTER 5 STABILITY AND BUOYANCY PAGE

Section I Introduction....................................................................................................................... 5-1Section II Definitions......................................................................................................................... 5-1Section III Stability Characteristics..................................................................................................... 5-5Section IV Damage Resistance Characteristics of the LCU................................................................ 5-5Section V Measures to Resist Flooding Before Damage.................................................................... 5-7Section VI Effects of Damage............................................................................................................ 5-11Section VII Stability Required and Stability Available .......................................................................... 5-12Section VIII Measures to Safeguard Stability........................................................................................ 5-13Section IX Standard Conditions of Loading ........................................................................................ 5-17Section X Liquid Loading Diagram.................................................................................................... 5-18Section XI Curve of Righting Levers .................................................................................................. 5-19Section XII Trim and Stability Booklet and Damage Stability

Booklet ............................................................................................................................. 5-24

CHAPTER 6 FIRE

Section I Introduction....................................................................................................................... 6-1

Section II Chemistry and Physics of Fire........................................................................................... 6-1Section III Classes of Fire.................................................................................................................. 6-1Section IV Products of Combustion.................................................................................................... 6-2Section V Fire Hazards of Materials.................................................................................................. 6-3Section VI Extinguishing Agents ........................................................................................................ 6-6Section VII Portable Fire Extinguishers............................................................................................... 6-10Section VIII Operation of Fire Extinguishers ........................................................................................ 6-10Section IX Basics of Fighting Fire .............................. ....................................................................... 6-12Section X LCU Fire Main ........................................ ......................................................................... 6-14Section XI Firefighting Equipment...................................................................................................... 6-17Section XII HALON Systems............................................................................................................... 6-19Section XIII Fire Protection System ..................................................................................................... 6-19Section XIV Smoke Clearance ....................................... ..................................................................... 6-22

Section XV Precautions in Ventilating ................................................................................................. 6-23Section XVI Use of Portable Ventilating Blowers .................. ............................................................... 6-23

CHAPTER 7 SHORING

Section I Shoring - Introduction........................................................................................................ 7-1Section II Considerations for the Use of Shoring............................................................................... 7-1Section III Methods of Shoring........................................................................................................... 7-2Section IV Materials for Shoring......................................................................................................... 7-3Section V Preparing Shoring Material ............................................................................................... 7-4Section VI Application of Shoring....................................................................................................... 7-5

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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

CHAPTER 8 FLOODING PAGE

Section I Flooding Load................................................................................................................... 8-1Section II Investigating Flooding Damage......................................................................................... 8-2Section III Methods of Repairing Holes .............................................................................................. 8-5Section IV Quick-Sealing Leaks and Cracks....................................................................................... 8-8Section V Strengthening Beams and Frames.................................................................................... 8-9Section VI Repairing Pipe Lines......................................................................................................... 8-10Section VII Damage Control Metallic Pipe and General Repair

Kit (Plastic) ....................................................................................................................... 8-18

CHAPTER 9 ELECTRICAL POWER AND LIGHTING

Section I General Information.......................................................................................................... 9-1Section II Normal Electrical Power.................................................................................................... 9-1Section III Power Distribution............................................................................................................. 9-1Section IV Emergency Electrical Power ............................................................................................. 9-3Section V Emergency Power Operation ............................................................................................ 9-3Section VI Emergency Lights............................................................................................................. 9-7

APPENDIX A REFERENCES......................................................................................................................... A-1

GLOSSARY ............................................................................................................................ Glossary-1

INDEX .................................................................................................................................. Index-1

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CHAPTER 1

GENERAL INFORMATION

SDC FIXES SHALL BE USED ONLY IN COMBAT OR OTHER EMERGENCYCONDITIONS AT THE DISCRETION OF THE VESSEL MASTER. DAMAGE SHALLBE REPAIRED BY STANDARD MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES AS SOON ASPRACTICABLE.

Section I. DAMAGE CONTROL INTRODUCTION

1-1. PURPOSE. This Shipboard Damage Control (SDC) manual covers the assessment and repair of equipmenfailures occurring under emergency conditions (e.g., battle damage, fire, etc.). This repair is sometimes limited to suchmeans of fixing as bypassing, patching, or jury-rigging components, or the use of alternative procedures to restore theequipment/system performance to a minimum operating condition. Operating procedures should be restricted to testinga system, subsystem, or component for the purpose of damage assessment, or for the purpose of testing a component orassembly after a repair has been performed. If any change to normal operating procedures is made, the new proceduresmust be provided to the operator.

1-2. SCOPE. Damage control includes the functional combination of all equipment, material, devices, andtechniques designed to prevent, minimize, or restore wartime or peacetime damage. This includes passive defense foconventional, nuclear, biological, and chemical warfare, and all active defensive measures short of those designed toprevent successful delivery of enemy attack by military means or sabotage.

1-3. IMPROVEMENT. You can help improve this manual. If you find any mistakes, or if you know of a way toimprove the procedures, please let us know. Mail your DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications andBlank Forms), or DA Form 2028-2 located in the back of this manual directly to:

Commander, U. S. Army Troop Support CommandATTN: AMSTR-MCTS4300 Goodfellow Blvd.St. Louis, Mo. 63120-1798

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(Characteristics, CONT.)

Cruising Speed (Normal Load) 10.0 Knots (Approx.)

Range-Full Load at Cruising Speed 4,500 Nautical Miles with 50%Fuel Reserve

Main Engines Two Cummins KTA 50-M 1250 BHP@ 1800 rpm

Generators Two Cummins NT-855-CG2 250 kW@ 1800 rpm

Emergency Generator Diesel Cummins 4 BT 5.9GC 40 kW@ 1800 rpm

Bow Thruster Cummins NT-855-M 300 BHP@ 1800 rpm

Special Features:

Bow Ramp Enables off-loading of cargo toremote, undeveloped beaches.

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CHAPTER 2

EFFECTS OF DAMAGE

SDC FIXES SHALL BE USED ONLY IN COMBAT OR OTHER EMERGENCYCONDITIONS AT THE DISCRETION OF THE VESSEL MASTER. DAMAGE SHALLBE REPAIRED BY STANDARD MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES AS SOON ASPRACTICABLE.

Section I. TYPES OF DAMAGE

2-1. GENERAL. Knowing the type of damage and what emergency repair action to take can save the ship and itscrew to permit it to continue on the assigned mission or give it the capability to return to a base for more extensiverepairs. Generally, most damage can be classified as follows:

a. Large holes below the waterline.

b. Small holes and cracks below the waterline.

c. Holes in the hull above the waterline.

d. Punctured, weakened, or distorted bulkheads.

e. Flooded machinery compartments or other vital spaces.

f. Warped or sprung doors and hatches.

g. Weakened or ruptured beams, supports, and other strength members.

h. Ruptured or weakened decks.

i. Wreckage interfering with system function.

j. Ruptured or cracked pipe lines.

k. Severed or damaged electric cables.

l. Broken or distorted foundations under machinery.

m. Broken or pierced machinery units.

n. Fire with its attendant heat, smoke, and other damage.

2-2. NATURE OF DAMAGE. The nature of repairs that a ship requires depends upon the type of damage, type ovessel, and location of damage. Collisions, grounding, and storms have in many cases caused damage so severe as to

threaten the survival of very large ships. Self-inflicted damage can stem from inadequate preparation or from generaneglect. Other causes impairing stability are deck icing in cold weather, excessive deck load, overloading any area ingeneral, improper removal of ballast, and free surface effect in tanks or bilges.

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Section II. BELOW WATERLINE DAMAGE

2-3. BELOW WATERLINE DAMAGE - GENERAL. Underwater damage may be from battle damage or from collisiondamage caused by contact with another ship or by underwater obstacles, fixed or floating.

Below waterline damage to a hull resulting from collision, explosive device, or grounding might not cause a shipto immediately sink or require abandonment but the following can occur:

a. List.

b. Flooding with sea water and/or fuel oil.

c. Impairment of vital operating systems in damaged area.

d. Fire.

The list of the ship can be presumed to be due to off-center weight. If the ship is underway when damaged andthe probability of receiving further underwater damage is possible, prompt removal of list is the prime consideration. Lishas many undesirable effects:

a. Impaired speed due to increased propulsion resistance, increased difficulty in operating the main propulsion

plant, and possible improper immersion of screws.

b. Impaired maneuverability.

c. Impaired overall stability due to list and improper trim.

d. Increased difficulty in servicing and operating deck equipment.

e. Ultimate swamping or sinking.

A combat hit which strikes the ship's side below the waterline can cause all the effects outlined above and, inaddition, may seriously decrease hull strength. A hit near the stern may damage or carry away one or both propellersand can render inoperative or destroy the rudders and steering gear.

Damage causing total flooding of tanks or void spaces below the water-line, although reducing the reservebuoyancy, may have a beneficial effect on stability if there is no list and sufficient freeboard exists. The amount of suchflooding that the ship can withstand depends upon the ballast and cargo distribution before the damage occurs. Newballasting figures must be calculated using the methods described in the Trim and Stability Booklet to ensure that a safeamount of reserve buoyancy remains.

If an underwater weapon (mine or torpedo) is fuzed to explode on contact with the ship's hull, a hole is torn in theshell and the interior of the ship is subjected to blast and fragment attack, followed by a violent inrush of waterSurrounded by a liquid medium, underwater weapons do not depend upon their casing for fragment attack, but instead,tear loose large chunks of the ship's structure and hurl them into the ship with projectile-like violence.

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Wiring circuits may be severed by blasts and fragments. Severed and grounded cables will interrupt power inthe immediate vicinity and can short the entire electrical system. If the damaged area is aft, machinery spaces can beflooded. The power plant can be affected; possibly all propulsion will be lost.

Underwater damage depends mainly on the weight of the bursting charge. Because of the large amounts ofexplosive used in modern mines and torpedoes, the holes opened in the shell of the ship by these weapons will be verylarge.

Flame from incandescent gases created by explosion, unless dampened by liquids, can spread through theaffected area. Hot fragments can also start fires in remote areas. Acrid smoke and toxic gases from explosion and firewill necessitate the use of oxygen breathing apparatus.

When a vessel sustains underwater damage, violent shock may break or derange delicate radio, radar ornavigation equipment. Brittle materials such as valve bodies or cast-iron base plates under machinery can be fracturedeven at considerable distances from the damaged area. Shock frequently opens circuit breakers. Violent heaving odecks can cause personnel injury, particularly to those who are standing at the time of impact.

2-4. WATERTIGHT SPACES. Watertight integrity below the main deck of the LCU is provided by the installationduring construction, of athwartships bulkheads at frames 5, 17, 25, and 44.

At or above the main deck, compartments are protected by watertight doors as follows:

At the main deck level, watertight doors forward protect the damage control locker, the bosuns storeroom, andthe paint locker.

Port side main deck watertight doors lead to the galley, and the dry provisions storeroom.

Starboard side main deck watertight doors lead to the passageway, and the air conditioning and the emergencygenerator room.

Section III. FIRE

2-5. FIRE DAMAGE. In addition to the structural damage caused by battle or collision, fire is almost certain to followUnless the fire is extinguished speedily and effectively, more serious damage than that caused by the initial problem can

result. Many ships have been lost by fire. Experience indicates that steel ships can become floating furnaces, fed by thecombustible and flammable materials carried on board. Some ships have become blazing infernos which had to beabandoned and later sunk by our own forces because fires got out of control and prevented the effective application ofdamage control actions.

Fire may cause the loss of a ship after other damage has been repaired or minimized. There is a substantiaamount of combustible material on board the LCU. Fire must be considered a potential hazard requiring every effort toeliminate, control, and extinguish.

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TM_55-1905-223-SDC