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TNM staging system for Renal CellTNM staging system for Renal CellCarcinoma: current status and Carcinoma: current status and
future perspectivesfuture perspectives
Vincenzo Ficarra
Dipartimento di Scienze Oncologiche e Chirurgiche Clinica di Urologia - Università degli Studi di Padova
An ideal cancer staging system should effectively: An ideal cancer staging system should effectively:
• comunicate critical tumor characteristics, comunicate critical tumor characteristics,
• aid the clinician in the appropriate selection aid the clinician in the appropriate selection
of therapeutic options, of therapeutic options,
• stratify the patient’s risk of cancer progressionstratify the patient’s risk of cancer progression
or cancer death and or cancer death and
• eventually determine the selection criteria for eventually determine the selection criteria for
clinical trialsclinical trials
Sobin LH: TNM classification of malignant tumours; 2002Sobin LH: TNM classification of malignant tumours; 2002
Staging systems for RCC
• Flocks and Kadesky, 1958 Flocks and Kadesky, 1958
• Robson, 1969 Robson, 1969
• TNM, 1978TNM, 1978
• TNM, 1987TNM, 1987
• TNM, 1997TNM, 1997
• TNM, 2002TNM, 2002
• TNM, ….. ?TNM, ….. ?
Staging systems for RCC
Development of the TNM staging system for localized RCC
Ficarra V.et al. Eur Urol 2004; 46: 559-64
Year Edition T1 T2
1968 UICC (I) Kidney not listed Kidney not listed
1974 UICC (II) Small tumor1 Large tumor2
1987 UICC (IV) ≤ 2.5 cm > 2.5 cm
1988 AJCC (III) ≤ 2.5 cm > 2.5 cm
1997 UICC/AJCC ≤ 7 cm > 7 cm
2002 UICC/AJCC ≤ 4 cm (T1a) > 7 cm
4-7 cm (T1b)
TNM, 2002 Version – Why ?TNM, 2002 Version – Why ?
Hafez KS et al. J. Urol. 1999; 162: 1930-1933
• This update was mainly proposed to help the clinicians to identify patients suitable for a elective partial nephrectomy
Authors Yrs Nephr/NSS 5 yrs (nephrect.) 5 yrs (NSS)
Butler 1995 42/46 97% 100%
Lerner 1996 209/185 89% 89%
Indudhara 1997 71/35 94% 91%
D'Armiento 1997 21/19 96% 96%
Barbalias 1999 48/41 98,4% 97,5%
Belldegrun 1999 125/108 91,2% 98%
Lee 2000 183/79 95% 95%
Ficarra 2001 96/107 97% 100%
Radical nephrectomy Vs partial nephrectomy:Radical nephrectomy Vs partial nephrectomy:comparative, non randomized studiescomparative, non randomized studies
Patients with RCC 4 cm (pT1a)
Multi-Institutional European Validational Multi-Institutional European Validational of the 2002 TNM Staging Systemof the 2002 TNM Staging System
Ficarra V. et al. Cancer 2005; 104: 968-74
0,0 12,0 24,0 36,0 48,0 60,0 72,0 84,0 96,0 108,0 120,0
Follow-up (months)
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0 pT1apT1b
pT2
pT1a Vs pT1b (p = 0.0001)pT1a Vs pT2 (p < 0.0001)pT1b Vs pT2 (p = 0.0002)
• 2,217 localized RCC
• 10-year CSS (%):
- pT1a: 91%
- pT1b: 83%
- pT2: 75%
BUT … is this the best strategy to subdivide confined RCC ?
Patard JJ, Ficarra V et al. J. Urol 2004; 171: 2181-2185Patard JJ, Ficarra V et al. J. Urol 2004; 171: 2181-2185
Bensalah K. et al. Eur. Urol 2008; 53: 691-693Bensalah K. et al. Eur. Urol 2008; 53: 691-693
Elective Partial Nephrectomy Elective Partial Nephrectomy for pT1b RCCfor pT1b RCC
Anatomic features related toselection of the candidate for NSS
Ficarra V et al. Eur Urol 2008 (in press)
• Peripheral or intraparenchymal location
• Spherical shape
• Adiacent nodular areas
• Tumor deepening into the kidney
• Relathionship with UCS
BUT … is this the best strategy to subdivide confined RCC ?
Ficarra V et al. Eur. Urol 2004; 46: 559-564Ficarra V et al. Eur. Urol 2004; 46: 559-564
• 4.5 cm (Zisman, 2001)
• 5 cm (Gelb, 1993; Targaski, 1994; Igarashi,2001; Lau, 2002; Elmore, 2003; Zucchi, 2003)
• 5.5 cm (Kinouchi, 1999; Ficarra, 2004)
Identification of different risk groups for progression or deathIdentification of different risk groups for progression or death
Proposal for Revision of the TNM1,138 patients with a mean follow-up of 87 months after
partial or radical nephrectomy
5.5 cm
Ficarra V., Patard JJ et al Cancer 2005; 15: 104: 2116-23
Variables Categories Hazard Ratio
95%-C.I. p value
Age (years) < 60 Vs >60 1.950 1.459-2.606 < 0.001
Mode of presentation S1 Vs S2/S3 2.185 1.589-3.005 < 0.001
Nuclear Grade G1 Vs G2 Vs G3 1.587 1.281-1.967 < 0.001
Pathological size <5.5 Vs >5.5 cm 1.893 1.392-2.575 < 0.001
Proposal for Revision of the TNM Staging System for Renal Cell Carcinoma
Ficarra V. et al Cancer 2005; 15: 104: 2116-23
Prognostic Stratification of Localized Renal Prognostic Stratification of Localized Renal Cell Carcinoma by Tumor SizeCell Carcinoma by Tumor Size
Bedke J. et al J Urol 2008; 180: 62-67
464 patients with a mean follow-up of 60 months after radical or partial nephrectomy
Prognostic Stratification of Localized Renal Prognostic Stratification of Localized Renal Cell Carcinoma by Tumor SizeCell Carcinoma by Tumor Size
Bedke J. et al J Urol 2008; 180: 62-67
5.5 cm
7 cm
Proposal for Revision of the TNM
• Ficarra et al, 2005• Multicenter study (7 Centres)• 1984 - 2001• Retrospective• 1,138 cases - 873 RN - 265 NSS• Median tumor size: 5 cm• IQR tumor size: 3-7 cm• Median FU: 87 mo• (IQR FU: 68-130 mo)• Martingale residuals: 5.5 cm• Cut-off: 5.5 cm
• Bedke et al, 2008• Single Center study• 1990 - 2006• (?) Prospective• 464 cases - 398 RN - 66 NSS• Median tumor size: ?• IQR tumor size: ?• Median FU: 60 mo• (range FU: 1-180 mo)• Martingale residuals: 5.5 cm• Cut-off: 7 cm
Klatte T., Patard JJ, Ficarra V., et al J Urol 2007; 178: 35-40
Prognostic Impact of Tumor Size on pT2
706 patients with pT2 RCC surgically treated at 9 International academic centers
Tumor Size Improves the Accuracy of TNMTumor Size Improves the Accuracy of TNMPredictions in patients with Renal CancerPredictions in patients with Renal Cancer
Karakiewicz PI, Ficarra V. Patard JJ et al Eur Urol 2006; 50: 521-529
• Identification of an ideal breakpoint representsIdentification of an ideal breakpoint represents a complex process, wich is affected by differencesa complex process, wich is affected by differences in patient characteristicsin patient characteristics
• Spectrum bias and associated floor and ceilingSpectrum bias and associated floor and ceiling effects may be circumvented, if variables areeffects may be circumvented, if variables are used without being catagorizedused without being catagorized
Tumor Size Improves the Accuracy of TNMTumor Size Improves the Accuracy of TNMPredictions in patients with Renal CancerPredictions in patients with Renal Cancer
Karakiewicz PI, Ficarra V. Patard JJ et al Eur Urol 2006; 50: 521-529
AJCC/UICC stage groupings cannot Incorparate countinuosly coded variables
Karakiewicz PI, Ficarra V. Patard JJ et al JCO 2007; 25: 1316-1322
T3a Fat and adrenal inv. Fat and adrenal invasion
T3b Renal vein (V1) V1 – V2
T3c IVC below diaphr (V2) V3
T4 Outside Gerota’s fascia
T4a Outside Gerota’s fasciaT4b IVC above diaphr (V3).
TNM, 1987 TNM, 1997 TNM, 2002
Development of the TNM staging system for locally advanced RCC
Ficarra V., et al. J Urol 2007; 178: 418-424
0 24 48 72 96 120
Follow-up (months)
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0 1,969 locally advanced (pT3-4) RCC
pT3a
pT3b
pT3c
pT4p value < 0.0001
• pT3a: Fat and/or adrenal invasion
• pT3b: renal vein or IVC below diaphr.
• pT3c: IVC above diaphr.
• pT4: beyond Gerota
Multi-Institutional European Validational of the 2002 TNM Staging System
60%
46%
12%
New staging system for pT3-4 RCC: a multicentric european study
0 24 48 72 96 120
Follow-up (months)
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,01,117 pT3a RCC
Perirenal fat
Adrenal only
p value = 0.0002
Ficarra V., et al. J Urol 2007; 178: 418-424
New staging system for pT3-4 RCC: a multicentric european study
0 24 48 72 96 120
Follow-up (months)
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0 705 pT3b RCC
V1
V2
V2+fat
V1-2+adrenal
V1+fat
p value< 0.0001
Ficarra V., et al. J Urol 2007; 178: 418-424
Reclassification of patients with pT3 and pT4RCC improves prognostic accuracy
Thompson RH et al. Cancer 2005; 104: 53-60
Stage Features
Mayo's pT3a Renal vein thrombosis only
Mayo's pT3b Perirenal fat invasion only
Mayo's pT3c Renal vein thrombosis AND perirenal fat invasion
IVC thrombosis below diaphragm alone
Mayo's pT3d IVC thrombosis below diaphragm AND perirenal fat invasion
IVC thrombosis above diaphragm alone
Mayo's pT4 Adrenal or Gerota's fascia invasion
Reclassification of patients with pT3 and pT4RCC improves prognostic accuracy
Thompson RH et al. Cancer 2005; 104: 53-60
Proposal for reclassification of the TNM In patients with pT3-4 RCC
Ficarra V et al. Eur Urol 2007; 51: 722-731
pT3a new
pT3b new
pT4 new
pT3a = perirenal fat invasion or renal vein involvement (V1) or IVC below diaphragm (V2)
pT3b: V1 or V2 plus concomitant perirenal fat invasion
pT4: adrenal gland or Gerota fascia invasion or IVC above diaphragm (V3)
p < 0.001
Redefining pT3 Renal Cell Carcinoma In the modern Era
Margulis V. et al. Cancer 2007; 109: 2439-44
Ficarra V., et al. J Urol 2007; 178: 418-424
Local extension Cases 5-year CSS Median Surv Interq range
V1 276 62,2% 117 60-173
Fat invasion 1071 60,9% 98 72-123
V2 60 55,7% 67 42-91
Adrenal invas 46 38% 24 12-36
V1 + fat inv 252 37,6% 24 17-30
V2 + fat inv 72 23,8% 24 16-30
V1-2 + adrenal 45 15,9% 11 10-14
V3 27 10,5% 12 3-20
Gerota inv 120 12% 12 9-14
New staging system for pT3-4 RCC: New staging system for pT3-4 RCC: a multicentric european studya multicentric european study
Ficarra V., et al. J Urol 2007; 178: 418-424
New staging system for pT3-4 RCC: a multicentric european study
0 24 48 72 96 120
Follow-up (months)
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
pT3a (new)
pT3b (new)
pT4 (new)
p value< 0.0001
0 24 48 72 96 120
Follow-up (months)
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,01,969 pT3-4 RCC 1,248 pT3-4 N0M0 RCC
pT3a (new)
pT3b (new)
pT4 (new)
p value< 0.0001
Ficarra V., et al. J Urol 2007; 178: 418-424
New staging system for pT3-4 RCC: a multicentric european study
Variables Categories HR 95%-C.I. p value
Symptoms S1 Vs S2/S3 1.403 1.162-1.693 0.001
Tumour size (cm) < 8 Vs > 8 1.319 1.135-1.532 0.001
Histotype Heidelberg 1.067 0.961-1.185 0.001
Nuclear Grade G1-2 Vs G3 Vs G4 1.209 1.147-1.274 0.001
pN pN0 Vs pN+ 1.827 1.605-2.087 0.001
Metastases M0 Vs M+ 2.717 2.329-3.168 0.001
New classification pT3a Vs pT3b Vs pT4 1.628 1.475-1.797 0.001
Ficarra V., et al. J Urol 2007; 178: 418-424
Renal sinus involvement in RCC
Bonsib SM et al. Am J Surg Pathol 2000; 24: 451-458
Renal sinus involvement in RCC
Thompson RH et al. J Urol 2005; 174: 1218-1221
Renal sinus involvement in RCC
Margulis V et al. J Urol 2007; 178: 1878-1882
365 patiens with pT3a RCC
Renal sinus involvement in pT3a
Prognostic relevance of tumour size in T3aPrognostic relevance of tumour size in T3a
Lam JS., Ficarra V, Patard JJ et al. Eur Urol 2007; 52: 155-162
623 patients with pT3a Renal Cell Carcinoma
Lam JS., Ficarra V, Patard JJ et al. Eur Urol 2007; 52: 155-162
N0-2 / M0-1 N0 / M0
Prognostic relevance of tumour size in T3aPrognostic relevance of tumour size in T3a
• Urinary collecting system (UCS) involvement is not included in the current TNM staging system.
• The UCS invasion in high stage tumours did not support a significantly worse prognosis, whereas in low stage tumours this prognostic factor can influence negatively the cancer specific survival rate
• However, in published series the UCS invasion did not result an independent prognostic factor
• At this time, this pathologic finding should not be considered in the new TNM staging system.
Urinary collecting system invasion
Proposal of an improved prognostic Classification for pT3
Terrone C. et al. J Urol 2008; 180: 72-78
Stage Features
Low risk group Perirenal fat invasion alone
Sinus fat invasion alone
Intermediate risk group Venous involvement alone OR
in association with sinus fat invasion
High risk group perirenal fat and venous invasion
perirenal and sinus fat invasion
adrenal gland invasion
Proposal of an improved prognostic Classification for pT3
Terrone C. et al. J Urol 2008; 180: 72-78
New staging system for pT3-4 RCC: a multicentric european study
Ficarra V., et al. J Urol 2007; 178: 418-424
0 24 48 72 96 120
Follow-up (months)
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
pT3a (new)
pT3b (new)
pT4 (new)
p value< 0.0001
1,969 pT3-4 RCC
645 (524)
241 (223)
159 (156)
A new staging system for locally A new staging system for locally advanced (T3-4) RCCadvanced (T3-4) RCC
A new staging system for locally A new staging system for locally advanced (T3-4) RCCadvanced (T3-4) RCC
Ficarra V et al. Eur Urol 2007; 51: 722-729
Tumour Nodes and Metastases (TNM) Staging System
Tumour Nodes and Metastases (TNM) Staging System
Nx Regional Lymph nodes Nx Regional Lymph nodes idem idem idem idem cannot be assessedcannot be assessed
N1 Metastasis in 1 Lymph N1 Metastasis in 1 Lymph Metastasis to Metastasis to Metastasis to Metastasis to node node 2 cm 2 cm a single node a single node a single node a single node
N2 Metastasis in 1 Lymph N2 Metastasis in 1 Lymph Metastasis in > Metastasis in > Metastasis in > Metastasis in > node > 2 cm but < 5 cm 1 Lymph node 1 Lymph nodenode > 2 cm but < 5 cm 1 Lymph node 1 Lymph node
N3 Metastasis in 1 Lymph N3 Metastasis in 1 Lymph node > 5 cmnode > 5 cm
TNM, 1987TNM, 1987 TNM, 1997TNM, 1997 TNM, 2002TNM, 2002
Reassessing the current TNM Lymph Node Staging for RCC
Terrone C et al. Eur Urol 2006; 49: 324-331
Reassessing the current TNM Lymph Node Staging for RCC
Terrone C et al. Eur Urol 2006; 49: 324-331
Reassessing the current TNM Lymph Node Staging for RCC
Dimashkieh HH et al. J Urol 2006; 176: 1978-1983
Synchronous Distant Metastasis in patients with RCC
Cancer-specific survival according to TNM Staging System
Karakiewicz P., Ficarra V. et al. Eur Urol 2007; 51: 1616-24
39%30%
27%
(4.3%)
15%
8%
Other Independent Prognostic FactorsOther Independent Prognostic Factors
• Age at diagnosis, mode of presentation, performance status ECOG
• Pathological tumour size, Nuclear grading, Tumour necrosis, Sarcomatoid differentiation
• (?) Tumour histological type
• Molecular and genetic variables
Integrated prognostic systems
Authors Centre Setting Endpoint Histotype Variables
Kattan, 2001 MSKCC N0M0 DFS All Clin / Pathol
Leibovich, 2003 Mayo Clin N0M0 DFS Clear Pathol
Sorbellini, 2005 MSKCC NOMO DFS Clear Clin / Pathol
Zisman, 2002 UCLA All OS/CSS All Clin/Pathol
Frank, 2002 Mayo Clinc All CSS Clear Pathol
Karakiewicz, 2007 Multicenter All CSS All Clin/Pathol
Motzer, 2002 MSKCC M+ OS All Clinical
Leibovich, 2005 Mayo Clinic M+ CSS Clear Clin /Pathol
• In real clinical practice, the mathematical models are today less used than the TNM especially for their
- higher complexity
- presence of more than one system
- heterogeneity of the variables included
Mathematical models to predict survival
Ficarra V. et al. Lancet Oncol 2007; 8: 554- 558
Adjuvant therapy in RCC: planned trials
Protocol Sponsor Treatments Histologic Histotypes Stratification tool
Included Excluded
ASSURE ECOG Sunitinib Clear Bellini TNM
Sorafenib Non Clear Medullary Grading
Placebo
STAR Pfizer Sunitinib Clear Bellini UISS
Placebo Non Clear Unclassified
>50% Sarcom.
SORCE MRC Sorafenib Clear Leibovich score
Placebo Non Clear
• The TNM system is a dynamic staging method which evolves and changes according to evidence coming for clinical data
• Confined RCC should be classified according to the new breakpoint of 5.5 cm and the different mode of presentation
• The correct classification of locally advanced RCC requires a better clustering of the various anatomical features characterizing the local extension of the primary tumour
Conclusions
• According to the results of the multivariate analyses, outcome predictive models including several clinical and pathological variables should be considered the best prognostic tools
• All the available nomograms and algorithms include older versions of the TNM staging system
• The integrated systems are today less used than the TNM classification
ConclusionsConclusions