The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) works to create CII – Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre (CII – Godrej

and sustain an environment conducive to the growth of GBC) is one of the 10 Centres of Excellences of the

industry in India, partnering industry and government alike Confederation of Indian Industry (CII).

through advisory and consultative processes.CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre offers advisory

CII is a non-government, not-for-profit, industry led and services to the industry in the areas of Green buildings,

industry managed organisation, playing a proactive role in energy efficiency, water management, environmental

India's development process. Founded over 117 years ago, it management, renewable energy, Green business incubation

is India's premier business association, with a direct and climate change activities.

membership of over 7000 organisations from the private as The Centre sensitises key stakeholders to embrace Green well as public sectors, including SMEs and MNCs, and an practices and facilitates market transformation, paving way indirect membership of over 90,000 companies from for India to become one of the global leaders in Green around 400 national and regional sectoral associations.businesses by 2015.

With 63 offices including 10 Centres of Excellence in India, The Centre is housed in a Green Building which received the and 7 overseas offices in Australia, China, France, Singapore, prestigious LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental South Africa, UK, and USA, as well as institutional Design) Platinum Rating in 2003. This was the first Platinum partnerships with 223 counterpart organisations in 90 rated Green Building outside of U.S.A and the third in the countries, CII serves as a reference point for Indian industry world. The Centre was inaugurated by H.E Dr A P J Abdul and the international business community.Kalam, the then President of India, on July 14, 2004.

About us

This Report is Supported By

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Survey No 64, Kothaguda Post, R.R. Dist.,

Hyderabad - 500 084, Andhra Pradesh, India

www.greenbusinesscentre.com

For more details kindly contact :

P V Kiran Ananth

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Tel: +91 40 44185152 (D)

2012

TAMIL NADU’S CARBON FOOTPRINTEstimation of

(for stakeholder consultation)

Disclaimer

© 2012 Confederation of Indian Industry

All rights reserved

This report is part of Confederation of Indian Industry, CII – Godrej GBC’s effort to assist the Government of Tamil Nadu to

attain low carbon growth for the future. Several organizations, namely Gamesa Wind Turbines Private Limited, Michelin India

TamilNadu Tyres Pvt. Ltd. and Saint-Gobain Glass India Limited have supported in pursuing this project. Such commitment

indicates these organisations’ intrest in creating a cleaner and greener environment.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means

electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission from CII – Sohrabji

Green Business Centre, Hyderabad.

While every care has been taken in compiling this report, CII-Godrej GBC and the supporting organizations accept no claim

for any kind of compensation, if any entry is wrong, abbreviated, omitted or inserted incorrectly either as to the wording

space or position in the booklet. The report is only an attempt to highlight the emission pattern of Tamil Nadu and suggest

the available opportunities for the state to attain low carbon future.

Published by

Confederation of Indian Industry

CII – Sohrabji Green Business Centre

Survey # 64, Kothaguda Post,

RR District, Hyderabad – 500 084, India

3

1. Executive Summary 07

2. India Greenhouse Gas Emission Report 2007 10

3. Tamil Nadu at a Glance 13

4. What is a State Carbon Footprint? 15

4.1 Why Complete GHG Inventory?

4.2 How will the state Carbon Footprint help Tamil Nadu Government?

4.3 What are the immediate benefits to Tamil Nadu?

4.4 Approach for calculating GHG Inventory

5 GHG Emission Inventorisation Methodology 17

5.1 GHG Emission Estimation Approach

5.2 Baseline Year

5.3 Greenhouse Gases

5.4 Global Warming Potential

5.5 Activity Data

5.6 Choice of Emission Factors

6 Tamil Nadu GHG Emissions Overview 20

7 Energy 24

7.1 Introduction to Tamil Nadu Energy Sector

7.2 Overview of GHG Emissions from Energy Sector

7.3 Electricity Generation

7.4 Transport

7.5 Residential/Commercial

7.6 Fugitive Emissions

7.7 GHG Emissions Summary – Energy Sector

Continued...

CONTENTS

4

8 Agriculture 29

8.1 Overview of GHG Emission from Agriculture Sector

8.2 Enteric Fermentation

8.3 Manure Management

8.4 Rice Cultivation

8.5 Agricultural Soils

8.6 Burning of Crop Residues

8.7 GHG Emission Summary – Agriculture Sector

9 Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry 34

9.1 GHG Estimation Methodology – GPG Approach

9.2 GHG Estimation – Carbon Stock Changes

9.3 Inventory Estimation

9.4 Land Use Matrix

9.5 Tamil Nadu Forest at a Glance

9.6 Fuel Wood

9.7 CO2 Emissions and removal from Non-Forest Categories

9.8 GHG Emissions Summary – Land Use, Land Use Change & Forestry

10 Waste 39

10.1 Municipal Solid Waste

10.2 Waste Water Treatment & Disposal

10.2.1 Domestic Waste Water

10.2.2 Industrial Waste Water

10.3 GHG Emission Summary - Waste

11 Industries 42

11.1 Summary of GHG Emissions from Industry Sector

12 Strategies to Pursue Low Carbon Growth Rate by 2020 43

12.1 Energy

12.2 Transport

12.3 Industry

12.4 Buildings

12.5 Agriculture

12.6 Land Use, Land Use Change & Forestry

GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS 52

ABBREVATIONS 54

5

Several organizations have contributed directly to this project by providing data either during one-to-one meeting or

through their publications. For this support, we would like to express gratitude to the following departments :

• Animal Husbandry Department, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai

• Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited, Chennai

• Cement Manufacturers Association

• Central Electricity Authority

• Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai

• Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi

• Central Statistical Organization

• Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited

• Coal India Limited, Chennai

• Department of Economics & Statistics, Chennai

• Department of Environment, Chennai

• Environmental Protection Training and Research Institute, Hyderabad

• Forest Survey of India, Dehradun

• Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited, Chennai

• Independent Power Producers, Tamil Nadu

• Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai

• National Environment Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur

• Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited, Neyveli

• Public Works Department, Chennai

• Regional Meteorological Centre, Chennai

• Tamil Nadu Agricultural Department, Chennai

• Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore

• Tamil Nadu Electricity Board, Chennai

• Tamil Nadu Forest Department, Chennai

• Tamil Nadu Horticulture Department, Chennai

• Tamil Nadu Industries Department, Chennai

• Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board, Chennai

• Tamil Nadu Transport Department, Chennai

• Tamil Nadu Water Supply & Drainage Board, Chennai

Acknowledgement

7

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Prime Minister of India has released India‘s National Action Plan on Climate Change in June 2008 (NAPCC, 2008)

addressing India’s climate change concerns, areas of priority and a specific & well defined action plan for addressing the

same. While the NAPCC provides a roadmap that can guide states to prioritize a set of strategies for the state, the Ministry

of Environment and Forests (MoEF) has also developed a common framework that can facilitate the States to prepare their

State Action Plans in line with the broad objectives of the NAPCC.

Tamil Nadu, the fourth largest state in India in terms of Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP), is an industrialized and fast

growing state. At current prices, the GSDP of Tamil Nadu was about USD 98.8 Billion in the baseline year of 2009-10. The

GSDP of the state increased at a CAGR of 14.9% between 2004-05 and 2009-10. In the base year 2009-10, state per capita

GSDP was USD 1,464.3 as compared to USD 757.1 in 2004-05, representing a CAGR of 14.1%.

A state carbon footprint (or greenhouse gas inventory of a state) is an accounting of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted to (or

removed from) the atmosphere in the baseline year. State government policy makers can use GHG inventories to establish a

baseline for tracking emission trends, developing enabling policies & strategies for GHG emission mitigation, and assessing

progress on a regular basis.

The GHG Emission Inventorisation in Tamil Nadu was carried out based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories by various sources and removal sinks which fall under

state boundaries. The “India Greenhouse Gas Emissions Report 2007” has been taken as reference to define the GHG

inventorisation boundaries for the state. This approach has been adopted to avoid uncertanities and to ensure that the

report on GHG Inventorisation for Tamil Nadu state is aligned with the “India Greenhouse Gas Emissions Report 2007”. The

emission factors used in this study were a mix of country / state specific emission factors and default factors from IPCC.

Default factors were used only in the absence of country specific factors.

Tamil Nadu Carbon Footprint study carried out by CII indicates a total GHG Emission from the state during the baseline year

2009-10 as 111.86 million tons. With a state population during this period at 70.3 million, the state per capita GHG emission

stands as 1.59 Tons of CO2 per citizen of Tamil Nadu. The break-up of emission estimated is as under:

Emission Source Total Emissions (MT) Per Capita Emission Share of Emissions, %

Energy 84,721,082.1 1.20 75.73

Agriculture 16,424,465.4 0.23 14.95

Waste 2,205,323.2 0.03 2.01

Industry Sector 18,125,505.6 0.25 16.07

LULUCF -9,614,084.1 -0.13 -8.75

Total 111,862,292.2 1.59

Population 70,299,535*

* India census report & CAGR Based

Summary of Emissions in Tamil Nadu, 2009-10

8

Emission Source CO2 Eq. (MT)

Energy

Power Generation 51,422,878

Transport 20,113,210

Residential/Commercial 5,582,110

Other Energy 6,364,407

Fugitive Emissions 1,238,477

Agriculture

Enteric Fermentation 9,770,196

Manure Management 439,587

Rice Cultivation 3,655,652

Agricultural Soils 2,253,272

Burning of crop residue 305,758

Waste

Municipal Solid Waste 1,241,741

Domestic Waste Water 481,405

Industrial Waste Water 482,177

LULUCF

Forest Land -3,474,664

Crop Land -8,816,247

Grass Land 110,161

Settlements NE

Fuel wood usage 2,566,667

Industrial Sector

Industries 18,125,505

Total Emissions in baseline year 2009-10 111,862,292

Note: NE - Not Estimated

Emission Profile of Tamil Nadu, 2009-10

The overall strategy of Tamil Nadu should be to pursue an aggressive emission reduction target. In line with the national

commitment of reducing emission intensity by 20-25% of 2005 levels by 2020, this study explored possible options to help

the state of Tamil Nadu achieve similar emission intensity reduction. Based on the mitigation options identified, an emission

intensity reduction of 20-25% by 2020 for the state of Tamil Nadu looks feasible.

Some of the key recommendations :

1. Adopting voluntary Renewable Power Obligation (RPO) targets, significantly exceeding any mandatory values

central government may impose. RPO in Tamil Nadu should be gradually increased from the current levels of

about 10% to 25% by 2020

2. Creation of ‘Green Fund’ and supporting the state’s climate mitigation efforts. Green Fund, raised from larger

emission sources, could be a viable alternative to resolve environmental concerns without compromising state’s

expenditure on other fundamental priorities

9

3. Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) can significantly act as a carbon sink in the state’s efforts to

minimize its overall carbon footprint.

4. The government of Tamil Nadu has embarked on a target of meeting 25% of its power demand through RE

sources by the year 2020. This target should be aggressively pursued and results achieved to aid significant

reduction in carbon emission intensity.

5. Establishing a ‘Power Plant Refurbishment Fund’ to create a fund source for TNEB to gradually refurbish &

modernize its power stations. Proposed to allocate Rs. 0.10 per kWh - either from existing electricity duty / tariff

or additional levy from industrial and commercial consumers.

6. Charging a fuel cess of Rs 0.25 per Litre on both diesel and petrol and utilizing it for funding bio fuel research and

supporting technology absorption. Based on baseline year data, proposed fuel cess (at the rate of Rs 0.25 per

Litre) will result in funding of about Rs. 180 Crores annually to fund research and implementation of low carbon

fuels.

7 Consider a ‘Green Cess’ to support public tranportation system. This Green Cess will be supported by allocation

from existing road tax collection during purchase / toll collection during utilization.

8. Consider clean energy cess (marginally higher were Rs. 50/Ton already collected by Goverment of India) to

promote non fossil fuel based energy such as energy plantations, bio mass, waste to energy, etc.

9. Co-processing of industrial, municipal and other combustible wastes in cement kilns could be another viable

alternate for addressing dual needs of meeting partially cement industries’ energy requirements and addressing

the waste management issues of the state.

10. Cleaner Production and Industry Symbiosis can improve the productive use of energy, materials and water, reduce

the generation of waste and emissions (including GHGs) and strengthen the sound management of chemicals for

small and medium enterprises (SMEs).

11. Promoting adoption of green buildings in residential & commercial space. Government of Tamil Nadu to lead by

example.

12. Demand side management in agricultural pumpsets, water & crop management and Systemic Rice Intensification

(SRI) technique to be explored as potential emission reduction opportunities in agricultural sector.

CONCLUSION

The study on carbon footprint would assist Tamil Nadu Government in carrying out resilient action for the future and

also in developing the state as strong green investment destination in the country. This report has estimated the

baseline emissions for Tamil Nadu in the year 2009-10 and has highlighted broad opportunities for emission reduction

and achieving low carbon growth for the state.

This report, now open for stakeholder consultation, will be finalized based on comments / suggestions received. The

final report can serve as a reference document for the government of Tamil Nadu during the development of its State

Action Plan on Climate Change (SAPCC).

10

2. INDIA GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION REPORT 2007

The Prime Minister of India has released India‘s National Action Plan on Climate Change in June 2008 (NAPCC, 2008)

addressing India’s climate change concerns, areas of priority and a specific & well defined action plan for addressing the

same. The Action Plan outlined eight missions that are envisaged to mitigate climate change and undertake adaptation

actions without compromising on the economic growth required to meet the developmental aspirations of its population.

The eight different National Missions formulated within the NAPCC include:

National Solar Mission – Aims to increase the share of solar energy in the total energy mix and to undertake R & D in the

lookout for better and affordable technologies

National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency – Aims to save 10,000 MW of energy by the end of XI Five Year Plan in 2012

and to enhance energy efficiency in industries and residential applications

National Mission on Sustainable Habitat – Aims to make habitats sustainable through improvements in energy efficiency in

building, management of solid waste and model shift to public transport

National Water Mission – Aims to improve water use efficiency by 20% with respect to the current scenario and to ensure

integrated water resource management helping to conserve water, minimize wastage and ensure more equitable distribution

both across and within states

National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem – Aims to evolve management measures for sustaining and

safeguarding the Himalayan glacier and mountain eco-system.

National Mission for a “Green India” – Aims to increase the forest cover from the present 23% to 33% in order to preserve

ecological balance and biodiversity

National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture – Aims to devise strategies to make Indian agriculture more resilient to climate

change

National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change – Aims to develop a better understanding of climate science

impacts and challenges.

While the NAPCC provides a roadmap that can guide states to prioritize a set of strategies for the state, the Ministry of

Environment and Forests (MoEF) has also developed a common framework that can facilitate the states to prepare their

State Action Plans in line with the broad objectives of the NAPCC, and it includes the following steps:

• Conduct scientific assessment of climate observations and projections, sectoral impacts and vulnerabilities, and

prepare an inventory of greenhouse emissions in the state in order to identify vulnerable regions, sectors and

communities for targeted adaptation and mitigation action

• Identify adaptation/mitigation options based on the Missions identified under the NAPCC, consideration of

ongoing programmes and projects in the state, and identification of additional strategies that may not be covered

directly under the eight National Missions

• Prioritize adaptation/mitigation options by taking into account the national policies, sectoral strategies under the

National Missions and state level priorities, through multi-stakeholder consultations and interactions

• Identify financial needs and sources to implement selected Adaptation/Mitigation options (MoEF 2010).

11

Summary of India GHG Emissions 2007*

India is the first non Annex I country to publish GHG estimates. India Greenhouse Gas Emissions Summary Report released

during 2010, highlighted the GHG emission from various sectors viz Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Waste and LULUCF

* India GHG Emissions Report 2007, MoEF, 2010

12

Summary of India GHG Emissions 2007 (Contd.,)

13

3. TAMILNADU AT A GLANCE

Tamil Nadu, the southern-most state of India, is among the most industrialized states in the country. Over the last several

decades, governments in Tamil Nadu have consciously worked to create a favorable investment climate in the state on all

fronts. The state today offers several strategic advantages, preparing

it for further growth in years to come:

Large industrial base: The state today has a right blend of industrial

base, comprising of large & medium scale industries and a combination

of manufacturing (automobile, auto components, textile, cement,

power, light engineering, chemicals, etc) and service (information

technology, banking, IT enabled services, etc) sectors.

Large FDI inflows: Over the last 1 decade, the state has attracted

cumulative FDI inflows of over USD 7.3 billion, one of the highest

amongst FDI attracting states in India.

Rich labour pool: Standard of education and quality of educational

institutions in the state is among the highest in the country. Well

qualified, productivity-oriented and English speaking workforce

makes the state one of the preferred investment destination

High economic growth and facilitating infrastructure: The state’s

GSDP grew at a CAGR of about 15% between 2004-05 and 2009-10.

This steady and high economic growth is coupled with well developed

social and industrial infrastructure; physical infrastructure such as

power, roads and railways complements the state’s commitment

towards creating a progressive business environment.

Parameters Tamil Nadu

Capital Chennai

Geographical area (sq km) 130,058

Administrative districts (No) 32

Population density (persons per sq km)*

555

Total population (million)* 72.13

Male population (million)* 36.15

Female population (million)* 35.98

Sex ratio (females per 1,000 males)*

995

Literacy rate (%)* 80.3

Source: www.tn.gov.in*Provisional data – Census 2011

14

Parameter Tamil Nadu All-States Source

Economy

GSDP as a percentage of all states’ GSDP 8.0 100 CMIE, as of 2009-10, current prices

Average GSDP growth rate (%)* 16.1 15.5 CMIE, 2004-05 to 2009-10, current prices

Per capita GSDP (US$) 1,464.3 1,302.4 CMIE, as of 2009-10, current prices

Physical Infrastructure

Installed power capacity (MW) 15,515.4 173,626.4Central Electricity Authority, as of March 2011

National Highway length (km) 4,832 70,934Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, Annual Report 2010-11

Major and minor ports (Nos.) 3 + 15 12 + 187 Indian Ports Association

Airports (Nos.) 6 133 Airport Authority of India

Social Indicators

Literacy rate (%) 80.3 74.0 Provisional Data – Census 2011

Birth rate (per 1,000 population) 16.3 22.5 SRS Bulletin, 2009

Investment

FDI equity inflows (US$ billion) 7.3* 132.9Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion, April 2000 to April 2011

Outstanding Investments (US$ billion) 549.0 7449.3 CMIE (2009-10)

Industrial Infrastructure

PPP projects (Nos.) 52 808 www.pppindiadatabase.com

SEZ (Nos.) 57 380Notified as of October 2011, www.sezindia.nic.in

* including Pondicherry

15

4. WHAT IS A ‘STATE CARBON FOOTPRINT’ ?

A state carbon footprint (or greenhouse gas inventory of a state) is an accounting of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted to (or

removed from) the atmosphere in the baseline year. State government policy makers can use GHG inventories to establish a

baseline for tracking emission trends, developing enabling policies & strategies for GHG emission mitigation, and assessing

progress on a regular basis. A carbon footprint study is usually the first step taken by state governments that want to reduce

their GHG emissions. An inventory can help state governments:

• Identify the greatest sources of GHG emissions within their boundary

• Understand emission trends

• Quantify the benefits of measures that reduce emissions

• Establish a basis for developing policies & tracking progress on actions taken

• Set goals and targets for future reductions

4.1 WHY COMPLETE A GHG INVENTORY?

Estimating GHG emissions will enable the state of Tamil Nadu to create an emissions baseline and assess the relative

contributions of emission sources. This will help the state government evolve enabling policies and mitigation strategies

based on the footprint data and monitor its progress at frequent intervals.

Hence, it is essential for the Tamil Nadu state government to complete its state carbon footprint study before evolving its

comprehensive SAPCC.

4.2 HOW WILL THE STATE CARBON FOOTPRINT HELP TAMILNADU GOVERNMENT?

• Identify major sources of GHG emissions within their jurisdiction

• Understand historic emission trends

• Quantify benefits of activities that reduce emissions

• Establish basis for developing a local action plan

• Track progress in reducing emissions

• Set goals & targets for future reductions

4.3 WHAT ARE THE IMMEDIATE BENEFITS TO TAMIL NADU?

The benefits of developing GHG Inventory are numerous and varied. It includes the following :

• Readiness for a carbon constrained future

• Recognition as an Environmental Leader – making Tamil Nadu as one of the first few states to take up this

initiative

• Making the state an attractive ‘Green’ Investment destination

• Help the state policy makers address inefficiencies; facilitate in evolving cost-economic options to address

increasing GHG Emissions

• Risk Management

• Stakeholder Education: Serves as an excellent opportunity to engage with all segments of society

16

4.4 APPROACH FOR CALCULATING STATE GHG INVENTORY

While carrying out carbon footprint studies for entities, either of the two approaches for collecting activity related data could

be adopted: Top down approach or bottom up approach

In the Top-down approach, inventories rely on data collected and aggregated by state, national and international agencies.

This would take into account all data collected at state level and in many cases, several data would be available at a single

source (eg., statistics department, etc). Bottom-up approach involves collecting and aggregating data from local end users,

such as utilities, industry, etc. Depending on the size of state & data available, the approach should be chosen.

While estimating the carbon footprint for Tamil Nadu, a hybrid approach was adopted. This approach involved a combination

of top-down and bottom-up approach wherein all macro level data were collected at state level and industry/emission

specific data were collected from individual/local end users.

The process that was used for carrying out carbon footprint for Tamil Nadu is described in the diagram below:

17

5. GHG EMISSION INVENTORISATION METHODOLOGY

The GHG Emission Inventorisation in Tamil Nadu was carried out based on the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse

Gas Inventories by various sources and removal sinks which fall under provincial boundaries. The India Greenhouse Gas

Emissions Report 20071 has been taken as the reference to define the GHG inventorisation boundaries for the state. This

approach has been adopted to avoid uncertainties, as well as to ensure that the Report on GHG Inventorisation for Tamil

Nadu state is aligned with the India Greenhouse Gas Emissions Report.

5.1 GHG EMISSION ESTIMATION APPROACH

GHG emissions could be estimated by adopting two different approaches, namely absolute basis and scoping basis. Each of

these methods are unique and advantages in its own way.

Absolute Basis approach covers emissions that fall within the geopolitical boundary irrespective of the influence from source

outside the boundary. Inherent advantage of this approach is that the method eliminates double counting of emission

sources in all possible ways. In addition, this method provides opportunity for every state to align their emission inventory

with the future national inventory. Hence, this absolute method would be the preferred approach for a study at national or

state level. It should be noted here that emissions under this methodology will be indicated in terms CO2 equivalent.

The Scoping Basis approach is considered to be relatively simpler than absolute basis. Under scoping study, emission sources

are categorized as direct (Scope 1) emissions and indirect (scope 2 and scope 3) emissions based on the control of the state

on operations. When employing this approach, it should be understood beforehand that there are always possibilities to

avoid certain emission categories when they are considered to be insignificant in comparison to total emission levels.

For this study, “Absolute Approach” has been adopted to estimate the GHG emissions for Tamil Nadu. The most prominent

rationality for choice was that this approach provides reasonable amount of flexibility for other states to calculate emissions

from their sources without double counting. Secondly, it enables the nation to quantify emissions through summation of the

GHG inventories of all states in the country. Finally, this approach would align the state’s report with India Greenhouse Gas

Emission Report 2007.

5.2 BASELINE YEAR

The choice of baseline year becomes crucial for any study of this kind, since accuracy is a critical factor for estimating

GHG emissions. To meticulously analyze the state’s inventory, the baseline period of 2009-10 was chosen. Many of the

government departments of Tamil Nadu were in the process of data consolidation post 2009-10 and vast amounts of key

data required to estimate GHG emissions were not updated after 2009-10 is also the year for which the most complete and

most accurate data is available.

5.3 GREENHOUSE GASES

1 India: Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2007, MoEF (May 2010)

De-minimis criteria (2%): All known GHG emission sources of the state are included in this inventory. Wherever GHG sources

are excluded, the exclusions would still fall within the “De minimis Criteria”. GHG emission sources that are not accounted were

found to be cumulatively responsible for less than or equal to 2% of total emissions from the state. Data availability from such

smaller emission sources is either not available or not within reasonable levels of accuracy.

18

Internationally, all local government inventories assess emissions of all six

internationally recognized greenhouse gases regulated under the Kyoto

Protocol. For completeness of the GHG Inventory for the state of Tamil

Nadu, all the 6 greenhouse gases have been accounted separately and

emissions have been reported in metric tons of each gas and metric tons of

CO2 equivalent (CO2Eq).

GHG regulated under Kyoto Protocol

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Methane (CH4)

Nitrous oxide (N2O)

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)

Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)

Sulphur Hexaflouride (SF6)

5.4 GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL & INCREASE IN CONCENTRATION LEVELS2

Sl. No GHG Unit 1750 2007 GWP1 CO2 ppm 280 384 1

2 CH4 ppb 700 1857 23

3 N2O ppb 270 321 310

4 CFC 12 ppt 0 541 10900

5 HFC 134a ppt 0 49 1430

6 SF6 ppt 0 6.4 22800

Non-CO2 gases are converted to CO2 using internationally recognized global warming potential (GWP) factors. GWPs were

developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to represent the heat-trapping ability of each GHG

relative to that of CO2.

5.5 ACTIVITY DATA

Activity data, according to the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, is defined as data

on the magnitude of human activity resulting in emissions or removals taking place during a given period of time. Activity

data collection was the most challenging task during the course of this study. To ensure completeness in data collection, key

source points have been categorized into two major areas:

Primary sources are Tamil Nadu State Department of Economics & Statistics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Department, Tamil

Nadu Electricity Board, Tamil Nadu Horticulture Department and Tamil Nadu Animal Husbandry Department

Secondary sources are Nationally available data published by Planning commission, RBI3, Ministry of Power, Ministry of

Finance, etc

To increase accuracy of data collected in GHG data, primary and secondary data were matched with one another. If any

deviations occurred, it was discussed with government officials and experts for normalization.

Data pertaining to population, Gross Domestic Product (GDP)4 and Compound annual growth rate (CAGR)5 were obtained

from publicly available national data.

Following the data collection process, activity data were cross verified with several government department officials and

industry experts. Additionally, data was also verified against secondary sources for eg., data published by Central Electricity

Authority, India Census report and GDP forecast etc. Similarly, orders of magnitude of the final emission figures were also

cross verified with macro economic indicators of the state.

3 Reserve Bank of India4 Gross Domestic Product5 Compound Annual Growth Rate

19

5.6 CHOICE OF EMISSION FACTORS

The emission factors used in this study were a mix of country specific factors and default factors from IPCC. Default factors

were used only in the absence of country specific emission factors.

IPCC has outlined a three-tier system for estimating GHG emissions from various sources. These tiers are described in the

table below. Tier 1 is the simplest approach, while Tier 3 provides the most accurate emissions estimates.

Tiers of GHG approach

Tier I approach employs activity data that are relatively coarse, such as nationally or globally available estimates of deforestation rates, agricultural production statistics and global land cover maps

Tier 2 uses the same methodological approach as Tier 1 but applies emission factors and activity data that are defined by the country

Tier 3 approach uses higher order methods are used including models and inventory measurement systems tailored to address national circumstances, repeated over time, and driven by disaggregated levels

5.6.1 EMISSION FACTORS OF FUELS

Emission factor of fuels6 (Kg of GHG/TJ)

Fuel Type CO2 CH4 N2O

Coal 96100 1 1.5

Diesel 74100 3 0.6

Naphtha 73300 3 0.6

Natural Gas 56100 5 0.1

Motor Spirit 69300 3 0.6

Aviation Gasoline 71500 3 0.6

LPG 63100 1 0.1

Furnace Oil 77400 3 0.6

Superior Kerosene Oil 71900 3 0.6

Aviation Turbine Fuel 71500 3 0.6

Lignite 101000 1 1.5

Pet Coke 97500 1 0.6

6 IPCC Emission Factors

20

6. TAMILNADU GHG EMISSIONS OVERVIEW

The GHG Emission Inventorisation in Tamil Nadu was carried out based on the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas

Inventories by various sources and removal sinks which fall under provincial boundaries. The India Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Report 2007 has been taken as reference to define the GHG inventorisation boundaries for the state. This approach has been

adopted to avoid uncertainties and to ensure that the report on GHG Inventorisation for Tamil Nadu state is aligned with

the India Greenhouse Gas Emissions Report. The emission factors used in this study were a mix of country specific emission

factors and default factors from IPCC. Default factors were used only in the absence of country specific factors.

Study on estimating carbon footprint for Tamil Nadu State estimates the emissions of Carbon dioxide, Methane, Nitrous

Oxide. The sectors covered under this study are Energy, Agriculture, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use Land Use Change &

Forestry.

Emission Source Total Emissions (MT) Per Capita Emission Share of Emissions, %

Energy 84,721,082 1.20 75.73

Agriculture 16,424,465 0.23 14.95

Waste 2,205,323 0.03 2.01

Industry Sector 18,125,505 0.25 16.07

LULUCF -9,614,084 -0.13 -8.75

Total 111,862,292 1.59

Population 70,299,535*

* India census report & CAGR Based

Summary of Emissions in Tamil Nadu, 2009-10

21

Emission Profile of Tamil Nadu, 2009-10

In 2009-10, the Energy Sector emitted 84.72 Million Tons of CO2 Eq. Out of these 51.42 Million Tons of CO2 Eq. emitted

from Power Generation, 20.11 Million Tons of CO2 Eq. emitted from Transport, 5.58 Million Tons of CO2 Eq. from Residential/

Commercial, 6.36 Million Tons of CO2 Eq. from Other energy and 1.23 Million Tons of CO2 Eq. from Fugitive emissions.

Agriculture Sector emitted 16.42 Million Tons of CO2 Eq. Out of these 9.7 Million Tons of CO2 Eq. emitted from Enteric

Fermentation, 3.6 Million Tons of CO2 Eq. emitted from Rice Cultivation, 2.2 Million Tons of CO2 Eq. emitted from Agricultural

Soils, 0.4 Million Tons of CO2 Eq. emitted from Manure Management and 0.3 Million Tons of CO2 Eq. from Burning of crop

residue.

Waste Sector emitted 2.2 Million Tons of CO2 Eq. Out of these 1.2 Million Tons of CO2 Eq. emitted from Municipal Solid Waste,

0.4 Million Tons of CO2 Eq. emitted from Domestic Waste Water and 0.4 Million Tons of CO2 Eq. emitted from industrial waste

water.

Emission Source CO2 Eq. (MT)

Energy

Power Generation 51,422,878

Transport 20,113,210

Residential/Commercial 5,582,110

Other Energy 6,364,407

Fugitive Emissions 1,238,477

Agriculture

Enteric Fermentation 9,770,196

Manure Management 439,587

Rice Cultivation 3,655,652

Agricultural Soils 2,253,272

Burning of crop residue 305,758

Waste

Municipal Solid Waste 1,241,741

Domestic Waste Water 481,405

Industrial Waste Water 482,177

LULUCF

Forest Land -3,474,664

Crop Land -8,816,247

Grass Land 110,161

Settlements NE

Fuel wood usage 2,566,667

Industrial Sector

Industries 18,125,505

Total Emissions in baseline year 2009-10 111,862,292

Note: NE - Not Estimated

22

Land Use Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) estimation of carbon stock changes,CO2 emissions and removals and

Non-CO2 GHG emission were estimated to be 8.8 Million Tons of CO2 sequestered from Crop Land & 3.4 Million Tons of CO2

sequestered from Forest Land. Emissions from fuel wood usage were 2.5 Million Tons of CO2 and grass Land emissions were

0.1 Million Tons of CO2.

Industry Sector emitted 18.1 Million Tons of CO2 Eq. Out of these Cement sector alone emitted 12.0 Million Tons of CO2 Eq.,

1.1 Million Tons of CO2 Eq. from Paper Sector, 3.0 Million Tons of CO2 Eq. from Steel sector and 1.9 Million Tons of CO2 Eq.

emitted from other industrial sectors.

GHG Emissions Overview (CO2 Eq. in million tons)

84.7

16.4

2.2

18.1

-9.6

111.9

-20.0

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

Energy Agriculture Waste Industries LULUCF Total

23

A schematic representation of the sectors, source categories and gases are included in the table below.

Sector Source Gas

Energy

Electricity Generation CO2, CH4 & N2O

Other Energy Industries CO2, CH4 & N2O

Transport CO2, CH4 & N2O

Residential/Commercial CO2, CH4 & N2O

Commercial/Institutional CO2, CH4 & N2O

Fugitive CH4

Agriculture

Enteric Fermentation CO2, CH4 & N2O

Manure Management CO2, CH4 & N2O

Rice Cultivation CH4

Agricultural Soils N2O

Burning of Crop Residue CH4 & N2O

Industries

Minerals CO2, CH4& N2O

Metals CO2, CH4 & N2O

Chemicals CO2, CH4 & N2O

Other Industries CO2, CH4 & N2O

Land Use, Land Change & Forestry

Forest Land CO2

Crop Land CO2

Grass Land CO2

Settlements CO2

WasteMunicipal Solid Waste CH4 & N2O

Waste Water CH4 & N2O

24

7. ENERGY

7.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE TAMIL NADU ENERGY SECTOR

The energy requirements of Tamil Nadu are fulfilled by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB). Tamil Nadu Electricity

Board has a total installed capacity of 10,214 MW which includes the state and central shares as well as the share from

independent power producers. The erstwhile TNEB has been reorganized as TNEB Ltd., the Tamil Nadu Generation and

Distribution Corporation Ltd. (TANGEDCO) & the Tamil Nadu Transmission Corporation Ltd. (TANTRANSCO).

Installed Capacity Details7

TANGEDCO power generation is primarily from coal based thermal power stations and gas based power plants. Coal based

thermal power plants have an installed capacity of 2,970 MW, installed capacity of gas based generation is 516 MW, hydro

generation installed capacity is 2,187, and wind generation installed capacity is 18 MW. Apart from these, central stations

contribute an installed capacity of 2,825 MW, and independent power projects contribute an installed capacity of 1,180 MW;

external assistance has an installed capacity share of 305 MW.

Tamil Nadu State Power Generation

During the year 2009-10, power generated by Hydro, Thermal, Wind & Gas Power station was 27,860 million units. Energy

imported & purchased from the centre was around 45,027 million units (this includes Neyveli I & II, MAPP, NTPC, Manali &

others). Overall gross energy consumption during 2009-10 was 72,887 million units.

7 Tamil Nadu Electricity Board – Statistics at a Glance 2009-10

23%

4%

17%43%

9%

2% 2%

Thermal Gas Hydro Central Share IPP External Assistance Others

25

Power consumption of Tamil Nadu State8

8 Tamil Nadu Electricity Board – Statistics at a Glance 2009-109 Central Electricity Authority

Industrial sector is the largest consumer of power in Tamil Nadu state, consuming around 33% power from overall generation.

Domestic sector consumes around 27%, agriculture consumes 22% and the commercial sector consumes 10%. Public lighting,

water works, cottage industries etc. consume less than 3% of overall power consumption.

TNEB has taken several initiatives to avoid transmission & distribution (T&D) losses, and, as a consequence, Tamil Nadu has an estimated T&D loss of around 18%9, lower than many other states. CII would like to congratulate Tamil Nadu Electricity Board & Tamil Nadu Government for their excellent initiatives towards energy conservation, some of which are:

Domestic Sector

• Bachat Lamp Yojana (BLY): Incandescent bulbs were replaced by energy efficient CFL’s for 13.5 million domestic consumers.

• Energy conservation day/week celebrations• Displaying energy conservation tips for domestic, industrial and agricultural sector

Industrial Sector

• Energy Audit program for HT industrial and commercial establishments, due to this savings in energy consumption of 221.62 million units was achieved up to May 2007

• State Designated Agency has identified 154 designated consumers that includes TNEB Thermal Stations and Gas Turbine stations for conducting mandatory energy audit

27%

10%

3%2%

33%

22%

3%

Domestic Commercial Public lighting & water works

Cottage Industries Industries Agriculture

Misc. Sales

26

Government Buildings

• Energy conservation measures taken in all government buildings, offices, local bodies and public sector under-takings to bring down energy consumption by 20% within 6 months

Carbon Credits:

• TNEB is the forerunner (in India) in availing benefits under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) as defined by the UNFCCC.

• Under Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) scheme, verification is under progress for Valuthur Phase II – Gas turbine project. On successful issuance, the project would fetch revenue of Rs. 3.14 Crores per annum

Apart from the initiatives mentioned above, TNEB is the first electricity board in India to introduce the following activities;• Completed “all village electrification” in India• Commissioned the highest head hydro turbine at Pykara• Introduced “Power Line Carrier Communication” (PLCC) in grid operation• Introduced “Wireless Phone” (VHF) system to attend “Fuse of call” in metro cities• Commissioned distribution control central with “SCADA” in Chennai in 2000

7.2 OVERVIEW OF GHG EMISSIONS FROM ENERGY SECTOR

In 2009-10, the energy sector in Tamil Nadu emitted 84.74 million tons of CO2 Eq. Out of these, 51.42 million tons were emitted by the electricity sector, followed by the transportation sector which was responsible for 20.9 million tons of CO2 Eq. Combustion from residential sector resulted in 6.6% of the total CO2 Eq. emissions, and fugitive and other emissions together caused 8% of the total emissions.

This section discusses the emissions from energy sector. Sources analyzed in this discussion are• Power Generation• Transport• Residential/Commercial• Other Energy• Fugitive Emissions

GHG Emission distribution of energy sector in percentage wise (CO2 Eq.)

60%24%

7%

8%

1%

Power Generation Transport Residential/Commercial Other Energy Fugitive Emission

27

7.3 ELECTRICITY GENERATION

In Tamil Nadu, electricity is generated from a wide variety of fossil fuel sources such as coal, natural gas, lignite, naptha and

diesel. Of all these sources, coal combustion is the major contributor towards GHG emissions.

A GHG emission from electricity generation includes TNEB owned power stations, Neyveli Lignite Corporation, Captive Power

Plants & Independent Power Producers. Total GHG emissions from electricity generation was about 51.4 Million tons of CO2

Eq. which accounts for 61% of overall energy emissions

TNEB Power plants covered under this study

Sl. No Name of the Power Plant

1 Ennore Thermal Power Station

2 Tuticorin Thermal Power Station

3 Mettur Thermal Power Station

4 North Chennai Thermal Power Station

5 Basin Bridge Gas Thermal Power Station

6 Kuttalam Gas Thermal Power Station

7 Valuthur Gas Thermal Power Station

8 Thirumakottai (Kovilkalappal) Gas Thermal Power Station - II

Apart from TNEB power plants, private power plants also been considered for GHG emission estimation.

7.4 TRANSPORT

An efficient transport system influences economic development, population distribution, shape of cities and towns,

environmental quality and access to social infrastructure. Tamil Nadu has a highly developed public and private transportation

network. Road and rail transportation are the dominant modes of transport in Tamil Nadu. Energy consumed in the transport

sector in Tamil Nadu is quite high due to high road density and efficient transportation system. Transport sector growth has

shown an ascending trend over the years; when compared to 2008-09 energy consumption levels, motor spirit consumption

rate has increased to 26% & high speed diesel has increased to 20%

Fuels consumed by transport sector during 2009-10 - Activity data10

Product 2008-09 (MT) 2009-10 (MT) Growth %

Motor Spirit 952,221 1,203,539 26.4

Diesel 4,151,031 4,979,122 19.9

Apart from TNEB power plants, private power plants also been considered for GHG emission estimation.

The transport sector emissions include all emissions resulting from roadways & railways. In recent years, due to increasing

affluence, there has been a many-fold increase in the state’s vehicle population. Consequentially, emissions levels have been

increasing. In 2009-10, around 20.9 million tons of CO2 equivalent emissions were estimated to be emitted from this sector

with road transport contributing 18.92 million tons of CO2 equivalents. Though the aviation & navigation sector emissions

were estimated, they were not added to the transportation total.

10 The State Level Co-ordinator, Indian Oil Corporation

28

7.5 RESIDENTIAL/COMMERCIAL

Residential energy consumption needs like cooking and lighting are fulfilled by LPG and superior kerosene oil (SKO). Superior

kerosene oil is distributed through public distribution system. LPG is distributed through several private agencies.

Fuels consumed by residential sector during 2009-10 - Activity data11

Product 2008-09 (MT) 2009-10 (MT) Growth %

SKO 540,751 599,303 10.8

LPG 1,022,974 1,234,726 20.7

Emissions from these fuel usages were quantified to around 5.5 million tons of CO2 Eq.

7.6 FUGITIVE EMISSIONS

Fugitive emissions occur mainly due to coal mining, venting, flaring, transport and storage of oil and natural gas. Emissions

from Neyveli Coal mining operations, Tamil Nadu refinery operations and natural gas processing have been considered. Total

emissions from this source was computed to be 0.4 million tons of CO2 Eq.

7.7 GHG EMISSIONS SUMMARY – ENERGY SECTOR

Emission Sources CO2 Eq. (MT)

Power Generation 51,422,878

Transport 20,113,210

Residential/Commercial 5,582,110

Other Energy 6,364,407

Fugitive Emissions 1,238,477

Total Emissions 84,721,082

11 The State Level Co-ordinator, Indian Oil Corporation

29

8. AGRICULTURE

Agricultural practices release significant amounts of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Methane is produced largely

from microbial activity in oxygen-deprived condition, notably from fermentative digestion by ruminant livestock (enteric

fermentation), through manure management practices and rice fields. N2O is produced from microbial transformation

of nitrogen in the soils and manures, and this activity is enhanced further when available nitrogen exceeds the plant

requirements.

This section discusses the emissions from agriculture sector. Sources analyzed in this discussion are

• Livestock

u Enteric fermentation

u Animal manure

• Rice cultivation

u Irrigated – Continuously flooded, single and multiple aeration

u Rain-fed – Drought prone and flood prone

• Agriculture soils – Direct emissions and indirect emissions

• Field burning of agriculture crop residues

8.1 OVERVIEW OF GHG EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURE SECTOR

Agricultural sector emitted 16.03 million tons of CO2 Eq. emission. Enteric fermentation constituted 60.9% of the total CO2

Eq. emission followed by rice cultivation, which emitted 20.3% of total CO2 Eq. Emission from soil were tantamount to 14.1%

of total CO2 Eq. emission. Remaining 4.6% of the emissions were attributed to manure management and burning of crop

residues.

GHG Emission distribution of agriculture sector in percentage wise (CO2 Eq.)

59%

3%

22%

14%

2%

Enteric Fermentation Manure Management Rice Cultivation Agricultural Soils Burning of Crop Residue

30

8.2 ENTERIC FERMENTATION

In Tamil Nadu, live stock rearing has been ingrained in the culture. Livestock reared includes cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat,

horses, pigs, and poultry. Many of these animals, through enteric fermentation, produce massive amounts of methane. To

estimate the emissions, populations of each of these livestock categories were quantified. Since livestock census is carried

out every five years and the last census data was published in 2008, livestock population of 2009 was estimated using

compounded annual growth rate from 1997 and 2003, as per data published by Ministry of Agriculture, India. (See table

below)

SpeciesLivestock population in ‘000

1997 2003 CAGR 2009

Cattle 9047 9141 0.001 9236

Buffalo 2741 1658 -0.08 1003

Sheep 5259 5593 0.01 5948

Goat 6416 8177 0.04 10421

Pigs 609 321 -0.1 169

Donkeys 26 25 -0.01 24

Horses 27 26 -0.011 24

Livestock population estimates for 2009 12

12 Ministry of Agriculture, India

In order to estimate the enteric fermentation emissions, tier 1 approach - which involves multiplying the population of each

species by their respective emission factor, was used. For cattle and buffalo, the pollution was categorized into dairy and non-

dairy species. Dairy includes all lactating breeds from both indigenous and cross breeds and non-dairy category comprises of

calves below one year, adults beyond calving age, and those within one to two years of age.

In 2009, cattle and buffalo as a whole emitted 0.3 million tons and 0.05 million tons of methane respectively. Of these, the

single biggest contributor was dairy cattle (0.2 million tons). Relative to bovines, other species emitted lesser amounts of

methane.

31

46%

25%

8%

4%

6%

11%

Dairy Cattle Non Dairy Cattle Dairy Buffalo Non Dairy Buffalo Sheep Goat

Enteric fermentation

8.3 MANURE MANAGEMENT

Manure management practices have not been followed extensively in Tamil Nadu. Majority of the animals feed through

grazing and the excreta go directly into the soil. Excreta mixes with the soil and dries up quickly resulting in no methane

emissions. However, nitrous oxide emissions result due to the action of nitrification and de-nitrification bacteria. In this

study, it was assumed that excreta of animals other than bovines go directly into the soil and, hence, there are no methane

emissions. Methane emissions from manure management practices was estimated to be 0.43 million tons of CO2 Eq.

emission.

8.4 RICE CULTIVATION

Rice fields are one of the largest sources of methane emissions. Tamil Nadu, being one of largest rice cultivators in India,

produces signification amount of emissions.

Emissions from paddy field were estimated to be 0.17 million tons of CH4 Emissions. The single biggest contributor was

continuously flooded field accounting 38% of emissions followed by 30% from single/multiple aeration.

32

8.5 AGRICULTURAL SOILS

Nitrous oxide emissions occur through direct and indirect ways. Direct pathway includes addition of organic nitrogen,

inorganic nitrogen, manure deposition and nitrogen fixation by crops. Indirect pathways follow two methods: i) Volatilization

of Ammonia (NH3) and oxides of nitrogen (NOX) from managed soils, fossil fuel combustion, and biomass burning and ii)

Leaching of soil and runoffs. Emissions were found to be around 2.2 million tons of CO2 Eq. emission through direct pathway

and 2,661 tons of CO2 Eq. emission through indirect ways.

8.6 BURNING OF CROP RESIDUES

Usually, crops that are burnt in the field are rice, maize, cotton, millet, sugarcane and groundnut.

Emission from burning crop residues is calculated using the formula given below.

Emissions = ∑ crops (a X b X c X d X e X f)

Where,

a - Crop production

b - Residue to crop ratio

c – Dry matter fraction of the residue burnt

d – Fraction burnt

e – Fraction actually oxidized

f – Emission factor

This estimation was arrived at using IPCC revised inventory preparation guideline (IPCC, 1996). Dry matter fraction of crop

residue was taken as 0.8 (Bhattacharya and Mitra, 1998). Fraction oxidized was taken as 0.9 (IPCC, 1997) and 0.25 as fraction

burned (IPCC, 1997). Crop specific values of carbon fraction and N/C ratios were IPCC default values. Ratios of residue to

crop product and emission factors were taken from Revised IPCC 1996 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.

Applying this methodology, it was estimated that 0.3 million tons of CO2 Eq. emission was emitted due to burning, which

constituted of 0.01 million tons of CO2 and 210 tons of N2O.

Rice cultivation area in hectares

413404

77594467473

588731

Continously Flooded Single/Multiple Aeration

Deepwater Cultivation Flooded Cultivation

33

8.7 GHG EMISSIONS SUMMARY – AGRICULTURE SECTOR

Emission Sources CO2 Eq. (MT)

Enteric fermentation 9,770,195

Manure Management 439,587

Rice cultivation 3,655,652

Agricultural Soils 2,253,272

Burning of crop residues 305,758

Total 16,424,464

34

9. LAND USE, LAND USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY (LULUCF)

In the context of global climate change and sustainable development, forest management activities play a major role in

alleviating the effects of climate change. Socio-economically, forests are of prime importance as it provides both tangible

and intangible services. Hence, its preservation becomes an activity of prime importance. However, forests are also affected

by climate change and their contribution to mitigation strategies is stressed.

This section discusses the emissions from land use, land use change and forestry. Sources analyzed in this discussion are:

• Forest Land

• Crop Land

• Grass Land

• Settlements

• Fuel wood usage

9.1 GHG ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY – GPG APPROACH

The IPCC has developed three exhaustive guidelines to inventorize GHG emissions from LULUCF sector. They are as follows:

• Revised 1996 guidelines for LULUCF (IPCC, 1997)

• Good Practice Guidelines (GPG) for LULUCF (IPCC, 2003)

• Agriculture forest and Other Land Use category Guidelines, AFLOU 2006

The widely covered land use categories, the sub-categories and carbon pools in GPG* 2003 are as follows:

• Land Categories

u Forest Land, grassland, crop land, wetland, settlements and others

• Land remaining in the same category (E.g. Grassland remaining grassland)

• Land converted into other category (E.g. Forest land converted into cropland)

• CO2 emissions and removals from carbon pools

u Above ground biomass (AGB) – Namely stem, leaves, and branches etc.

u Below ground biomass (BGB) – Roots having thickness of 2mm and above

u Soil carbon

u Dead organic matter (DOM) and woody litter

9.2 GHG ESTIMATION – CARBON STOCK CHANGES

Dominant source of GHG emission in LULUCF sector is mainly attributed to CO2 emissions and removals. Emissions and

removals are estimated by calculating the sum of changes in stock over a period of time, which can be averaged further to

yield annual stock change. Annual stock change in the LULUCF category is given by

∆CLU = ∆CAB + ∆CBB+ ∆CDW + ∆CSC

Where,

∆CLU is the stock change in land use, ∆CAB = changes above ground, ∆CBB = changes below ground, ∆CDW = changes as a result

of deed wood and ∆CSC is the changes result from soil carbon

The changes in the carbon stock can be estimated using two approaches: “Carbon Gain-Loss method” and “Carbon Stock-

Change or Stock-Difference method”(IPCC 2003 and 2006). However, for Tamil Nadu “Stock Change” method has been used

to derive the carbon removal and emission figures.

Carbon stock-change or stock-difference method:

∆C = (Ct2 – Ct1)/(t2-t1)

Where:

∆C is the carbon stock change, Ct1 – carbon stock at time t1 and Ct2 – carbon stock at time t2.

35

Main categories Sub-categories C-pools Non-GHG gases

ForestForest land remaining forest land AGB, BGB and Soil

carbon

CH4 and N2O

Lands converted into forest land

Crop landCrop land remaining crop land

Soil and Biomass

Lands converted into crop land

GrasslandGrassland remaining grassland

Lands converted into grassland

WetlandWetland remaining wetland

Lands converted into wetland

SettlementsSettlements remaining settlements

Lands converted into settlements

9.4 LAND USE MATRIX

GHG emissions are estimated for land remaining in the same category and for lands converted into other lands in the case

of forest. For non-forest land categories estimation is carried out for land remaining in the same categories. See table below

for land use pattern of Tamil Nadu.

Land Use matrix in Tamil Nadu13 (Area in Sq. Km)

Land-use Sub-category 2008 2009 Change in area

Forest

Reserved forest 18930.1 19214.5 284.4

Reserved forest 1824.4 1551.7 -272.7

Unclassified forest 656.7 665 8.2

GrasslandGrazing land 1100.1 1099.2 -0.8

Wasteland 3334.4 3264.4 70

CroplandNet area sown 50429 48921.4 -1507.5

Fallow 25109.2 26591.2 1482

13 Department of Economics & Statistics

Land area classification for inventorization

9.3 INVENTORY ESTIMATION

Inventorizing the emission requires careful study of land area and the approach methodology as well. A broad classification

of land area is given in the table 8.2. The approach used to quantify the emissions under LULUCF in Tamil Nadu study is the

IPCC Tier-2 Approach.

36

9.5 TAMIL NADU FOREST AT A GLANCE

Forest biodiversity in Tamil Nadu is classified into three major groups: Tropical forest, Montane Sub-tropical forest and

Montane temperate forest. These major categories are further subdivided into nine categories (See figure below). Table

below shows the area of different types of forest in Tamil Nadu during 2009.

Forest area of Tamil Nadu in Sq.km14

Categories Sub-categories 2009 2011

Tropical Forest

Tropical Wet Evergreen Forest 777.2 779.6

Tropical Semi Evergreen Forest 862.0 864.7

Tropical Moist Decidious Forest 1912.3 1918.3

Tropical Dry Decidious forest 11064.3 11099.0

Tropical Thorn Forest 3040.4 3050.0

Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest 379.2 380.4

Montane Sub Tropical Forest

Subtropical Broad Leaved Forest 237.9 238.6

Montane Temperate Forest

Montane Wet Temperate Forest 245 245.7

Forest Map of Tamil Nadu 14

14 Forest Survey of India, State of Forest Report 2009 and 2011

37

CARBON STOCK CHANGE OF FOREST BIOMASS

The equation used to quantify carbon (C) emission and removal is:C stock = Growing stock * Specific gravity * Dry weight of the wood * Carbon fraction Where;Specific gravity = Oven dry weight/Green VolumeIn order to estimate the carbon sequestered in biomass during 2009-10, a comparison study was carried out between the growing stocks of forest in 2009 and 2011 (FSI, 2009 and 2011). (See table below for changes in growing stock between 2009 and 2011). From the changes in volume of growing stock it was obvious that afforestation activity has been carried out. Dry weight of wood was taken as 80% of biomass and 40% of dry weight was taken as the carbon fraction of the wood (Kishwan, J, et al, 2009)

Growing stock of biomass in 2009 and 2011 in cubic metre15

Categories 2009 2011Growing stock of forest 142.4 144.4

Growing stock of trees outside forest 73.4 70.3

Based on the methodology, it was estimated that 1 million tons of carbon was sequestered during 2009-11. Around 1.83 million tons of CO2 was sequestered during 2009.

9.6 FUELWOOD

Based on the carbon sequestration data, it was quantified that 1.7 million tons of CO2 Eq. emission was sequestered in Tamil Nadu during the year 2009-10.

9.7 CO2 EMISSIONS AND REMOVAL FROM NON-FOREST CATEGORIES

The net emissions/removals from non-forest land category are outlined in table below. Removal of non-forest land emits around 0.11 million tons of CO2 was found to be released from grassland. For cropland 8.8 million tons of CO2 was sequestered in the study period.

GHG emission and removals from non-forest land categories

Land useMean Annual Increment

(MAI) in C (t/ha/yr)Area in 2009-10

(million ha)

Net change in CO2 = MAI * 3.667 (tons) [+ Emissions

and – removals]Grassland-Grassland -0.05 0.50 110,161

Crop land-Cropland 0.30 7.81 -8,816,247

Wetland-Wetland - - -

Settlement-Settlement - - -

Other land - - -

NET GHG EMISSION AND REMOVALS FROM FORESTRY SECTOR

Net GHG emissions and removals are shown in the table below. It is observed that net sink constituted 10.63 million tons of CO2 while net emissions were 2.67 million tons of CO2. On the whole around 7.56 million tons of CO2 were sequestered during 2009-10.

15 Forest Survey Report of India

38

9.8 GHG EMISSIONS SUMMARY – LAND USE, LAND USE CHANGE & FORESTRY

Land use categoriesCO2 emissions/removals

[-removals and + sequestration] in MT

Forestland -3,474,664

Cropland -8,816,247

Grassland 110,161

Settlement NE*

Fuel wood usage 2,566,667

Total -9,614,084

*Not Estimated

39

10. WASTE

Waste generation is closely associated with population, urbanization and affluence. Today, it has become a major challenge for municipalities to collect, recycle, and treat waste in a sustainable manner. A cornerstone for sustainable development is to establish affordable and effective management practices. Furthermore, it should be emphasized that public health, safety and environmental benefits result from it.

Waste has been one of the major sources for methane. It is generated as a result of anaerobic decomposition by methanogenic bacteria on organic matter. In addition, it is also a source for N2O emissions in the case of domestically generated wastewater.

Sources of greenhouse gases from waste discussed in this document are classified into three categories. They are:

• Municipal solid waste disposal resulting in CH4

• Domestic waste water disposal culminating in CH4 and N2O emission

• Industrial waste water disposal emanating CH4

56%

22%

22%

Municipal Solid Waste Domestic waste water Industrial waste water

GHG Emission distribution by waste sector in percentage wise (CO2 Eq.)

10.1 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

In Tamil Nadu, waste is periodically collected and disposed at waste disposal sites in cities. A majority of the MSW is discarded in landfills by means of open dumping and only a fraction of the waste finds its way into composting practices.

To estimate the emissions from landfills, first order decay methodology has been used (IPCC, 2002). CH4 generated from disposal site is calculated using the following formula:

Methane Emitted = (∑CH4 generated - RT) * (1 - OXT)

RT = Methane recovered in year T, Tonnes

OXT = Oxidation factor in year T (fraction)

CH4 generated from the landfill depends on the amount and composition of waste and waste management practices as well.

40

CH4 generated in year T is represented as

CH4 = DDOCm decompoT * F * 16/12

Where,

F = Fraction of CH4 by volume

16/12 = Molecular weight ration, CH4/C

DDOCm decompoT is the Decomposable degradable organic carbon that degrades under the anaerobic condition in landfill site. This component is calculated using the formula

DDOCm = W*DOC*DOCf* MCF

W = Mass of waste deposited, tones

DOC = Degradable organic carbon in he deposition year

DOCf = Fraction of DOC that can possibly decompose (Fraction)

MCF = Methane correction factor in the year of deposition (Fraction).

Average per capita waste generation was found to be 0.55 kg per day; about 70% of the generated waste finally ends up in landfill (NEERI, 2005). Besides, degradable organic carbon fraction is taken to be 0.11 (NEERI, 2005). Furthermore, methane correction factor of 0.4, fraction of degradable organic carbon that decomposes (DOCf) as 0.5, fraction of methane in the landfill as 0.5 and rate constant as 0.17 per year are taken from IPCC guidelines (IPCC, 2002).

10.2 WASTE WATER TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL

Wastewater arises from a number of domestic, commercial and industrial sources. The generated water may be treated on site or sewered to a centralized treatment plant or discharged into a water body without prior treatment. Hence, the method of wastewater handling has a crucial role to play in emission quantification. Generally, CH4 is emitted when water is treated or disposed anaerobically.

10.2.1 DOMESTIC WASTE WATER

The choice of wastewater treatment method has a decisive role to play in the emissions level. In Tamil Nadu, wastewater that is sewered is collected centrally and treated in aerobic environment creating no emissions. Therefore, methane emissions from domestic wastewater were ascertained to be zero.

N2O emissions occur irrespective of the handling method due to the presence of protein in wastewater. The simplified

equation to determine N2O from wastewater is:

N2OEmissions = NEffluents* EFEffluents*44/28

Where,

N2OEmissions – N2O emissions in inventory year, tons N2O/year

NEffluent – Nitrogen in the effluent, tons N/year

EFEffluent – Emission factor for N2O emissions from wastewater, tons N2O-N/tons N

44/28 - Conversion factor for tons N2O-N into tons N2O

NEffluent is calculated using the following formula:

NEffluent = P * Pr * FNPR * FNON-CON * FIND-COM * NSludge

41

Where,

P – Human population

Pr – Annual per capita protein consumption, ton per yr

FNPR - Fraction of nitrogen in the protein (Default = 0.00016 ton N per ton of protein)

FNON-CON - Factor denoting non-consumed protein addition to the wastewater (Default – 1.4)

FIND-COM - Factor representing the addition of industrial and commercial discharged protein into the sewer system (Default –

1.25)

NSludge – Nitrogen detached along with the sludge (Default = 0), tons N per yr

Annual per capita protein consumption of 57 gm per day during 2005-2008 was taken for calculation (Ministry of Statistics

and Programme Implementation). Using this methodology for urban population, it was estimated that around 0.48 million tons of CO2 Eq. emission was emitted.

10.2.2 INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER

Tamil Nadu, a trailblazer in various industrial arenas, has a substantial share of India’s industrial production. Indeed, the high concentration of industries generate considerable amount of wastewater leading to very high emission levels. To quantify the emissions from industrial wastewater sources, major industries viz., sugar, paper and pulp, breweries, leather, fertilizer and textiles were taken into consideration.

Methodology: The equation to estimate emission from industrial sector is given by

Ti = ∑(TOWi- Si ) * EFi - Ri

Where,

Ti - CH4 emission during the quantification year, tons CH4 per yr; i – Industrial sector

TOWi – Total organically degradable waste in wastewater for industrial sector I, tons COD per year

Si – Organic component removed as sludge during the quantification year, tons COD per year (Default: 0.35)

EFi – Emission factor for industry i, tons CH4 per COD for treatment per discharge pathway

Ri – Methane recovered in the inventory year, tons CH4 per yr 10.3 GHG EMISSIONS SUMMARY - WASTE SECTOR

The total GHG emitted from waste sector in 2009-10 in Tamil Nadu was 2.2 million tons of CO2 Eq. Municipal solid waste has been the dominant source of CH4 emission in Tamil Nadu. It accounted for 56% of the total CO2 Eq. emission from waste. Industrial wastewater constituted 22% of the emissions.

Emission Sources CO2 Eq. (MT)

Municipal Solid Waste 1,241,741

Domestic Waste Water 481,405

Industrial Waste Water 482,177

Total 2,205,323

42

11. INDUSTRIESTamil Nadu has a combination of designated and non-designated consumers, as per bureau of energy effieicny (BEE), listed in energy conservation act 2001. Designated consumers include cement, iron and steel, textiles and paper and pulp. Of these cement has broad base with installed capacity of 21 MTPA16 leading to 12 Million tonnes of CO2 Eq. emission. Though iron and steel, paper and pulp, chlor-alkali, textile, fertilizer have been designated as high energy consumers, their presence in Tamil Nadu is very low, resulting in lesser process related GHG emissions from the industry sector in Tamil Nadu.

Other sectors like leather, export oriented industries and engineering units, present in high concentrations, as these industries consume large amount of electrical energy than thermal energy, which is accounted previously in energy sector.

66%

0.10%

1%

0.40%6%

17%

3%6%

Cement Soda Ash Ammonia VCM & EDC

Pulp & Paper Iron & Steel Carbon Black Other

GHG Emission distribution by Industrial Sector in percentage wise (CO2 Eq.)

16 Indian Cement Manufacturers Association Handbook

Emission Source CO2 Eq. (MT)

Cement 12,002,844

Soda Ash 14,607

Ammonia 126,082

VCM & EDC 68,372

Paper & Pulp 1,158,605

Iron & Steel 3,040,200

Carbon Black 620,800

Other 1,093,995

Total 18,125,505

GHG EMISSIONS SUMMARY – INDUSTRIAL SECTOR

43

12. STRATEGIES TO PURSUE LOW CARBON GROWTH RATE BY 2020

Overall Approach to Pursue Low Carbon Growth Rate

The overall approach for emission reduction strategy of Tamil Nadu should be to pursue an aggressive emissions reduction target. In line with the national commitment of reducing emissions intensity by 20-25% of 2005 levels by 2020, this study explored possible options to help the state of Tamil Nadu achieve similar emissions intensity reduction. Based on the mitigation options identified, an emissions intensity reduction of 20-25% by 2020 for the state of Tamil Nadu looks feasible.

Typically, for states, the emissions intensity could either be on emissions per capita basis or on emissions per unit GSDP. While the intensity reduction on emissions per capita basis would call for a very strong effort from the state, requiring significant investments & technology interventions, addressing the reduction initiatives in emissions per unit GSDP appears to be relatively uncomplicated.

With over 75% of emissions in Tamil Nadu arising out of energy and power related sources, it is imperative for the state to adopt an overall renewable energy strategy to reduce carbon intensity of power generation and lower its overall emission footprint. With per capita energy consumption in the state bound to rise with increasing urbanization, better standards of life and industrial growth, it is essential for the state to embark on a low carbon power supply to achieve its overall reduction targets. Tamil Nadu’s commitment in this direction can be explicit if the state can adopt a voluntary Renewable Power Obligation (RPO) significantly exceeding any mandatory values central government may impose. Adopting such a voluntary ambitious yet achievable RPO will project the state’s commitment towards this direction and portray favorably for international investors as well.

Research & development play a key role in helping the state understand its emissions portfolio and identify suitable mitigation options. These R & D initiatives should also be adequately supported to convert into deployment and widespread adoption, thereby achieving the results foreseen. In these efforts, significant financial contribution is one of the deciding criteria for effective implementation of the state’s low carbon strategies. For a transition economy like India, and a progressive yet attractive investment destination such as the state of Tamil Nadu, it becomes unviable for the state to fund such climate mitigation measures through its fiscal budgets. Basic competing needs such as eradicating poverty, increasing power availability for creating livelihood opportunities, increasing literacy etc will prevail over the state’s environmental concerns. Creation of a ‘Green Fund’ and supporting state’s climate mitigation efforts through funds raised from larger emission sources could be a viable alternative to meet environmental concerns without compromising on the citizen’s fundamental requirements.

Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) can significantly act as a carbon sink in the state’s efforts to minimize its overall carbon footprint. Increasing urbanization, greater demand of land for industrial, agricultural and residential purposes is resulting in rapid deforestation land use change issues. Carbon sinks in various states are gradually depleting and increasing the overall environmental concerns – water, soil & climate. States pursuing low carbon growth should lay due focus on LULUCF not only from the standpoint of carbon mitigation, but also to address other serious environmental concerns such as biodiversity preservation, prevention of soil erosion, maintaining water balance and the overall green image of the state.

44

MULTI PRONGED APPROACH TO PURSUE LOW CARBON GROWTH RATE

Reduction in energy usage in

urban areas

Schemes to make older

plants green

Multi-pronged approach

Promotion of renewable

energy technology

Promotion of sectors with low carbon intensity

Greening supply chain

Green by design

45

12.1 ENERGY

Energy consumption in a society is closely linked with all key contemporary challenges – poverty alleviation, food scarcity, environmental degradation and therefore, its efficient use assumes paramount importance.

In the baseline year of this study, 2009-10, energy related emissions were estimated to be approximately 84 million tons of CO2 Eq., over 75% of overall Tamil Nadu’s emissions. Considering a business as usual (BAU) scenario to estimate the emissions of the state in the year 2019-20, results indicate an emission profile of about 142.37 million tons of CO2 Eq. (See figure below for break-up of emissions from energy sector). These figures indicate the growing importance of reducing the emission levels.

Percentage of emissions from energy sector during 2009-10 and 2019-20

To address such a large share of emissions profile, and a significantly increasing share of overall emissions, a combination of regulatory, fiscal and technological measures are essential to meet the upcoming challenge. While a few policy measures from a regulatory standpoint could address emission from sources, a combination of technological and financial measures are essential in others and for reducing the overall emissions profile of the state in FY 2020.

Renewable energy (RE), internationally and in India as well, promises to be an excellent alternative to address the serious issue of meeting increased energy demand, yet lowering the emission intensity. Tamil Nadu has been a pioneer in promoting renewable energy utilization in the country over the last couple of decades. In the baseline year 2009-10, renewable energy contributed to about 21% of the overall energy supply in the state. While several forms of RE such as hydro, bio mass, solar forms have been adopted in the state, wind power stands out as the single largest RE source, contributing to about 11.4% of total energy generation. Tamil Nadu, being in the southern tip of the Indian peninsula, has strategic wind flow patterns, making the state a preferred wind power installation site, not only for developers in Tamil Nadu, but across the country as well. The state still offers further potential for renewable energy supply. This step will go a long way in reducing the carbon emission from power generation in the state further.

0.73

0.29

0.08 0.090.02

1.23

0.36

0.08 0.070.02

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

Power Generation Transport Residential/Commercial Other Energy Fugitive Emissions

2009-10 2019-20

46

Tamil Nadu Government made its commitment of adding 3,000 Mega Watt solar energy as part of its Solar Mission Program by 2015-1617 .

India, as committed in NAPCC, aims to derive 15% (present share is about 4%) of its energy requirements from renewable energy sources by the year 2020. Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) is one of the tools adopted by the Government of India in achieving this ambitious goal. Under these rules, distribution companies, open access consumers and captive power consumers are obligated to buy a certain percentage of their power from renewable sources of energy. While NAPCC indicates mandatory 5% RPO by 2010 and 1% increase every year thereon, Tamil Nadu has adopted a voluntary target of about 10% in 2010. To achieve its overall low carbon growth and emission intensity reduction targets, it is imperative for distribution companies, open access consumers and captive power consumers also to play their role in meeting renewable energy targets. In line with state government targets of meeting 25% of power generation through RE, RPO should also be gradually increased from current levels of about 10% to 25% by 2020. Clear policies and communication would prepare distribution companies, open access consumers and captive power consumers to plan their investments accordingly and assist in meeting the state’s overall emission targets.

Tamil Nadu meets about 79% of its power requirement through fossil fuel based power plants. While the state’s overall target is to increase RE based power sources, fossil fuel based power would still continue to be a major source of power supply. While the newer power plants will adopt the latest technology and achieve good energy efficiency levels by design, it is essential to continuously improve existing power stations and thereby, reduce their emission intensity. Power, being a highly sensitive state supply commodity, and with subsidies & cross-subsidies offered for various strategic reasons, pricing remains a major area of concern. Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB) receives a substantial share of funds from the state fiscal budget to sustain its operations and hence, would not be in a position to explore significant improvement opportunities in existing power stations. It is therefore proposed to create a ‘Power Plant Refurbishment Fund’ to create a fund source for TNEB to gradually refurbish & modernize its power stations. The power plant refurbishment fund will derive its income partly from electricity duty collected or allocation from existing tariff. If these are not feasible, Tamil Nadu government may then consider, in consultation with its stakeholders, an additional duty to support such green initiatives in its power sector. The overall objective would be to have an allocation equivalent to about Rs. 0.10 / kWh from industrial and commercial users. This would translate to Rs. 240 crores based on energy consumption in these two user segments in 2009-10. Considering an average improvement, R & M cost of Rs. 100 – 120 crores per power station, this fund would support improvement in about 2 power stations per year. This fund may then be utilized by TNEB to improve the performance of its least efficient plants annually. Over the next 8 years (until 2020), this fund would help TNEB improve most of its older power stations and significantly reduce the overall emission intensity from them.

12.2 TRANSPORT

Transportation is an integral part of our national economy. India’s transport sector is also very large and diverse, catering to the needs of over 1.1 billion people. Good logistics connectivity across the country is essential for robust economic growth. Since the early 1990s, India’s growing economy has witnessed a rise in demand for transport infrastructure and services. Roads are the dominant mode of transportation in India today. They carry almost 90 percent of the country’s passenger traffic and 65 percent of its freight. The density of India’s highway network - at 0.66 km of highway per square kilometer of land – is similar to that of the United States (0.65) and much greater than China’s (0.16) or Brazil’s (0.20)18 . Motor vehicle penetration in the country is still one among the least in the world.

Tamil Nadu has a larger and more extensive road and rail network compared to several other states in the country. Its transport related emissions in the base year 2009-10 was estimated to be 20.11 million tones of CO2 Eq. With fast growing automobile market and growing disposable incomes and increased need for transportation, India is bound to witness significant increase in transportation related activities in the years ahead. Emissions under the business as usual scenario is expected to grow to 28.87 million tons by 2019-20. To attenuate the emission levels, key strategies are required to be in place.

17 http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/tamil-nadu-to-add-3000-mw-solar-energy/467460/18 http://www.go.worldbank.org/CG411SDIWO

47

Attempts to reduce transport related carbon emissions globally have focused on increased mass transport systems, improving fuel efficiency of vehicles and promoting low carbon intensity fuels (eg., bio fuels).

While the central government is working on improving fuel efficiency of motor vehicles 19, states can explore the opportunity of increased mass transport systems and promoting low carbon intensity fuels. In this regard, fuel cess has been recognized in many European nations and in a few Indian states (Delhi, for example) to reduce the carbon footprint of fossil fuels. In Delhi, a cess of Rs 0.25 per litre is levied on diesel and the funds are diverted for green initiatives. A similar strategy can be implemented in Tamil Nadu as well. It is proposed to charge a fuel cess of Rs 0.25/litre on both diesel and petrol, and the tax generated from it can be utilized for funding bio fuel research and supporting technology absorption. Based on the statistics of baseline year 2009-10, Tamil Nadu consumed about 1,600 Million litres of petrol and 5,600 Million litres of diesel for its transportation needs. The proposed fuel cess (at the rate of Rs 0.25 per Litre) will result in a funding of about Rs. 180 Crores annually to fund research and implementation of low carbon fuels.

To give public transportation systems a major thrust, a green cess is proposed. This would create a sense of awareness and responsibility amongst individual vehicle owners to utilize mass transportation as well as provide financial support for state governments to establish good public transportation systems for its citizens to utilize. Green cess will be supported by allocation from existing road tax collection during purchase / toll collection during utilization. This green tax can be channeled to develop public transportation system and inter-city transportation across the state.

12.3 INDUSTRY

Traditionally, Tamil Nadu has been in the vanguard of industrialization, with over 11% of the S&P CNX 500 conglomerates having corporate offices in Tamil Nadu. One of the major contributors to the industrial growth has been the state’s enabling industrial policy. Various policies, developed over the last couple of decades, meet the dual objectives of generating increased employment opportunities and achieving higher growth. Past trend on industrial energy consumption shows increasing growth rate and is expected to grow predominantly in the future as well. Energy related greenhouse gas emission in the baseline year is estimated to be about 18.12 million metric tons of CO2 Eq. during 2009-10. Considering the previous decade’s CAGR, industry related emissions in Tamil Nadu is estimated to be about 34.72 million metric tons of CO2 Eq. in 2019-20.

Energy efficiency has been adopted by the Indian industry over the last several years as one of the effective competitiveness building measure due to very high energy costs. Several mandatory energy efficiency improvement measures have also resulted in significant capacity building and awareness among the industry fraternity. Tamil Nadu was among the first few Indian states to introduce mandatory energy audits (for almost all industries & commercial buildings meeting minimum energy consumption criteria) and has resulted in significant benefits. Under the NAPCC, National Mission on Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE) has embarked on a new initiative, first of its kind in the world, called Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT) scheme. PAT is a market based mechanism to enhance cost effectiveness of improvements in energy efficiency in energy intensive large industries and facilities, through certification of energy savings that could be traded. More than 100 out of about 500 designated energy consumers are based out of Tamil Nadu. This mandatory scheme, under the Energy Conservation Act 2001 will certainly give a major fillip to the energy conservation activities in the state, thereby resulting in significant energy related greenhouse gas emissions.

Another lever to encourage industries to adopt non-fossil fuel based energy sources to meet their power and fuel demand would be to introduce a carbon tax on fossil fuel purchases. Currently, government of India levies a clean energy cess of Rs. 50 per ton of coal used. This is a measure that the government of Tamil Nadu could consider collecting a marginally higher cess (say Rs. 65 / ton) to promote non fossil fuel based energy such as energy plantations, bio mass, waste to energy, etc. Co-processing of industrial, municipal and other combustible wastes in cement kilns could be another viable alternate for meeting dual needs of meeting partially the energy requirements of cement industries and addressing the waste management issues of the state.

19 http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/WorldEconomy/India-to-introduce-new-fuel-efficiency-standards/Article1-693452.aspx

48

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) across India typically operate in the context of industrial clusters, or geographic concentrations of firms contributing to production of similar goods. These clusters can count over one thousand enterprises, including hundreds of industrial manufacturing plants, and provide employment to tens of thousands of workers. They collectively deliver a substantial share of industrial employment, output and exports. Proliferation of industrial clusters is particularly dominant in Tamil Nadu. SME clusters are impeded in their development due to several constraints, including access to factors (technology, finance, skills and supporting management resources) and access to markets. Cleaner Production and Industry Symbiosis can improve the productive use of energy, materials and water, reduce the generation of waste and emissions (including GHGs) and strengthen the sound management of chemicals. This enhances productivity and contributes to competitiveness, supporting the following overall objectives: a) reduced pollution intensity and increased resource efficiency of target SME industry clusters; b) reduced exposure of employees and communities to risks from industrial clusters and improved employee and community well-being; and c) enhanced public-private partnering in SME clusters with improved ability to innovate. A multi-pronged approach should be deployed for promotion and awareness creation; assessment and coaching support; recognition and rating of performance; and strengthening public-private partnerships at the cluster-level.

49

12.4 BUILDINGSBuildings are responsible for large amounts of energy consumption and GHG emissions (primarily through electrical energy consumption). Buildings are a key area of focus as 70% of the floor space in India in 2030 is yet to be built. Building sector has vast potential to reduce the GHG intensity through proven technological and architectural interventions. To deploy the breakthroughs and achieve maximal reductions holistic actions are required. Following are the mitigation opportunities available for TN State to reduce the emissions footprint from infrastructure.

Commercial Buildings Residential buildings Government buildingsRegulatory Measures

> Compulsory Green buildings for

spaces greater than 20,000 square

foot

> Provision of (marginally) higher

floor space index as an incentive for

adopting green buildings

> Elimination of excessive

bureaucracies on green building

approval

Technological interventions

> Emphasis on renewable energy

use for certain purposes (e.g. Solar

Water heating)

> Reduce heating, cooling and lighting

loads through climate responsive

design and conservation practices

Information dissemination measure

> Capacity building on green

concepts

Regulatory Measures

> Construction of green homes for

complexes having greater than 100

dwelling units or when built up

space is greater than 50,000 square

foot

> Prioritization of rain water harvesting

programmes for residential blocks

in tier II & tier III cities

> > Creation of fast track approval

channel for construction

Technological interventions

> Deploy the use of photovoltics and

Solar water heating system for all

dwelling units

> Transition to energy efficient lighting

from energy consuming lighting

fixtures

Information dissemination measure

> Capacity building on green

concepts

Regulatory Measures

> Green procurement for all activities

> Green building certification for all

upcoming buildings (Mandatory)

> Adopting BEE’s 5 star rating for

all government buildings (Energy

efficiency)

> Mandatory energy audits of all

existing buildings and improving

energy efficiency

Technological interventions

> Transition to energy efficient lighting

from energy consuming lighting

fixtures

> adopt building integrated renewable

energy systems by design

Information dissemination measure

> Capacity building on green

concepts

> Develop capacity for State’s Public

Works Department pertaining green

specifications

50

12.5 AGRICULTUREAgriculture is the most predominant sector for the economy of Tamil Nadu. Nearly 70% of the population depends on agriculture and its allied activities for livelihood. Agriculture is, therefore, a sector of enormous value, but it emits mammoth quantities of GHG into the atmosphere (See figure below for emissions from agriculture sector in 2009-10 and 2019-20). Although it is impossible to completely eliminate these emissions, it is possible to reduce the externalities of agricultural practices that lead to increased emissions by embracing sustainable cultivation practices and technology. A brief description on the potential emissions reduction strategies is given below.

Percentage of emissions from agriculture sector

Since Tamil Nadu is an agrarian economy, the focus should be on increasing the energy efficiency of the sector as a whole. One such energy efficiency measure can be the installation of energy efficient pumps. Government can play a significant role by providing pumps at a subsidized cost (50% of the total cost). Supplementing the pumps, government can encourage Energy Savings Company (ESCO) model of project implementation, considering the growth of agriculture sector. This can result in emissions reductions of 67.9 Million tons CO2 Eq. Financial savings from the projects can be funneled into research project to make the agriculture sector an instigating model for the world.

Water and Crop Management can play a decisive role in emissions reduction efforts. Efficient water management can be achieved with the government’s support activities, which could include financial assistance and subsidies for procuring and installing efficient irrigation equipment. On the crop management front, polices focusing on crop insurance can be provided to farmers who cultivate crops in most sustainable manner. In addition to crop insurance, incentives can be given to farmers who use best available cultivation practices.

Systemic Rice Intensification (SRI) technique of rice cultivation, which involves less fertilizer usage and seeds, has been known to produce higher yields per hectare. Government can provide financial incentives and crop insurance to encourage farmers to adopt this cultivation practice.

59

3

22

14

1.9

50

10

2018

1.7

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Enteric Fermentation Manure Management Rice Cultivation Agricultural Soils Burning of Crop Residue

2009-10 2019-20

51

12.6 LAND USE AND LAND USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY (LULUCF)LULUCF management plays a vital role in regulating the environmental parameters of the earth. But presently, its very existence is being threatened by over-exploitation by human beings. Thus, to regulate the environmental conditions, land and forest management becomes crucial. Successful management can be achieved through the strategies described below.

GIS studies: Effective forestry management requires information. Pertinent details on forestry can be gathered through GIS studies.

Capacity building and social forestry: Effective management depends on capacity building with specific focus on community based development and protection measures. Indeed, this community involvement will improve not only the economics status of people involved but also provide ecosystem services and environmental benefits for generations to come. Here, the TN Government can play a stimulating role by initiating community based projects either by providing financial incentives to local forest community or by galvanizing corporate organizations to indulge in creating social forestry involving local community.

52

GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS

Agriculture: This includes emissions from enteric fermentation, manure management, rice

cultivation, managed soils and burning of crop residue

CAGR: The compound annual growth rate is calculated by taking the nth root of the total percentage growth rate, where n is the number of years in the period being considered

CO2 Eq. : It is the sum total of all Greenhouse Gases in terms of their global warming potential

Country Specific Data: Data for either activities or emissions that are based on research carried out on-site either in a country or in a representative country

Emission Factor: A coefficient that quantifies the emissions or removals of a gas per unit activity. Emission factor are often based on a sample of measurement data, averaged to develop a representative rate of emission for a given activity level under a given set of operating conditions

Emissions: The release of greenhouse gases and / or their precursors into the atmosphere over a specified area and a period of time

Energy: This category included all GHG emissions arising from combustion of fossil fuel and fugitive release of GHG’s. Emissions from the non-energy use are not included here and are reported under the industry sector. This category includes emissions due to fuel combustion from energy industries (electricity generation, petroleum refining, manufacturing of solid fuel), transport, commercial/ institutional, residential, agriculture / forestry /and fugitive emissions from coal mining and handling and from oil and natural gas

Enteric Fermentation: A process of digestion in herbivores (plant – eating animals) which produces methane as a by-product

Estimation: The process of calculating emissions and /or removal

Fossil Fuel Combustion: Is the intentional oxidation of fossil fuel that provides heat or mechanical work to process

Fugitive Emission: Emission that are not emitted through an intentional release through stack or vent. This can include leaks from plants, pipelines and during mining

Global Warming Potential (GWP): GWPs are calculated as a ratio of radiative forcing of 1 kilogram greenhouse gas emitted to the atmosphere to that from 1 kilogram CO2 over a period of time (e.g. 100 years)

Industry: This includes emissions from industrial processes and emissions due to fossil fuel combustion in manufacturing industries. The emissions are estimated from mineral industry (cement, lime, glass, ceramics, soda ash use), chemical industries (ammonia, nitric acid, adipic acid, caprolactam, carbide, titanium dioxide, petrochemicals and black carbon, methanol, ethylene, etc.), metal industry (iron and steel, ferroalloys, aluminium, magnesium, lead, sink, etc.), other industry and non-energy products from fuels and solvent use (paraffin wax and lubricants)

Land Cover: The type of vegetation, rock, water, etc., covering the earth surface.

Land Use: The type of activity being carried out by unit of land

Land Use Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF): Includes emissions and removal from changes in areas of forest land, crop land, grass land, wet land, settlements and other lands.

Million Tons: equal to 10^6 tons

Per Capita Emissions: GHG emissions in CO2 Eq. per person

Removals: Removal of greenhouse gases and or their precursors from the atmosphere by a sink

53

Sequestration: The process of storing carbon in a carbon pool

Sink: Any process, activity or mechanism which removes greenhouse gases from the atmosphere

Source: Any process or activity which releases a greenhouse gas

Uncertainty: Lack of knowledge of the true value of a variable

Waste: Includes methane emissions from anaerobic microbial decomposition of organic matter in solid waste disposal sites and methane produced from anaerobic decomposition of organic matter

54

ABBREVATIONS

AGB – Above Ground Biomass

AFLOU – Agriculture Forest and Other land Use categories

BGB – Below Ground Biomass

BLY - Bachat Lamp Yojana

C - Carbon

CAGR – Compound Annual Growth Rate

CDM – Clean Development Mechanism

CFL – Compact Fluorescent Lamp

CH4 – Methane

CO2 – Carbon Dioxide

DOM – Dead Organic Matter

CO2 Eq. – Carbon dioxide Equivalent

FDI – Foreign Direct Investment

FY – Financial Year

GDP – Gross Domestic Product

GHG – Greenhouse Gas

GPG – Good Practice Guidelines

GSDP – Gross State Domestic Product

GWP – Global Warming Potential

HT – High Transmission

HFC – Hydro Flurocarbons

IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Km – Kilometer

LPG – Liquefied Petroleum Gas

LULUCF – Land Use Land Use Change & Forestry

MAI – Mean Annual Increment

MoA - Ministry of Agriculture

MoEF – Ministry of Environment and Forests

MW – Mega Watt

MT – Metric Ton

N2O – Nitrous Oxide

NAPCC – National Action Plan on Climate Change

NH3 - Ammonia

55

PFC – Per Flurocarbon

PLCC – Power Line Carrier Communication

ppb – Parts per billion

ppm – Parts per million

PPP – Public Private Partnership

ppt – Parts per trillion

RBI – Reserve Bank of India

RE – Renewable Energy

RPO – Renewable Power Obligation

SAPCC – State Action Plan on Climate Change

SEZ – Special Economic Zone

SF6 – Sulphur Hexafluoride

SKO – Super Kerosene Oil

SME – Small and Medium Enterprises

SRI - Systemic Rice Intensification

T&D – Transmission and Distribution

TANGEDCO – Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation Limited

TANTRANSCO – Tamil Nadu Transmission Corporation limited

TNEB – Tamil Nadu Electricity Board

USD – Unites States Dollar

VCS – Verified Carbon Standard

VHF - Very High Frequency

56

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is India's premier business association, with a direct and climate change activities.

membership of over 7000 organisations from the private as The Centre sensitises key stakeholders to embrace Green well as public sectors, including SMEs and MNCs, and an practices and facilitates market transformation, paving way indirect membership of over 90,000 companies from for India to become one of the global leaders in Green around 400 national and regional sectoral associations.businesses by 2015.

With 63 offices including 10 Centres of Excellence in India, The Centre is housed in a Green Building which received the and 7 overseas offices in Australia, China, France, Singapore, prestigious LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental South Africa, UK, and USA, as well as institutional Design) Platinum Rating in 2003. This was the first Platinum partnerships with 223 counterpart organisations in 90 rated Green Building outside of U.S.A and the third in the countries, CII serves as a reference point for Indian industry world. The Centre was inaugurated by H.E Dr A P J Abdul and the international business community.Kalam, the then President of India, on July 14, 2004.

About us

This Report is Supported By

CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre

Survey No 64, Kothaguda Post, R.R. Dist.,

Hyderabad - 500 084, Andhra Pradesh, India

www.greenbusinesscentre.com

For more details kindly contact :

P V Kiran Ananth

Senior Counsellor

kiran.ananth@cii.in

Tel: +91 40 44185152 (D)

2012

TAMIL NADU’S CARBON FOOTPRINTEstimation of

(for stakeholder consultation)