Tnpsc-geography Study Meterial

1

Gtpapay;

##hh;;aahh ggaappww;;rrpp iikkaakk;

5A, rpd;dfz;kha; njU> Nfhhpg;ghisak;> kJiu - 625 002

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Gtpapay;

1. Nguz;lk;

Gtpapd; Rw;wsNth - 40>067 fp.kP tpkhdq;fs; Rkhu; 10 fp.kP J}uj;jpy; gwf;Fjy; xspahz;L vd;w myfpid thdtpay; mwpQh;fs; gad;gLj;Jjy; - 9460 gpy;ypad;

fp.kP J}uk; Gtpf;F mUfpy; cs;s el;rj;jpuk; #hpad; #hpa xsp GtpNa te;jila Rkhu; 8.3 epkplk; Njit #hpa FLk;gj;jpw;F mUfpy; cs;s el;rj;jpuk; gpuhf;]pkh nrd;lhhp ,jd; J}uk; 4.3

xspahz;L el;rj;jpuq;fSk; mz;lq;fSk; : -

el;rj;jpuq;fs; jdpj;J fhzg;gLtjpy;iy el;rj;jpu njhFjpfSf;F mz;lq;fs; vdg;gLk; mz;lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; el;rj;jpuq;fs; <h;g;G tpirapdhy; xNu $l;lhfg;

gpidf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. #hpa FLk;gk; <h;f;fg;gl;Ls;s el;rj;jpuj; njhFjp ghy;top mz;lk; vdg;gLk;. RUs; tbt Nghd;W fhzg;gLk; ntspr;Rw;wpy; #hpaDk; Gtp cl;gl xd;gJ Nfhs;fs; cs;sd. ghy;top mz;lj;jpy; kpy;ypad; fzf;fpy; el;rj;jpufs; cs;sd. Nguz;lk; Rkhu; 15>000 kpy;ypad; tUlq;fSf;F Kd;du; cUthdit.

fy;gdh rht;yh : -

mhpahdhtpy; gpwe;jtu; ,uz;lhtJ Kiwahf nfhyk;gpah tpz;fyj;jpy; 16.1.2003 gazk;

njhlf;fk; gpd; 20>113 Ntfj;jpy; kzpf;F jpUk;Gk; NghJ tpgj;Jf;F cs;shdu;

2. #hpad;

♦ neUg;Gg; ge;J vd miof;fg;gLjy;

♦ #hpadpd; Ngnuhspf;F fhuzkhd ntg;gepiy Nkw;gug;G ntg;gepiy MFk;.

♦ Nkw;gug;G ntg;gepiy 6>000˚C

♦ ikag;gFjp ntg;gepiy 15>000>00˚C

♦ thAf;fspd; fyitNa #hpad; #hpadpd; 92% i`l;u[d;> 7.8% `pypak;> ,ju thA 0.2%

♦ #hpadpd; xU tpdhbf;F 700 kpy;ypad; ld; i`l;u[d; vhpe;J `pypakhf khw;Wjy;

♦ #hpadpd; MAs; fhyk; 10>000 kpy;ypad; ,jpy; 5>000 kpy;ypad; Mz;Lfs; KbTw;wJ. kpjk; cs;sit 5>000 kpy;ypad; Mz;Lfs;.

♦ vdNt jhd; #hpaid ‘eLtaJila xU el;rj;jpuk;’ vd miog;G.

♦ #hpaDk; jd;id jhNd Rw;wpf;nfhz;L ghy;top mz;lj;jpidAk; tyk; tUjy; Ghpfpd;wJ.



3

#hpa FLk;gj;jpd; ,ju cWg;gpdu; : - (Asteroids)

♦ Nfhs;fs;> ghiwj;Jz;Lfs;> vhpfw;fs;> tPo;fw;fs;> thy;el;rj;jpufs;.

♦ nrt;tha; NfhSfSf;Fk; tpahod; NfhSf;Fk; ,ilapy; Mapuf;fzf;fpy; ghiwj;Jz;Lfs; cs;sd.

♦ 1. fp.kP Kjy; 800 fp.kP tiu tpl;lk; nfhz;lit.

♦ ,itfis gwf;Fk; kiyfs; vd miof;fg;gLjy;.

♦ “ghiwj;Jz;Lfs; vhpfw;fs; tPo;fw;fs;” ♦ mnkhpf;fh ehl;bd; mhpNrhidh khepyj;jpd; cs;s gs;sk; tPo;fw;fshy;

cz;lhdit. thy;el;rj;jpuk; : -

♦ GSl;Nlh NfhSf;F mg;ghy; ,Ue;J tpahod; <h;g;G tpirapdhy; #hpaid Nehf;fp tUjy;

♦ ,it jho;e;j ntg;gepiyapdhy; thA ciwe;j gpd;du; ghiwj;Jz;LfisAk; cNyhfq;fisAk; jd;Ds; ,wf;fp nfhs;Sjy; ,jdhiy ,it

♦ gdpg;ge;Jfs; vd miof;fg;gLjy;

♦ #hpad; ntspr;rj;jhy; xspapUk; NghJ Nfhkh vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

♦ gy kpy;ypad; fp.kP. Nky; ePz;l J}Jg;glyj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; N`yp thy;el;rj;jpuk; : -

♦ vl;khz;l N`yp 1682-y; fz;lhu;.

♦ Mz;Lf;F xU Kiw Njhw;Wk;.

♦ vjph; fhyj;jpy; 2062 Mz;L fhzyhk;.

3. #hpa FLk;gk;

Nfhs;fspd; mikg;G : - ghiwNfhs; thAf;Nfhs; ,U gphpthf gphpj;jy; Gjd;> nts;sp> Gtp> nrt;tha; Mfpa Nfhs;fs; rpwpa cUtj;Jld; ngUksT

ghiwfisAk; rpwpjsT thAf;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. vdNt ghiwf;Nfhs; vdg;gLk;. thAf;Nfhs; : - nghpa cUtk;> ngUksT thA> rpwpjsT ghiw v.fh. tpahod;>rdp> A+Nud];>

neg;lA+d; GSl;NlhTf;F gdpg;ge;J vdTk; mioj;jy;. Gjd; : - #hpaDf;F kpf mUfpy; cs;s Nfhs;.



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gfy; Neu ntg;gepiy 350˚C ,uT 170˚C fhw;W kz;lyk; fpilahJ.

#hpa FLk;gj;jpy; kpf tpiuthf #hpaid tyk; tUk; NFhs;. ROYk; fhyk; 58½ tyk; tUk; 88 ehs;.

nts;sp : - #hpa FLk;gj;jpd; ,uz;lhtJ Nfhs;. ntg;gepiy 480˚C #hpa FLk;gj;jpd; kpfkpf mjpf msT ntg;gepiyf; nfhz;l msT MFk;. fhiy tpbnts;sp> khiy – khiyel;rj;jpuk;. fpof;fpypUe;J Nkw;fhfr; RoYfpd;wJ. RoYk; fhyk; 243 tyk; tUk; 224 Gtp : -

♦ %d;whtJ Nfhs;

♦ caphpdq;s; tho jFe;j fhyepiy fhzg;gLjy;

♦ 29% epyk;> 71% ePUk; fhzg;gLjy;

♦ RoYk; fhyk; 24 kzp

♦ tyk; tUk; fhyk; 365¼ ehs; nrt;tha; : -

♦ ehd;fhtJ Nfhs;

♦ ntg;gepiy gfy; 23˚C > ,uT 101˚C

♦ twz;l MWfs;. nraypoe;j vhpkiy ghiwfs;. ghiw epiwe;j ghiytsq;fs;> kw;Wk; gdp %ba JUtk; fhzg;gLjy;.

♦ ,jd; ghiwfspYk; kz;zpYk; ,Uk;G Mf;i]L epiwe;Js;sJ.

♦ kzpf;F 270 fp.kP Ntfj;jpy; #iw fhw;W khjf;fzf;fpy; tpRjy;.

♦ ,f;Nfhs; rpte;j epwj;Jld; fhl;rpf;F fhuzk; ,e;j #iw fhw;W.

♦ RoYk; fhyk; 24½ ehs;

♦ tyk; tUk; fhyk; 687 ehs; tpahod; : -

♦ 5-tJ Nfhs;

♦ kpf nghpa Nfhs;

♦ #hpaDld; xg;gpLk; NghJ gj;jpy; xU gq;F.

♦ 2˚C kl;Lk; rha;e;j Nfhs; ,jdhy; gUt fhyq;fs; Njhd;whJ. rdp : -

♦ 6-tJ Nfhs;> ,uz;lhtJ nghpa Nfhs;

♦ mofpa tisak; fhzg;gLk;. fhrpdp



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♦ 1500 fp.kP Ntfj;jpy; #iw fhw;W tpRjy;

♦ RoYk; fhyk; 10¾ kzpNeuk;

♦ tyk; tUk; fhyk; 29½ kzp Neuk; ANud]; : -

♦ 7-tJ Nfhs;

♦ 98˚C rha;e;Js;sJ. cUz;L nfhz;L #hpaid tyk; tUjy;.

♦ ,f;Nfhs;fspd; Rw;wpYk; tisak; fhzg;gLjy;.

♦ #oYk; fhyk; 17¼ kzp

♦ tyk; tUjy; 84 Mz;L neg;l;A+d; : -

♦ 8-tJ Nfhs;

♦ 1846 Mz;L fz;Lg;gpbg;G

♦ ,jd; Kjy; Rw;W 2010 KbT

4. epyh

Gtp>GSl;NlhTf;Fk; xU Jizf;Nfhs;. Gtpay; epyT jdJ mr;rpy; 27.3 ehs;fs; RoyTk;.> tyk; tUtjw;Fk; 27.3 ehs;fs; vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy;. ,jdhy; epytpd; xU gf;fj;ij kl;Lk; ek;khy; fhZjy;. kWgf;fj;ij 1959-Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgu; ,urpa ehl;bd; ,Ue;J Y}dh – 3 vd;w

tpz;fyk; glk; vLj;jJ. epytpd; caukhd kiy kw;Wk; gs;sjhf;Ffs; cs;sd. fhw;W kz;lyk; fpilahJ. gfy; 100˚C > ,utpy; 173˚C ePy; Mk;];l;uhq; epytpy; Kjy; fhyb gjpT tpz;fyj;ij xl;br; nrd;wtu; vl;tpDk;. Gtpf;Fk; #hpaDf;Fk; ,ilapy; epyh mikT mkhthir. #hpaDf;Fk; epyTf;Fk; ,ilapy; Gtp mikT ngsh;zkp Gtpapd; Nehf;fpa epytpd; miug;gFjp kl;LNk ntspr;rkhf ,Uf;Fk;.

gpiwfs; : -

epytpd; gpiwtbtk; Mq;fpy vOj;jhd ‘C’ tbtj;jpy; nfhz;bUe;jhy; epyT Nja;tjhf vLj;jy;

‘D’ ,Uj;jhy; epyT tsh;jy;. epyT vg;NghOJk; tyJ gf;fj;jpypUe;J ,lJ gf;fkhfNt tsUk; my;yJ NjAk;.

mkhthir ngsh;zkp mkhthir 29½ ehs; xsp kiwg;G epfo;r;rp : -

vy;yh mkhthir ehs;fspy; epfoyhJ. epyT Gtp #hpad; vd Neh; Nfhl;by; mike;jhy; epynthsp kiwg;G. ,t;Ntiyapy; KOepythf fhl;rpaspf;Fk; ngsh;zkp ,uthf ,Uj;jy; mtrpak;.



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,t;thW Gtpapd; epoypy; ,Ue;J ntspNaw 3 kzp 30 epkplq;fs;. ,jpy; 100 epkplk; kl;Lk; KOikahf kiwg;G. ,e;j xsp kiwg;G NghJ epyT MuQ;R epwj;Jld; fhl;rpaspf;Fk;. xh; Mz;by; xUKiw ,UKiw my;yJ %d;W Kiw my;yJ xU Kiw $l

epfohky; Nghfyhk;. #hpa xspkiwg;G : -

Gtp> #hpaDf;Fk; ,ilapy; epyT Neh;Nfhl;by; mikjy; mkhthir ehshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. epyeLNfhl;L kf;fs; KO #hpa xsp kiwg;ig fhz ,aYk;. 8 epkplk; kl;Lk; KO #hpa xspkiwg;G ePbf;Fk; Gtp ,Uspy; %o;fptpLk;.

tisa xspkiwg;G : -

#hpaDf;Fk; Gtpf;Fk; ,ilapy; fhzg;gLk; njhiyT rpwpJ khWghL. epyT #hpaid KOikahf kiwf;f ,ayhJ ,jid tisa xsp kiwg;G

‘annular’

5. ml;rf;NfhLfSk; jPh;f;fNfhLfSk;

gad;fs; : - Gtpapd; nkhj;jg;gug;G 510 kpy;ypad; r.fp.kPl;lh;. miktpl Kfthpfis fw;gid NfhLfisf; nfhz;L mikf;fg;gl;litfis. fpof;F Nkw;fhf tiugl;lit ml;rf;NfhL. Gtpf;Nfhsj;jpd; eLtpy; tiuag;gLk; 0˚ ml;rf;NfhL G+kj;jpa Nuif G+kj;jpa Nuif Gtp Nfhsj;ij ,U rkmiuf;Nfhsq;fshfg; gphpf;fpwJ. Gtpapilf; NfhL tlf;Nf tlml;rf;NfhLTk; njd; ml;rf;NfhL vd gphpg;G.

jPh;f;ff;NfhLfs; : - tl njd; JUtq;fis ,izf;Fk; fw;gid NfhL jPh;f;ff;NfhL.

0˚ jPh;f;ff; NfhLf;F fpof;fpYs;s miuf;Nfhsk; fpof;F miuNfhsk;. Nkw;fpy;

cs;sJ Nkw;F miuf;Nfhsk;. 0˚ jPh;f;fNfhL vd;gJ ,yz;ldpy; mike;Js;s fphPd;tpr; vd;w ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ.

nkhj;jk; 360˚ jPh;f;f NfhLfs; cs;sJ.

miuf;Nfhsj;jpy; 180˚ jPh;f;fNfhLfs; kl;LNk tiug;gLk;.

180˚ jPh;f;fNfhLk; 180 Nk. jPh;f;fNfhLk; xNu NfhL MFk;.

,e;jpa miktplk; 8˚ tl ml;rf; NfhL Kjy; 37˚ tl ml;NfhL.



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68˚ fpof;F jPh;f;fNfhL Kjy; 97˚ fp. jPh;f;f NfhL. 90˚

66½ Mh;bf; tl;lk;

23½ tlmadf;NfhL (flfNuif)

0˚Gtpilf;NfhL

23½njd;madf;NfhL(kfuNuif)

66½njd; mz;lhh;bf; tl;lk; 90˚

6. RoYjYk; tyk; tUjYk;

◊ #hpaf; FLk;gj;Jf; Nfhs;fs; midj;Jf;Fk; %d;W tpjkhd ,af;fq;fs; cs;sd.

Gtpapd; RoYjy; : -

◊ Gtp mr;R 23½˚rha;T.

◊ Gtp jd;id jhNd Roy 24 kzp Neuk; my;yJ 86>000 nehbfs; vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy;. ◊

Gtp jdJ mr;rpy; RoYtjdhy; gfy; ,uT khwp khwp tUjy;.

◊ Gtp Nkw;fpy; ,Ue;J fpof;fhf RoYjdhy; Rhpad; fpof;fpy; Njhd;wp Nkw;fhf kiwjy; Nghd;W Njhw;w kspj;jy;.

◊ Gtp jdJ mr;rpy; rha;e;j tz;zk; tUtjdhy; Gtpg;gug;gpy; gUtfhyq;fs;

cUthfpd;wJ.

◊ Gtpapd; Row;rp Ntfk; 1670 fp.kP.

gUtfhyq;fs; : -

◊ Gtpapd; epyTfpd;w ntg;gepiyia mbg;gilahf nfhz;L Xh; Mz;by; ehd;F gUt fhyq;fshf gphpf;fg;gLjy;.

o Ntdpw;fhyk; (Nfhilfhyk;) o ,iyAjph; fhyk;



8

o Fsph;fhyk; o tre;j fhyk;

Ntdpw; fhyk; :-

◊ [pd; 21 md;W #hpad; tl miuf;Nfsj;jpy; gpufhrpj;jy;.

◊ ,f;fhyj;jpy; #hpa fjph; nrq;Fj;jhf tpOjy;

◊ 12 kzpf; Nkyhf ntspr;rk; fhzg;gLjy;.

◊ ePz;l gfw;nghOJ FWfpa ,uhg;nghOJ.

◊ [Pd;> [piy> Mf];l; %d;W khjq;fs; Ntdpw;fhyk;.

◊ ,jd; njd; JUtk; Fsph;fhyk;. ,iyAjph;fhyk; : -

◊ nrg;lk;gu; 23 Mk; ehs; Gtpilf;Nfhl;bw;F Nky; #hpa fjph; nrq;Fj;jhf tpOjy;.

◊ njd; tl JUtk; rk njhiytpy; mike;Js;sJ.

◊ tl miuf;Nfhsj;jpy; ,iyAjph; fhyk;.

◊ nrk;glk;gu; mf;Nlhgu;> etk;gu; %d;W khjk; ,iwAjph;fhyk;.

◊ njd; miuf;Nfhsj;jpy; tre;j fhyk;. Fsph;fhyk; : -

◊ brk;gh; 22-y; njd; madf;Nfhbd; kPJ #hpa fjph; tpOjy; ,jd; fhuzkhf njd; miuf;Nfhsk; ntspr;rk; mjpfhpj;jy;.

◊ tl JUtkhd tl miuf;Nfhsk; Fsph; fhyk;.

◊ brk;gu;> [dthp gpg;uthp tl miuf;Nfhsk; Fsph; fhyk;.

◊ ,jd; fhuzkhf gwitfs; njw;F Nehf;fp ,lk; ngah;fpd;wd.

tre;j fhyk; : -

◊ khh;r; 21-k; ehs; #hpad; Neubahf gpufhrpj;jy;

◊ rk ,uT gfy; Njhd;Wjy; 0˚ Gtpil NfhLfs; fjph;tpOjy;

◊ tl miuf;Nfhsj;jpy; khh;r;> Vg;uy;> Nk %d;W khjk; tre;j fhyk; njd; miuNfhsk; Fsph; fhyk;.



9

◊ ,e;jpahtpd; #hpad; njd; madf; Nfhl;bypUe;J tlf;F Nehf;fp [dthp 14> 15-Mk;

ehs; efUtJ Jtq;Fk; ,d;W jkpo; ehL ijg;nghq;fs;.

◊ gpw khepyj;jpy; kfu rq;fuhj;jp

◊ tlf;fpy; ,Ue;J njw;fhf te;jhy; Mf];l; 2-3 Mk; ehs; T.N. (Mb-18) tpohthf nfhz;lhLjy;.

7. ntg;gkz;lyq;fSk; Neu kz;lyq;fSk;

#hpa FLk;gj;jpd; cah;Nfhs; - Gtp

Gtp Nkw;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLk; ntg;gepiy NtWghl;Lf;Fk;> #ha fjph;fis tpOk; NfhzKk; Gtpapd; tbtKk; Kf;fpa fhuzq;fs;.

nrq;Fj;J fjph; Fiwe;j gug;igAk;.

rha;thf tpOk; NghJ mjpf gug;ig ntg;gg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. Mdhy; Fiwe;j ntg;gj;ij ngWfpwJ.

Gtpapd; epyTk; ntg;gepiyia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Gtpg;gug;G ntg;gkz;lykhf

gphpg;G. 1. mad kz;lyk; : -

tl madf; Nfhl;Lf;Fk; njd madf;Nfhl;Lf;Fk; 23½˚ ,ilg;gl;l Gtpg;gug;G mad kz;lyk;.

Nfhilfhyj;jpy; mjpf ntg;gk; - Fsph;fhyj;jpy; kpjkhd ntg;gk;. 2. kpj ntg;gkz;lyk; : -

madNfhl;Lf;F tlf;Nf njw;Nf 66½˚ ml;rf;NfhL tiu fhzg;gLjy;.

kpj ntg;g kz;lyk; Mz;L KOtJk; rha;thf tpOjy;. 3. Fsph; kz;lyk; : -

tl miuNfhsj;jpy; kpj ntg;g kz;lyj;jpypUe;J 66½˚tl JUtk; 90˚

mNjNghy; njd; JUtk;. 4. Neukz;lyk; : -

xU jPh;f;ff;Nfhl;il flf;f 4 epkplq;fs;



10

,e;jpahtpy; F[uhj; 68˚ Kjy; mUzhr;ry gpuNjrk; 97˚ gutp cs;sJ ,ilapy; jPh;f;f NfhL vz;zpf;if 29

flf;Fk; fhyk; 29 Kjy; 116 epkplk; my;yJ 1 kzp 56 epkplk; ,e;jpa jpl;l Neuk; : -

82˚ 30˚ fp.jPh;f;fNfhL myfhghj; 12 kzp gfy;

cyf jpl;l Neuk; fphpd;tpr; ikakhf nfhz;lJ.

fphpd;tpr; Nfhl;bw;F fpof;Nf nry;yr;nry;y Neuk; mjpfhpf;Fk;.

fphpd;tpr; Nfhl;bw;F Nkw;fpy; nry;y nry;y Neuk; FiwAk;.

#hpad; cjak; Kjypy; ghh;f;Fk; ehL [g;ghd;.

8. gtsq;fs;

ePy Kj;J Nghy fhl;rp vd;wth; ePy; Mk;];uhq; caphpdq;fs; flypy; Njhd;wpd. flybapy; nghpa ,aw;njhFjp gstsq;fs; jhtuk; kw;Wk; tpyq;fpdk; xUq;fpize;j ,ilr;nray; gtsq;fs;. #rhd;Njyp vDk; flw;ghrp gtsq;fSf;F Njitahi 98% rj;jpidAk;

#hpadplkpUe;J ngw;w Mw;wypd; xU gq;fpid nfhLj;jy;. flw;ghrpf; Njitahd fhpakpy thA kw;Wk; ghJfhg;ghd ,Ug;gplj;ij jUjy;. ,g;gtsq;fs; ,Uf;Fkplj;jpy; kPd;fs; mjpfkhd fhzg;gLk;. gtsg;ghypg;Gfspd; $Lfs; Rz;zhk;G rj;J kpFjp nghpa muz; njhlu; The Great Barrier Reefs fhzg;gLtJ M];jpNuypah jw;nghOJ fhzg;gLk; gtsghiw Rkhh; 350 kpy;ypad; Mz;Lf;F Kd; Njhd;wpait gtsq;fs; tsu 21C˚ to 29C˚ (70˚F to 85˚F) ntg;gepiy Njit. #hpa xsp vspjhf Gff; $ba njspthd Fiwe;j Moj;jpy; tsUk;. fsq;fpa ePh; ed;dPhpy; tsuhJ. ctu; ePhpy; kl;Lk; tsUk;. ek; ehl;bd; fiuNah gstsk; fhzg;gLkplk; ,uhNk];tuj;jPT Nky;Fwpg;G : -



11

GtpNa ePy Kj;J – epy; Mk;];uhq; GtpNa kpjf;Fk; ge;J – ikf;Nfy; Nfhypd;]

Gtpapay;

kfhntbf; Nfhl;ghL Gtp Njhd;wpaJ. #hpaDf;Fk;> Gtpf;Fk; ,ilapy; 150 kpy;ypad; fp.kP.

4.6 gpy;ypad; tUlq;fSf;F Kd; Njhd;wpaJ.

neGyh : - vd;gJ J}J}f;fs; or thAf;fs; mlq;fpa Nkff; $l;lk; RUq;fp

Jfs;fshf khwp gpd; Nfhs; cUthf;Fjy; ,Uk;G kw;Wk; epf;fy; Gtpapd; kj;jpapy; cUthdit.

Nky;gFjpay; vil Fiwthd rpypf;Nfl;Lfs; or mYkpdpak; kpje;jd.

vhpkiy ntbg;gpy; ,Ue;J tspkz;lyk; cUthjy;. vhpkiy thAfspd; %yk; kio cUthjy; (fly;)



12

Gtpapy; Kjd; Kjypy; Njhd;wpa caphpdk; ePyg;gr;ir ghrp.

ghrpapdhy; Mf;]p[d; mjpfkhf Njhd;Wjy; .

2.5. kpy;ypad; tUlk; xU nry; caphp Njhd;Wjy;.

Nky; gFjpapy; xsp Ntjptpidapd; fhuzkhf nky;ypa xNrhd; glyk; cUthjy;.

epyf;Nfhsk; Gtpapd; fbdkhd Nkw;Gw gFjpNa Gtp xL vdg;gLk;.

Gtpapd; Muk; 6380

Gtpapd; Nky; xL 5 fp.kPl;lu;> kiyg;gFjpfspy; 64 fp.kP.

Gtpapid Kl;il xl;bd;Nghy; xg;gpLjy; tbtk; my;y.

Gtpapd; epyj;Njhw;wk; : -

o kiyfs; o gPlG+kp o rkntsp

kiyfs; : -

o Gtpapd; caukhd KfL

o v.fh. ,e;jpahtpd; ,kakiyj;njhlh; gPlG+kp: -

o epygug;gpy; mjid Rw;wpAs;s epyg;gFjpfisf; fhl;bYk; rw;W caukhd Nky;gFjp .

o v.fh. jpngj; gPlG+kp rkntsp: -

o gue;j jho;e;j rkkhd epyg;gug;G rkntsp vd miof;fg;gLk;.

o Mw;Wg; gbTfs;

o fhw;Wg;gbTfs;

o fly; miyfs;

myF – 2 tsp kz;lyk;



13

Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpypUe;J 500 fp.kP cauk; cs;sJ.

tspkz;lyk; Xh; fyit N, O2 , CO2, Ar , epahd;> CH4 , fphpg;lhd;.

fhw;wpd; tspkz;lyj;jpd; fye;Js;s thA tpfpjk;.

1. iel;u[d; - 78% 2. Mf;]p[d; - 21% 3. Mh;fhd; - 0.934 4. fhh;gd;ilMf;i]L- 0.033% 5. gpw thA - 0.033% iel;u[d; : -

o jPia midf;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ. caphpd tho;f;iff;F mbg;gil NjitahFk;.

kpd;dy;> iel;u[d;> Mf;]p[d; - iel;Nul;Lfs;

fhy;rpak;. ePh;j;j iel;hpf; mkpyk; nghopAk; kioePh; Nrh;e;J fhy;rpak; iel;Nul;Lf;fs;

cUthf;Fjy;. Mf;]p[d; : - kw;w %yfq;fSld; vspjpy; ,izAk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ.

caphpdq;fspd; tsh;rpij khw;wj;jpw;F JizGhpjy;

fhh;gd; il Mf;i]L : - mjpf mstpy; ntg;gj;ij fpufpf;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ.

epuhtp : -

tspkz;lyj;jpy; epuhtp 2% Kjy; 3% tiu cs;sJ.

ePuhtp tspkz;lyj;jpy; 5 fp.kP tiu gutpAs;sJ.

tspkz;ly mikg;G : - tspkz;lyj;jpy; fhw;wpd; msT xNu rPuhf gutpy;iy.

tspkz;lyj;jpd; fhw;wpd; msT caNu nry;yr;nry;y FiwAk; tspkz;lyj;jpd; 50%

- 5fp.kP cauj;jpw;Fk; 80% nkhj;j fhw;wpd; 16 fp.kP fhzg;gLk;.

t. caunry;yr;nry;y fhw;wpd; mlh;j;jp FiwAk;.



14

t. KOtjpYk; ntg;gk; xNu msthf ,Ug;gJ ,y;iy. 5 mLf;Ffshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1. fPo; mLf;F 2. gLf;if mLf;F 3. ,ilmLf;F 4. ntg;gmLf;F 5. ntsp mLf;F

1. fPo; mLf;F : - Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpypUe;J 16 fp.kP

G+kj;jpaNuif gFjpapy; 8 fp.kP

80% fhw;wpd; ,t;tLf;fpy; fhzg;gLjy;

J}J ePuhtp mjpfkhf fhzg;gLk;.

,b> kpd;dy;> Nkfk;> Gay; kw;Wk; kio fhzg;gLjy;

thdpiy mLf;F vd miog;G. ,t;tLf;fpy; 1000 kPl;lUf;F 6.5˚C vd;w epiyapy; FiwAk; v.fh : Cl;b> nfhilf;fhdy;

2. gLif mLf;F : - to 50 fp.kP tiu> fhw;wpd; 19% cs;sJ.

ntg;gepiy xNu rPuhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ePuhtp fhzg;gLgjpy;iy.

thdpiy epfo;Tfs; fpilahJ.

mjpNtfkhf nry;Yk; tpkhdk; xyp msittpl fhzg;gLk;

20 to 30 xNrhd; mLf;F fhzg;gLfpwJ.

xNrhd; gly rPh;NfL: - Fsph; rhj ngl;bapy; ,Ue;J tUk; FNshNuh /g;SNuh fhh;gd; (CFC)

Gw Cjh fjph;dhy; Ntjptpid Vw;gl;L FNshhpd; jdpikg;gLk;.

FNshhpd; O3-ia tpidGhpe;J O3 glyj;ij Fiwf;fpwJ

jLf;f eltbf;if 1987 khz;l;hpy; xg;ge;jk;

O3 fz;lwpa U.S.A 1991 xU nraw;if Nfhs; mDg;gjy;

3. ,il mLf;F : -



15

%d;whtJ mLf;F 50 to 80 tiu

fhw;wpd; mLf;F FiwT

4. ntg;g mLf;F : - 80 to 500 fp.kP tiu guTAs;sJ.

fhw;wpd; mlh;j;jp kpf FiwT fhw;wpd; ntg;gepiy kpf mjpfkhf cs;sJ. Rkhu; 2>000

˚C tiu ,Uf;Fk; fhuzk; : fjph; miy ePsk; Fiwe;jit. ,t;tLf;fpy; 100 to 300 fp.kP. tiu Neh; kw;Wk; vjph kpd; madpfs; cs;sJ.

madp mLf;F vd miog;G.

thndhyp epiyaj;jpy; ,Ue;J xyp gug;gpahd kpd; fhe;j miyfshf mDg;Gjy;.

5. ntsp mLf;F : - Gtpapd; Nkw;g;gug;gpypUe;J 500 fp.kP ypUe;J tspkz;lyj;jpy; ntsp mLf;F

mike;Js;sJ. tspkz;lyj;jpd; gad;fs; : - ntg;gj;jpid tbfl;biaNghYk;> xU Nghh;itia Nghy; nray;gl;LfpwJ.

xNrhd; mLf;F Gw Cjfjph;fis jLf;Ffpd;wJ.

kioePh; cUthFtjw;F tspkz;lyk; Jiz Ghpfpd;wd.

gy thAf;fis nfhz;Ls;sd mit cahpdq;fSf;F gad;gLfpwJ.

tpz;fw;fs; Gtp kPJ tpohky; ghJfhj;jy;.

tspkz;ly ntg;gepiy

fhuzq;fs; :- Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;Gfspd; capudq;fs; Njhd;wp tho;tjw;F Kf;fpa fhuzk; tspkz;ly

ntg;gepiy. mjpffhiy Fsph; fhw;W kjpa Ntisapy; ntg;gfhw;W tPr fhuzk;.

kw;nwhU ,lj;py; fhw;W tpr fhuzk;.

Gtp epiwNa tpl 3>30>000 klq;F mjpfkhf cs;sJ #hpad;.



16

#hpadpd; ,Ue;J tUk; ntg;gk; 5 gpy;ypad; ,jpy; xU ghfNk Gtpia milfpd;wJ.

#hpadplkpUe;J tUk; xspf;fjph; ,Utifg;gLk; mit.

fz;zpw;Fg; Gyg;glf;$ba 7 epw nfhz;l ntz;zpw #hpa xspf;fjph; .

fz;zpw;F Gyg;glhj: - fhkh fjph;> vf;]; fjph;> Gw Cjh fjph; mfr;rptg;G fjph;>

thndhyp mitfs;. #hpadplk; ,Ue;J xspfjph;fs;> fjph;tPry; %yNk Gtpia milfpd;wd.

o fhuzk; : Clfkpd;wp gut $baJ. tspkz;lyk; NkNy nry;y nry;y (caukhf) NghFk; NghJ ntg;gepiy Fiw

fhuzk; tspkz;lyk; fz;zhb [d;dy; Nghy; nray;Ghpjy; fhuzkhf. tspkz;lyk; ntg;gkiljy; : - 1. ntg;gflj;jy; : - fhw;wpd; %yf;f$Wfs; %yk;. 2. ntg;grydk; : - tphptile;J ,Nyrhfp cauy; Kyk; 3. ntg;gfjph; tPry; : - Clfkpd;wp guTjy; 4. ePh; Mtpahjypd; cs;Siw ntg;gk; : - epuhtpf;Fs; kiwe;Js;s ntg;gk; Xh; ,lj;jpd; ntg;gepiyNa mwpa jiuapy; ,Ue;J 1.5 kP cauj;jpy; itf;f

Ntz;Lk;. XNu msT ntg;gk; gjpthd ,lq;fs midj;Jk; tiuglj;jpy; fw;gidahf

,NfhLfSf;F “rkntg;gNfhL” vdg;gLk;. Gtpapd; epyeLf;Nfhl;bd; mjpf ntg;gKk; JUtgFjp FiwthfTk cs;s fhuzk;.

1. #hpaf;fjph; Gtp Nkw;gug;gpd; kPJ tpOk; Nfhzk; 2. #hpaf;fjph; Gtp Nkw;gug;gpd; kPJ tpOk; fhymsT thdpiy ikaq;fspy; jpdrhp ntg;gepiy gjpthf;fy; Fiwe;j ntg;gepiy fhiy 5

kzp> mjpf ntg;gepiy kjpak; 2 kzp ntg;gkz;lyq;fs; : - 4 tifg;gLk; mit: - 60˚ JUt kz;lyk; 30˚ kpjntg;gkz;lyk;


sit www.tettnpsc.com 16 of 28.

17

5˚ ntg;gkz;lyk; G+kj;jpa Nuif kz;lyk; 5˚ 30˚ 60˚ G+kj;jpa Nuif kz;lyk; : - 5 ˚ tl njd; ml;rq;fSf;fpilapy; mike;Js;sJ.

#hpa fjph; Mz;L KOtJk; nrq;Fj;jhf tpOk; ntg;gk; Mz;L KOtJk; mjpfk;.

ntg;gkz;lyk; : - 5˚ 30˚ tl njd; ml;rk; guTjy;

Nfhilfhyk; mjpf ntg;gk;

Fspu;fhyk; ntg;gk; FiwT

kpj ntg;gkz;lyk; : - 30˚ - 60˚ ml;rk; tiu guTjy;

Nfhil fhyk; kpj ntg;gk;

Fspu;fhyk; kpff;Fspuhf mikjy;

JUt kz;lyk; : - 60˚ - 90˚ guTjy;

ntg;g xsp kpf FiwthfNt cs;sJ.

gdpglh;e;J fhzg;gLk;.

o Nkw;gz;l kz;lyq;fSf;F ,ilapy; kl;Lk; ntg;gk; NtWg;ghL

fhzg;gLtjpy;iy ,lq;fspY; fhzg;gLk;. cjhuzk; : -

o fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J cau nry;y nry;y; 1000 kPl;lUf;F 6.5˚C tPjk; ntg;gk; FiwAk;



18

v.fh: - nrd;id ngq;fSh; ntg;g NtWg;ghL 1. fly; kl;lj;jpy; cauk; 2. flypUe;J J}uk;. 3. tPRk; fhw;W 4. Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;G v.fh : - JUtk; ghiytdk; 5. fly; ePnuhl;lk; - gphpl;b\; jPT 6. rhpT – kiy gpuNjrk;

tspkz;ly mOj;jk;

xU nghUspd; vil epiw × Gtp <h;g;G tpir o jpl> jput> thAg;nghUs;fSf;F epiw cz;L

Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;igr; Rw;wpAs;s fhw;wpw;F epiw cz;L.

Gtpapd; <h;g;G tpirapdhy; fhw;W vil cz;lhjy;

fhw;wpd; vil ruhrhpahf 1 rJu nrd;b kPl;lUf;F fpNyhfpuhk; vd;w mstpy;

fhzg;gLk;. fhw;wpd; mOj;jk; - mOj;jkhdp fUtpahy; msj;jy;

fhw;wOj;Jk; myF – kpy;ypghu;

fly; kl;lj;jpd; fhw;wpd; mOj;Jk; ruhrhp 1013 kpy;ypghu;

fhw;wOj;jk; gutiy ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs;.

1. cauk; : - kiyghfd ,lq;fspy; fhw;wpdOj;jk; FiwT

fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J caNu nry;Yk;NghJ fhw;wpd; mOj;jk; FiwAk;.

10 kPl;lu; cauj;jpw;F 1 kpy;yp ghh; tPjk; mOj;jk; FiwAk;.

2. ntg;gk; : - fhw;W ntg;gj;jpdhy; tphptilAk;.

fhw;W mOj;j kz;lyq;fis 4 tif :

1. G+kj;jpaNuid Fiwe;j mOj;j kzlyk; mlh;j;jp FiwJ Fiwe;j MOj;jk; 2. Jiz ntg;g mjpf mOj;j kz;lyk;



19

fhw;wpd; mlh;j;jp mOj;jk; mjpfk; 3. Jiz JUt Fiwe;j mOj;j kz;lyk; Fiwe;j mOj;jk; fhzg;gLk; 4. JUt mjpf mOj;j kz;lyk; ntg;gk; FiwT mjfp mlh;j;jp> mjpf mOj;jk; mOj;jr;rhptpid thdpiy tiug;glj;jpd; fz;lwpjy;

rkmOj;jf;NfhLfSf;fpil J}uk; mjpfkhdhy; mOj;j rhpT FiwT

rkNfhL neUf;fkhfNth Fiwthf ,Ue;jhy; mOj;j rhpT mjpfk;

fhw;wpd; Ntfk; : -

fhw;wpd; Ntfk; mOj;j rhpit nghWj;Nj mikjy;

mOj;j rhpit mjpfkhdhy; Ntfk; mjpfk;

mOj;j rhpit Fiwe;jhy; Ntfk; FiwAk;.

fhw;W

tsp fpilkl;lkhf efh;tijNa fhw;W vd;fpNwhk.

fhw;wpd; Ntfj;ijAk; kw;Wk; jpiriaAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfs;. 1. mOj;jr;rhpT 2. Gtpd; Row;rp 1. mOj;jr; rhpT fhw;W mjpf mOj;jg; gFjpapypUe;J Fiwe;j mOj;jg;gFjpia Nehf;fp tPRk;. 2. Gtpapd; Row;rp : - Dr. nguy; vd;gthpd; $w;Wg;gb Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; cs;s ve;j nghUSk; Gtp Row;rp fhuzkhf tl miuf;Nfhsj;jpd; tyg;Gwk;> njd; miuf;Nfhsj;jpd; ,lGwj;jpYk; jpUg;Gk;. - ,it nguy; tpjp fhw;wpd; tiffs; : - 4 tif> mit 1. epiyahd or Nhs;fhw;Wfs; 2. gUtf; fhw;Wfs; 3. khWk; fhw;Wfs; 4. jyf; fhw;Wfs; epiyahd or Nfhs; fhw;Wf;fs; : -

Gtp KOtjpYk; tpRfpd;wJ.

Gtp mr;R gFjpfspd; Vw;gl;l mOj;jNk NtWghil fhuzk;.

Mz;L KOtJk; tRk; mjpfkapUe;J FiwgFjpapy;

jpirapy; tpRtjdhy; ,it>



20

1. fpof;F fhw;W or tpahghuf; fhw;W 2. Nkw;F fhw;W or vjph; tpahghuf; fhw;W fpof;F fhw;W : -

tl miuf;Nfhsj;jpy; tPr gpd; tl fpof;fhf jpir

gha; kuf;fg;gypd; gazj;jpw;F kpfTk; rhjfkhdJ. Nkw;F fhw;W : -

40 ml;rk; Kjy; 60 tiu miuf;NFhsj;jpy; tPRk;.

epygug;G ,y;yhjdhy; 40 njd; ml;rj;jpy; ,f;fhw;W kpf Ntfkhf tpRjy;

fh;[pf;Fk; ehw;gJ vd miog;G. JUtf; fpof;F fhw;Wfs; : - JUt cah; mOj;j kzlyj;jpypUe;J Jiz JUt FiwtOj;j kz;lyj;ij Nehf;fp tPRk; fhw;Wfs; vdg;gLk;. gUtf;fhw;Wfs; : - xU ehspy; xU gFjpapy; my;yJ xU Mz;bd; xU gFjpapy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l jpirapy; tPRk; fhw;W. Mq;fpyj;jpy; khd;#d; vd;Wk; ,t;thh;j;ij nksrpk; vd;w mNugpa thh;j;ijapy; ngwg;gl;lJ. njd; Nkw;F gUtf;fhw;W : - khh;r; khjj;jpypUe;J nrg;lk;gu; #hpad; tl miuf;Nfhyj;jpy; gpufhrpj;jy; (jho;tOj;jk; vw;gLjy;) [{d; to nrg;lk;gu; tiu ,e;jpa Jizfz;lj;jpy; KOtJk; tPRfpd;wJ. (jkpo;ehL> fpof;F flw;fiu jtpu) tl fpof;F gUtf;fhw;W : - mf;Nlhgu; to khh;r; tiu #hpad; njd;miuf; Nfhsj;jpy; gpufhrpg;gjhy; fpof;F flw;fiu> jkpo;ehL Mfpait kiongWfpd;wJ. ,Nj fhy;j;jpy; njd; miuf;Nfhsj;jpy; Nfhilf;fhyk; epyk; kw;Wk; fly; fhw;Wfs; : - fly;fhw;W : - ePh;gFjpiaf; fhl;bYk; epyg;gFjp tpitpy; ntg;gj;ij vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;.



21

fhuzk; ePUf;F ntg;g Vw;gj;jpwd; mjpfk;. ntg;g rydk; %yk; ePh;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J epyg;gFjpf;F Nehf;fp fhw;W tPr njhlq;Fk; (gpw;gfypy;) ,jdhy; flw;fiu Nehf;fp fhw;W tPRtjdhy; ntg;gk; jdpf;fg;gLk;. epyf;fhw;W : - $hpad; cjpj;jJk; epyk; ntg;gkila Jtq;Fk;. Mdhy; ePh;gug;Ngh ntg;gk; nkJthfTk; gpd; ,of;fj; njhlq;Fk;. es;sputpy; epyg;gug;G kpfTk; Fsph;r;rpahfTk;> ePh;gug;G epyg;gug;ig tpl ntg;gk; mjpfkhf cs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,jd; fhuzkhf es;sputpy; epyg;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J ePh;gFjp Nehf;fp fhw;W tPRk;. fly; fhw;W epyf;fhw;Wk; flw;fiuNahuq;fspy; md;whlk; epfOk; epfo;r;rp MFk;. khWk; fhw;Wfs; : - v.fh : Gay; fhw;W> vjph; Gay;fhw;W Gay; fhw;W : - kpff; Fiwe;j fhw;wOj;Jk; nfhz;l iag;gFjpia Nehf;fp midj;J jpirfspypUe;J Rod;W tPRtJ Gay;fhw;W. kioAk; juf;$baJ. v.fh : tq;f flypd; Gay; nrg;lk;gu; mf;Nlhgu; kw;Wk; etk;ghpy; cUthFk;. vjph; Gay; fhw;W: - kpf mjpf fhw;wOj;j> ika gFjpapypUe;J midj;J jpirfSf;Fk; fhw;W tPRtJ. Nkf%l;lkpd;wp njspthf ,Uf;Fk;. kioNa juhJ. jyf; fhw;W : - xU rpwpa gFjpapy; tPRk; epiyahd fhw;WfSf;F khwhf jpirapy; tPRk; fhw;W. mOj;j NtWg;ghl;lhy; cUthFk;. ntg;gf;fhw;W: - 1. /Nghd; 2. Y} 3. rpD}f; 4. ruhf;Nfh



22

Nghd; : - twz;l ntg;gf;fhw;W. My;g]; kio kiwT rhptpy; tPRfpwJ. Y} : - tl ,e;jpa rkntspg; gFjpfspy; Nk> [Pd; khjq;fs; tpRfpwJ. rpD}f; : - tl mnkhpf;fhtpYs;s uhf;fp kiyr;rhptpypUe;J gpnua;hp Gy;ntspg; gFjpNa Nehf;fp tPRk;. fdlh kf;fs; gdpjpd;Dk; fhw;W vd miof;fpd;wdu;. rpuhf;Nfh : - rfhuh ghiytdj;jpypUe;J> tl jpirapy; kj;jpa jiuf;fly; topahf ,j;jhyp njd; gFjpia Nehf;fp tPRk;. Fsph; fhw;W : - kp];l;uy; : - fLq;Fspu; fhw;W 100 fp.kP Ntfj;jpy; tPRk; My;g]; gpuhd;]py; Nuhd; gs;sj;jhf;F topahf jiuf;fliy Nehf;fp tPRk;. Nghuh : - Fsph;r;rpahd twz;l ,f;fhw;W INuhg;ghtpypUe;J A+Nfh];Nyhtpah topahf kj;jpa jiuf;fliy Nehf;fp tPRk;. gad; : - fhw;W mjfp ntg;gKs;s gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J Fiwthd ntg;gKs;s gFjpfSF;F ntg;gj;ij flj;Jjy;. Gtpapd; mjpf ntg;gk; mjpf Fsph; milahky; ghJfhj;jy;. Gay; ngah;fs; ehL `hpf;Nfd;]; - tl U.S.A/ Nkw;F ,e;jpaj;jPT ilG+d; - irdh/[g;ghd; tpy;yptpy;yp - M];jpNuypah rKd]; - mNuhgpah

myF – 6 tspkz;ly <ug;gjKk;> kiog;nghopTk;



23

ePh; jpl jput thA epiyapy; fhzg;gLk;. ePuhtpapd; msit <ug;gjk; vd Fwpg;gpLfpd;Nwhk;. thdpiy mwpf;if xg;G <ug;gjk; vd Fwpg;gLjy; xg;G <ug;gjk; vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l ntg;gepiyapy; cs;s ePuhtpapd; mstpw;Fk; mNj

ntg;gepiyapy; fhw;W VW;Wf;nfhs;sf; $ba crr; msT ePuhtpapd; mstpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s tpfpjk;.

xg;G <ug;gjk; fzf;fPLjy; o 10 fpuhk; fhw;W ePuhtp Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba jd;ikAk; mfhw;W 6 fpuhk;

ePuhtp ,Ue;jhy; 6/10× 100 = 60%

fhw;wpd; ntg;gepiy caUk;nghOJ xg;G <g;gjk; Fiwfpd;wJ. ntg;gepiy FwiAk; nghOJ xg;G<ug;gjk; mjpfhpf;Fk;.

fhw;wpd; ntg;gepiy mjpfhpf;Fk; nghOJ fhw;wpd; <Ug;gjk; Vw;;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba

cr;r msTk; mjpfhpf;Fk;. G+hpj epiy : -

fhw;W Vw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba cr;r msT <ug;gjj;ij ngw;wpUf;Fk; nghOJ mf;fhw;W G+hpj epiyapy; cs;sJ.

G+hpj epiyapy; cs;s fhw;wpd; Xg;G <ug;gjk; 100% fhw;W ve;j ntg;gepiyapy; G+hpj epiyia milfpd;wNjh mjid gdptpOepiy

vd;fpd;Nwhk;. ,d;epiyapy; Nkw;nfhz;L ePuhtp Vw;Wf;nfhs;shJ. fhw;wpYs;s ePuhtp ePh;j;Jspfshf khWk; epfo;itNa ePuhtp RUq;Fjy; vdg;gLk;. fhw;wpd; ntg;gepiy 0 f;F mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ ePuhtp ePh;j;Jspfshf RUq;Fk;. 0 FiwAk; nghOJ ePuhtp gdpj;Jspfshf RUq;Fk;. ePuhtp RUq;Fjy; tspkz;ly;jpy; Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpypUe;J vy;yh cauj;jpYk;

eilngWfpd;wJ. Mdhy; gy tiffSk; cz;L mjy; xd;W Nkfq;fs;. Nkfq;fs; : - tspkz;lyj;jpd; ntt;NtW cauq;fspy;> ePuhtp RUq;Ftjhy; Vw;gl;l Ez;zpa ePh;j;jptiyfs; my;yJ gdpj;Jfs; Nrh;e;j xU njhFjp Nkfq;fspd; tif : - 1. fPo;kl;l Nkfq;fs; 2. ,ilkl;l Nkfq;fs; 3. cau;kl;l Nkfq;fs; 4. nrq;Fj;J Nkfq;fs; fPo;kl;l Nkfq;fs; : -

2000 kPl;lu; cauk; (Gtp Nkw;gugpypUe;J ) mlh;e;j epwj;ij nfhz;lJ. #hpaDila fjph; vspjhf CLUT KbahJ kioiaf; nfhLf;Fk;.. ,ilkl;l Nkfq;fs; : -



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12000 kPl;lu; cauk; ntz;ikahd mlh;j;jp kp;f;fJ (gOg;G epwk;) #hpa re;jpud; kq;fshf njhpAk;. kio nfhLf;Fk;. cau;kl;l Nkfq;fs; : -

7000 kP to 12000 cauk;. ntz;ikahf gQ;Rnghjp Nghd;w kpUthd Njhw;wk;. gdpg;gbfq;fs; fhzg;gLk;. ,jd; %yk; #hpa re;jpud; ghh;f;Fk; NghJ xsptl;lk; fhzg;gLk;. nrq;Fj;J Nkfq;fs; : -

Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpypUe;J tpiuthf NkNy vOk;Gk; fhw;wpdhy; nrq;Fj;J Nkfq;fs; cUthFk;.

fUikahf fhzg;gLk;. kpd;dy; ,bAld; $ba fd kio Myq;fl;b fy;khhp . G+kj;jpa Nuif gFjpfspy; mjpf kioiaf;nfhLf;Fk; fy;khhp kio Njhd;w fhuzk;

Nfhil fhyj;jpy; epyTk; mjpf ntg;gNk. Nkw;fz;l Nkfq;fis jtpu gy Nkfq;fs; ngah; #l;lg;gLfpd;wJ – rpu];> ];Nul];>

fpA+kpy];> epk;g]; ePuhtp RUq;Ftjdhy; : - 1. ePh;g;gdpj;Jsp 2. ntz;gdp (epyfphp) 3. mlh;e;j gdp %l;lk; (Fog) jiuia Xl;b ePuhtp RUq;Fjy; 4. gdp%l;lk; (Mist) mlh;j;jpf; Fiwthd gdp%l;lk;.

kioapd; tiffs; : - 1. ntg;gryd kio 2. kiyj; jLg;G kio 3. Gay; kio

fhy epiy tiffs;

thdpiy : -

Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; ehspy; tspkz;ly;j;jpd; epyTk; ntg;gepiy fhw;wOj;jk; fhw;W tPRk; jpir kw;Wk; Ntfk; Nghd;witfis msg;git.

fhyepiy : -



25

mz;whl thdpiyapd; ePz;lfhy ruhrhpNa fhyepiy Fiwe;jJ 35 Mz;LSf;F gjpT nra;jy;. fhy epiyia 6 ngUk; gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fyhk;. 1. G+kj;jpa Nuiff; fhyepiy : -

5 tl ml;rk; Kjy; 5 njd; mr;rk; tiu guTjy; xsp fjph; Mz;L KOtJk; nrq;Fj;jhf tpOjy; ruhrhp ntg;gk; 27 . kio 250 nr.kP Fsph; fhyk; ,y;iy. gfy; ,uT ntg;g NtWghLk; kpff;FiwT. 20 – 30 epkplk; ehs; NjhWk; kio nghopfpd;wJ. ,it ntg;gr;rhd kio. 2. ntg;gkz;lyf; fhyepiy : -

tl miuf;Nfhsj;jpy; 5 Kjy; 25 tl mr;rk; tiuapYk; njd; miuf; Nhfsj;jpy; 5 Kjy; 25 njd; mr;rk; tiu.

#hpad; tl kw;Wk; njd; mr;rk; vd khwpkhwp xspfjjph; nrq;Fj;jhf tPOk; fhuzk; :

Gtp 23½ rha;thf Roy;fpd;wJ. ntg;g epiy ruhrhp 23 > kiosT 160 tpahgpuf; fhw;W> epyfhw;W Njhd;Wkplk;. ,t;kz;lyj;jpd; rpy khjk; twz;l fhyepiy kw;Wk; kiofhyq;fis fhzyhk;. 3. Jiz ntg;g kz;lyk; fhyepiy : -

25 to 35 ml;rk; tiu kw;Wk; njd; mr;rk; vd gutpAs;sJ. vdNt Mz;L KOtJk; Fiwthd ntg;gk; epyTfpd;wJ.

Nfhilfhyk; kpj ntg;gkhfTk;> Fspu;fhyk; Fspuhf cs;sJ. kioasT 90 nr.kP gfy; ,uT NtWghL fhzg;gLk;. 4. kpjntg;g kz;lyf;fhy epiy : -

Kjy; 60 mr;rk; tiu tl kw;Wk; njd; miuf; Nfhsq;fspy; epyTfpd;wJ. Nfhilfhyk; FspuhfTk;> Fsph;fhyk; kpf FspuhfTk; fhzg;gLk;. Fwpg;gpl;l gUtq;fspy; kionga;fpd;wJ. kioasT 75 nr.kP 5. Jiz JUt kz;lyf; fhyepiy : -

60 Kjy; 70 ml;rk; tiu tl> njd; miuf; Nfhsq;fspy; epyTfpd;wJ. ntg;gk; FiwT. Fspu;fhyj;jpy; ntg;gk; kpf Fiwe;J ciw epiyf;F fPo; ntg;gk; ,Ug;gjdhy;

gdpJspahf tpOfpd;wJ. Nfhil fhy ntg;gepiy 6 tiu fhzg;gLk;. kioasT 55 nr.kP 6. JUt kz;lyf; fhyepiy : -

70 Kjy; 90 tiu tl> njd; miuf;Nfhsj;jpy; epyTfpd;wJ. Mz;L KOtJk; ciwepiyf;F fPo; ntg;gepiy epyTfpd;wJ. tl JUTj;jpy; MW khjq;fSf;F #hpa cjaNk Vw;gLtjpy;iy.



26

mNj Nghy; njd; miuNfhsj;jpy; #hpa cjaNk Vw;gLtjpy;iy. fhuzk; : -

tl njd; miuf;Nfhsj;jpy; #hpad; khwp khwp gpufhrpf;fpd;wJ. Nfhil fhy;j;jpy; ,uT vd;gNj ,y;iy. Fspu; fhyj;jpy; #hpad; njhptNj ,y;iy. fhyepiy kz;lyq;fspy; fhyepiy NtWgl;Lf;fhzg;gLk; ,lq;fs; rkntsp> gPlG+kp>

kiyg;gpuNjrq;fs;.

kz; - 8

Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; kpfr;rpwpa ghiw Jfs; kz; kz; cUthFk; tpjk; : - 1. #hpa ntg;gk; 2. kio 3. fhw;W 4. tpyq;fpdq;fs; 5. kdpjh;fs; 6. jhtuk; kz;zpd; tiffs; : -

Nryk;> <NuhL khtl;lq;fspd; nrk;kz; Nfhak;Gj;J}h; kw;Wk; ,uhkehjGuk; - fhpry; kz; kzy; : -

kzy;fSfpilNa ,ilntsp mjpfk; kioePh; jhf;fhJ flw;fiug; gpuNjrq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;. njd;id> rTf;F> Ke;jphp Nghd;wit tsUk;. tz;ly; kz; : -

kpfr;rpwpa Jfs;fshy; MdJ. Jfs;SfpilNa ,ilntsp ,y;iy. ePiu cs;is <h;f;Fk; jd;ik kpff; FiwT

kiog;nghoptpd; nghOJ ePh; Njq;FfpwJ. <uj;ijj; jf;f itf;Fk; jd;ik mjpfk;. kz; <ukhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ tphptilfpwJ. mnJNghy; ePhpd;wp twz;L ,Uf;Fk;NghJ

RUq;fpwJ. nghl;lhrpak; mjpfk;> gh];gu]; rj;J FiwT. vy;yhg;gaph;fSk; tsUk;. nrk;kz; : -

tz;ly; kz;zpw;Fk; kzYf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l mstpy; Jfs;fshy; cUthd kz;. xusT ,ilntsp cz;L> cwpQ;R; jd;ik cilaJ. <uj;ij Njf;fp itf;Fk; rf;jp FiwT. ,Uk;G rj;J mjpfk;. nrk;kz;zpy; gh];gu]; iel;u[d; Rz;zhk;G Fiwe;Jk; mkpyj;jd;ik kpFe;Jk; fhzg;gLk;. nrk;kz; Rkhuhd tsKila kz; Gd;nra; gapu;mtiu> Jtiu> Nghd;w gapu; tiffs; fliy> MkDf;F vz;nza;

tpj;Jf;fs; gapu; nra;a Vw;wkz;.



27

fhpry; kz; : -

kpfTk; Ez;zpa Jfs;fshy; MdJ> ,ilntsp FiwT ePiu tpiuthf cwpQ;rhJ> <ug;gjj;ij mjpf ehl;fs; jhq;Fk; jd;ik cilaJ . Fiw kioapYk; mjpf ehl;fs; <ug;gjj;ij Njf;fp itj;J gaph; tsh;r;rpf;F cjTk;. ,Uk;G> nghl;lhrpak;> mYkdpak;> fhy;rpak;> kf;dPrpak;> fhh;gNdl;L Nghd;witfs;

kpFjp. gh];gu]; kw;Wk; iel;u[d; FiwT. gUj;jp> Gifapiy> kpsfha;> jhdpa tiffs;> vz;nza; tpj;Jfs; Vw;w kz;. kz; tsk; Fiwa fhuzq;fs; : - 1. kz;zhpg;G 2. XLk; ePH; 3. fhw;W 4. kdpjdpd; nra;ypfs;

,aw;ifj; jhtuq;fSk; td tpyq;FfSk;

,aw;ifj; jhtuq;fis ehd;F ngUk; gphpTfshf gphpf;fyhk;. 1. fhLfs; 2. Gy;ntsp 3. ghiytdj;jhtuq;fs; 4. JUtg;gpuNjrj;jhtuk; 1. fhLfs; : - ,jd; mikg;gpy; %d;W gphpthf gphpj;jy; 1. gRik khwhf; fhLfs; 2. ,iyAjph;;f;fhLfs; 3. Crpapiyf;fhLfs; gRikkhwhf;fhLfs; : -

G+kj;jpaNuif kz;lyj;jpy; mjpf ntg;gKk;> mjpf kiog;nghopTk; fhzg;gLk;. Mz;L KOtJk; ey;y kiog;nghopT fhzg;gLk;. kuq;fspd; cauk; 46 kPl;lu; mjpfkhf cs;sJ. #hpa xsp CLUtpr;nry;y Kbtjpy;iy. ,q;F %d;W mLf;F jhtuq;fs; tsUk;. vit mLf;F jhtuq;fs; vd;fpd;Nwhk;. xl;Lz;zp rhUz;zpfs; tsh;fpd;wd. Njf;F> khNfhfdp> vNghdp> Nuh];Tl;> Nghd;w kuq;fs; tsUk;

o v.fh : mNkrd; - njd; mnkhpf;fh fhq;Nfh - Mg;gphpf;fh mikjpg;gs;sj;jhf;F - ,e;jpah (Nfus)

,iyAjph;f;fhLfs; : - ,Utiffs; cs;sd. 1. ntg;g kz;ly ,iyAjph;f;fhLfs; (gUtf;fhw;Wf;fhLfs;) 2. kpjntg;gkz;ly ,iyapjph; fhLfs; - Xf;> irg;u];> Ngg;gps;> xypt kuq;fshFk;. 3. Crpapiyf;fhLfs; :- Jiz JUtg; gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. /gph;> yhh;r; Nghd;w kuq;fs; ,q;F tsUk;. Gy;ntspfs; : -



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Mz;Lf;F 100 nr.kP Fiwthd ionghopT ngWk; ,lq;fspy; Gy;ntspfs; fhzg;gLk;. ,Utifg;gLk;. mit> 1. ntg;g kz;ly Gy;ntsp> 2. kpjntg;g kz;ly Gy;ntsp ntg;gkz;ly Gs;ntsp : - rthd Gy;ntsp 2 to 3 kPl;lu; cauk; Mg;ghpf;fh fz;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;. kpjntg;gkz;lyGy;ntsp : - Fsph;fhy;j;jpy; fLikahd Fsph; fhuzkhf gdpg;nghopT gpd; Nfhilf;fhyj;jpy; Kisf;f Muk;gkhfpwJ. v.fh : u\;ah - ];nlg;gp Gy;ntsp tl mnkhpf;fh – gpnua;hp Gy;ntsp mh;[d;ildh - ghk;gh]; M];jpNuypah – lTd;]; Gy;ntsp ghiytdk; : - ntg;g ghiytdk; : - Mg;gphpf;fhtpYs;s rfhuh> fyfhhp ,e;jpahtpy; jhh; ghiytsk;. Fspu;g; ghiytsk;: - irdh - Nfhgp ghiytdk; jpngj; - jf;ypfkfhd; njd;mnkhpf;fh – gLNfhd; my;igd; my;yJ J}e;jpuj; jhtuq;fs; : - J}e;jpuk; - kuq;fs; ,y;yhj ,lk; gh;rp tif> Nkhr];> tPr;rd; Nghd;wit tsUk; xU jhtu ,dj;ij mopg;gJ 30 tpyq;fpdq;fis mopg;gjw;Fr; rkk; - jhtuapay; ty;Yeh;.



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