TNPSC Science Guide Part II

8/10/2019 TNPSC Science Guide Part II

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AMIGOS 2002-03 BATCH TNPSC NOTES

I. PHYSIOLOGYLOCOMOTION

PM Contraction - Rigor Mortis PM Cooling - Algor Mortis PM Staining - Livor Mortis Creatine phosphate in muscle is referred to as ATP sparer or energy buffer ac! molecule of glucose produce " 38 ATPs About #-$ !rs after deat!% all muscles of t!e body assume a state of contracture " Rigor

Mortis T!e efficiency of muscle contraction is " 45% Muscle contraction &it!out s!ortening in lengt! " Iso etri! Contra!tion '!ole cardiac muscle obeys all or none la& because of S"n!"ti#

Re$ra!tor" perio is t!e brief period during &!ic! muscles undergoing contraction for afirst stimuli is unable to respond to a second stimuli

T!e energy of contraction of muscle is directly proportional to t!e lengt! of t!e fibre-Ster&ing &a'

Tetanisation is t!e fusion of successive t&itc!es &!en t!e fre(uency of stimuli is givenat a rapid rate

Myast!enia gravis is a neuromuscular disorder in &!ic! auto antibodies are producedagainst A!h re!eptors

(LOO) Plasma constitutes about 55*+,% of blood )iscosity in blood is provided by ga a g&o-#&ins Arterial blood is more A&.a&ine t!an venous blood *ello& colour of t!e plasma is due to (i&ir#-in Serum differs from plasma lac+ing $i-rinogen/ prothro -in and ot!er coagulation

factors R(C o$ spe!ies

o ,iconcave - og% Co&% S!eepo S!allo& flat - /oato S!allo& concave - 0orse% Cato lliptical% sic+le s!ape - Camel % eer o lliptical 1 nucleated - ,irds% Amp!ibians

Poi.i&o!"tosis " variation in cell s!ape Anioso!"tosis " variation in cell s si2e Larger si0e R(C " in dog 34.5 micron6 S a&&er si0e R(C " in goat 37.8 micron6

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Mature R,C derive energy from Anaero-i! 1MP path'a" and HMP sh#nt since t!ey!ave no mitoc!ondria

Ap&asti! anemia lac+s functional bone marro& Tr#e PC2 9 venous PC):;.


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2ita in < is necessary for t!e formation of prot!rombin and clotting factors )% )II% IBand B

He&&er An Pa#& Mi;t#re 9Ammonium o=alate potassium o=alate 9 5 ? So i# $ori e is ideal anticoagulant for estimation blood glucose level 0emop!ilia A due to deficiency in $a!tor 2III 0eparin is produced by ast !e&&s an (asophi&s (&oo gro#ps

o ogs - groupso 0orse - groupso Cattle - 88 groupso S!eep - 4 groupso Pigs - 85 groups

H1ART AN) CIRC9LATION

Systemic Circulation - 7D of ,lood Pulmonary circulation - D of ,lood Coronary circulation - 4D of ,lood SA no e controls t!e rate of !eart =citatory stimuli originate outside SA node - 1!topi! $o!i Conduction velocity is fastest in P#r.in=e fibres Cardiac sounds can be recorded by using an instrument called phono!ar iogra L#- so#n 7S " closure of A) valve )#- so#n 7S " closure of pulmonary valve 1&e!trio!ar iograph is an instrument to measure electrical c!anges of !eart ERS comple= s!o&s spreading of electrical potential t!roug! A.) node% bundle of !is

%pur+inFe fibres% ventricular muscles >utput of eac! ventricle is referred as stro.e >o e Car ia! o#tp#t is t!e volume of blood eFected by eit!er t!e left or rig!t ventricle

t!roug! t!e aorta or pulmonary artery per minute Star&ings &a' 9 nergy liberated by cardiac muscle is directly proportional to fibre

lengt! )agus nerve is negati>e !hronotropi! and negati>e inotropi! T&o -aro!eptors one in carotid sinus 3 sin#s or -#$$er ner>e 6 and one in aortic body

3!ar io epressor ner>e 6 1n othe&in is t!e most potent of all t!e mammalian vasoconstrictor substances True !api&&aries are t!e place of nutrient e=c!ange P#&se press#re is t!e difference bet&een systolic and diastolic pressure ,lood pressure using Sph"g o ano eter is measured using femoral artery in dogs

and Coccygeal artery in cattle

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Increased blood flo& to tissues in response to increased metabolic rate is called as A!ti>eH"pere ia

Cerebrospinal fluid produced from &atera&/ thir an $o#rth >entri!&e o$ -rain

R1SPIRATION

=c!ange bet&een atmosp!eric air and pulmonary capillary is 1;terna& respiration /as e=c!ange occurs in A&>eo&i ead space is t!e respiratory passage from t!e 1;terna& nares to a&>eo&i H"per>enti&ation is increased in alveolar ventilation cause respirator" a&.a&osis H"po>enti&ation is decreased in alveolar ventilation cause respirator" a!i osis Inspiration is an active process% 1;piration is passive process In horse even under rest% e=piration is active H"pernea is state of breat!ing in &!ic! rate% dept! or bot! are increased Po&"pnea - rapid% s!allo& panting type of respiration Ti a& >o e " air breat!ed in during a (uite normal respiration T!e entry of air in to pleural cavity is called Pne# othora; Resi #a& >o e represents t!e amount of gas remaining in t!e lung even after forced

e=piration Respiratory (uotient3RE69 )olume >f C> ? )olume >f > ?

o RE of C0> - 8o RE of Lipids - ;.4o RE of protein - ;.

Partial pressure of > ? in alveoli pO ? ,, Hg Partial pressure of C> ? in alveoli pCO ?4, Hg >ne gram of 0b can transport 634 & o$ O Arteria& -&oo >eno#s -&oo

p> ?9 8;; mm0g p> ? 97; mm0g

pC> ?97; mm0g pC> ?97# mm0g

/reater portion of C> ?is transported in blood in c!emical combination as HCO3 Ch&ori e shi$t or ha -#rger shi$t " in venous blood 0C>5 ion comes out of R,C and

to replace Cl ion goes in to R,C ,inding of > ? to 0b displaces C> ? " a p!enomenon referred to as G Ha& ane e$$e!tH Asph";ia is !ypo=ia combined &it! !ypercapnea Hering (re#er re$&e; " in!ibits inspiration so t!at prevents furt!er inflation during over

stretc! Central c!emoreceptor area is in e #&&a% perip!eral c!emoreceptor area is in !aroti

an aorti! -o ies

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R1SPIRATION IN (IR)S

,ot! inspiration and e=piration are active S"rin; - is t!e vocal organs in birds =c!ange of gases bet&een lungs and blood occur in Para-ron!hi Since Air sacs are Avascular% no gaseo#s e;!hange o!!#rs iverticula from airsacs are connected to many bones % !ence t!ey are pne# ati!

N1R2O9S SYST1M

Astrocytes closely attac!ed to blood vessels of CNS Microglia or microcytes formed from &e#!o!"tes S!h'ann@s !e&& 7ne#ri&e a produce myelin s!eat!% insulating and coating nerve fibre No es o$ ran>ier aid in flo& of ions bet&een C and IC )elocity of myelinated nerve fibre ranges from 3, * ,, se! % &!ereas in unmyelinated

3, se! T!e duration of activity of neurotransmitter in synaptic cleft last only for * se! Specific type of neuron synt!esis and release only one type of neurotransmitter substance

at nerve terminal " )a&e@s prin!ip&e Jeurotransmitters susceptible to ano;ia an anestheti! agents 1;!itator" ne#rotrans itters /lutamate%Substance P% L-Aspartate Inhi-itor" ne#rotrans itters /lycine% /A,A% opamine% Serotonine% Taurine%

Morp!ine% ndorp!ine (oth e;!itator" an inhi-itor" Ac!% Jor pinep!rine% pinep!rine% 0istamine% P/

Ne#rotrans itter A inoa!i Pre!#rsoro Jorepinep!rine p!enyl alanineo /lycine serineo /A,A L-glutamic acid

=teroreceptors and proprioreceptors are collectively called So atore!eptors Propriore!eptors " for posture and balance Bore -rain " Proscencep!alon Mi -rain - Mesencep!alon Hin -rain " R!ombencep!alon T&o cerebral cortices are connected by transverse myelinated fibres +no&n as t!e !orp#s

!o&&as# T!e ability of one !emisp!ere to control movement% reducing t!at burden for t!e ot!er !alf is called Cere-ra& )o inan!e

Tha&a #s functions as sensory relay nuclei Li -i! !orte; primarily functions as visceral brain H"potha&a #s acts as a principal motor output pat!&ay of t!e limbic system and

controls t!e vegetative functions of t!e body

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ormation and recall of memory re(uire t!e function of a "g a&a an hippo!a p#s Melatonin released from pinea& g&an in response to dar+ness Melatonin in!ibits gona a& a!ti>it" Tri geminal% Abducent% facial% vestibular originates from pons Cerebellum is important in t!e planning and e=ecution of -a&&isti! o>e ents

R L B CRAJIAL J R)o Pupillary lig!t >culomotor o Corneal

,lin+ >p!t!almic division of trigeminal

Lac!rmation -do-o Salivary refle= Trigeminal% facial% glossop!aryngealo metic glossop!aryngeal% vagus%vestibular o Suc+ing trigeminal and facialo S&allo&ing vagus% !ypoglossal% glossop!aryngealo Mastication trigeminal% facial%/Po Coug! refle= vaguso Snee2e trigeminal

S&eep is a state of reversible unconsciousness Sleep inducing centre is located in tha&a i! reti!#&ar area Serotonin is a sleep inducing substance secreted by rap!e nuclei T!e central motor control system include the otor !orte;/ -asa& gang&ia an

!ere-e& Coordination of slo& or ramp movements is associated &it! -asa& gang&ia Me -rano#s &a-"rinth is t!e functional part of vestibular apparatus T!e terminal portion of t!e spinal cord% t!e meninges and nerves are collectively referred

to as !a# a e #inae (ra!hia& p&e;#s " C$%C4%C %T81T? L# -osa!ra& p&e;#s " L5%L7%L#%S81S? Mi;e 7-oth otor sensor" !rania& ner>es Trigeminal% acial% /lossop!aryngeal%

)agus Sensor" !rania& ner>es >ptic% >lfactory )estibulotroc!lear

)IG1STI21 SYST1M

Salivary secretion in cattle " ,, ,, &it a" >rgan of pre!ension in dog 1 cat " $ore &i - B#n i! g&an s

,ody c!ief cells peptic cells " pepsin 1 rennin Jec+ c!ief cells " intrinsic factor 1 mucinParietal o=yntic cells " 0Cl

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A!etate : propionate :(#t"rate ratioorage diet " 4; ?; 8;

/rain diet - $; 5; 8; Jormal ) A content of rumen " D, * , e &it @etone bodies serves as energy source in CNS E heart Pan!reas

Se!retin " stimulates secretion of bicarbonates from pancreasCC< " stimulates secretion of en2ymes from pancreas

Sphin!ter o$ o i gaurds terminal part of common bile duct Fa#n i!e

>bstructive Faundice " conFugated bilirubin0epatic Faundice " free bilirubin0emolytic Faundice " bot! free 1 conFugated

)#o en# acts as pace ma+er of intestine C0> in t!e Small Intestine stimuli for /IP secretion at 1 protein in t!e Small Intestine stimuli for CC@ secretion Acid in t!e Small Intestine stimuli for secretin secretion Re>erse perista&sis is a normal feature in colon A-sorption

/lucose 1 amino acid " active transport 3JaK Co transport 6S!ort c!ain fatty acid 1 glycerol " passive diffusionIntact protein 1 triglycerides " pinocytosis

1 CR1TORY SYST1M

Rena& $#n!tion is t!e total cardiac out put t!at passes t!roug! t!e +idneys 3?8Din man ?;D in dogs6

/lomerular filtration rate " 8, &it a" /lomerular membrane is completely impermeable to p&as a proteins Bi&tration $ra!tion " percentage of t!e renal plasma flo& t!at becomes

glomerular filtrate3normal plasma flo& " $#; ml min normal / R " 8?#ml min6

G!ose Ea ino a!i are reabsorbed entirely from glomerular filtrate

Part A o#nt O$ GBR Rea-sor-e

Re ar.s

Pro;i a& t#-#&e 3action of PT06

$#D ecrease Ca e=cretion

)es!en ing &oop o$ hen&e 8#D More permeable to &ater

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Less permeable to urea 1 sodium

As!en ing &oop o$ hen&e Less permeable to &ater More permeable to urea

)ista& t#-#&e 3action of aldosterone6

8;D Active JaK transportSecretion of @K

Co&&e!ting t#-#&e3action of A 06

ation s# er s&eep is observed in " frog% crocodiles 1 alligators Amount of !eat loss by evaporation of 8g of &ater is 58, !a&ories S&eat glands " 1!!rine in an K Apo!rine in ani a&s Among farm animals sheep E !att&e !ave lo&est critical temperature Raise in 8 ; c in body temperature can cause increase of , * ,% in the -asa&

eta-o&is >ily secretion of preen g&an s ma+es t!e plumage resistant to &etting

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1tho&og" is t!e study of animal be!avior

1N)OCRINOLOGY Car-o&i! a!i is t!e first disinfectant identified by Fosep! lister I o;#ri ine is t!e first antiviral drug identified by @aufman Se!retin is t!e first !ormone identified by bayliss 1 starling O;"to!in E >asopressin are t!e peptide !ormones Precursor of steroid !ormones " !ho&estero& R C PT>RS

o Protein %peptide !ormones 1 catec!olamines - cell surface

o Steroid !ormones - cytoplasmo T!yroid !ormones - nucleus

Birst essenger " !ormone Se!on essenger " c AMP% Calmodulin% Cytosolic Calcium% iacyl /lycerol% Inositol

Trip!op!ate Thir essenger " p!osp!o+inase P!ysiologically% t!e pituitary gland is a aster g&an Ara!hi oni! acid is a precursor for prostaglandins Long day lig!t promote reproduction in horse &ong a" -ree er S!eep 1 goat " short a" -ree ers * re!eptors control catec!olamine release from sympat!etic nerve endings

Hor one No o$A inoa!i

T"pe o$ a!tion Re ar.s

/ro&t! !ormone 8


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>=ytocin Let do&n of mil+

Sperm transport

Contraction of uterus

T!yro=ine Potent /alactopoitic!ormone

Catabolic !ormone

T73T!yro=in6 " more predominant t!an T5

T5 is more active t!an T7

Metamorp!osis " amp!ibians

Moulting " birds

)e$i!ien!"

Cretinism3young6

My=edema3adult6

Para t!yroid!ormone

3C!ief cells of parat!yroid gland6

7 Increases Ca absorption

Minute to minute regulation of blood calcium

Calcitonin

3C cells of t!yroidgland " animals

ltimobronc!ialgland "reptiles%amp!ibians 1

birds6

5? Rapid but s!ort time regulationof blood calcium

Prevent post prandial !ypercalcemia

Insulin

3N cells of pancreas6

#8 0ypoglycemic factor at sparer

)e$i!ien!" - diabetes mellitus

/lucagon

3O cells of pancreas6

?< 0yperglycemic factor

@etogenic !ormone

Mineralocorticoids3 2ona glomerulosaof adrenal corte=6

g - aldosterone

lectrolyte balance

,lood pressure !omeostasis

/lucocarticoids32ona reticularis of adrenal corte=6

Anti inflammatory

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g - Cartisol )e$i!ien!" "Addisons disease

1;!ess " cus!ing syndrome

Catec!olamines3 adrenal medulla6

Jon s!ivering t!ermogenesis

II. 21T1RINARY 1THICS AN) F9RISPR9)1NC1

ACTS Y1AR

Livestoc+ importation act 8 < modified on 8


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=perimental animals act 8< ?

Animal &elfare board of India 8< ?

ProFect lep!ant 8


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Se!tion 4 + E4 8

Mis!hie$/ ai ing/ .i&&ing -" poisoning " prison of ? yr

Se!tion 43, Causing e!rease o$ 'ater s#pp&" for animals

III. IMM9NOLOGY

Louis Paste#r &!o &as credited &it! t!e formulation of ger theor" did e=tensive

&or+ on $o'& !ho&era/ anthra; and ra-ies and e>e&ope >a!!ines6 T!e innate immunity is also called as nat#ra& e$ense 0umoral immunity is mediated by antigen specific blood glycoproteins called

anti-o ies6 T!ere are t&o populations of T cells " T he&per !e&&s 3T0 cells6 and !"toto;i! T !e&&s

3TC cells6. )i$$eren!es (et'een H# ora& E Ce&& Me iate I #nit"

Humoral immunityCe&& e iate i #nit"

Antigen =tracellular antigens Intracellular antigens

Respondinglymp!ocytes

, lymp!ocytes T lymp!ocytes

ffector mec!anism Antibody mediatedelimination

Lysis of infected cell

Transferred by Serum T lymp!ocytes

T!e portions of antigen t!at are recogni2ed by t!e immune system 3by individuallymp!ocytes6 are called epitopes or antigeni! eter inants Apoptosis is programmed cell deat!. Memory cells escape apoptosis t!roug! e=pression of a specific gene se(uence called

bcl2 Immunologic unresponsiveness against individual s o&n antigen is referred as to&eran!e

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T!e specific immune response t!at ta+es place after an antigen stimulus can be dividedinto t!ree p!ases Re!ognition Phase/ A!ti>ation Phase 1 1$$e!tor Phase6

T!ere are t!ree classes of lymp!ocytes " (*&" pho!"tes/ T*&" pho!"tes an nat#ra&.i&&er !e&&s 7N< !e&&s

Mature , cells do not produce antibody but it differentiates into t&o daug!ter cells uponantigenic stimulation " p&as a !e&&s an e or" !e&&s

P&as a !e&&sare t!e only cells in t!e body to produce antibodies T!e t&o important C receptors of T cells are C)4 an C)8 . T!e he&per T !e&&s!ave C)4 re!eptors and C"toto;i! T !e&&s !ave C)8 re!eptors T!e N< !e&&s mediate a p!enomenon called Anti-o " )epen ant Ce&& Me iate

C"toto;i!it" 7A)CC t!at removed t!e antigen coated &it! immunoglobulins

S&6No Propert" ( !e&&s T !e&&s

8. Site of development

,one marro&% bursa%Peyer s patc!es

T!ymus

?. istribution Lymp! node corte=%splenic follicles

Spleen periarticular s!eat!

5. Circulate Jo *es

7. Antigen receptors ,CR TCR

#. Important surfaceantigens

Immunoglobulins C ?% C 5% C 7% C

$. Antigensrecognised

ree foreign proteins Processed foreign proteins on M0C

4. Toleranceinduction

ifficult asy

. Progeny cells Plasma cells% memorycells

0elper T cells%cytoto=ic cells


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T!e macrop!ages are considered as po&erful p!agocytic cells and are referred as -igeaters or gar-age !o&&e!tors

)i$$erent na es are gi>en $or a!rophages $o#n in >ario#s organs .

a. ,lood stream - Mono!"tes b. Connective tissue - histio!"tesc. Liver - eo&ar a!rophagesf. Lung capillaries - P#& o ar" intra>as!#&ar a!rophages

T!e most important C mar+er of macrop!ages is C $ % &!ic! is ot!er&ise called asa!rosia&in

T!e primary function of macrop!age is phago!"tosis T!e actual mec!anism of macrop!age-mediated p!agocytosis is by re!eptor - e iate

en o!"tosis follo&ed by lysosomal en2yme degradation. T!e percentage of neutrop!ils in blood circulation among animals varies &idely. It is D,*

+,% in !arni>ores/ ,*3,% in r# inants an 5,% in horses Opsonin ma+e t!e antigen palatable for p!agocytic cells. Ig 1 is one of t!e isotypes of antibodies t!at is responsible for a&&ergi! rea!tions .

Interdigitating dentritic cells are scattered t!roug!out t!e s+in epidermis and called asLangerhans !e&&s6

The i portant ro&es o$ generati>e an periphera& &" phoi organs

8. (one arro' 3mammals6 and (#rsa o$ Ba-ri!i#s 3birds6 " ( !e&& $a!tories?. Th" #s and intestina& epithe&i# 3payer s patc!es6" T !e&& $a!tories5. Lymp! nodes " Qunctional filters in lymp!atic system7. Spleen " ilter in circulatory system

#. MALT " localised antibodies at maFor sites of pat!ogen entry

A microorganism is said to be pathogeni! &!en it can cause infection and t!e ability tocause infection is termed as >ir#&en!e .

Molecules &it! a molecular &eig!t of 5,,, or greater are good immunogens Haptens are small antigens t!at cannot elicit antibody response individually. ,ut t!ey

become immunogenic &!en coupled &it! larger molecules.Page | 15


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=oto=ins are !ig!ly immunogenic and stimulate t!e production of antibodies. T!eantibodies against e=oto=ins are called antito;ins6

'!en t!ese e=oto=ins are precipitated by mild protein denaturing agents suc! asformalde!yde% t!e e=oto=in loses its pat!ogenicity but retains its immunogenicity called

to;oi s Some times rarely immune response is elicited against normal body components. Suc!substances are called as a#toantigens

Heterophi&e antigens are immunologically related groups of antigens t!at occur in t!ecells of some bacterial species and also in some species of animals.

C!emically t!e antibody molecules are g&"!oproteins .

T!e fle=ibility of an antibody molecule is due to a region called hinge region t!at is ric!in pro&ine and !"steine residues.

T!e antigen-combining site of an antibody is called as paratope .

IgM is t!e biggest antibody molecule &it! a molecular &eig!t of


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I). G1N1RAL MICRO(IOLOGYAntoni >an Lee#'enhoe. is called as $ather o$ -a!terio&og" .Ro-ert Hoo.e - identified cells using !is compound microscopeLouis Pasteur is called $ather o$ Mi!ro-io&og" .B&age& is t!e organ of locomotion for bacteria.Monotri!ho#s * ,acteria !aving single polar flagellum.Lophotri!h#s * 0aving tufts of flagella at one endA phitri!ho#s * 0aving flagella at bot! endsPeritri!ho#s * 0aving flagella all around surfaceT!e flagellum is composed of t!ree parts $i&a ent/ hoo. an -asa& -o "

T!e maFor component of cell &all of /ram positive bacteria is Pepti og&"!an 78,*J,% 6 T!e LPS is also referred as 1n oto;in M"!op&as a do not !ave cell &all. T!e ribosomes of bacteria are +,S composed of 5;S and #;S ribosomes subunits.

our nucleic acid bases form t!e deo=yribose-nucleotides. T!ey are A enine 7A /G#anine 7G / C"tosine 7C an Th" ine 7T of JA.T!e nucleotides of JA are lin+ed by 3@*5@ phospho iester bonds.RJA !as got purine bases a enine 7A and g#anine 7G and pyrimidine bases C"tosine7C and 9ra!i&79 6

JA is used to code for t!e synt!esis of RJA is called trans!ription .

GRO TH OB (ACT1RIA Generation is t!e interval for t!e formation of t&o cells from one cell Lag phase: T!e brief period of no activity is called as lag p!ase. 1;ponentia& phase: uring t!is p!ase t!ere is rapid increase in t!e number of bacteria. Stationar" phase: uring t!is p!ase t!ere is no increase in number of cells. )eath phase: T!e deat! p!ase is also e=ponential but it is slo&. It is due to lac+ of

nutrients.(a!teria are !&assi$ie in to $i>e !ategories .

Psyc!rop!ile - 385 oc6Mesop!ile - 35< oc6T!ermop!ile - 3$; oc60ypert!ermop!ile - 3 oc60ypert!ermop!ile - 38;# oC6.

Ha&ophi&e - Salt loving% prefer Jacl concentration bet&een 8-5;D6%Os ophi&e - gro& in !ig! sugar concentration

erophi&e - gro& in very dry conditions*ield of ATP molecules in respiration : 38 ATP

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0emal lymp! node absent in horses an pigs 'ater protein ratio of young animal 4: Muscle ,one ratio for !ealt!y animals - 4: Rigor mortis time of !att&e ? J hrs %-ir s ? hrs6 C!illed meat temperature is + C C!illed offal temperature is 3 C ro2en temperature of meat is * 8 C Coo+ed meat temperature is + C ,lac+ cartridge used for slaug!tering e i# si0e o$ ani a& In electrical stunning lo& voltage temperature is +, >o&ts 5, A/ +* , se! In stunning if current is not sufficient it lead to C#rarisation Misse Sho!. Act of slaug!ter in Fe&is! met!od is she!hita irst slaug!ter !ouse &eonar/ M# -ai P!osp!orous level of meat and blood 55*D,% an 8,%

Mould formation is common in !hi&&e eat Process of free2e drying called &"ophi&isation Sterili2ation by radiation called Ra apperi0ation Marbling absent in horse $&esh an >enison Mus+y odour seen in -#$$a&o eat /lycogen content in !orse ,65* % Refractive inde= is !ig! in horse $at eed efficiency " po#&tr"7 : 68 ra--it7 : pig7 :3 !att&e7 :5 ressing percentage of pig +,*+5% Ritual met!od practiced in india is ha&a& E =hat.a etho /ut s&eat bread Pan!reas Reducing agent used in curing is So i# As!or-ate7,6 * % ltimate p0 level of meat is 565*56+ Process of conversion of muscle to meat called rigor ortis Rigor mortis occurs 8* hrs after slaug!tering Autolytic lysosomal en2ymes in meat is called !athepsin PS1 occurs mostly in pig % )B) is common in -ee$ In cold storage condition% &ine is istr#pte T!a&ing temperature of meat is 4*D C ree2ing point of meat is 7* 65 C Presence of &atery or blood stained fluid from fro2en meat is called 'eep rip Scalding temperature of pig is D *D4 C $or D in One ani a& #nit 9one bovine9? pigs95 calves 9 # s!eep >ver!ead rails s!ould be placed at t!e !eig!t of 363 $or !att&e ressing Meat analogues are So"a-ean protein an gten o$ 'heat Meat of deer is called >enison ressing D of veal 9 D3%

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Art of removing s+in !ide is called $&a"ing res!% emulsion type of por+ sausage called sa&a i 2ita in ( 7thia ine is !ig!er in por+ 'ater level of meat is D5*8,% Mil+ !as an e=cellent source of Ca 1 P and lo& in Be/ !#/ I an >ita in C6 Self life of vacuum pac+aging is 8* , 'ee.s at , C Musty eart!y odour due to A!hro o-a!ter and fis!y odour due to E.coli


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time3mts6 3D in body &gt6

Cattle $ 5 - 7D 8; " 8? +g

Calves $ # " $D 8.# +g

S!eep # 7 - 7.#D 8 -8.# +g

Pig $ 5 -7D ? -5 +g

poultry 8.# - ?

Slaughtering of pigs esirable t!ic+ness of fat on t!e bac+ is 65 in!hes for lean por+ production /aseous Stunning " D5*+,%CO % lectrical stunning * D,*8, >o&ts/ 5* , se! Stic+ing " !aroti arteries an =#g#&ar >eins % #-$ min Ca&!i# e$i!ient in meat of pig Pig " highest $at storing a-i&it" Por+ is ri!h in phosphor#s/ iron/energ" 2ita in A an ) not present in por+ (e pig - crossing of &!ite and blac+ breed Lar " pig fat Store pig " -8# &ee+s of age for mar+et Scalding temperature D,*D3 C $or 5 in

)I. GYNA1COLOGY O;"to!in

irst !ormonal peptide to be synt!esi2ed found in t!e animals >=ytocin 9 rapid birt! T&o sites of origin " ovary% !ypot!alamus Contraction of oviduct% mil+ letdo&n >varian o=ytocin - Luteal function " acting on endometrium " induce P/ O in turn

leads to Lysis of CL

strogen en!ances responsiveness of smoot! muscle to o=ytocin GnRH Release of S0% L0

BSH Growth & maturation of graffian follicle Spermatogenesis " up to secondary spermatocytes Acts on receptors of sertoli cells leads to production of A,P

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Spermiation Secretion of in!ibin from granulose cells of ovary and sertoli cells of testes

LH or ICSH Pre ovulatory L0 surge Maintains activity of CL Stimulates leydig cells

Pro&a!tin L#teotropi! properties in dogs% mice% rats Maternal be!avior unctions as metabolic !ormone in lo&er forms of animals

Placental !ormones PMS/% !C/% PL% PSP,

PMSG Can be isolated from blood% not found in urine ndometrial cups of pregnant mare " t!ese are formed by 4, th day of gestation and

persist till 85 th day of pregnancy Important for maintenance of pregnancy in mare Clinical use " super ovulation% anestrum More of BSH li+e activity

HCG Syncytio trop!oblastic cells of placenta of primates More of LH li+e activity Clinical use " induce ovulation% cystic ovaries

P&a!enta& &a!togen /0 li+e activity Imp. Regulator of maternal nutrients to t!e gro&ing foetus

1strogen Se=ual receptivity in female Secondary se=ual c!aracters uctal development of mammary gland Attac!ment of embryo to uterine &all Anabolic effect Jegative feedbac+ mec!anism to t!e /nR0 evelopment of female reproductive tract Clinical use Induction of !eat% treatment of misalliance% as cbolic 3Mummification%

Pyometra6% induces mil+ production in co&Progesterone

Source ovary% placenta% adrenal% testes In!ibits uterine contractions Increases endometrial secretions

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Maternal be!avior% nest building Induction of lactation

Clinical use Treatment of ovarian cysts not responds to /nR0 Cervico vaginal prolapsed arly embryonic mortality 0abitual abortion Co&% /oat% So& " CL dependant

T1ST1S

Mediastinum testes absent in stallion Connective tissue capsule " Tunica albuginea Medial septum of testes " artos ,lood testes barrier " primary " Peritubular cells -prevent auto immune reactions

Secondary " Functional comple=es bet&een sertoli cells Testes " 7-$Uc lo&er t!an body temperature >=ytocin% P/ ?O% Ac!% tends to alter t!e pididymal Transit Time =tra gonadal reserve 3 /R6 " pididymis% vas deferens% Ampulla Time re(uire to complete a cycle of seminiferous epit!elium3Spermatogenesis6

,ull " 87 days,oar " < daysRam " 8; days0orse " 8? days

R9T " Certain definite period of se=ual e=citement in some &ild animals3 eer% Camel% lep!ant6 " spermatogenesis occurs in t!is period

A p#&&ae E 2esi!#&ar g&an absent in dog and cat Ye&&o'ish colour of bull semen is due to riboflavin (#&-o#rethera& g&an absent in dog Sigmoid fle=ure " Pre s!rota& " ,oar% Post s!rota& " ,ull% Ram Retractor penis muscle controls sigmoid fle=ure

G&ans penis ,ull " pointed Ram " uret!ral process ,oar " glans penis absent og " t&o parts bulbus glandis3pro=imal 8 56 % pars longa glandis3distal? 56 Cat " s!ort% terminal part !aving several spines Stallion " prominent uret!ral process% /roove - ossa glandis

Testi!#&ar es!ent ,ull " 8;$ days of gestation 0orse " Jear birt! Ram% ,oar " 4; days of gestation

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og " 5 " 7 days post natally High $&an.ers " Testes reac!es t!e inguinal canal but not descent in to t!e scrotum I potentia !oe#n i " Reduced to complete lac+ of se=ual desire and ability to

copulate I potentia generan i " Inability to reduced ability to fertili2e (a&anitis " Inflammation of glans penis Posthitis " Inflammation of prepuce (a&anoposthitis - Inflammation of penis and prepuce Phi osis " nable to normally protrude t!e penis Paraphi osis " nable to retract t!e penis in to t!e prepuce )ipha&s " ouble penis Pha&&o!a psis " deviation of penis eit!er ventral or lateral or spiral Rain-o' penis " ventral deviation Cor.s!re' penis " lateral deviation

Inherite sper e$e!ts

)ia e e$$e!t Sign of disturbance in spermiogenesis%version of galea captis 1crater s!aped

depressions in t!e nucleus% Juclear pouc! formation defect.

eulgen stain 1 p!asecontrast microscopy !elpfulin revealing t!is defect.


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Se en !o&&e!tion Spe!ies Arti$i!ia& >agina Te pet#re

,ull 5#&ators " ovulation 1 CL formation depends upon t!e mating !as

occurred or not 3 cat% Rabbit% Min+ 6 9niparo#s Monoto!o#s " one ovum% one fetus3 co&% mare% so&6 M#&tiparo#s Po&"to!o#s " 5 -8# ova% 5-8# fetus3dog% cat% so&6 N#&&ipara " female t!at !ave never conceived carried young one Pri ipara " conceived for t!e first time 38 st gestation period6 Pripara " conceived previously ? or more times earlier

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Spe!ies I p&antation7)a"s a$ter Con!eption

Co& ?? " 5# days

Mare 5$ " 5 days

&e 8$ -8 days

So& 85 " ?; days

S0 1 L0 re(uired for antrum formation Co& " Metestr#a& or post 1str#a& -&ee ing " capillary bleeding due to t!e

&it! dra&l of estrogen *oung animals " slig!t s!orter lengt! of estrous cycle

Se;#a& i$$erentiationo eline% porcine embryo " 5; days of gestationo >vine " 5# dayso ,ovine " 7# days

O># o>#&ate - All species Metap!ase II " ? nd meiotic division Mare% og% o= " 8st meiotic division

Spe!ies 1str#s perio O>#&ation ti e

Co& 87-8 !rs 8?-8 !rs after t!e end of estrus

Mare 7-4 days Last ? days of estrus

So& ?-5 days Last day of estrus

&e 8-? days Last day of estrus

,itc! 4-< days irst 5 days of estrus

Cat Induced 7 days if copulation occurs or else ne day after mating

Capacitation initiated in t!e uterus and completed in ist!umus of oviduct H"aroni ase " ,ull acrosome Ar"&s#&$a&ase " ,oar acrosome S"nga " - usion of male and female pronuclei Phero one " volatile substance secreted or released outside t!e body and

perceived by t!e olfactory system of ot!er individuals of t!e same species

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(oar " Saliva 3sub ma=illay gland6% Prepucial pouc! " ? Attractants 5Oandrostenol% #O androstenone

B&eh en response " ,ull% Ram% Stallion elayed ovulation% silent estrus% anovulation may be due to *!arotene

e$i!ien!" arly embryonic mortality occurs bet&een 8* J a"s after breeding Co& " best time of AI " middle to t!e end of standing !eat 3 i estr#s not

metestrus 6 Car test " rapid% sensitive accurate test for field screening of -r#!e&&osis Leptospirosis " gargety mil+

)isease organis Ti e o$ a-ortion

)ibriosis Vibrio fetus veneralis 1ar&" 1 -r"oni! eath " common

7 t! mont! to term " occasional 3 IItri ester

Tric!omonosis richomonas foetus Birst tri ester 3 ?-7 mont!s6

ungal abortion !spergillus fumigatus #t! -4 t! mont!s

pi2ootic bovineAbortion

"sittacosis#ChlamydiaGroup of org

$t! - t! mont!

Listeriosis $isteria monocytogenes Last tri ester 34t! -


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So& Mulberry Left

,itc! >val

>varian !ormones " 1strogen/ Progesterone/ O;"to!in /Re&a;in/ Inhi-in

an A!ti>in >viduct " opening of infundibulum G ostium tubae abdominal H >pening of utero tubal Function G ostium tubae uterinum H

9ter#s spe!ies

,icornuate Co&% &e% /oat % So&

Simple= primates% !umans

eciduate ,itc!% Eueen

Jon-deciduate Co&% oe% &e% Mare% So&

Cotyledonary Ruminants

iffuse Mare% So&

Vonary ,itc!% Eueen

iscoidal /uinea pig

Cattle "Caruncle - Arranged in 7 ro&s 34;-8?; in number6 True &ater3? nd 6 bag - a nion Mare " cruciform or T s!aped ,itc! and (ueen entire uterus lies in t!e abdominal cavity Portion of cervi= proFects in to t!e vagina " Portio >agina&is Borni; " a-sent in so' % prominent in mare Remnants of &olffian duct " gartners #!t Pregnancy diagnosis also +no&n as !"esiognosis Positi>e signs o$ pregnan!" " Amniotic vesicle% etal membrane slip% etus%

cotyledons

)a"s Pa&pa-&e part Q pregnan!"

5; days Amniotic vesicle

5#-


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,itc! - 7 " # &ee+ Post partum uterine disc!arge " Lo!hia >nset of estrus after parturition% cattle - 55 "


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Horse /eld 3or6 gelding - castrated male !orse. ,ro+en !orse - A &ell trained !orse nbro+en !orse - ntrained !orse Colt foal - Male young one illy foal - emale young one ouble rig - Cryptorc!id 3bot! testicles retained in t!e

abdomen6 oaling - Act of giving birt! to young one.Mule - Mare = =a!. assQennet Qenny !inny /enet -sta&&ion= she on.e" Catt&e 0eifer - 7oung female over one year# which has ust attained

maturity%

Slin+ calf - !n aborted calf ,obby calf- 0ale calf about wee5 old% ree martin - win calves of different se6es are born

T!e bull calf - Se6ually normal % female calf - Sterile (always+

Sheep 'edder 3or6&et!er - !n adult castrated male sheep% /immer - emale s!eep &!ic! is bet&een 8 and ?

s!earing. Seggy - an adult male castrated after service

Brog " t!e central elevated portion be!ind t!e foot Chestn#t " t!e !orny gro&t! situated belo& t!e !oc+ on bot! t!e !ind limb Hogging " clipping t!e mane Po#ring " pouring small (uantity of dip into parts of t!e fleece along t!e

bac+%sides and belly Cr#t!hing " removing soiled dung-stained &ool of Perineal and inguinal

regions S!o#ring " removal of impurities in ra& &ool M#&&ing- castration by crude met!od Ringing " removal of &ool from t!e region around t!e penis 1"eing " clipping of &ool around t!e eye to prevent &ool blindness

Spe!ies N# -er o$ e$ine -ree sIn ia

Cattle ?

,uffalo 4

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S!eep 77

/oat ?5

(uines $

atering o$ &i>esto!.

Spe!ies 'ater inta.e a"

Cattle 1 buffalo ?4 " ? lit

Adult camel 4; "


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Ammonia

Lead ;.8ppm

Arsenic ;.;#ppm

Iron ;.5ppm

Har ness o$ 'ater temporary !ardness " -i!ar-onates o$ !a&!i# an agnesi# Permanent !ardnes - Ch&ori es an s#&phates o$ !a&!i# an agnesi# 6 C!lorine demand for normal &ater " ,6J* 68 pp ,rac+is! taste of &ater is due to presence of so i# !h&ori e Si!.&e shape horn surti Ta&&est In ian sheep -ree *ellore

Shortest In ian sheep -ree +andya Pelt breed " ,ara,ul Largest goat breed " -amnapari &arf breed of goat " arbari Mil+ fat percentage !ig!est in /a,ffarabadi 1 lo&est in *ili$ra'i 0hegu and chanthangi are pas!mina goat /estation !eat is also present in goat Safe sanitary distance is 5,* ,, $eet a&ay from t!e sources of

contaminations Gtara& eh" e 7 % a(ueous solution used for sterili2ation of instruments Trap is a contrivance for preventing se'ar gas escaping in to !ouse drainage

system Presence of iron in &ater encourages t!e gro&t! of iron bacteria suc! as

!renothri; and ga&&ione&&a 0ig!er concentration of fluoride causes interference &it! calcification giving

rise to dental dystrop!y +no&n as ott&e teeth Cooling po&er can be measured by .ata ther o eter Air velocity ,,$t in at +, C is found to be comfortable for broilers Percentage of C>? present in t!e atmosp!ere can be measured by Ha& ane@s

apparat#sS!ort day breeders " s!eep and goatLong day breeders - !orse

0ousing - ast- &est orientation " temperate regions Jort! " sout! orientation " tropical regions 1dentification of horse

Gre" " s+in is blac+ &it! admi=ture of blac+ and &!ite !airs (a" " varies from dull red to yello&is! color% blac+ mane% tail and t!e limb

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Pie-a& " irregular patc!es of &!ite and blac+ Star " a &!ite mar+ on t!e fore!ead eit!er large or small Stripe " a narro& &!ite mar+ing running do&n t!e face%may be t!in or broad Con=oine star an stripe " stripe in continuation of a star (&a0e " a &!ite mar+ing covering almost t!e &!ole of t!e fore!ead bet&een

t!e eyes and e=tending do&n t!e front of t!e face beyond t!e &idt! of nasal bone and usually involving t!e mu22le

hite $a!e " &!ite covers t!e &!ole of fore!ead Snip " any isolated &!ite mar+ in bet&een t!e nostrils hite #00&e " bot! lips &ill be &!ite hor&s " any irregular setting of !airs Bree0e -ran ing - ry ice 7* +, C / Li(uid nitrogen " 7* JD C6

TeethCanine teeth absent in mare%cattleT#shes !anine teeth o$ pig

o&$ teeth " 8 st pre molar of upper Fa& in !orse)enta& star " a mar+ seen on t!e table surface of incisors in !orseIn$#n i-# " dar+ depression on t!e table surface of incisors in !orseCarnassia&s se!toria& teeth " in dogs.

7t! c!ee+ toot! of upper Fa& 3 7 t! pre molar6#t! c!ee+ toot! of lo&er Fa& 38 st molar6

Ga&>a"ne@s groo>e is a depression on t!e labial surface of t!e corner incisors(ishoping is an attempt to ma+e t!e old animals to be mista+en for a young one

ental formula

spe!ies Te porar" 7 e!i #o#s per anent

3Incisors canine premolar6 3Incisors canine premolar molar6

Catt&e sheep goat ; 7 % ; ; % 5 5 ?; ; 7 % ; ; % 5 5 % 5 5 5?

Horse 5 5 % ; ; % 5 5 ?7 5 5 % 8 8 % 5-7 5 % 5 5 7; - 7?

Pig 5 5 % 8 8 % 5 5 ? 5 5 % 8 8 % 7 7 % 5 5 77

)og 5 5 % 8 8 % 5 5 ? 5 5 % 8 8 % 7 7 % ? 5 7?Cat 5 5 % 8 8 % 5 ? ?$ 5 5 % 8 8 % 5 ? % 8 8 5;

Ca e& 8 5 % 8 8% 5 ? ?? 8 5 % 8 8% 5 ? % 5 5 57

ouble dis!ed face is c!aracteristic of =erse" and G#ernse"

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Go& en "e&&o' color mil+ is seen in /uernsey ,est mil+ production of &orld is Ho&stein Briesian @ey stone of arc! in animal breeding " se&e!tion Mass selection can be po&erful for high&" herita-&e traits

Spe!ies Sper !o#nt & >o e

(#&& $;;-8?;; million ?-8; ml

(#$$a&o $;;-8;;; million ?-# ml

Ra ;;-7;;; million ;.$-? ml

Sta&&ion #;-?;; million 5;-? ; ml

(oar ?#-8;;; million 8#;-7#; ml

Ca&$ starter s!ould be fed at 5 mont!s of age 7T)N *+,%/ CP * % Additional feeding during t!e pregnancy period " Steaming up Co&s s!ould be bred after calving &it!in D,*J, a"s ar notc!ing is commonly practiced in pigs Removal of testicles in fo&l " Caponisation raug!t po&er of bulloc+ " ,6+5 HP /estation period of goat is 45* 55 days ,est +no&n Indian goat milc! breed " =a napari Cr# e Bi-re utili2ation - Goat sheep -#$$a&oes !o's In s!eep $shing is practiced *3 'ee.s before mating Age of ram for breeding purpose " "rs S!eep tends to survive best in rier !&i ates At ?; &+s of age% D hrs of lig!ting is re(uired Air movement s!ould not e=ceed 3, $t 7J6 in or production of 8ml of mil+ 4,,*5,, & of blood must pass t!roug! t!e

udder MaFor elements 3Ca% P % @ % Cl % and Ja6 cannot be c!anged by altering t!e

levels of t!ese elements in t!e ration of a co& STH/ACTH/TSH an O;"to!in e=ert t!eir effect in maintaining t!e normal

lactation curve Ga&a!tophore - a mil+ duct Ga&a!tosi ase - en2yme &!ic! catalyses t!e splitting of lactose into g!ose U

Ga&a!tose Ga&a!topoiesis " maintenance of lactation La!togenesis " initiation of mil+ secretion

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Concentrate feeding " ;.5# +g per lit of mil+ Colostrums also +no&n as (eesting ,est time for castration is 8* , 'ee.s for cattle e&orming " &it! pipera0ine a ipate &it! in 5 rd to 4 t! day% repeat it once in a

mont! upto $t!

mont! of age Calf mortality - -e&o' 8% Adult mortality " -e&o' 3% C!emical used for s!earing in s!eep " C"!&ophospa i e Limiting amino acid of s!eep - Methionine ry matter re(uirement of s!eep - 65 3 .g hea a" T!e only mil+ producing s!eep breed 3goat li+e s!eep6 " Sona i Bineness o$ 'oo& " e=pressed in terms of spinning !o#nts 7s Ratio of secondary to primary follicle in Bine 'oo& -ree s " , :

Carpet 'oo& -ree s " : to 3:

iameter of 'ool fiber " 5 5, V iameter of @emp fiber " ,, ,, V 0air - Medulla is present

T"pe o$ 'oo& )ia eter S #nit

ine &ool X?# Y $7s to ;s

Medium &ool ?# " 7; Y #;s to $?s

Coarse &ool Z7; Y X#;s

T!e fiber from t!e Angora goat is +no&n as Mohair leece contain Suint and /rease S#int " &ater soluble salts present in t!e &ool% &!ic! is e=cretory products

from s+in T!e &aviness of &ool is +no&n as !ri p/ fine &ool &ill !ave more crimps Mutton " Pale pin+is! C!evon " dar+ red &it! coarse te=ture

B&oor spa!e per ani a& 7S 6$t

T"pe o$ ani a& Co>ere area Open area

Co&s ?;-5;35.# m ?6 ;-8;;34 m ?6

,uffaloes ?#-5# ;-8;;

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*oung stoc+ 8#-?; #;-$;

Pregnant co&s 8;;-8?; 8 ;-?;;

,ulls 8?;-87;38? m ?6 ?;;-?#;38?; m ?6

Ram ,uc+ 5.7 m ?

&e oe 8 m ?

,oar < m ? < m?

2III PO9LTRY SCI1NC1

(R11) group of individuals &it! in t!e species !aving distinct p!ysical 1 productive c!aracteristics% &!ic! are efficiently transmitted to decendents>ariet" subdivision of breed mostly decided by type of comb% colour of plumage

Strain population of small number of individuals in variety reproducing &it!&ell establis!ed common c!aracteristics(ree sMe iterranean !&ass 7 gg type6 M L A 3Minorca %Leg!orn % Ancona61ng&ish !&ass3Meat type6 C O S A 3Cornis!% >rp!ington% Susse=% Australop6A eri!an !&ass 3 ual type6 R P N 3R!ode islandred% Plymout!roc+% Je&0amps!ire% 'yandotte6 "Asiati! !&ass " ,r!aman% Coc!in%Langs!arn)#!.1gg &a"ers @!a+i Campbell% Indian runner

Meat #!.s &!ite pe+in% Aylsburry% Muscovy% RouvenSe= ratio Male emale : 5* D - Replacement pullets

: ,* - broiler breedersBa i&" se&e!tion is useful in lo& !eritability c!aracteristics

Lo& !eritability c!aracters egg pro #!tion / $erti&it" an >ia-i&it" Pedigree selection is used for se; &i ite traits Individual selection adopted for traits of high herita-i&it" % high&" herita-&e !hara!ters " egg &eig!t% s!ell (uality% se=ual maturity% gro&t! rate%

confirmation Selection of birds for La"er Line " 8;-87 &ee+s of age

Meat T"pe Line " &ee+s of age NAB1) " Jational Agricultural Co->perative Mar+eting ederation of India In mar+eting of eggs% state level government organi2ations li+e

MA C>%TAPC>%P>M C>%J CC and JA are ma+ing considerable efforts forar.eting an sa&e pro otion o$ eggs

N1CC " Jational egg coordination committee " $i;es the pri!es $or the eggs In ia 3 r &argest egg pro #!er ne=t to c!ina 1 SA

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ertile egg " nucleus is called as Ger is! % infertile egg it is called as Ger spot O>iposition " act of laying% due to t!e release of Arginine and >asoto!in (ro'n !o&or o$ egg s!ell is due to t!e pigment Porph"rin (e she&&e eggs " pigment Oo!"anin T!e normal dept! of air cell is 4 to 8 S!ell from outside covered by a layer of cuticle &!ic! is (a!teriostati! S!ell membranes " ,6,, ,6, thi!. S!ell " % of total egg &eig!t Albumen " 58 % of total egg &eig!t *ol+ " 3 % of total egg &eig!t O>o #!in " responsible for firmness of t!ic+ albumen

O>i #!t In$#n i-# - fertili2ation of ovum% t!e yol+ stays for about 5 in

Magn# " maFor (ty of t!ic+ albumen secreted !ere % materials stay about 3 ho#rs Isth #s " 8.?# !rs% egg &!ite%? s!ell membranes% some salt and &ater is added to egg 9ter#s " maFor role in egg formation% !ard calcareous s!ell% s!ell pigment% some

minerals1 &ater along &it! cuticle deposited% egg spends ma= time ?8 !rs at t!is place 2agina " egg Fust passes &it!out spending time 4 D hrs re(uired for formation of an egg Ha#gh #nit7H9 " valuating albumen (uality% t!e 0 of good (uality egg " +, Temperature gg !olding room 8 , ! Ph"sio&ogi!a& ero " to arrest t!e development of embryo before setting at 4#- ; D

!umidity

umigation " 8= " 7;ml of formalin &it! ?;g of @mno7 ?. ;m5 Incubator - temp-54.#- 54. UC %$#-4;D !umidity 0atc!er " temp- 5$.# " 5$. UC% 4# " ;D !umidity Incubation period " ?;-?8 days (roo ing anage ent " up to 7 &ee+s " broilers% $- &+s " layers (roo ing spa!e " #;-$$ cm ? c!ic+% temperature " 55UC during first &ee+%?.$UC reduced

every &ee+ till reac!es ?8UC )e-ea.ing - generally done t&ice in egg type c!ic+en " ay old 1 Around < t! day or at

5-7 &ee+s of age Toe*!&ipping " breeding males " $-< days of age )#--ing " removal of comb % around 4- &ee+s of age Cropping - removal of &attles The a>erage sto!.ing ensit" o$ a #&t -ir s

ree range - 5,-ir s haSemi intensive +5, -ir s haIntensive system " ,,,,* 5,,,-ir s ha

Bo#&*pat!h " t!e ground immediately surrounding t!e !ouses- more danger of infection

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)epth o$ &itter " 5! for c!ic+s%+ * ,! for gro&ers and layers T!e re&ati>e h# i it" in the eep &itter system s!ould be aro#n 4,% T!e oist#re !ontent o$ &itter s!ould not be less t!an 8% and s!ould not e=ceed

4% T!e ammonia level produced by litter s!ould not e=ceed 5pp >rientation of poultry !ouses " 1ast* est ire!tion

B&oor spa!e re #ire ent

La"ers (roi&ers

Age3&ee+s6

Space bird3cm s(6 Age 3&ee+s6 Space bird3cm s(6

)eep &itter;-4 $#;-$4# ; - 7 7#;-74;

-88


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Supplemental nitrogen: s#&ph#r necessary in t!e ratio of ,: Cereal grains are deficient in &"sine and tr"ptophan is! meal is ric! source of &"sine/ tr"ptophan and ethionine Piglets !ig!ly susceptible to iron and !o-a&t deficiency Pig&et anae ia 3th# ps 6

symptoms - Pale in t!e region of ears and belly% Listlessness% Rapid breat!ing%often iarr!oea .R B - 8;;-8#; mg of iron in t!e form of iron de=tron " 5 days after birt! ifnecessary a second inF.-5 &ee+s later

'eig!t at &eaning age is proof of e$$i!ient gro'th and also an indication of t!e i&.inga-i&it" of t!e gilt

Creep feeding given from 3r 'ee. on&ards 3?#-5;D CP6 *ello& mai2e is ric! in !r"pto;anthine Restri!te $ee ing produces better (uality meat

Cotton seed meal is +no&n for its efficiency to produce har an $ir eat eeds li+e gro#n n#t/ ai0e/ ri!e -ran/ >egeta-&e oi&s % etc &!en fed in liberal &ill

result in so$t por. Mai2e as a cereal deficient in !a&!i# Cho&ine and ethionine are needed to supplement to counteract t!e to=icity resulting

from tannin Rice polis! " ric! in thia ine and !ig!er in nia!in and ri-o$&a>in '!eat bran " 8?D fibrer ric! in phosphor#s and poor in !a&!i# lood meal $ 4856 protein +eat meal " #5$## 0P ,lood meal is deficient iso&e#!ine /round nut ca+e 4,*5,% protein eat!er meal 5% inclusion level

Documents

TNPSC Science Guide Part II