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DOCUMeNT ResUP111
ED 028 443 48 AL 001 845
By-McCarus, Ernest; Rammuny, RajiA Programmed Course in Modern Literary Arabic Phonology and Script.Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor. Center for Research on Language and Language Behavior.Spons Agency-Office of Education (DHEW), Washington, D.C. Bureau of Research.
Bureau No- BR -61 784Pub Date 1 Feb 69Contract OEC -3 -6-061784P.0508Note-202p.; Text included in Studies in Language and Language Behavior, Progress Report VIII:EMS Price MF-S1.00 HC-S10.20Descriptors -*Arabic, Contrastive Linguistics. Graphemes, Handwriting Instruction, Handwriting Skills,
*Language Instruction, Pattern Drills (Language), *Phonology, *Programed Materials, Programed Texts,Pronunciation, Supplementary Textbooks, *Writing, Writing Skills
Identifiers *Modern Literary ArabicThis course is designed to teach the non-Arabic speaker to read printed Arabic.
to write Arabic with a pleasing hand," to distinguish accurately the phonologicalcontrasts of modern literary Arabic, and to pronounce it in a manner easilycomprehensible to Arabs. Dialogs and proverbs are included for reading practice;grammatical structures are not dealt with. The course may serve as an introductionto, or be used concurrently with, a basic course. Typical lessons present a set ofletters related in form. plus certain auxiliary signs. For each letter or sign there arethree sections: (1) its pronunciation value, with explanations and drills if it differsfrom or is lacking in English; (2) the various shapes of this letter in its printed formand drills in reading it; and (3) the written forms of the letter, also with _practice drills.At the end of each unit there are review drills for the unit as a whole. The material ispresented usually one small .feature at .a time, and the student proceeds at his ownrate. Pronunciation features are recorded on tape as well as desCribed phonetically.Answers to oral drills are on tape; written answers are given in the left margin of thefollowing page. For information on the tapes, write to the authors at the Center forResearch on Language and Language Behavior; University of Michigan. Ann Arbor.Mich. 48108. (AMM).
U.S. DEPARTMENT -OF HEA-Lii, EitleATIONi WAFARI
OFFICE OF EDUCATION
THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE
iPERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT. POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS
STITIP00.101 NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE riDUCitTION
,POSITION OR POLICY. ,
A PROGRAMMED COURSE IN MODERN LITERARY ARABIC
PHONOLOGY AND SCRIPT
Ernest McCarus and Raji Rammuny
ge--s-/7/yeg-ia
Introduction
This course is designed to teach the non-Arab to read Arabic script with
acceptable pronunciation. Specifically, its goals are the ability to read
printed Arabic, to write Arabic with a pleasing hand, to distinguish accurately
the phonological contrasts of modern literary Arabic, and to pronounce it in a
manner easily camprehensible to Arabs. Although same dialogs and proverbs are
included for reading practice, grammatical structures are not dealt with. This
course may well serve, however, as an introduction to or be used concurrently
with a basic course.
The language of this course is contemporary Literary Arabic, the literary
language that differs from all spoken dialects of Arabic and yet is the only
form of Arabic that is written throughout the Arabic world. It is the most
universally understood form of Arabic, being used not only in publicationg but
also on the radio, on very formal occasions, etc. There are only superficial
variations in script and pronunciation over the Arab world; where a choice
had to be made, as, for example, in the pronunciation of , the authors have
followed Jordanian usage.
* * * * * * *
This course is a refinement of an earlier non-programmed set of materials,
also done at the Center for Research on Language and Language Behavior; those
materials were based on a contrastive analysis of English and Arabic phonologies
(tempered with the authors' collective experience in teaching Arabic to non-
Arabs); an analysis of the MLA writing system; and a frequency count of vocabu-
lary used in the leading Arabic textbooks currently in use. The typical lesson
of this course presents a set of letters related in form, e.g., d. c. 4,
plus certain auxiliary signs, e.g. the vowel points, nunation, etc. For each
letter or sign there are three sections: (a) its pronunciation value, with
explanations and drills if it differs from or is lacking in English; (b) the
various shapes of this letter in its printed form and drills in reading it;
(c) the written forms of the letter, also with practice drills. At the ehd of
each unit there are review drills for the unit as a whole.,
39
AL 001 845
2
* * * * * * *
The individual taking this course may proceed at his awn rate of speed.
The material is presented usually one small feature at a time; certain matters
of pronunciation are recorded on tape as well as described phonetically. After
a given feature has been presented, it is tested in a drill, which may be oral
(marked "on tape"), or written, or both. The answers to oral drills are on
tape, while the written answers are always given in the left margin of the
following page.
If the student makes more than three errors in any given drill, he should
return to the beginning of tnat section and repeat the intervening drills; if
he makes more than ten errors in the review drills at the end of the Unit, he
should repeat the entire unit.
* * * * * *
The authors wish to acknowledge with thanks the kind help afforded by
Professor John C. Catford, who read the entire course, and gave valuable sug-
gestions, in particular on the phonology portions, in addition to drawing the
illustrations of Arabic consonants.
40
A PROGRAMMED COURSE IN MODERN LITERARY ARABIC
PHONOLOGY AND SCRIPT
UNIT 1
The letter I aa
The letter J d
The letter.0
The vowel sign a
(..
3
The Arabic alphabet has 28 letters plus a number of wIxiliary
signs written above or below the letters. Arabic is written from
right to left.
1. The letter 1 aa and the short vowel-sign a- the let-
ter J d,
A. Pronunciation
Arabic has three vowels, each of which can be long or short.
This unit will deal with the first pair of long and short vowels,
I aa and / a. There are no exact English equivalents, and
at the same time there is variation within the Arab world in their
pronunciation; imitation of your teacher is the best approach.
However, the following observations should be useful.
1. From the Arab's point of view, the difference in these two
vowels is length, the amount of time used to pronounce them. In a
careful reading, stressed long I aa will be twice as long as
stressed short / a. In most of the Arab world 1 aa is pro-
nounced roughly like a in English "bad", but much longer in duration.
41
4
The short vowel a is much shorter, normally about half as long,
as a matter of fact. Its quality ranges between the vowel a in.
English "bat" (but much shorter in duration) and u in English "but"
(but again shorter in duratiOn). The following drill illustrates
the difference between I and
Drill 1. (On tape) Listen. to the following pairs but do not repeat.
2. To Americans, who are not accustomed to distinguishing
differences in vowel length, the difference in vowel quality is far
more striking than the difference in length. However, the Arab
also reacts to the difference in quality, since in normal reading
or speaking unstressed long vowels tend to be shortened and vowel
quality b(acomes the key distinctive feature. To illustrate: 1.3
daam 'it lasted' sounds like English "dam", while s:.$ dam 'blood'f --
sounds like English "dumb". In the following drill, pay close at-
tention to the quality and quantity of each vowel and imitate as
accurately as you can.
Drill 2. (On tape) Repeat on signal.
3. Another important feature of Arabic vowels is the effect
of long vowels on word stress. In the following drill, note that
long vowels attract word stress; if there are no long vowels, the
first short vowel in the word is stressed.
Drill 3. (On tape) a.Lfsten , but do not repeat. b Now, repeat
Drill A. (On tape) Indicatewhether the pairs that will be read
to you are same or different. Check the proper block.
Note: Drills are set up in Arabic order, proceeding from
right to left.
Different Same
Example: . 1
L] 2
o El 3
o 0 4
D 5
42
Drill 4. (Cont.) Different Same
Drill 5. (On tape) Indicatewhich of the following pairs contain
the long vowel 1 . Check the proper block.
2 1
Example: 0 gil . 1
El 0 . 2
0 LI . 3
El 0 . 4
El 0 . 5
n r:i. 6
0 0 . 7
Now, do the same with the following two-syllable words.
r:1 0 . 8
. 9
1=1
Drill 6. (On tape)
a. Listen to the following words, noting length of vowel.
Say the mode word, and then repeat it changing the
length of the vowel (i.e., long to short or short to
long).
b. Listen to the correct answer on the tape.
c. Repeat the correct answer to yourself.
d. Listen to the correct answer again.
Answers
. 6
. 8
9
.10
. 2
. 3
=1*
LC-X
7
. 5
. 6
Lci,]on .8
1111111.1I,
1XX=8.
.12
Drill 6. (Cont.)
B. Reading
Example: a.
a. Tape:
Student:
b. Tape:
c. Student:
d. Tape:
daam
daam - dam
daam - dam
daam - dam
daam - dam
Drill 1. The long vowel aa in Arabic is represented by the
letter I , called 9alif; see box at right.
Find the same letter below and circle it.
Drill 2. The letter J daal represents the consonant d
as in English "dandy".* Find the same letter.-
below and circle it.
Si
J
6
Drill 3. The consonant j and the long vowel 1 combined
are pronounced daa. Read the following combina-
tions. (Stress the first syllable of each word.) -
IJIJ IJ
Drill 4. The sign , called fatba in Arabic, represents
the short vowel a; it 1771ways placed over a
letter. Thus the combination of the letter J
plus is '5 , pronounced da. Find the com-
bination :P.) below and circle it.
Drill 5. Read the following:
fi n
Si
Si
*Technical description: J d is a voiced dental stop.
ISi
44
Answers
A. Pronun-ciation
Drill 6.
Check tape
B. Reading
Drill 1.
You shouldhave circledsix itemsincludingthe firstone given asan example.
Drill 2.
You shouldhave circledfive items.
Drill 3.
Check tape
Drill 4.From now
on we shallgive younumbers only.Seven
Drill 5.
Check tape.
C. Writing
Drill 1. The letter I , pronounced aa, is written fromtop to bottom as indicated by the arrow. Makethe same letter belowtfollowing the guidelinesfirst and then independently, sounding out thevalue aa of the letter as you make it. Start
at the right and work left.
I 1 I
Drill 2. This combination of and 1 is pronounced
1.) daa. Copy the same combination below,paying special attention to spaces betweenletters of the same syllable as well as spacesbetween the syllables nemselves.
40,1)4-
Drill 3. The combination of J and ths.short vowelsign 4' forms the syllable , pronounced
da. Note how in writing the short vowel signwe start from the top slanting diagonal-
ly to the left. The sign is added afterthe completion of the letter J . Copy the
model below, following previous instructions.
4-'011
,g=;')
Drill 3. Continued
Drill 4. Turn back to Drill 2. Look at the model pattern, thenturn to this section and make the model once. Now, turnto Drill 3 and do the same with the model pattern. Repeat
these two models one after the other three times, keepingin mind space relationship between the letters and syl-lables.
The letter j h.*
A. Pronunciation
The letter j has the value of th in English "this", "either",
and "bathe"; the phonetic symbol used to transcribe,this consonant
is The Arabic name of this letter is Nal.
B. Reading
A special feature of the Arabic alphabet is the use
of dots to distinguish letters from each other. Thus, j
is equivalent to J plus a dot above.
Drill 1. Give the names of the following:
Drill 2. J enters into the same combination with vowels as
does J . Read the following:
JJ 51j 51J 1j 1J
4JIJ JJ JIJ JIJ JJ*Technical description: j voiced interdental fricative.
C. Writing
Drill 1. is written the same as J plus a dotabove. As indicated by the numbers, thedot is written last. Practice the modelbelow.
9
ec-
Drill 2. This word is pronounced b,sada. In copyingthe model, pay special attention to spacerelationship between the letters of theword.
J '13i ft 4
I I
ift
Drill 3. Read the following items from right to left.Then copy the items following the guidelines.Say each item as you make it.
4114.nI ef) aroi
. I
Drill 4. Which are the correctly written words?
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
47
Answers
Part C.
Drill 4.
Numbers:2, 4, and 8.
3. Stress
If a word has two or more syllables, one syllable is pronounced
louder than the rest; this loudness is called "word stress", or,
simply, "stress". There are three simple rules for determining the
placement of stress in Arabic. The first rule is that the last syl-
lable of the word is not stressed. Thus, if the word has only two
syllables, the next to the last one is stressed.
Compare the following (C stands for any consonant, V stands
for short vowels and VV for long vowels):
CagCaa
IJIJ
Drill 7.
CagCa
5IJ
(On tape)
a. Listening
b. Imitation
CgCaa CgCa
1,35 JJ
IJIJ 5IJ IJ5 JJ4
IJIj .51j IJj JJ
U.) 51.) US J J4
1,31j ilj 1,31 JJ4!
IJIJ 5IJ IJ5 JJ
1J1j 5IJ IA JJ1
IjIJ JIJ4
I J .5.. IJ J
jIIj ilJ 1.11 JJ#.!
The second rule is that in words of more than two syllables,
if the second last vowel is long, it is stressed. Compare:
CaaCgaCa CaCagCa CagCa(a)
JIJIJ 51J:3 5IJ
Drill 8. (On tape)
a. Listening
SIJIJ filJJ 5IJ
SIJIj i1.3.3 Lilj
JIJIJ JIJJ 5IJ< /e .ejIjIj jljj 5Ij
b. Imitation
11
The third rule is that if the vowel of the second-last syl-
lable is not long, then the third-last syllable is stressed,thus:
CaCagCaa
, /, i /J li I ..),
Drill 9. (On tape)
a. Listening
CafiCaCa CgCaCa
/ 4JJIJe ,o'JJJ
e 1, / .-
JJ1J) JJIJ JJJ
4 /1./ .,3JIJ JJjJJNJ)
. ..eJJI J) jJIJ JJJ
JjI; JjIj jJjb. Imitation
49
Drill 10. Read
1J:91.51.1
LL
51j1j 51j 11j1J
12
Drill 11. (On tape) You will hear ten items. If the item read is
the same as the word written, circle the item; if not,
circle the check mark on the left.
Example: X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X IJIJ .10
The above rules for stress placement do not apply to Egypt and
North Africa. The rules for the placement of word stress that apply
to Egyptian usage are given below for those interested. In the fol-
lowing, a "short syllable" is one conbisting of a consonant and a
vowel, symbolized CV. A "long syllable" is one containing more than
two symbols, i.e. CVC, CVV or CVVC.
1. The last syllable of the word is not stressed. Thus, if the
word consists of two syllables, the first syllable is stressed:
bihi lAkum
mádaa yfikun
50
Drill 10.
Check tape
Drill 11.
X
X
1
. 2
. 3
. 4
5
6
. 7
8
JIj,9.10
13
2. If the word consists of three short syllables, the first
yllable is stressed:
CVCVCV
kitaba
sdbabu
3. If the word ends in a long vowel which is preceded by
three or more short syllables, the next to the last syllable in
the word is stressed:
...CVCVCVCVV
katabdhaa
fankasardtaa
waktasabdhaa
tarakahdmaa
malikatuhdmaa
4. Otherwise, if none of the above conditions is met, and if
the word contains a sequence of four or more short syllables, the
third one in that sequence is stressed:
CVCVCVCV
katabahu
sababdhu
malikátu
malikátuhu
walmalikdtu
waktasabdhu
5. Otherwise, if the next.to the last syllable is long, it
s stressed:
...CVCCV(C) ...CVVCV(C),
katfibta kitadbu
katdbtum kari&un
yukallimuhana
6. Otherwise, the vowel following the last long syllable in
the word is stressed:
...CVCCV... e..cvvcveee
yaktdbu raasdla
yaktdbuhaa kitaabdka
kattábahaa naazilatun
waktásabu
madrásatun
faltáfit
wastafhdma
""4.
14
52
4. Review Drills
1. Ten words will be readl each one twice. If the word con-
tains the long vowel I , write this letter in the first
column from the right; if not, write the short vowel,sign
me in the second column.111=11111111111
2. (On tape) Ten words will be read, each one twice. For
each word two choices are given below. Circle the cor-
rect choice.
Example:
AnswersDrill 1.
1
. 2
. 3
. 4
. 5
. 6
. 7
. 8
. 9
. 10
3
..31.3. 4
5
.il..i. 6
J JJ . 7
1.31.3. 8
.JJIJ
Drill 3.
Check tape
9
10
3. Read./J
4 1 .jIjIJ JJIJ
4. Circle identical
Example:
items then
16
5IJ IJ
1.31J IJIj
write one like them.
. 1
. 2
. 3
. 4
. 5
. 6
. 7
. 8
54
UNIT 2
The letter uu/w
The vowel sign
1. The letter 3 and the vowel sign
A. Pronunciation
The sign I (called damma in Arabic) represents the short
vowel u, pronounced like u in English "put".
The letter (Arabic name: waaw) represents the long vowel
uu, pronounced roughly like oo in English "moon".
In addition, the letter also represents the consonant w,
equivalent to w in English "wait".
The two vowels differ not only in quality-u in "put as opposed
to oo in "moon"-but also in quantity. As with 1 and (see
Unit 1) stressed uu is twice ao long as u in any given utter-_
ance; compare:
1121 'Be generous!'
juud 'generosity'
These differences between 3 and are illustrated in the follow-
ing drill.
Drill 1. (On tape) a. Listening; b. Imitation.
Drill 2. (On tape) a. Listening; b. Imitation.
Drill 3. (On tape) Each of the following sets of three words will
be read twice. Place a check in the columns indicating
identical items.
2 1
. 1
. 2
. 3
. .4
. 5
. .6
. 7
. 8
. 9
.10
Answers
Part A.
Drill 3.
2 1
XX XX
XX XX
NX__XX XX
ICX XX
3C/C XX
xx xx
xx xx
pc xx
xxxxxx xx
1
. 2
3
4
5
6
7
. 8
. 9
. 10
Drill 4. (On tape) The following pairs include fhe long vowel
uu and the 'short vowel NP u. Listen to each pair,
then check the block which corresponds to the item
that contains the long vowel.
Drill 5.
. 2
. 3
. 4
. 5
. 6
. 7
. 8
19
(On tape):
a. Listen to the following words noting length and quality
of vowel. Say the model word, then repeat it changing
the length of the vowel (i.e., long to short or short
to long).
b. Listen to the correct answer on the tape.
c. Repeat the correct answer to yourself.
d. Listen to the correct answer on the tape.
B. Reading
Drill 1. This is the Arabic letter
same letter below.
ci
) waaw. Circle the
) j
Drill 2. This combination of the letters j
and ) is pi ,pronounced iuu. Find the same
combination below and circle it.
Li
57
Answers
Part A.
Drill 4.2 1
ED ED .
CI 2
El 3
El 4
ID 5
6
,g 7
KIC8
Drill 5.Check model
tape.
Part B.
Drill 1.
IIDrill 2.
Drill 3. This syllablevowel-sign isbination with
-9.
Jconsisting of j plus the short
pronounced ).1.1. Compare this com-
those below and circle it.
Drill 4. Give the names of the following:
Drill 5. Read the following:,
Li#,J J .
...3
9
s
/ 9
20
We mentioned in Section A that ) may also have the value of
a consonant. When this letter is followed or preceded by a vowel
(i.e., 1 aa, a, ) UU 9 u) it has the value of the conso-
nant w as in English "wish". Illustrations:
Drill 6. Circle those items
'YU .59
J)...)...) .4
IJJ .10 JiJ) .9
At the end of
vowels tends to be
/0wada
waada
./, dawada
daawada
that include )
51; .3
9 n
as a consonant.
.2 J)...3 .1
!J,JJ .7 1.21J .6
a word the difference between long and short
and J..) dadu areneutralized; thus 9
daduu
both pronounced the same, the final
oo in English "boot" but shorter.
Drill 7. Read the following:
J
vowel in each being roughly like
-/
Answers
Part B.
Drill 3.
Drill 4.
Check modeltape.
Drill 5.
Check model.
tape.
Drill 6.
You shouldhave circlednumbers 3, 5,6, and 9.
Drill 7.
Check modeltape.
C. Writing
Drill 1. This is the letter .9 waaw; the arrow shows youhow to make this letter. Make the same letterbelow, naming the letter j as you make it.
21
9 9 9eat
9
NI10111,3...s.
1k
Drill 2. This is the syllable duu. Make the same syllablebelow and pronounce it as you make it.
OP
1 1 1 I _5)1 fb
Drill 3. This is the syllable du. Notice that dammau has just about the same shape as waawexcept that it is smaller and placed
above the letter. POI:low preVious 'instructions
for making this syllable.
59
Drill 4. This is the word wadaadu. Make the same word
below.
22
4 j t 9 -
Drill 5. First read the following items, then copy them following
the guidelines. Say each item as you make it.
.)
2. Review Drills
Drill 1. Indicate by checking the proper block whether the following
statements are true or false.
False True
0 0 1. Vowel length is insignificant in Arabic.
0 0 2. Like I and.0. is pronounced twice'
as long as '2 .
0 0 3 . In Arabic I and , are letters, but
and "It are vowel signs placed...
above letters.
L=1
LI]
4. The letter only functions as a vowel.
5. Stress in Arabic is not influenced by
the vowel length.
Answers
Review Drills
Drill 1.F T
1g4 . 1
. 2
g 3
[1 . 4
gl El 5
23
Drill 2. (On tape) If the word read contains the long vowel )
write this letter in the first column; otherwise, write
in the second column.
. 2
. 3
. 4
. 5
. 6
. 7
. 8
. 9
.10
Drill 3. (On tape) For each word read, two choices are given below.
Circle the correct choice.
P 0..1 ..)
oJ1J
J)JI .J)J
, , .JJ.,..)
9JJI)P
.9J1JI ."JJo..1)...)
./Ji
s , PJ..)..;
P 1J.,..L.,
)liJIJ
.
.
.
.
.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
61
Answers
Review DrillDrill 2.
JP
2
.10
Drill 3.
JJ.
/ AJr.) JJ 4
JJJ.,
,J)0'Jj1) J1J
24
Drill 4. (On tape)Ten words will be read, each one twice. Fill
in the missing syllable(s) in the blanks provided.
Write all final vowels short.
1
.> 2
4/->. 3
1' 4
. 5)
. 6.>
. 7
. 8
. 9
1 0
62
The letter
The vowel-sign
The sign
1. The letter a and the vowel-sign
A. Pronunciation
The vowel sign, (called kasra in Arabic) represents the short
vowel i, pronounced like i in English "fit.
The letter a (yaa/ in Arabic) represents the long vowel
roughly like i in English "machine" or ee in "seed". This letter
also represents the consonant y. (like in English "yes"); this
will be explained below under B. Reading.
At the end of a word the distinction between long ii a and
short i is neutralized: they both sound roughly like ee in
"beet", but shorter. Thus, ks JJ dadii and JJ dadi are both pro-.
nounced the same. This is true of all pairs of long and short
vowels, except that when I aa represents a dual form it is pro-
nounced somewhat longer than # a, e.g., 5Ij aada 'he defended'
but 1J1.3 aadaa 'the two of them defended'.
Drill 1. (On tape) a. Listening; b. Imitation.
The following drill illustrates the difference in length and
quality between 4.5 and . Pay special attention to the shifting
of stress from the third last to the second last syllable in each
pair.
Drill 2. (On tape) a. Listening, b. Imitation.
27
Drill 3. Indicate by checking the proper block whether the follow-
ing pairs are same or different.
Different Same
El El . 1
ID 0 . 2
El 0 . 3
El El . 4
El El . 5
O 0 . 6
O 0 . 7
O 0 . 8
O ID . 9
El p . 10
Drill 4. Check the proper block for the short vowel i and the
long vowel a ii.
61 [C]
/
. 1
El 0 . 2
O 0 . 3
O I:] . 4
O El . 5
O 0 . 6
I7-] 0 . 7
O r3 8
65
Answers
Part A.
Drill 3.
2
3
5
7
9
Drill 4.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
28
Drill 5. Place a check in the column that corresponds to the vowel
in the word you hear.
. 2
4
. 5
6
7
8
9
.10
B. Reading
Drill 1. This is the letter L5 yaw?. Find the same
letter below and cir.Cle it.
Drill 2. Give the names of the following letters.
(.5
Drill 3. This combination of J and the long
vowel cs is pronounced dii. Read:
lj
J,J
Ii
66
Answers
Part A.
Drill 5.
)1 _t
Part B.
Drill 1.
. 3
. 4
. 5
. 6
. 7
. 8
. 9
. 10
Drill 2.
Checkmodel tape.
Drill 3.
Checkmodel tape.
Drill 4. The combination of J plus the short vowel ,-
sign is di. Read: ..:J
/ s .J J
_
r)d
dlJJ
)-$L.) LS J
.. !
.J.9 9j J
/ d .JIJ9 JJ... d
.e
Arabic letters are of two kinds: connectors,
29
letters that are connected to both preceding andJ sF Independent
following letters; and non-connectors, letters 4.4 Joined to fo
which are connected to preceding but not to fol- lowing lette
lowing letters.
All letters studied so far--that is, 1 J j 9 and )
are non-connectors. We now take up a , which is a connector.
A special feature of connectors is that they assume abbreviated
shapes when joined to other letters. Thus, the independent shape of
yap-the shape of the letter when not connected on either side--is
. When joined to a following letter it takes the shape ;
you will see that the abbreviated Alapes contain the most character-
istic features of the full letter, in this case the short vertical
line plus the two dots below the letter. (The shape of ts whenS.
it is joined on both sides and its final joined shape will be
given in a later unit.)
Drill 5. The letter cs represents the consonant y when it follows
or precedes "a vowel, but represents the vowel ii in all
other cases. Read:
-
, ,rat. -
/ .rd.' ..0.0 °.d.9 -
J1.4,4.3 1.4At. a ftle.j J.) J4.,
67
Answers
Part B.
Drill 4.
Checkmodel tape.
Drill 5.Check
model tape.
Drill 6.Check
model tape.
Drill 7.Check
model tape.
C. Writino
Drill 1. This is the Arabic letter c.5 yae.Look at the model above, then say the
name of this letter as you make it
below.
Sf I1116
(5 (5 csSOP
J....111
OSP
IF
Drill 2. Trace over the following, then copy them saying each item
as you copy it.
Drill 3. This is the shape of C5 when it is joined
to a following letter. Practice the model
below.
)04=='
4°- a
"^
,
31
Drill 4. Trace over, then copy the following as usual. Notice that
the two dots of ..J are added.after the completion of the
first non-connector, as in
J 3
Drill 5. Turn back to Drill 2. Look at the first three items, then
turn to this section and write them (one at a time). Do
the same with the last two items in Dr1114 . Check your
answers by going back to both Drills 2 and4 .
Drill 6. This is the shortIt is written theexcept that it isletter instead ofthe model below.
vowel-sign kasra.
same as 0' fatha,
written below tfieover it. Practice
/- .°
Drill 7. Trace over the following, then copy them below, pronouncing
each item as you copy it.
...4111;01LII-.°
6
4 4
69
39
Drill 8. Trace over, then copy the following.
02. The sign sukuun.
Every consonant is, of course, either followed by a vowel or. 9
it is not. If it is, it receives a vowel sign, e.g., J ,J ,
and J . There is a special sign, called sukuun, which denotes/ 9 / 0 1
the absence of any vowel, e.g., JJ dadu but JJ dad. You might
remember sukuuno
as a small zero indicating the absence of any
vowel.
Drill 1. Read:
Drill 2.
9,JI5J
t5 4.'"/ JJI9
. 9D1J5J1J J5J
The sign0
sukuun is a small circle written
above a letter, as you see in the model.
Practice writing sukuun below.
Z.41.3
0 0 0 0
70
33
3. Stress. We have seen that if the second last syllable of a
word contains a long vowel, that syllable is stressed. We now see
that the second last syllabel is also stressed if it ends in a con-, .4.
sonant--that is, a letter with sukuun over it. Thus:
wadádwa.
Stress-summary. If the second last syllable is long (i.e.,
contains a long vowel or a short vowel followed by two consonants),
that syllable 'is stressdd. Otherwise, the third last syllable is
stressed.
Drill 1. Read the following, paying attention to the placement of
stress:
4.. ."Revievi',Drills
Drill 1. Indicate by checking the proper block whether the following
statements are true or false.
False True
-^
I
1. Like ) , the letter a functions
both as a vowel and a abnsonant.
2. There is no difference betweenfattia and kasra in writing and
placement.
3. 1 and are aon,connectors,
but a is a connector.
4. Long vowelsare usuallyexcept fora dual form.
at the endiof wordsshortened in Arabic,
when it represents
5 The sign ° shows that the letter
over which it is placed is not
pronounced.
71
Answers
Review Drills
Drill 1.
34
Drill 2. (On tape) Each word read will contian one of the vowels
indicated at the head of the columns. Write the correct
vowel in the appropriate column.
. 2
. 3
. 4
. 5
. 6
. 7
. 8
. 9
.10
Drill 3. Pronounce the following words, and then circle items that
are the same.
JJ
"
J
/CS -111.
ji;f
'2J/J)Oe
.35 J
LS 4t
-ja 4.4jI/
J/J,
/tS5 41.
?JJ
a 4e.
J
J J5
45 .35 j
0,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8.
72
Answers
Review Drill
Drill 2.
1
2
. 3
. 4
. 5
. 6
. 7
1 . 8
IP
Drill 3.
35
Drill 4. (On tape) Dictation. Five items will be read to you, each
one twice. Write them below.
.41.1 - 2
. 3
. 4
. 5
. 6
. 7
. 8
. 2
. 3
. 4
. 5
73
Unit 4
Double cosonants: The auxiliary sign shadda
The letter
The letter
The letter 0
1. Double consonants
37
A. Pronunciation
Any Arabic consonant can be doubled, i. e., prolonged in its
pronunciation. The sign ") called shadda, written above a letter,
indicates a doubled consonant. For example,
9 /wadat 'she paid blood-money'
w/waddat 'she wanted'
The difference in pronunciation between short and long consonants
produces different words, as in the examples above; therefore, when a
consonant is written double (i.e., is written with Id* over it) you
must be careful to pronounce it double, or you will produce the wrong
meaning.
English does not have double consonants (in spite of such
spellings as butter, amle, hissing, etc.) within a word, but may get
them when two words succeed each other, as in "night-time", "bad debt",
or in compbund words such as "bookkeeper", "penknife", etc.
Drill 1. (On tape) a. Listening, b. Imitation.
In Arabic, any consonant in the language may be pronounced double,
and examples of each are easy to find. In English, double w and z do
not occur even in word compounds or when two words come together.
Compare "How will he go?" and "When will he go?"; the double ww that
you would expect in the first sentence (MOW will) sounds like the single
w in the second sentence. In Arabic, however, double ww and double
are pronounced approximately twice as long as single w and In
pronouncing ww, as in dawwa, keep the lips tensely rounded for an
extra second or so. Likewise, in pronouncing yx, as in danra, hold_ _
the tongue and jaw steady for an extra second or so, prolonging the)!
sound.
75
38
Drill 2. (On tape) a. Listening, b. Imitation.
Drill 3. (On tape) Listening. Check the block that corresponds to
the word with the doubled consonant.
Example
2 1
El El
D LI 2
O 0 . 3
D O 4
El CI 5
O U 6
El El 7
El El 8
Drill 4. (On tape) Identification. Indicate whether the item
read on tape has a doubled consonant (yes) or does not (no).
Example
No Yes
ID Ig 1
El 0 2
0 0 . 3
O 0 . 4
El 0 5
El 0 . 6
1:1 El . 7
EI 0 . 8
O l=1 . 9
O LI .10
76
Answers
Part A.
Drill 2.
Checkmodel tape.
Drill 3.
2 1
. 2
. 3
5gi
g . 6
. 7
. 8
Drill 4.
No Yes
39
B. Reading40
The symbol , called shadda in Arabic, is placed over a con-
sonant letter to show that the consonant is pronounced double, as in
4-5-1
wadda
bawwaba
Drill 1. (On tape) You will hear two possible readings for each ofthe following items; check the box for the correct reading:
g El 1 n_rill 2. Read the following:
C. Writing6
The sign
B A
;AZ
tS,
. 1 .1)
. 2
P
. 3 JI)J
Ito. 4 J
0.1
5'a!
e. 6
. 7
w. 8
/J1,4J
shadda is composed of two "teeth";
it is always placed above a consonant letter. It is
written from right to left, as illustrated above.
77
Answers
Part B.
B A
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX
. 1
2
. 3
. 4
. 5
. 6
. 7
. 8
Drill 1. Follow the model as you write shadda below.
. 40 LA) up) to 4A) 41)
Fatha and damma are written above shadda, as in:
t.0_A) buddar
buddu
Kasra may be written directly under shadda, or under the letter
itself, as in: o
.)5.)
Drill 2. Practice the following.
4.4am/
ot to, :.)
2. The consonant , b
A. Pronunciation
The letter , called baa/ in Arabic, represents the consonant
b, like in English "bat". Arabic b is pronounced like English b;
unlike English b it is often pronounced double in the middle of words,
as in:
dabbarait J
tabbat
Drill 1. (On tape) a. Listening, b. Imitation.
41
B. Reading
Indepen-dent
has four different shapes, depending on what
kind of letter, if any, precedes or follows it. The
independent form is used when the letter is not joined
on either side. See model:.
e /'
Drill 1. Circle the letter below.
Li 41
Drill 2. Give the names of dm following:
4.
Drill 3. Underline in the following words:
e e. w 4,
S 4
4°. I
1./4 Irl, 4»%r, J r 1)
Drill 5. When s- occurs joined to a following
letter, it takes the shape .
Underline this joined form below.
)I CT: I:
J,
--4ic--..-1#
A
4
Independent
Joined to afollowing letter
79
9111.0.4
Drill 6. Read:
ft/
Drill 7. When the letter occurs joined
to preceding and following let-
ters, it takes the form as in
the model above. Underline the
medial form of in the words
below:
Drill 8. Read:
/1T-)1e.
Drill 9. In its final joinedtakes the shapeline this shape ining:
s
4-Stkr.
C. Writing
le 5
10.9.
,
form,. Under-
the follow-
3
. 7
)÷4
,
=11 i ...:..
5,-1-
42
Independent
Joined to a follow-ing letter,Joined on both sides
Independent
Joined to a follow-ing letterJoined on both sides
Finalioined
2
6
.e/
.
I
5
Drill 1. This is the independent form of (,) . Notice
the similarity between the letter _) and the
first part of (.0) . See how the model letter
is written, then'copy it below as usual.
t (4
80
43
I _1
re
Answers
Part B.
Drill 8.
Check tape.
Drill 9.
Numbers:1, 2, 4, 5,and 7.
. .
Drill 2. Pronounce the folloahg wOrds aS you copy them
.0.916° 4)3
Drill 3. The letter CIA is a connector. The model
shows you the shape it takes when joined
to a following letter. Note that this
joined shape consists of the most char-
acteristic part of the independent form
of the letter; generally the characteris-
tic part is the first part of the indepan-
aent form plus whatever dots it has. Copy
the model below.
I.
Drill 4. Trace over and then copy the following. Remember to add
the dot of L.) after the completion of the first non-
connector. 4
GS"'")---"6:11
9
0LJ /
81
Drill 5. Note that the characteristic part of CT)
is slightly modified when joined on
both sides.
44
-.1.0111111.1
Drill 6. Trace over and then copy.
.Drill 7. Finally, when (.I) is joined to a preceding
letter only, the independent shape is
linked to the preceding letter. Practice
this shape below.
Drill 8. Trace over, then copy.
) 5 L-4-)41. ,*
-/
.00 e
e.
Drill 9. The shapes of CI) you have already
practiced are used in printed
Arabic. There are some nativespeakers, however, who also use
them in writing. Usually, written
Arabic uses the variants for
(1.1 and ..ts for .4 as shown above.Practice the models below.
Independent
Joined to afollowing letter
82
-.rade
4511&-le1101110.4
Drill 10. Trace over and then copy.
3. The consonant c"..- t
A. Pronounciation
Arabit:- (teat) AW:13U1fiCierit1y like* English to cause no-proble'm in
pronunciation. Like all other Arabic consonants, it can be pronounced
doubled in the middle of a word, as in:
fattara
kattaba
Drill 1. (On tape) a. Listening, b. Imitation
B. Reading
The letter is exactly like tr. in its various shapes except
that it has two dots above instead of one below. Compare the follow-
ing two charts with each other, then do the dtills.4-
lExample Shape,
c..C.4..1.3
:
.1.4.
. . ,c-4
.
Exam le Shape-. :
4,. ..' 4-
..:
-:-
Independent
Joined to a following letter
Joined on both sides
Final joined
83
Answers
Part A.
Drill 1.
Check tape.
Drill 1. Underline both the independent shape of and the shape
joined to a following letter.
).11;Q.13 .
9i) L1-1.3 I
ue Jw
Drill 2. Read:/
1/1/21 ..0
Drill 3. Underline the shapes of c% when it is joined on both sides
and when it is final joined.
c:p
/I lc
Drill 4. Read:f
LI
ci"-
C. Writing
Like 4..) , C.) is a connector. It is written exactly like (1)
in all its shapes except for the placement of two dots above instead
of a dot below. Note that the two dots printed (") are replaced by
the sign in handwritten Arabic. Study the chart below, then do
the drills.
Independent
1Joined to a following letter
Joined on both sides
Final joined
Answers
Part B.
Drill 1.
c% : 1,
4, 7, and8.
1 2,
3, 5, and6.
Drill 2.
Check tape
Drill 3.
: 1,
5, 6, and7.
: 2,
3, 4, and8.
Drill 4.
Check tape,
47
Drill 1. The diill provides you with practice in writing words con-
taining the independent shape of 4:j .
Drill 2. Practice the following words, which contain the shape of CDjbined to a following letter.
..
Drill 3. The words of this drill include (.) joined on both sides.
Drill 4. Here are five words which include the shape of C.J when it
is joined to the preceding letter only.
48
Drill 5. Trace over and then copy the following, paying special
attention to the variant shapes of c.:)
Drill 6. Turn back to Drill 4, page 47. Look at the first word and
then turn to this section and copy it in the space below.
Do the same with the third word in Drill 6, page 44, the
second word in Drill 10, page 45; the second word in Drill 2,
page-47; and the last word in Drill 4, page 47.
i=111111
4. The letter %!.= 8.
A. Pronounciation
The letter 4. (called Ciaa? in Arabic) represents the sound th
as in English "think". It is transcribed with Greek theta: 6.
Notice that both Arabic and English have the consonants 4. 6,
i.e., thias in English "thin, theme, ether, bath", as well as j
1..e., th as in English "this, them, either, bathe". English unfortu-
nately spells both consonants the same way with th, while Arabic uses
a special symbol for each. As a mnemonic device you might remember
that 4.. has three dots and is pronounced like the th in three, while
j has the other pronunciation.
The consonant may, of course, like any other consonant, be
pronounced double:..
kaeeara
ma0eala
Drill 1. (On tape) a. Listening, b. Imitation.
86
49
8. Reedit%
The letter 4: has fo.r shapes, which are exactly identical to
those of 4.. and c: except that 4% has three dots " above the
letter. Compare the following charts, one with the other, before
you do the drills that follow.
yams.
Exam le Shaped.
4-11
---4...
d..11;.4.
......
. ,'14 4".
Example ' Shape
'c...lj c...
.16
4..h.A.
, 4
xamfile Shape'
.144 -:
%IA; -1.-
4
Drill 1. Give the names of the following letters:
Independent
Joined to following,-letterJoined on both aides
Final joined
Drill 2. In the following, underline the independent shape of and
its bhape joined to following letter.
d.11,3b 4,1
Drill 3. Read:
o' 1tUV!
,
Drill 4. Underline the shapes of %!= when it it joined on both side's
and when it is final connected.
dr, 0
/441 44e,
Drill 5. Read:
, Ltc t ./ 60/, 4/a 7 -'me/ C4r4 "Iteo
40141.
9 /
87
Answers
Part B.
Drill 1.
Check tape
Drill 2.
: 1,
3, 4, and8.
A: 29
3, 5, and7.
Drill 3.
Check tape
Drill 4.
A 1,
2, 4, 7,and 8.
: 3,
5, 6, and7.
Drill 5.
Check tape
50
C. Writing
is a connector and is written, in all its shapes, like
and 4:J except for the three dots above. Note that in handwritten
Arabic the sign is used in place of the three dots. See chart
below.
Example Shape/ de ok
Cm)
C-4 3a Ls
C201
A7/4 /
Cw02,1d, -4.
e4'°
1
Independent
Joined to a following letter
Joined on both sides
Final joined
The following four drills provide you with practice in writing
the four shapes of U .
Drill 1. L..) in its independent shape.
t
40.
ADrill 2. .J joined to following letter.
88
51
ADrill 3. joined on both sides.
Drill 4. 60.0 final joined.
AI.,(A 29) .
(La.
Ti
Drill 5. Variant shapes of (..) .
e
5. RevieW Drills
Drill 1. If you hear doubled consonants in the following words
write 44 over the doubled consonqnts. Otherwise, leave
the word as it is.
Example:4
1
2
3
dItt . 4
5
44; 6
7
c..44 . 9
.10
8
89
Answers Drill 2. (On tape) CircIethe words read on tape..,
Review Drills..,,J
Example: ....lj c.1..) . 1
Drill 1.. b
c.t., ' Lr- . . 2
,.
.,.
. 1 r-r .c..); . -t....1160, ,0 p4
ci
4. / 9 4 . .0 . / 5r.)..J . 3 r.1-" 7.146:.
9 .f..
A A 1..:-. L 4.44
L . 6.-...."...t. . ; `-",
%.... 5;. 7
I. IS.
t., ' A A
7.
6- . L.-÷:.
. 8
7 Drill 3. Read: /, .-,..
. 1,4
/.0%,:.)4 . 8 .
%-...1- .
C. Ert 9. .
re4
cr -...-)k.....4..
cs; im . io, -
..0 ,
:-.) %-.- yt cft-te..
Drill 4. (On tape) Dictation.
Answers
Review Drills.
Drill 2.
c.1.3 . 1
. 24
. 3
. 4uelP
. 5
czL 6
8c4m1.
Drill 3.
Check tape
Drill 4.
1
2
3
4
5
6
5 3
9 1
1. The letter J1100
Unit 5
The letter
The letter
54
A. Pronunciation
raa? represents the consonant r as pronounced in Spanish or
Italian caro. It is entirely unlike American English r, which in
reality is more vowel than consonant: what, for example, are the
vowels that are pronounced in "bird", "burred" and "berg"? In
spite of the spelling, all these words are pronounced brd or brg,
the r being the vocalic element. Indeed, if "berd" were a word,
it too would be pronounced brd.
Arabic j r by contrast is a true consonant. It is a flap-
consonant produced by rapidly tapping the upper gum with the tip of
the tongue. Listen to the following Arabic words that have r
between two vowels, as read in Drill 1.
Drill 1. (On tape) Listening.
This sound is found in many languages, such as Spanish,
Italian, Japanese, etc. It is also found in American English oc-
casionally, as in the pronunciation of "three" = Orli, where r is
a flap rather than a vowel: and normally in the pronunciation of t
between vowels. That is, t in words such as "letter", "biting",
"Otto", etc., is in reality a "flapped r" like Arabic j . Pre-
pare to pronounce by first practicing words like "oughta" in
("I ought to go"); "gotta" (in "I gotta go"); "lotta" in ("A lot
of time").
Drill 2. (On tape) Imitation.
While j r is a flap, double r - that is, oi rr-is a
trill (a rapid succession of several flaps). This is like rr in
Castilian Spanish carro 'car' or perro 'dog'.
92
Drill 3. (On tape). a. Listening. Listen to the following pairs
of Arabic words in which the only difference is the pre-
sence of rr as oposed to r.
If you have difficulty in producing a good trilled rr 5 ,
first try to get a "feel" for it by making the flap several times in
rapid succession, e.g., ra-ra-ra-ra; then curl the tip of your tongue
upward until it touches the gum; holding it there gently, blow air
forcefully across it, making little adjustments in the precise loca-
tion and muscular tension of the tip of the tongue, until you get it
flapping vigorously. At first, you may have to use considerable
breath-force. You may find it useful first to pronouce sh (as in
English "shoe") to position the tongue properly; then, holding the
tongue firm, bring the tip of the tongue up to the gum, almost to
the point of blocking off the stream of air. A forceful expulsion
of air should produce a trill.
Drill 4. (On tape) b. Imitation.
Drill 5. a. Listen to the following words. Say each word, then
repeat it doubling the consonant j .
b. Listen to the correct answer on the tape.
c. Repeat the correct answer to yourself.
d. Listen to the tape again.
B. Reading
Drill 1. This is the independent form of the letter
j raa7 Circle the same letter below.
J ) J
A%.
Drill 2. Underline the letter j in the following.
//j11 . 4 'rJ j 3 ..0) . 2
s -32J. 8 rJr 7
. 6
J J
ejIj
. 5
Answers
Part B.
Drill 1.
Drill 2.
Initial:2, 8
Medial:
3, 5, 6
Final:
1, 4, 7
Drill 3. Read.
Drill 4. The letter j
to a precedingto a followingthe model avoe
9t.5 J9J
may occur joinedletter, but not
one. Look at
then underline
the similar form below.
Drill 5. Read.
C. Writing
8
1 I. 3
.0/7
Drill 1. Note how in writing the letter
start above the line and curve
moving towards the left as you
Practice the model below.
. 2
. 6
wedownwardsee above.
56
Joined to letterpreceding.
.;)
111r
Drill 2. Trace over, then copy the following.
Drill 3. This is the shape of ....,/
with a preceding letter.
combination is written in
Copy the model below.
when it combinesNote that theone movement.
-710111e.
94
517
Drill 4. Practice the following:
; IpIh / *
`a):P.L1.°4
2. The letter z.
A. Pronunciation
The letter ; zayn represents the consonant z, as in English
zero, vocalize". Arabic j and English z are similar enought to
permit the substitution of one for the other without problem. Arabic
, like other Arabic consonants, may of course be doubled, as in:
"
bazara
bazzara.
B. Readirla
The letter j has two shapes which are exactly like those of
except for the dot above. See charts below.
Drill 1. Underline the letter
61)
*/4tx . 4 J./
8JJJ )5)1 e
Drill 2. Read:
in the following.
Independent
Joined to precedingletter.
7 Alt 6
/ . Ji
I .t
JtJ JJ1. 41. ja..
4
95
...,,,
Answers
Drill 1.
Independent:1, 2, 3, 7,and 8.
Joined: 4,
and 6.
Drill 2.
Check tape
58
C. Nriting
In writing, the two shapes of J are exactly identical to those
of except that the former have a dot above. This is illustrated
in the charts below.
Independent
Joined to preceding letter
Drill 1. The following words include the independent shape of
Trace over, then copy them.
).3
Drill 2. Practice the following words which contain ./ joined to
preceding letter.
I .0
4
Review Drills
Drill 1. (On tape): If the word read is the same as the one
written, circle the word; if not, circle the check mark.
0, /X $i) . 6 X r: . 1
X . 7 X .4 ft 2J
P3X J5J9
. 8 X Led J
p f. .X ....1- . 9 X .At J . 4
.- P'
X ts.0)5 .10 x. _4)5)-:
. 5IP
96
. 1
. 2
3
4
5
. 6
. 7
. 8
9
. 10
Drill 2.Check tape
Drill 2. Read.
Drill 3. (On tape) Dictation.
I '.111 I J.fre J -- J"' JJ
e/
Ate ajr
Unit 6
The letter Li f
The letter n
Nunation 44-un, 4' -an, -in4%
A. Pronunciation
The letter Li (faa7)is pronounced like f in "fat, roof". It
may, of course, be pronounced double.
B. Reading
Drill 1. Li faa? is a connector and has four
shapes. The model on the right shows
the independent shape. Circle the
same shape below.
Drill 2. Read:
J ;
,. 3 LiJj . 2
J . 7
J J
iLiJ
Drill 3. The letter 4-3 takes the shape -.0
when it is combined with a fol-
lowing letter. Underline this
joined shape in the following.
Independent
LiSI
Independent
Joined tofollowing letter.
A eraf. . 4 As 3
. 2 6 1
As'
8 . 7 iLi5 . 6 ()lc 5I.
Answers
Part B.
Drill 1.
Numbers:1, 2, 4, 6,7, and 8.
Drill 2.
Check tape
Drill 3.
Numbers:1, 2, 4, 5,6, 7, and 8.
Drill 4. Read:
Drill 5. When joined on both sides, i takesthe shape .i. . Underline the same
shape below.
4
8
Drill 6. Read:
3
7
Drill 7. Here are the four shapes of Lj .
3
. 7
liL
.... ,4....9 J i .9
c.S Li i, 0...
4...:4;,, .."...,
2
6
61
Independent
Joined to followletter.Joined on bothsides" .
%
c...9 J ,.
c...9
.9
A 4. ...
/.: Li
. 2
.?6
9ye; . 1
k:. ).;:; 5
Independent
Joined to folloing letter.Joined on bothsides.Final joined.
va fw, P21,
99
5
Answers
Drill 4.
Check tape
Drill 5.
Numbers:1, 2, 3, 4,6, and 8.
Drill 6.
Check tape
Drill 7.
Numbers:1, 2, 5, and
7.
Drill 8. Read:
C. Writing
Drill 1. Like CI) , 4..., , C.) the letter (...,
is written on the line(unlike../ft.diand
..., which go below the line.) Notethe similarities between the circle
of (...9 and the circle of ....9 .
Practice the model.
62
.;
Independent
C__9 t 4 C__9
Drill 2. Copy the following, tracing over the dotted lines first.
.1) .c _9 I
1
Drill 3. Only the characteristic part of (.29
--the circle plus the dot, as in the
box at right--is used when this letter
is joined to a following letter. Copy
the model below.
Joined tofollowingletter.
9 -.9 9
100
Answers
Part B.
Drill 8.
Check tape
63
Drill 4. In copying the words below, remember to add the dot of
a0 well as other dots after the completion of the first
non-connector (or the last letter of the word if there are
no non-connectors).
ti cLi 1 4
Drill 5. Follow the model as you writejoined on both sides. Joined on both
sides.
Drill 6. Copy the following in the usual way.
.0
Drill 7. When joined to preceding letteronly, c, takes the shape onthe right. Make this shape
below.
440
Final joined.
101
Drill 8. Practice the following.
64
011
The letter 0 n.
A. Pronunciation
The letter 0 (nuun)has the value of English n as inuno, moon .
B. Reading
Drill 1. 0 nuun is a connector. Here is the
independent shape. Underline this
shape in the words below.
071j1; . 4 3
/. 8 41 7
Drill 2. Give the names of the following.
Drill 3. Read:..
J
31.1 : Independent
The shape of 0 when it is joined to a following letter and the
shape connected in both directions are exactly like those of and
I.:- except that the 0 shapes take a dot above. See chart on next
page.
102
Answers
Part B.
Drill 1.
Numbers:1, 2, 3, 4,5, and 7.
Drill 2.
Check tape
Drill 3.
Check tape
Joined on both sides Joined to followilla_lmtLkEusE
.:;,..
... c..
.Star
..0
A...
'''SI
a0J...
..; C)
Drill 4. Underline the shape of 0 joined to following letter and
its shape joined on both sides.
Drill 5. Read:
/ /C)r-:
. 3 . 2 a J1; . 1
.0.,7 . 5
L.2.
c.. .;.1)19.
A' .OP .1
ts. J..
Drill 6. A final joined 0 takes the shape as
shown in the model.
Read:
ce cr
Cr)
C. Writing4. 'A
/ .41t:04t
Drill 1. Ndte thht unlike Cr:I} L1, Le4 and
which are all written on the line,
0 goes below the line. Practice
the model below.
Answers
Part B.
Drill 4.
Numbers:1,
5,
and
2,
6,
9.
3,
7,
4,
Drill 5.
Check tape
Drill 6.
Check tape
66
Drill 2. Trace over, then copy.
( II
E44.1L2
a
Drill 3. The followingwords include the shape of 0 joined tofollowing letter. Pronounce tach word as you write it.
6
Drill 4. Here are words with u joined in both directions.
Drill 5. Note that final is a descendingletter; that is, the preceding let-ter is joined to it at the toprather than at the bottom as with
) C:01 ) C.. . Compare OS7and. Practice the following.
Final joined
104
Drill 6. The independent shape C) as well as
the final joined or may have the
variants shown above. These vari-
ants are used in written Arabic
only. Make these variants below,following the directions shown by
the arrows.
67
Independent
Final joine
c-.;) e.)
Drill 7. Trace aver, then copy.
9 U.01a/
er4944 ...
"' Jo I
The chart below contains a summary of all the written shapes of
Exan_ jkleL_plae
(1)1r
11_..
(....4 4 ...s
a
4C..r.`...." .
4OA* .........
Independent
/Joined to following letter
Joined on both sides
iFinal joined.
105
68
3. Nunation (in Arabic,01.}1:: tanwiin) is the adding of an n (Arabic
0.).; nuun)at the end of a word which is not definite in meaning.
For example:
chlbaabu 'the door'
baabun 'a door'
This final -n, which always follows one of the short vowels, is
written in a very special way: it is symbolized by the writing of
the short-vowel sign twice, thue(an abbreviation of"
) for -un,
for -an, and for -in. The Arabic names for these signs are
dammataan (literally, "two dammas"), fathataan ("two fathaq) and
kasrataan ("two kasra's") respectively. These will now be dealt
with individually.
.90dammataan -un.
A. Pronunciation9,
The ending -un is pronounced,as would be expected from the
spellingllike u in English "put" plus n. Remember that Arabic u is
a short vowel, and must always be pronounced short and clipped; it
is never drawled or prolonged as English vowels may be.
B. Reading,
Drill 1. This is the tanwiin sign -un written
over the last letter of the word.
Point to each of the following words
as you listen to then as, they are
read on the tape.
ul; 4.44 j0 /J.» A
9.
daarun
#. I J
Drill 2. Read:JO 1
as. 19 CO; J:19 C' JIJ
C. Writing
Drill 1. The tanwiin sign -P.' is composed of double
.9 combined and written in one stroke.
Copy the model below.
-44?)
106
69
Drill 2. Trace over then copy the following.. oNote that 'As is written
above the final letter in each word.
4%fathataan -an
A. Pronunciation,
Fathataan -an is pronounced like -one in English "done",
or -un in "pun". Remember that Arabic short a is never lengthened
or drawn out in pronunciation.
B. Reading
Fathataan consists of two fatha's as indicated earlier. It is
normally written over 1 , which does not affect the pronunciation.
In a sense, fathataan could be defined as the combination of ?alif
plus two fatha's which has the pronunciation value of -an: I°
Drill 1. Listening (on tape). The following pairs of words contrastdammataan and fathatdan; read them silently as you listen
to the tape., o
1 J34 .........3
. '
LiUS , C:91. V A
P.1APP P f
,.,cltw
9Z -- 1
,.4; _ 4,,
Drill 2. Read:
C. Writing
1
I Jj;a_f
14e:
4!Drill 1. In making the tanwiin sign we write
doubled parallel to each other.Practice the model below.
1.0-10.1
am/one '
107
70
Drill 2. Pronounce each of the following words as you write them.
lir
kasrataan -in
A. Pronunciation
Kasrataan -in is pronounced like -in in English "tin"i it
is a short vowel, of course, and is never lengthened in pronunciation
(or drawled) as is often done in English.
B. Reading
Kasrataan is written below the last letter of
the word, as is illustrated at the right.
1
daarin
Drill 1. Listening (on tape). Read silently the following words as
they are read on tape.
01 I MI
.. 0' I1E4 J
..
Drill 2. Give the names of the following signs:
ge.
Drill 3. Read:
):1'144:0
C. Writing
0
-.r J *-1
Drill 1. The tanwiin sign 0 is written exactly like4 except that it is written below the
final letter in the word. Practice the
following. See next page.
1.0 8
A. Review Dtills
Drill 1. Identification on teTe).
Example
,111111...
. 2
. 3
. 4
. 5
6
. 7
. 8
Drill 2. If the word read is the same as the word written, circlethe word; if not, circle the check mark.
AX
XXX t jowl
, .'X (:).ted, 5
, AX 41 ..".; 6
.,X li:i..) . 7
X 0 C'
, !X
X 0-,J;
A, ..10
Drill 3. Read:
Answers
Review Drills
Drill 1.
of% 40 4-
XX XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
Drill 2.
X
1
2
3
. 4
5
6
. 7
8
X
X
X
Drill 3.
Check tape
8
9
10
Drill 4. True or false:
False True
Drill 5. Dictation (on tape).
IVVIMIWW.47.4=1.1=111,1111V0*M.
72
1. The letter faa? is an extensionof waaw plus a dot above it.
2. The position of the dot(s) dis-tinguishes the forms of 41.. ,
, , a , and 0 ,when connected to followingletter or joined on both sides.
3. i is a connector.
4 In wtiting the syllable ).; we
start with the dot.
5. The tanwiin signs -'94've pro-nounced with the consonant 0added to the short vowels do
110
Answers
Review Drills
Drill 4.F T
I21)§
D 2
D 3
1#1 Ll 4
5
Drill 5.
.1111-) . 1.
. 2
3(..)64-
. 4
eeCix.r . 5
. 6
73
111
Unit 7
The letter J 1
The letter L'3 k
The letter <5 g
1. The letter j 1
A. Pronunciation
Arabic 1 ( J laam) corresponds to English 1: compare (listen
to tape) Arabic laam and English "lamb". In both of these words,
where 1 precedes a vowel, 1 is produced by touching the tip of the
tongue to the teeth (Arabic) or to the tooth ridge behind the teeth
(English) as the air passes around the side of the tongue. When,
however, 1 follows a vowel, English and Arabic differ in their pro-
nunciation of it. In English, post-vocalic 1 is pronounced with
the back part of the tongue tensed and raised up towards the velum,
giving the 1 a velar or "back" kind of coloring. Arabic, on the
other hand, uses the same pronunciation of 1 after vowels as it does
before vowels. The following drill illustrates this difference in
post-vocalic l's.
Drill 1. (On tape) Listening.
Drill 2. (On tape) Eight English and Arabic words will be read to
you. Listen carefully then check the proper block.
Arabic English
Answers
Part A.
Drill 1.
Check tape
Drill 2.
Arab.Eng.
75
Before you practice Arabic words, try pronouncing some English
words with final 1 as an Arab would pronounce them in Arabic.
Drill 3. (On tape) "Editation.
Drill 4. (On tape) a. Listenihgi b. Imitation.
The point has just been made that Arabic 1 differs from English
1 in that it is pronounced the same after vowels as it is before
vowels. There are two exceptions to this: 1 after vowels is pro-
nounced in Arabic like post-vocalic English I (a) when it is in
the same word as certain "back" consonants, such as 3 which will
be presented later in this unit, or (b) in(certain forms of the word
Compare (listen to tape) the word 1.11 7ilaahun 'a god'for
with '''',7allaahu 'God', which is transcribed with 1 to show that itlr
is pronounced like 1 in English "feel" rather than "leaf". Note
also that the vowel aa after 1 is pronounced like a in "father".1r
That is, you must simply memorize the fact that the word IllallaahuT
meaning "God" is pronounced wi,111 post-vocalic I rather than the pre--7
vocalic type. In the word A lillaaht Goe1 ,-however,.1 is,-the pre-
vocalic type because it follows the palatal vowel i.
This backed pronunciation, in which the back of the tongue is
tensed and raised up toward the soft palate, or velum (as for the
vowel in "good"), is called velarization,, and is symbolized by a
dot under the letter. The non-backed variety is referred to as plain.
Thus, 1 is plain, while 1 is velarized.
B. Reading
Drill 1. This is the letter J laam in its
independent shape. Circle the
same letter below.1
Independent
Answers
Part A.
Drill 3.
Check tape
Drill 4.
Check tape
Part B.
Drill 1.
Numbers:1, 2, 4, 5,6, 7, 8, and9.
Drill 2. Say the names of the following letters.
Drill 3. Read:
Drill 4.
#J1,-;
Joined to a following letter, Jtakes the shape J . Compare this
shape with the independent one,then underline the joined shape
below.
Drill 5. Read:
Drill 6. Note that the combinationis written )1 . Read:
j
3,;0 1)
'31.)
0.4-1
Drill 7. J has the shape when it isjoined to following and precedingletters,as you see on the right.
Read:
0.44:c
9 #.,
o)ti
76
'31.3
JL
Independent
Joined to follow-in letter
7.-1
.11-.) : J..
Independent
Joined to follow-ing letter.Joined on bothsides.
114
Answers
Part B.
Drill 2.
Check tape
Drill 3.
Check tape
Drill 4.
Numbers:1, 2, 3, 5,6, 7, and 8.
Drill 5.
Check tape
Drill 6.
Check tape
Drill 7.
Check tape
Drill 8. These are the four shapes ofCompare the final joined shapewith the others, then read thefollowing.
C. Writing
. _
/-
0I
-
a
a-
-.
. s J.:L: . 4 ti313 . -3 . 2
/. 9 . 8
CY12°
Drill 1. Note how in making the independent.shape of we start above theline writing 1 and curvingdownward below the line,thenleftward and again upward to apoint on the line. Copy the model
77
Independent
Joined to follow-ing letter.JOined on bothsides.Final joined,
7 J1,-;
Independent
d
Drill 2. Sound out each of the following words as y'ouvrite.theM:,
Drill 3. The shape of tp) joined to a followingletter does not go below the line asyou see on the right. Copy the model
below.
Joined to afollowing lett
a
.."",,+,004,="7.:ZggegAZW.71.,,t7e717,
115
Answers
Part B.
Drill 8.
Numbers:1, 4, 5, 8,and 9.
78
Drill 4. Copy the following words as usual.
1, Jono 0.°
i.
Drill 5. When connected in both directions,
the shape of 4) should be written
in one movement, moving from the
preceding letter upward and then
retracing the same path downward
into the following letter. Follow
the arrow above in making the model
below.
Joined on bothsides.
01111111e-=11.111/1111112111111111111e=1.1.1111g
Drill 6. Practice the following.
Drill 7. When 4.) occurs final joined, the preceding
letter is connected to it just above the
curve. Like the shape joined on both
sides, the final joined shape of t) moves
from the preceding letter upward and then
retraces it path downward and into the
curve, as you see above.
Finaljoined.
116
Drill 7. Continued
I I I I . I 1 .1.TI I I I I 1 I I .1 1.
79
Drill 8. Practice the following.
aifcif1"4.9
Cor.
2. The letter 0
A. Pronunciation
The Arabic letter 0 kaaf represents the k as in English "kit,
baker, task".
B. Reading
Drill 1. 0 is a connector and has four shapes.--7--The model here shows you the indepen- 0 lj
dent shape. Circle the words that in-clude this shape:: -1
si ,4 44:44.; . 3 4.:34,1 . 2 'LW . 1
,p2. .
tpit . 9 Obi . 8 J1.1 . 7
PJL; 5
Drill 2. Read:
Independent
IP A
Drill 3. When joined to a jollowing letter 0takes the shape .) . Read:
5 'OS
-e e.J
Independent
Joined to fol-lowing letter.
Answers
Part B.
Drill 1.
Numbers:1, 2, 3, 4,6, and 8.
Drill 2.
Check tape
Drill 3.
Check tape
Drill 4. Pay special attention to 0to a following 1 or jthen read the following.
9.lesolo 6'
'it%
%JP
when itLook at
eoralt
Drill 5. Compare the shape of e) when ik isjoined on both sides with the othertwo shapes, then circle words 6on-taining the shape joined on both
sides.
. 2
. 4
. 6
Drill 6. These are the four shapes of
. Study the chartcarefully then read:
is joinedthe model
/.4) 0,4015
80
44.414A__
..3 Ij
, :
MIMI
1
. 3
. 5
I j t di
,
C. Writing
Drill 1. The independent shape of 42) is
written like the indpendentshape of 3 except that itsbase is made fairly flat and thelastjoart.continues'beyond a point
on the line, curving rightward thendownward and leftward as you see
above. Copy the model below.
Independent
Joined to fol-lowing letter.Joined on bothsides.
Independent
Joined to follow-ing letter.Joined on bothsides.Final joined.
Independent
ei eJ& ei ei
ci118_
Answers
Part B.
Drill 4.
Check tape
Drill 5.
j6S: .
)#)0
. 3
to,cyle . 4.
J.1 . 5
411°'
Drill 6.
Check tape
1
2
6
81
Drill 2. Practice the following.
-Gat
Drill 3. The shape of (0 when joined to afollowing letter is written intwo movements as shown by thearrow (right). It is exactlylike t) when joined to a follow-ing letter, but, with the additionof the extra line on top.
Joined to followingletter.
Drill 4. In cying the.following words, remember to add the stroke
of after the completion of the first non-connector.
cz:61-0. -"*"/ e'
Drill 5. When joined on both sides, the shapeof ej is written exactly like theshape of tj in this position ex-cept that a stroke is added above.Do the following drill.
40.z Joined onboth sides.
/ se
111,1
--s
119
82
Drill 6. When caJ is joined to following1 or 4.) or when it is pre- Joined to following 1
ceded by another letter and or jfollowed by 1 or LI it takes
the special shape indicatedabove. Note that in this caseis written from bottom to top.See the model
Joined to preced-ing letter and to jfollowing or ,1
JI 14' J41
Drill 7. Trace over and then,copy.
up;.:PP g6,30
Drill 8. The final joined shape of d rests
on the line. The preceding letteris joined to it at the baseethenmoves upward and retraces its path
downward then into the base. See
the model above.
Finaljoined.
01. L L tJL,
120
Drill 9. Practice the following.
83
4,0Is .01 a
Akf Led.4 /117,4 r3j..Ls 4,L)
Drill 10. Trace over and then copy.
Drill 11. t2J has the variant di in both
its independent and final joined
shapes. This is the printedshape; however, it is also used
in writing.
Independent
Final joined
--J Le) d (1,4 dJ
a6
a
r
Drill 12. Trace over and then copy.
s
121
3. The letter84
A. Pronunciation
qadf differs from i primarily in point of articulation.
4:3 , like English k, is pronounced at various points between the pa-
late and the velum, depending on the adjacent vowels. Compare, for
example, the fronted k in "key" with the backed k in "cool". 3 , on
the other hand, is always produced with the root of the tongue making
closure at the uvula, regardless of contiguous vowels (see illustration).
J
To pronounce ta , say k as in the word "hawk". Hold this final
k this is, maintain the contact between the back of the tongue and the
soft palate. Now, while maintaining contact, slide your tongue 'cack
till the backest part of your tongue is touching the backest part of
the soft palate, including the uvula. This is the place of articula-
tion for R. Practice making this extreme back tongue uvula contact
until you get R. el and 3 stand in opposition to each other in
their influence on adjacent vowels. 0 requires the fronted pronun,
ciation of following vowels, while 3 requires the backed. Thus
the vowel 1 in ..115 kaad sounds like a in "cad" while the vowel in
JU;qaad sounds like o in "cod". This difference in vowel quality
will help you both in identifying which of the two consonants has
been said and in producing the proper sound yourself.
The sound of t5 is said to be like the cawing of a crow; if
you can produce the "caw" of a crow, this may help you with 3 .
The essential task is to touch the back est part of your tongue to
the uvula as you say "ah". Technical Summary
3 Unaspirated voiceless uvular stop.
: Aspirated voiceless velar stop122
85
Drill 1. (On tape) Listening.
Drill 2. (On tape ) Imitation.
Drill 3. (On tape) Are the following same or different? Check the
proper block.
Different -Same
El [1 1
El 1::]. 2
El D . 3
o o 4
El LA
in Q . 6
EI 0 . 7
o in . 8
121 0 . 9
El 0 .10
Drill 4. (On tape) If the ,word read contains the sound 0 write
the letter 0 in the block givent if it contains the
sound ',3 leave the block blank.
2
. 3
. 4
. 5
. 6
. 7
. 8
123
4.71.1111
Answers
Part A.
Drill 3.
Dif. Same
Drill 4.
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
B. Reading
Drill 1. Look at the independent shape of
j on the right, then under,
line the same shape below.
5
. 10
0: 6LVJ
CU)
. 4
. 9
c,"'
//4L9,f
3
8
Drill 2. Give the names of the following.
J
Drill 3. Read:
a /J
86
Independent
2 c36Jo
7 cb.,
J LAi
Drill 4. The shapes of 3 joined to a following letter and its
shape joined on both sides are like the shapes of in
these two positions except that 3 takes two dots rather
than one. See charts below.
J1;
Read the following:
pp.?
fa;1
0/r.x.rDrill 5. 3 has the shape 3- when it
occurs final joined to a pre-ceding letter. The followingdrill contains all the shapes
of 3 . Circle words con-lrafilihk-- the final joined
shape only.
.jt.50. %:41;
. ,71. /; tie) J xi
0
2
4
Joined toletter.
Joined on
1
6
following
both sides.
0 . 01; t s,z
e..
t.N.4 ) 4-7..
9ti»
Lys 6,,.; Jiit
1
3
Independent
Joined to follow-ing letter.Joined on bothsides.Final joined.
124
Answers
Part B.
Drill 1.
Numbers:1, 3, 4, 617, 9, and 10,
Drill 2.
Check tape
Drill 3.
Check tape
Drill 4.
Check tape
1
2
3
4
Drill 6. Read:
ot.,u.e.)
C. Writing
Drill 1. The independent shape of (.1 is like
the independent shape of (..:9 except
that it is more-rounded and goes
below the line, whereas 4,, is flat
andKestb on the line; 1.3 also has,
of course, two dots whilec." has
one.
87
Independent
AO (L (3 (3 (3 (3
(i 9 ci L9 c_9
'Drill 2. Trace over and thet copy.
C.,
Drill 3. When occursjoihed to a followingletter or connected in both direc-
tions, it takes the same shapes of
cJ in these two positions except
for the two dots. Study the models
above,before you dothe following
drills.
4L-rt.
Joined to fol-lowing letter.Joined on bothsides.
jt9
125
Answers
Part B.
Drill 6.
Check tape
88
es.
Drill 4. (3 connected on both sides:
Drill 5. Again, the final joined shape of Cji goes
below the line and is more rounded than
the shape of CJ in this position.Practice the following.
Finaljoined
Drill 6. Both the independent and final joined
shapes of u have the variant shapes
shown there. Both shapes are very
common in written Arabic. Practice
the variants below.
9 9-190 tz9
Iwo
Independent
Final joined
4 0
Drill 7. Trace over, and then copy.
6
126
89
Drill 8. Sound out each of the following words as'you write them.
4. Review Drills
Drill 1. (On tape) Indicate! whether the following words contain a ei
or k5 sound. Write the proper letter in the appropriate
column.
Ow
. 2
. 3
. 4
5
. 6
7
8
9
.10
Drill 2. (On tape),I am going to read seven words. If the word read
is the same as the one written, circle the word, if not
circle the check mark.
CIRCLE THE WORD I SAY:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
16-2;.17.S,
(_5) "1:4
" azoturv.
j'Anaj
8
9
. 10
.11
.12 127
0
Answers
Review Drills
41.
eJ
-15
Drill 2.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
.10
Drill 3. Read:
Drill 4. (On tape) Dictation.
Arabic sentences for reading.
t J0
I 6.. h. )1
'Perf511
.
kit!)
90
0/LS) -t9
gait".5 044.
1. Do not lie (speaking to male).
2. Your house is near.
3. Rafiq wrote a book.*
4. We live in a hotel.
VOCABULARY
.11111-
no ("do not" in negative commands)
you lie, prevaricate (speaking to a male)
house, your house (speaking
near, close
he wrote
Rafiq (boy's name)
a book
we live
in
a hotel
to a male)
*In modern usage, proper names (names of persons and places) are not
inflected; that is, they are spelled and pronounced without final
short vowels or nunation.
nmoy**
128
92
Unit 8
The letter Lr s
The letter ot s
Pause
1. The letter Lr. s.
A. Pronunciation
The letter Lp. (siin)is represented by s as in English "sit,
missing, guess". The difference in pronunciation between s and
z, voicing, is a basic one, common to many pairs of consonants,
and found in all languages; an understanding of it will be of
substantial aid to you in mastering the new, unfamiliar consonants
of Arabic. Let us see now what voicing is.
First, pronounce s alone, prolonging it: sssss. Then pro-
nounce a prolonged zzzzz. Note that they are pronounced in
exactly the same way as far as the shape of the tongue and position
of the jaw are concerned. As a matter of fact, you can pronounce
ssszzz without any change in lips, tongue, etc. However if you
hold your throat as you say sss and zzz, you will be aware of a
buzzing sound that accompanies zzz but not sss (or if you lay the
palm of your hand on top of your head, you can actually feel the
vibration of zzz). This buzzing is produced by the vibrating of
the vocal cords, and is called voicing. A sound produced with
voicing, such as z, is said to be voiced, while those not accom-
panied by voicing, such as s, are unvoiced or voiceless. In
English and Arabic, all vowels are voiced, as are the nasals m,
n and ns. (as in "sing") and the semivowels w and :E. h is voice-
less. Voiceless-voiced pairs of consonants (consonants that are
identical except for voicing) are s-z; f-v; 04; sh-zh (z in
I I
Wen....0.1eartiL
azure"); .2.-b; t-d; k-z_, and ch-1.
130
B. Reading
Drill 1. Here is the independent shape of the
letter v. I Give the names of the
following letters:
Drill 2. Read:
9t.1"
P P ,t1"J 41.
1
ViP ulP L;61i;
4:-
3
LA4
kr
kr"
kr L
93
Independent
Drill 3. Study the shape of U. joined to
a following letter, then circle Independent
the same shape below: Joined to follow-ing letter.
L
. 5
4. .10
Drill 4. Read:
0
fe
6 L, . 7
es*
Lr . 2
#
Drill 5. Compare the shape of ty. joined
on both sides with the othershapes, then circle thisshape in the words below.
. 5
# 40Lacr 10 1.4
tr It.f/'
e
U._
:A....
....._
. ._%.....
.
,. ........
Independent
Joined to follow-ing letter.Joined on bothsides.
. 4 3 J Lei . 2 . 1
. 9 Lif;p.ht . 8 . 7 . 6
131
Answers
Part B.
Drill 1.
Check tape
Drill 2.
Check tape
Drill 3.
Numbers:1, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, and
10.
Drill 4.
Check tape
Drill 5.
Numbers:1, 2, 3, 5,
6, 7, 8, and
9.
Drill 6. Read:
Drill 7. Study all the shapes of u on
the right, then read the follow-ing.
04"1°
p. K041'
6sit;
C. Writing
e'.-1
ii.il,...,a ....,
16........;
_
.....
-,I :.tr'J : Lly'
-
L
, -
J'ae.44
Drill 1. This is the independent written shape
of 0-4. Note that it is writtenwith a single stroke, beginning with
the upstroke /lion the right. The
last part is rounded and goes belowthe line. Note that it has a singlesmooth line instead of the three"teeth" of the printed form.
Lr45
kr-t-
94
Independent
Joined to follow-ing letter.Joined on bothsides.Final joined.
Independent
'Drill 2. Trace over and then copy.
ty,-4 3,9,t 01,
132
Answers
Part B.
Drill 6.
Check tape
Drill 7.
Check tape
Drill 3. When cry is joined to a followingletter, the last part is omittedas illustrated in the model.
-armAIM01--
95
Joined to afollowing letter
--roe& Aw1411- """mfi 0000pow.
Drill 4. Practice:
Drill 5. When joined in both directions,the shape is like its shapewhen joined to a followingletter except for the upstrokeat the beginning. Copy thefollowing as usual.
Joined on both sides
Drill 6. Again, the final joined shape ofsgis the same as the indepen-shape, except for the up-
stroke which is retained onlywhen finalcr- is joined tosame letter (as irixj!1.4.1.11
Practice:
Final joined.
r
133
96
Drill 7. This drill includes all the written shapes of (rof Pro-
nounce each word as you write it.
) fre
The letter 4 sLr
A. Pronunciation
4'The Arabic letter 0,1, slin is pronounced like sh in English
"she, pusher, rush". The symbol used to transcribe it is
B. Reading
The four shapes of are exactly like those of 0. except for
three dots above It. . See charts below.
/ ,11tor, Ii
A
',J1414 III.a
magiV
.0 .0
7"'s Ir
A44,,,,
A
Drill 1. Give the names of:
kJ"
9/1kr, ..
,
,51. to
0%AM
//...
,. .... ..
kr') II crk-
Drill 2. Circle the independent shape ofjoined to a following letter.
Independent
Joined to followingletter.Joined on both sides
Final joined
J
as well as its shape
, ,5 . 4 a J1-1, 3 V', 2
Pl." .10 utili . 9 ..1411) . 8 7 . 6
134
1 k;
Answers
Part D.
Drill 1.
Check tape
Drill 2.
Numbers:
1, 3, 5, 6,8, and 9.
Drill 3. Read:
/4 6cr.)
/
97
Drill 4. In the following, ciFcle the shape of t joined on both
sides and its final joined shape.
Drill 5. Read:
./krt.2)A3
MA.4.5)4.416,
2
5
8
A 1
ol.J L.7,; .
C.:;131u 7
" L lot-r"; -
C. WritingA
Again, all the shapes ofo-v are written like their correspon-
dent shapes of u....swith the addition of the three dots, which are
written in a single movement like those of the letter . Examine
the following charts before you do the writing drills.
I/ I o_a
/0 A
,"-..C....6......eL_;
po /4
-.11...4 ____...4
#../ / . e
I .., Al
Independent
Joined to following letter
Joined on both sides.
Final joined.
Drill 1. (1...4 : independent and joined to following letter.
411111Ms.
"p.
(7-04
135
Answers
Part B.
Drill 3.
Check tape
Drill 4.
Numbers:1, 2, 3, 5,8, and 9.
Drill 5.
Check tape
98
ADrill 2. joined on both sides and final joined.
....... e-9p
I..f....4. A .... . OP t 4
--A2j--)
*444.9--.1.4-(:)..."1'0 0
1
o
I s . I
Drill 3. Note that the independent and thefinal joined shapes may also bewritten with a downward slantingstroke at the end instead of thethree dots t . Practice the
illmagigiiimigem
Independent
Final joine(
models below.
_ __ r ,r r .
-1/1mir-fVim-4 Vg--4 iir's
pDrill 4. lirmf and (1-..r : Review drill.
.:.
-, .. .-_ _ _ _ -
w ger....
a
I i I
3. Pause
In reading and speaking Modern Literary Arabic there is a special
feature of style that involves the final words of utterances. In brief,
vowels occurring at the end of the last word in an utterance (whether
an entire sentence or part of a sentence) are shortened: long vowels
become short vowels, and short vowels (including nunation) are dropped.
Illustration:
/ .0 AIV"» 4111.44'°.
'Your house is close by2 :
136
99
#is pronounced baytuka qariib, with the of %; suppressed. If
the speaker pauses after the word 0:4; , it will be pronounced
baytuk, with / suppressed. Further illustrations:
,
01446;)
L:re
'house'
wrote'
'he wrote'
'We live ina hotel'.
'we reside'
'France'
Full form
baytun
kataba rafiiqun
kataba
naskunu fiifunduqin:.
naskunu
faransaa
.1,49 9
0 :)1.4746.1.
Pause Form
bayt
kataba rafii
katab
naskunu fiifunduq.
naskun
faransa
Thus, if the sentence is read as a single
utterance, it is pronunced naskunu fii funduq. If, however, there
is a pause after the first word, it is pronounced naskun fii funduq.
Drill 1. a. Read theutterance in
following,pronouncing the final word in eachits pause form.
0.,j;
tieJ T°:'D
411° Ce 05.146.; 3
0 ,"
1
2
b. Read the following, pausing whenever there is a dash--and using the pause form in each case.
<MINS Ike Altar" 11111=1
ft .#(...'w'..JO. J - .
e. ....... a..... je, .
A oe ,-,.....-J-L4 UP. 0 '.
03/J. ... us.... .
MOM.
; /.4:70 Low
%
2
3
4
5
6
7
137
Answers
Drill 1.
Check tape
100
Nunation is lost in pause, along with the preceding short vowel.
In case of fatha with nunation, however, the full form rather than
the pause form is generally used; the three vowels with nunation are
illustrated below using the word for "book":
'book'
,LS.
Full Form Pause Form
kitaabun
kitaabin
kitaaban
kitaab
kitaab
kitaaban
The pause form that one would expect from the rules--loss of
nunation, shortening of long vowel,giving Lk6kitaaba--was used in.
earlier Arabic, but is only rarely heard today.
Note that the loss of a short vowel may result in a cluster of
two consonants, as in 1:rc, 'I drank', pronounced laribt in its
pause form; the stress remains unchanged.
Henceforth you will be expected to use the pause form as
appropriate.
4. RevieWTDrills
Drill 1. (On tape) I am going to read six words. If what is readis the same as the word written, circle the latter; if not,circle the check mark.
X
X
X
X
X
X
Now, circle the word I say:
138
Answers
Review Drills
Drill 1.
X
X
1
LV 2
6y1'; 3
4
5
6
Drill 2.
Check tape
Drill 3.
2
3
4
Drill 2. Read:
101
. ," ..IteV1.) %.....-temt cym
"A .?it OW 00 Le C...71 441? ..r.-t-, ., A d k-3) 5
Itep) cs; crjt; oil. j..;i4t., Of
Drill 3. Dictation (on tape).
Arabic sentences for reading.
1. I drank Coca-Cola.
I thanked Nancy.
How did he travel?
The Russian Ambassador isin France.
-# Vt5)s v147 "s
c3....A.;
../9 'it.
'V"' t
Vocabulary
p.c.41
V-4S
4-21P
/ se
4:710
I drank
Coca-Cola
I thanked
Nancy
how?
he traveled
ambassador
Russia
in
France
139
Unit 9
The letter 00-.-
The letter 0i.
102
1. The letter s 00
A. Pronunciation
Arabic has two s's: (siin) s and cro (saad) s. They are
pronounced differently and sound different. Arabic 0. is like
English s in "see, east", while 00 s is velarized--that is, the
back part of the tongue is positioned-as for the vowel in "good" as
s is pronounced; the tongue as a whole is tense as Le is pronounced.
Listen to the tape as these two sibilants are pronounced in isolation;
0. should be higher pitched, while 00 , being velarized,should be
lower in pitch:
a. LI. ssss
b. 00 ssss
An even more striking difference between the two s's is the ef-
fect they have on adjacent vowels; listen to these two items on tape:
a. L. saar 'he moved on'1b. .0L0 saar 'he became'
Not only are the s's different, but the pronunciation of I aa is
radically different in the two words. From the Arabic point of view,
these are considered the front and back pronunciations of the same
vowel, namely I aa. The English speaker, on the other hand, is
struck by the fact that Arabic I corresponds to two English vowels,
the a in sad and the o in sod. The vowel a in sad is a front vowel
(produced by the front part of the tongue and in the front part of
the mouth), while the o in sod is a back vowel. From the Arabic
point of view, there are two s's and one vowel, the quality of that
vowel being determined by the quality of the adjacent consonant.
Thus, when the Arab hears the English words sad and sod he hears two
different s's (c.rw
an& np ) but one vowel ( I ), and would spell
them Ji. and JL0 respectively. In Arabic, the consonants are constant
140
103
with the vowel a dependent variable, while in English the consonant
is the variable and the two vowels are the constants.
Arabic English
A. = sad
Aoo = sod
This fact is important and useful in both hearing Arabic and pro-
nouncing it accurately. While (.1., and ,e are pronounced differently,
and you should practice the different tongue positions in your pro-
nunciation drills, the difference in vowel quality is an even more
significant clue. If you get the vowels right, the consonants
cannot be far wrong.
Drill 1. (On tape) Listen to the following pairs with v., and 0. .
Drill 2. (On tape) Repeat after each pair.
Drill 3. Identification test: Put an XfinIthe appropriate column,
indicating whether the word on tape contains a or a
U.
. 2
. 3
. 4
. 5
. 6
. 7
. 8
. 9
.10
So far we have discussed only the long vowel aa 1 . The same
discussion is equally applicable to short a (fatha), the main
difference being that the front and back varieties of a are half
as long as the corresponding varieties of 1 aa.
Drill 4. (On tape) Imitation.
141
Answers
Part A.
Drill 3.
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
. 2
. 3
4
. 5
6
. 7
8
. 9
. 10
Drill 5. (On tape) rdentification test:
k.r
. 2
. 3
4
. 5
6
. 7
8
. 9
. 10
104
There are alsl differences in the other long and short vowels.
Specifically for 7 i the front variety that goes with LI. is like the
i in English sit, while the back variety is like e in English nurses.
Drill 6. (On tape) Listen to the following pairs of words which con-trast the difference in sound of - i. Repeat the pairs of
.words on tape.
Drill 7. Long ii is the same with the addition of the vowel i in
machine. Listen to the tape, noting the differences inquality between cr.sii and tie sii.
Drill 8. (On tape) Identification test: Put an X under the proper
letter.
L.P
4
. 2
. 3
4
. 5
6
. 7
8
9
.10
142
Answers
Part A.
Drill 5.
U.
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
2CX
Drill 8,,
U.
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
30C
XX
XX
XX
. 1
. 2
. 3
. 4
. 5
. 6
. 7
. 8
. 9
.10
. 1
. 2
. 3
. 4
. 5
. 6
. 7
. 8
: 9
7".
105
We have seen (1) that tx is front and that, in reference to it,
vo is back; and (2) that the presence of uo in the word requires
the back pronunciation of adjacent vowels. There is another differ-
ence between the two s's: in pronouncing 00 the muscles of the tongue
and throat are tensed up, while with ty. they are relatively relaxed.
This difference is highlighted before uu.
Drill 9. (On tape) Listening.
The vowel j uu, which is like oo in English boot, is already a
back vowel and so cannot be any more backed when next to .00 . . There
is a discernible difference in tenseness, however, as illustrated above.
Drill 10. (On tape) Idtmtifitatton, test.
. 2
. 3
. 4
. 5
. 6
. 7
. 8
This tenseness ig found with 1 and a as well, but ti is not
so apparent with them as in the case of uu.
Drill 11. (a) Listen to the following words. Record each word, thenrepeat it changing the tr sound to 00 or 00 tot".
(b) Listen to the correct reading on the model tape.
. 10 (c) Repeat the correct answer. Then continue, with thenext item and so on.
To summarize, Arabic vowels can be said to have a front pronun-
ciation, which is the usual pronunciation, and a backed or back pro-
nunciation, which is required by velarized consonants. We have hgd
two velarized consonants so far: 00 (as opposed to tr ) and 5 (as
143
Answers
Part A.
Drill 10.
cr Le-
XX
XK
XX
,XX
XX
XX
vv.4u,
XX
. 1
. 2
. 3
. 4
. 5
. 6
. 7
. 8
106
opposed to el ). The front consonants so far are:
ti j k.? JJ J A Co %T.
The other velarized consonants are LO g land ; they will be treated
in this nncrthe'next.unit.. If a word contains a velarized
consonant, adjacent vowels on either side are also velarized or14
backed, as in "))1..1 'bracelets' vs.-'1)-onds'..) )1151 . This includes all
vowels in the word which came before that velarized consonant, as"At
in itya, (underlining shows extent of backness),V,e0 g4i.421_e--
As a rule, vowels in syllables following a velarized consonant are
front, although there are Arabs who simply pronounce the entire words
with back vowels, as''I or °IC) e° )e°
Technical Summary:
Lr s voiceless dental sibilant
s tense voiceless velarized alveolar sibilant
The following diagrams illustrate the different articulations
of tr and uo .
There are two noteworthy differences.
1 is dental while is alveolar (note arrows)la,
2. The back of the tongue is relaxed for Lr while it is
tensed and raised up to close to the velum for uo .
144
107
B. Reading
Drill 1. Like most other letters LP has four
shapes. Here is the first one.Look at the independent shape above,
then give the names of the following.
IndependentLAI . ut.
Drill 2. (On tape) read:
Drill 3.
Drill 4.
p.
U0,
0
(.74
00
01)
When joined to a following letter,the characteristic part wo isused; note that the little breakin the line, called a "tooth" in
Arabiclis an essential part ofthis shape. Read:
14°,
4'4:7 cfr°
Note also that the "tooth" is re-tained when uo is joined in bothdirections. Circle this thirdshape in the following.
. 5
.10
Drill 5. Read:
.412;
Jeda»
lue
6'04
(ft:
,1011 if
LAO
1
Independent
Joined to following letter.
' L0 "iv
..0,,,_10.27-
0. 4
. 9 J.uo . 8
/ e
Jr"; 7
JuQ
Independent
Joined to folloing letter.Joined on bothsides.
/
. 6
145
Drill 6. Compare the final joined shape of
Llo with the other shapes, thencircle words including the last
shape.
,ZiteD Q*1t
0
%,Ada yiumilk;
Drill 7. Read:
rLPY2;
2
4
jiagalx,
C. Writing
Drill 1. cis, is written in one movement.Unlike the loops of j andwhich are small and circular,the loop of cpois bigger andmore open.
etfil : kr61.0
: ...,, --:
*14:,# , I "
uadea! V.1.) 4,0
kido,
p I
u4.0)
ug":5
108
Independent
Joined to followingletter.Joined on both sides
Final joined
. 3
UguJ
Independent
Drill 2. Practice the following.
t71211/
146
Drill 3. The characteristic part of(jp-Ois usedwhen it is joined to a following let- -
ter. Remember to add the "tooth" be-
for you join .4140 to the following
letter. See model below.
109
Joined to fol-lowing letter.
Drill 4. Trace over and thery.copy.
/e ,ALL,4:7(:)
Drill 5. When joined to preceding and follow-ing letters, the shape of 00 islike its shape when joined to afollowing lettertexcept that it isjoined to the preceding letter bya line coming from under it.
Joined on bothsides.
Drill 6. Practice:
.NON I I I
Drill 7. Again, the final joined shape ofol, isconnected to the preceding letter by aline coming from under it as indicatedabove.
Final joined
147
110
Drill 8. Pronounce the following as you write them.
10
'C)"- . 0.4:2391.:
de dede dd.. Ie
v.0
Drill 9. Practice all the shapes of0.4,
j"ce2.9 ceja.P---)
2. The letter LO d
A. Pronunciation
Section I treated the two Arabic s's: the front cr. s and the
velarized o S. Arabic likewise has two d's: a front d J , like
English d, anda velarized d LO called daad, where the whole mid-.
dle of the tongue covers tiCe- roof of the mouth.
As in the case of tar and up , the Arabic-speaker hears the
the vowels in the Englih words "Dan" and "Don" as Variants of I aa,
but considers the d's different; he would ipell these tWo names
phonetically 451.) daan and 4.0t:10 daan respectively, reflecting the back-
ness of the vowel and consonant in "Don".
Before starting the drills, remember that j , like iscr
a front consonant which requires a front pronunciation of adjacent
vowels, whereas (0 like 00 is a velarized consonant (a d pro-
nounced with the quality of the vowel in "good") and thus re-
quires a back pronunciation of adjacent vowels. (See illustration.)
148
111
Drill 1. (On tape) Listening.
Drill 2.
Drill 3.
Drill
(On tape) Imitation.
(On tape) Identification. Check the block that corresponds
Oilto the word which includes the sound
2 1
5
6
. 7
4. (On tape) Identification. If the word read contains
write this letter in the block given; otherwise,
leave the block blank.
149
Technical Summary:*
d voiced dental stop
d voiced velarized alveolar stop
Drill 1. The letter LO daad is identical
to Llo plus a dot. Give the
names of the following:
112
Indpendent
1-
Since the dot is the only difference between 0, and LO we will
not introduce the various forms of LO individually as we did with up'
Instead you will be given two charts, one includingall the shapes of
CP and the other including those of LO . Study these charts
carefully, then do the drills that follow.
.. , ,
t../i'. I.ti . ...:,
osaii. ...a..
., : .01°5 : ciL'
kr60' it
. U°..., 1
. ...0,. -; ,
Le-
Independent
Joined to following letter
Joined on both sides
Final joined
Circle the words below that contain
. 2 j.40.1ra. .
6 Ler') 5.. P /
JACIP teik 9
2
4.) 51.410 .11
fa (.5 jet, . 13
*Some Arabs pronounce (J., d as alvOiced velatized alveolar flat
fricative. This is the ame pronunciation ás forl 4, which will
be dealt with in the following unit.
150
Drill 3. Read:
Jrat.
' 9 / IraJra, Lira; rJ
k.#1;
C. Writing
Drill 1. The letter u...Pis a connector and is'written the same way as ci4Pplus adot, which is added after the com-pletion of 047. Practice themodel below.
113
Indppendent
eIn Section 1 of this unit you were given some instructions with
each writing drill in order to help you make the correct letter
in all its various shapes. In this section, you will be simply asked
to copy model words and phrases that contain, 04, , since the
ihstructions given forukaapply here.
Brill 2. 0.47 : Independent and joined to following letter.
s-
Drill 3. 0_,C7 : joined on both sides and final joined.
5.9 6 0 od°
d
/
151
Drill 4. Note that the independent shape of ()02
and its final joined shape have the
variants indicated on the right. The
downward slanting stroke added at the
end of the letter replaces
in the case of and
Practice the following:
the dot, as
114
Independent
Final joined
0./
Drill 5. The following phrases contain both ()47 and 040in different
positions. Pronounce each phrase as you write it.
3. Review Drills
Drill 1. (On tape) Listen to the sounds Lk. , 00 , J , Lo in
the following words, then write the appropriate letter
(which represents the sound you hear) on the left.
Example:
AFMCOSFatitT4Zi - .^.4. 4 ar'
4
5
6
7
8
9
.10
152
Answers
Review Drill
Drill 1.
00
J 2
3
5
t:# 6
J 7
in, .10
115
Drill 2. (On tape) Circle the word read to you on the tape.
tio/qt) 0.4.1.A . 1o,Ji3J.2
e 3ume
#00
04.6 tf2Air 4
(A..r.40 3:0; . 500
Now, indicate whether the phrase read is the same as the phrasewritten; if it is the same, circle the -Ohrase; if not, circle the X.
X cflt J Utea' 6
X UAL jit 410 . 7
ea,
X . 8cs":47
X /),:a; 9
? IX J.40; Jaz, . 10
Drill 3._ _Read:9,
c1") 4f
CO1.44°
pr. 0 /
Lk"12:
.
C-111.fr: (.59 t.1"J
.,
csiv1A° (5'46 j>11. ;--)54Of I.
Drill 4. (On tape) Dictation.
Arabic sentences for reading.
1. Riad is a Lebanese friend.
2. He is studying in Beirut.
3. I visited Riad three yearsago.
4. My friend Riad was hospitableto me.
5. I thanked Riad before mydeparture.
0 0, , 0;".,,,kti lDL,oLj
/ e/C1,Aat cs; 0;1:
,C°1114° `41°11 Oak J `1.-J.; I"
woo
tja.1.4) cias, t
153
Answers
Review Drills
Drill 2.
0.11
. 2
3crwIr"
Jaz"' 5
X . 6
X . 7
p.s 8
o=1;
x . 9
JL JA0).10
Drill 3.
Check tape
Drill 4..4
2
3
4../Ce.)
5
. 6
0.054.)a,.A..02. 7
Vocabulary
0"It '
C . I
tx)-14.
?"7)
LP4
456
014°, .'irkam
j,11.w
116
Riad (boy's name)
friend
Lebanese
he studies, he is studying
in
Beirut
visited
before, ago
three
years
he acted hospitably toward
he was hospitable to me
departure
my departure
154
Unit 10
The letter 1 t
The letter 1WIMP
1. The letter 1 t
117
A. Pronunciation
(taal).:2 and J. (taa7)0 constitute the third pair of front
and velarized consonants. C. is quite like English t ; I, t
however, differs from it in four ways:
1. The tongue is quite tense in the pronunciation of t 1,WIMP
as opposed to C.. t.
2. For 1* t the back part of the tongue is in position
for the vowel of ligood", so supplying the velar effect.
3. c% t and English t are slightly aspirated--that is,
pronounced with a little burst of air; 1, t, however, is un-
aspirated.
4. c".. takes the fronted pronunciation of adjacent
vowels, while .6 t is accompanied by the backed variety.
Thus, c".. b taat sound like English "tat" and 1,1J6 taat sounds
like English "tot".
Listen to these differences in the following words:
155
118
The following diagram illustrates the differences in tongue
shape and tongue placement.
CL.
As with the other velarized-plain pairs of consonants, the
quality of the adjacent vowels is your clue as to their identity,
and your best aid in pronouncing them properly.
Technical Summary
t voiceless dental stop
ip t unaspirated voiceless velarized alveolar stop.
Drill 1. (On tape) Listening-, and imitation.
Drill 2. (On tape) Identificatfm. Check the proper block.
Different Same
2
3
. 4
5
6
7
. 8
9
.10
Answers
Part A.
Drill 2.
Dif. Same
Pg .
D 2
1:1. 5
ig . 8
gi 9
.10
119
Drill 3. (On tape) Identification. Check the block which corres-
ponds to the word that contains 1* .
B. Reading
Drill 1. This is the letterCircle the same letter below.
. 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Independent
ID ID Li # ID IDf
0*
ki ) ID ID 4...i J Le I, C..
Drill 2. Give the names of the following.
a' cr j J j J 4. C.".. 1- 1
q 5 0 J el 4.5i I -12' I tiz tr
Drill 3. Circle ID in the following words.
,, 0 .0 /1 O.
ID 1j.... . 3 titAt . 2 Itii . 1
/
lyLr .10 Lite
...!. 9
.9 ,vi..7 V . 6
Drill 4. Read:
1;1Aez. 1st;
0 1
SY;
157
Answers
Part A.
Drill 3.
Part B.
Drill 1.
1 71
Drill 2.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Check tape
Drill 3.
Numbers:1, 3, 5, 7,8, and 10.
Drill 4.
Check tape
Drill 5. When joined to a following letter,
1, is simply linked to it with-
out change. Compare both indepen-
dent and joined forms (right),then
circle the joined form below.
5 Ls6L.
Cr416.10
Drill 6. Read:
e121,:4
9 "jib 8
Drill 7. The shape of -6 is the sate in allpositiOns,:being.terdIy"lInked di-rectly to the preceding or follow-
ing letter; see'box..' Circle the
wbrds below that contain the last
two shapes.
/. 1'. 4
Y.*.
120
Independent
Joined to follow-ing letter.
2 16 1
.o. 7 tpoj . 6
/
Iit,e
jzio
..12; jai.,
. 3 . 2
Independent
Joined to a follow-ing letterJoined on both sides
Final joined
ItLes ;,J6: 7 liza6 'IL; 6J.1:115I; S 5
Drill 8. Read:
-611A°
ti.11" '1;1f .;14
PP
L51. j1)
soUm; .
C. Writing
Drill 1. The letter ,J, consists of two parts:
resembles the first part of(j00 °,and i which
is added next, written from top to bottom.
Practice the model below.
Independen
J, b158
Answers
Part B.
Drill 5.
Numbers:1, 3, 4, 6,8, 9, and 10.
Drill 6.
Check tape.
Drill 7.
Numbers:1, 2, 4, 6,and 7.
Drill 8.
Check tape.
121
1
Drill 2. Trace over and then copy the following.
Like Eit.0, the letter JP is a connector.
Note that Le when joined to a following letter
must have a tooth .4.40, whereas must not.
There is no need to give instructions for connecting J. with spre-
ceding and following letters. The same instructions given for ao
apply here, except for the tooth (ir) which is added to but not
to .14, . The following two drills are given for practice.
Drill 3. This drill includes the forms of .19 when joined .to a fol-
lowing letter and when joined in both directions. Trace
over the model line, then copy it below.
Joined to fol-lowing letter
o
Drill 4. This drill reviews all the shapes of J,
159
%,
1. The letter 1 *12?
A. Pronunciation
The letters j(aal) and 1 Jr(aad)represent the last set of
plain/velarized consonants. j is the same as th in English "this,
they." This th is a front consonant; Arabic lj and English "that"
sound the same. On the other hand, 1 )' is the back variety of j ;
in pronouncing 1 the tongue is further back in the mouth than for
j , and the back part of the tongue is in the same position as
for the vowel in "good". The muscles are held tense as in the case
of the other velarized consonants. Again, if you pronounce the
vowels correctly your consonants will be understood.
Drill 1. (On tape) a. Listening.
b. Imitation.
One final comment on the velarized consonants is that they
affect not only adjacent vowels, but other consonants as well. That
isoa velarized consonant requires the back p-onunciation of vowels
and also transforms plain consonants to Velarized. Thus the word
e,
-
Pr "
'voice1 is pronounced sawt J4)}. whip" is also pronounced c-r°
sawt; '14 "middle" is pronounced wasat;"Ao (the letter tio ) and Ai**
(the letter LO ) are pronounced 41:rad-Tand oao respectively; and
so forth.
Technical Summary
voiced interdental flat fricative
1; * voiced velarized alveolar flat fricative*
Drill 2. (On tape) Identification. Check the block which corres-
ponds to the word that contains 1
0 I:::. 1
0 LI . 2
. 3LD . 4
L:1 . 6
El El . 8
E] . 9
* Some Arabs pronounce 1 as z, a voiced velarized alveolar sibilant.
160
123
Answers Drill 3. (On tape) Listen to each of the following words.; if the
word contains the sound write the letter J in the
Part A. block provided, but if it contains the sound i leave the
block blank.Drill 2.
. 1
. 2
. 3
LI . 4
. 5
. 6
. 7
El . 8
El . 9
.10
B. Reading
Drill 1. The letter .1; *as? is made of the letter
1, plus a dot. Give the names uf the
following.
ula tio
EIndependent
loJO I I trlhas four shapes which are exactly like'those Of .6 except
for the dot above. -Study the following charts, then do the drills.
,
Independent
Joined to a following letter
Joined on both sides
Final joined
Drill 2. Circle the words which contain the independent shape of 1as well as the shape joined to a following letter.",
lb .')..'L.9 2 1 5.1 . 1juw, 5 . 6.
)j.;LCD. 9 86-.4 liti 7
...
L.P-ii.. 6
161
Answers
Part A.
Drill 3.
n . 1
Ei . 2
mi . 3
0 . 4
El . 5
D . 6
D . 7
ID . 8
M . 9
El .10
Part B.
Drill 1.
Check tap
Drill 2.
Indepen-dent: 1, 3,
Joined tofollowingletter: 2,4, 6, 9.
Drill 3. Read:
4j1j1;
Drill 4. Circle the words below which include the shape of Ijoined
on both sides and its final joined shape.
Jelit. .
3
6
Drill 5. Read:
, -,.
A44; 04 1,10 ;;Iii4.
C. Writing
, like _1) , is a connector and has four shapes which are
written like those of ..,10p except for the dot. See charts on p.123.
The following drills provide you with practice of the various
14shapes of
Drill 1. : Independent.
Drill 2. : Joined to following letter.
7.,..714NTA-"An*,,,,
t,3 125
Answers
Part B.
Drill 3.
. Joined on both sides..
Check tape
Drill 4.
1, 4,
5
(finaljoined)
2, 6
Drill 5.
Check tape
9
: Final joined.
RevieW Drills
Drill 1. (On tape) Listen to the sounds 2 ID 2 2 / in thefollowing words,,then write the letter that represents the
sound you hear in the appropriate column below.
AO.
. 1
. 2
. 3
. 4
. 5
. 6
. 7
. 8
. 9
.10
163
AnswersReview DrillsDrill 1.
xx,
XX
XX
XX
XX\
KX
1
2
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
9,4
Drill 2. (On tape) If what is read corresponds to 'what
circle the latter; if it does not, circle the
Drill 3. Read:
Drill 4. True or False.
Do
Arabic sentences for reading.
cs"
1
2
. 7
126
is written,check mark:
1LL.Lz
LAO414
.1 The letters .6 and L haveidentical shapes; the only dif-
ference between them is the dot.
.2 The letters Le , 9 J, ,and
are all connectors.
.3 When connected to a following
letter, 00 and LP behave
like 1, and 1 .
.4 The dot of 1 is added afterthe stroke of
.5 The strokes'of bOth IP and
are wtittenrfroni bbttom-to'top.
1. Lutfi's doctor arrived.
2. Riad is a tall student.
3. Dhafir is a patriotic officer.
4. Dhafir traveled by train.
tytjaJ' J.; 1
i"'t?.)1)..1°e 0'
&.1)) Li' LE
)112'
2
3
4
164
Answers
Review Drills
Drill 2.
X
Drill 3.
Check tape
Drill 4.
false True
. 1
.2
.3
. 4
. 5
.6
Drill 5.
Lk; .1
.2
vocabularye e'e
he arrived
411;doctor
(ALI Lutfi (boy's name)
ird6 student
tall
0'..41Jb Dhafir
1446 officer
7'64; patriotic
in
train
127
165
1. The letter
A. Pronunciation
The consonant
hammer, ram".
B. Reading
Unit 11
The letter
The letter
TaaP marbuuta -at-
miim is pronounced like Englis,h m in
128
uman,
It may be pronounced double, as in oLdf rummaan.
Drill 1. This is theindependentsame letter
. 5
.
lettershape.in the
r
.
( miim in itsUnderline thefollowing.
Drill 2. Give the names of the following.
Drill 3. Read:
)14.4:
J6f
Drill 4. The loop of the letterpart of the letter thatwhen is connected to,
lowing letter. Read:
9 /
..rY4.
Independent
3 . 2 1.3 1r
8 f5t 7 L9u. 6
is theis useda fol-
CY')
Tri J c.1
Independent
Joined to followingletter
Answers
Part B.
Drill 1.
Numbers:1, 2, 4, 5,7, 8, and 10.
Drill 2.
Check tape
Drill 3.
Check tape
Drill 4.
Check tape
Drill 5. When joined on both sides, f is
joined to the preceding letterwith a line that descends fromabove; note in the illustrationin the box that the precedingletter Or letters are writtenabove the line in anticipationof the line descending to con-nect with f . Underline inthe following the shape of f
joined on both sides.
e3141
tt. 4 91.,alM.
nit:, .10/.
. 9 kr.-14a . 8f
Drill 6. Read:
0.»I
c."
,1. -3,
. '
1
%S.I. ....
Diot 4"
Drill 7. When it occurs final joined, f isconnected to a preceding letterfrom above. Note that the fullform of f is used here. Circle
the words including the finaljoined forms only.
Drill 8. Read:
erg eft;
/ v.3.;
rt
Qrue. 7
129
Independent
Joined to followiletter.Joined on bothsides.
'1r 4 ! ty
c.-.. ;
'0'4Cy,/s
r : r
0
f . 1
.., ,:, ....) r 3
. 5
0,1
1
6
Independent
Joined to following letter.Joined on bothsides.Final joined.
167
Answers
Part B.
Drill 5.
Numbers:1, 2, 4, 5,7, 9, and 10.
Drill 6.
Check tape
Drill 8.
1
2
3
4
5
. 6
Check tape
C. Writing
Drill 1. In writing independent fro we begin
with the loop first, thell leftwardand downward below the line. Un-
like the loop of c:9, which is
circular and written above theline, the loop of' ro is on theline, and smaller.1
130
Independent
r
Drill 2. Practice the following.
/W 9
Drill 3. The loop is the most characteristic
part of the letter es' 2 and it alone :
is used when joinedito a following let-
ter.0
Joined to follow-ing letter.
8AaP
Drill 4. Trace over and then copy the following.
, -6.14P
168
Drill 5. While most letters are joined to apreclpding letter on the line, e.g.,
, etc., fa, is joined
frOm above as indicAted in the
model. Practice the shape of(0° connected on both sides
below.
131
Joined on both side
,
Drill 6. Practice the following.
Drill 7. The final joined shape of is similar
to the independent shape eCpt for the
preceding part which should be raised
above the line as in the shape connected
on both sides.
Final joined
Drill 8. The following drill contains all shapes of
7:17-4;rj-'"
4?
169
2. The letter 4 h
132
A. Pronunciation
Arabic (haa?) corresponds to English h as in "hot". There
are, however, three important differences. First, Arabic d h
can be pronounced double, as in the following drill.
Drill 1. a. Listening. Note: Words will be read in pause form.
sahhal
fahham.
mahhad
-ahhaz
tamahhal
e
e e ez ..,
re9 re.71?
b. Repetition. In pronouncing double h, be sure to pro-
long it two or three times as long as you would for
English.
Second, while English h can only be pronounced with a following
vowel, Arabic d h may be pronounced before a vowel or a consonant.
0,
Drill 2. a. Listening. Contrast between a vowel and ah
. /sahl 'easy' JL saal 'it flowed'
nahr 'river' L naar 'fire'
fahm 'understanding' 1r; fam 'mouth'
94 sahr 'month' garr 'evil'
b. Repetition. As an aid in pronouncing, h before con-
sonants, pronounce-A double, e.g., j4 :.1, sahhl. This
exaggerated pronounciation is preferable to not pro-
nouncing it at all, and with additional practice you
will ultimately achieve a balanced pronunciation of it.
4 h can also come as the last sound of the word, as in the
following.
_
170
Drill 3. a. Listening. 133
ILL saah 'shah'
db taah 'he strayed'
gibh 'resemblance'
miyaah. 'waters'
baladuh 'his country'
b. Repetition. Again, exaggerate a at first by prolonging
it.
The other important difference is that Arabic a is pronounced
more forcefully than is English h; this would seem to be
necessary in order to pronounce it double, for example, or at the end
of a word. English h seems by comparison more relaxed and less tense,
even being dropped by some people in certain words, e.g., "mayhem,"
"herb," "humor", or being slurred over in expressions like "Let (h)er
go!" In pronouncing Arabic a be sure to articulate it with force,
making a special effort to pronounce it as audibly as possible when
it is not followed by a vowel.
Drill 3. (On tape) a. Listen to the difference between English h
and Arabic in the following similar words.-
Arabic
c.isb
Lcb
CAA
410.
r-
b. Imitation
English
' ive' hat
'important' ham
'he became thirsty' half
'terror' howl
'anxiety' hum
Drill 4. (On tape) This drill includes 4 before a consonant or at
the end of the word. a. Listening.
171
b. Imitation.
Drill 5. (On tape) Doubled 4
B. Reading
134
a. Listening. b. Imitation
Drill 1. This independent form 4 haa? occurs only
word-final or after a non-connector.Give the names of the following.
J J j0 Lb .b..
5 )
4 w 4 Independent
Lig
Drill 2. Since English h does not occur in word-final position, be
careful to pronounce Arabic 'fully as you read the follow-
ing wordst(read in pause form).
9.2,Lt Psa
Drill 3. 4 takes the shape -44 when it is
joined to a following letter.Circle this joined shape below.
/. to 9J . 5
/ 2 /1.; . 10 jilsb .
Drill 4. Read:
.1d
j
9
PAd
_3
8
0
alSel .
jsb .
2
7
Independent
Joined to follow-ing letter.
0
172
Answers
Part B.
Drill 1.
Check tape
Check tape
Numbers:1, 2, 4, 5,7, 8, and 9.
Drill 5. When joined in both directions has
the shape .0e , which goes below the
line. Circle this shape below.
rpti; 5
Drill 6. Read:
9or-ul
Lr;u1.8L
oliffea,;
a
c....6 _A.....
, -i,
0)) 2
044.--4.4 7
Drill 7. These are the four shapes of , in-
cluding the final joined shape 4. .
Circle words below that include the
last shape.
43)4. . 2
4.1 9de, /12i 4
Drill 8. Read:
>1'eaL
6:;.)4.44' t4A)
I4,1 ).4o
3. ; taa? marbuutah
135
Independent
Joined to a following letterJoined on bothsides.
usA)v
'ILL ta I
tto-w ...t
"'Le 4.
- Le
514/ 9 3
Independent
Joined to fol-lowing letter.Joined on bothsides.Final joined.
AA A
411:44
#A71"."14/ 4,1r4)
es/ OA .0
S.
; is a special way of writing c. t when it is the last letter
of certain words. In most cases these words (nouns and adjectives)
are feminine singular. It is called taa? marbuutah ("tied t"). It
is the same in shape asr but with the addition of two dots; it is
always preceded by . Listen to the following on the tape.
173
Answers
Part B.
Drill 5.
Numbers:1, 3, 4, 6,7, and 8.
Drill 6.
Check tape
Drill 7.
41-t)i-te,./7,..4.45,
/9 IA44
Drill 8.
. 1
. 2
. 3
. 4
Check tape
Drill 1. Read:
'Sami's car'
'Lebanon's embassy'
'the city of Beirut'
'the Queen of Britain'
The nunation forms of ;are illustrated by:
madiinatun
madiinatin 'city'
madiinatan
136
Note that Ilalif is not used to spell out fatha plus nunation.
The pause form of ; is -a (occasionally -ah for some speakers)
for all possible readings. Illustration:
Drill 2. Read:
Note: Final A".
Full form
madiinatu
madiinati
madiinata
madiinatun
madiinatin
madiinatan
A
to 1)..44.*6
Pause form
madiina 'city'
/ /
e .I' 415 .1.1 14
0.0
is often_written without the two dots, e.g.
madiina 174
Answers
Part A.
Drill 1.
Check tape
Drill 2.
Check tape
C. Writing
Drill 1. The letter 4) is more triangular thanround, and is written in a clockwisedirection. Note that it rests on the
line. Practice the model below.
LDrill 2. Pronounce the following as you write them.
137
Independent
I I'
. .
Drill 3. The letter4 is a connector. It
takes the shape as in the bm'when connected to a followingletter.
Joined to follminfletter.
Drill 4. Practice the following.
a
175
Drill 5. The model shows you how 4 is writtenwhen it is joined in both directions.
Note that this shape is written
below the line.
138
Joined on bothsides.
V.
IWO
Drill 6. Trace over and then copy.
po 0 n
Drill 7. When Ois final joined it takes theshapect.which is similar to theprinted shape. The variant/4-0 is
also common in handwritten Arabic.Practice both shapes below.
,...Final joined
eL.
Drill 8. Trace andlthen-.copy the following.
ago
176
139
Drill 9. Say each of the following words aloud as you write them.
fLa eL,41,
ow.
4. ReviewiDrills
Drill 1. True or False.
True False
o n
1. Both the letter haa? and the signsukuun have the same shape.
2. The shape only occurs in finalposition of the word.
3. The loops of the letters waaw andmiim are written the same.
4. When occurs combined in bothdirections, the preceding andfollowing letters should be raisedabove the line.
5. The only difference between haa?and taa? marbuuta is the two dots
which are added above the latter.
6. These two words have the same pro-nunciation and meaning,
s bs ..L.)
7 The pauseAlrorm of words ending in
taa7 marbuuta is pronounced. C% .
177
Answers
Review Drills
Drill 1.
F T
140
Drill 2. (Op tape)Ifyou hear the sound in the following,circle the
number of the word; if you do not hear the sound, circle the
check mark on the left.
. 1
. 2
X . 3
X . 4
. 5
X . 6
X 7
X . 8
X . 9
X .10
Drill 3. (On tape) If what is read is the same as the.phrase or
sentence written check under "yes"; if not, check under
nnon
No Yes
Drill 4. Read:
4f. I.ettt; LI
0>t.r.;14-
4:4064/) 01.
/0444:44."A.1°
.01,* 51..69 .....,
,... . "" .
; L Ji'J,
,
0 . , P ° 'I
. P
4.«. «to eSktbJ'.111.- .44,4,,dta ...
°a 9 DA.011'40 cr.:11h° ..1-071J
44A:,
4".; Eta
178
Answers
Review Drills
Drill 2.
X
X
2
. 4
7
. 10
Drill 3.
No Yes
XX 1
XX 2
XX 3
XX 4
XX 5
XX . 6
XX . 7
XX . 8
Drill 4.
Check tape
Drill 5. (On tape) dictation.
Arabic- sentences for reading.
141
Zuhayr is a famous engineer.
He went to visit the city of
Tehran.
There, he met his girl 'friend
Suhayla.
Suhayla studies in a secondary
school.
.00
11114:6.11°666
4,4;1:
He who endures, overcomes. (Proverb)
.-,pt.r:Llea rgbi
.12
eak.3.40 iLJ.L . 3
ti el vs 4P. 4`41cr.i`r;
.1442 . 5
Vocabulary
Zuhayr (boy's name)
engineer
famous
he went
in order to visit
city
Tehran
he met
there
girl friend
Suhayla (girl's name)
she studies
school
secondary
he who, whoever
he endured
he won, overcame
179
Unit 12
The letter
The letterC. lc
The letter c, h
1. The letter 4A"
A. Pronunciation
The pronunciation of the Arabic letter c jiim varies over the
Arab world, but this does not create a problem because all pronuncia-
tions are found in English: j as in "judge", z as in "azure" or s as
in "pleasure," and 11 as in "game". The "judge" pronunciation is
found in the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, the Sudan, most of Egypt and
certain rural and desert areas of Syria and Jordan. It is pronounced
like s in "pleasure" (or lin French "jour") in the Levant and North
Africa. Finally, in Cairo and Alexandria it is usually pronounced
like 11 in English "game", but oczasionally like j in "judgE". This
is not a problem for the Arabs, who:iil fatt, prob-ably usual* '-
do not notice the difference. In this course we have chosen the
pronunciation las in "judge". You may also use this value, or that
of your teacher if it is different. In any case, you should expect
that the letter E. will be pronounced in any of these three ways.
may of course be pronounced double regardless of which
value it has.
Drill 1. On tape. a. Listening b. Imitation.
B. Reading
Drill 1. This is the independent shape of
jiim. Give the names of the follow-
ing:
Independent
J .3 J W. ...^.:.
S- 1
Li 1 1 u° v° a.' (..r.J
aI. 94 0 f J 0 J
Drill 2. Read:
e/!
IJ:
Drill 3. Notice that retains its charac-
teristic part .=?.. when._ it is
joined to a following letter.
Read:
Drill 4.
4e.
Lc;
04' :
has the shape 4111 when it isconnected to preceding and follow-
ing letters. Note that this
shape is open whereas the first
two are closed. Circle the same
shape in the following.
. 5
.10e
Drill 5. Read:
caelb;/
. 4 ta .
/.9 J;"'
e I
E.W 1Zo. '
: ......___rJ
3 4..0%.;
?"8 6,7;
J
Drill 6. The final joined shape of is .
similar to the shape joined on
both sides plus the tail that
goes below the line. Compare
this shape with the others,
then circle words that Contain
the same shape.
r+7,7c7
J.
. 2
. 7
c I z...1.-
e...1: ...".....
Z.----c....11
. 2
144
Independent
Joined to follow-ing letter.
36-
Independent
Joined to a follow-ing letter.Joined on bothsides.
6
Independent
Joined to followingletter.Joined on both sides
Final joined
e /ftlf. EhA Lt.
. 4
182
Answers
Part B.
Drill 2.
Check tape
Drill 3.
Check tape
Drill 4.
Numbers:1, 2, 4, 6,7, and 10.
Drill 5.
Check tape
1
4
Drill 7. Read:
C. Writing
2
4
Drill 1. Unlike the characteristic parts of
_IP , and ...lb ,
RI: are oblong, the characteris-
tic part of 5 is rather triangu-
lar. Practice the model below.
145
Independent
r- E E
Drill 2. Pronounce each of the following words as you write them.
Drill 3. E; is a connector. When joined t
a following letter, the characteris
tic part _C> is used, written al-
most straight on the line rather
than slanting as in the independent
shape.
Joined to follow-ing letter.
"..,
183
r
Check tape
Drill 4. Practice the following.
dr/
146
.16,
Drill 5. When joined on both sides,looks like an acute angle; itis joined to the precedingletter from above. Note that
the preceding letters arewritten above the line in an-ticipation of it.
----L1:211=1211
Joined on both sides
Drill 6. Trace and then copy the following.
Drill 7. This final joined shape starts like
the previous shape, but instead of
resting on the line it slants down
then goes- below the line like the
independent shape. Like the shapeconnected on both sides, this shapeis also joined to the preceding
letter from above. Copy the model
below.
Final joined
184
TO
Drill 8. Practice.
4n
. 12!
Drill 9. Review of all shapes of .
2. The letter E x.
A. Pronunciation
Arabic e. (Kaa?)x has no English equivalent; it is a voiceless
uvular fricative produced by raising up the back of the tongue close
to the uvula (the top of the soft palate). The air stream is forced
through this constricted passage, so creating the desired fricative
noise.
e.differs from k in that k is pronounced by completely block-
ing the passage of the air stream between the velum and the back of
the tongue (see illustration).
11111111110,
,prwpmr
148
You can practice t by first saying aka several times, then
drawing the tongue down from the velum, so creating e . As a
matter of fact, this sound is sometimes heard in English in the
name "Bach" and the newly-coined word yech (or yechch). It also
is found in many European languages, such as the ch in German ach
or Scotch loch, Russian X, etc. Note that Arabic t x is always
a uvular fricative regardless of the following vowel, never be-
coming palatal as, for example, German ch does after i or e. Some
students tend to substitute k for t ; make an effort to remember
which words contain e. , and to pronounce it when required.
Technical Summary
x voiceless uvular fricative
Drill 1. (On tape) a. Listening al and t b. Imitation.
Drill 2. (On tape) Identification. Check the proper block.
Different Same
[:]1
. 2
. 3
L:1. 4
. 5
6
F-1. 7
F-]. 8
Drill 3. (On tape) Identification. Check the block that contains
the ,:. sound.
O ID . 1
O 0 . 2
El 0 . 3
0 0 . 4
Li 0 . 5
0 17_1. 6
1::1 0 . 7
186
Answerp
Part A.
Drill 2.
hogo
D
1:1
Drill 3.
gig
DVs-21
g El
. 1
2
. 3
. 4
. 5
. 6
. 7
. 8
. 1
. 2
. 3
. 4
. 5
. 6
. 7
149
Drill 4. a. Listen to the following words. Say the model word,
then repeat it changing 0 to E or to
b. Listen to the correct answer on the tape.
e. Repeat the correct answer to yourself.
d. Again, lipten to the correct answer on the tape.
Drill 5. (On tape) Identification. If the word read contains a
sound place a check mark in the block provided; if not,
leave the block blank.
B. Reading
Like , the letter
it in all its four shapes,
o2
3
. 4
o 5
6
o 7
. 8
is a connector and is identical to
except for the dot above. Compare the
following charts with each other before you start the reading drills.
C--____C.
0 L.:,- . ..:,. ...,..
At(co :
.
E.
0J .E
tIndependent
Joined to following letter
Joined on both sides
Final joined
Drill 1. Give the names of the following:
JJ [..111
Li
4
187
....4.4%qm=er...71.---vamrAMIMMT40.41PFIVNI
Answers
Part A.
Drill 4.
Check tape
Drill 5.
o . 1
. 2
. 3
. 4
. 5
. 6
. 7
. 8
Part B.
Drill 1.
Check tape
150
Drill 2. Underline the independent shape of t below.
91.../ eo,
C.),"5 . 4 el 3 &ulo . 2 C
1.40
./,w. e Lo
0A!& .10 . 9 8 uye- 7 IJ . 6
Drill 3. Read:
1 A
L.C.
!" < L
C.)1
Drill 4. Underline the joined to a following letter in theL.
following:
.0. I .0 . ,
4.?,-) 5 j)1:,.. . 4 j..4.J . 3 P.4.,- . 2 jUi. . 1
j.....> .10 (...4 . 9it t I't.,..i . El ,......."-))*i; . 7
Jo
J1.44. . 6
Drill 5. Read:
(14 J 111. J4.°"m
to' CL Jeri>f
Drill 6. Underline the shape of t joined on both sides.
P /5 4....%., . 4 rL 3
O
J.4.P.4 860f
LI 10 (.5.0"* 9 041;0
Drill 7. Read:
'31( JP. 11)12:":
.0.'2. %ea.; . 1
.0 e7 J.ww. . 6
Drill 8. Circle words that containthe final joined shape of
a /. b
/4144~ COO;a0.10
CS
2
4
PIP 0./..9
e1
3
e.
188
Answers
Part B.
Drill 2.
Numbers:1, 2, 4, 6,9, and 10.
Drill 3.
Check tap
Drill 4.
Numbers:1, 3, 4, 6,7, and 10.
Drill 5.
Check tap
brill 6.
Numbers:1, 2, 5, 7,8, and 10.
Drill 7.
Check tap
Drill 8.
08::'
C"-s/ ec#,.
Drill 9. Read:/ /
Criel.6
C. Writing
, except
2
. 4
1,eiit cruh,-(,,
i5,10 cr°
1
3
151
a connector and has four shapes identical to those of
for the dot above. See charts below.
4 I
....., /4`
E
6. ___-..los/r4/'A 1 .
64e)
Practice the following:
Drill 1. : Independent shape.
Independent
Joined to following letter
Joined on both sides
Final joined
Drill 2. -.A1* : Joined to a following letter.
1 ''._,: 1....1 .0 c?" '
, .(2) Liao
Answers
Part B.
Drill 9.
Check tape
Drill 3.* : Joined on both sides.
0
152
Drill 4. t : Final joined
3: The letter c hA. Pronunciation -1.
Arabic r (haa?) h has no English counterpart. It is producedMNim
by tensing up the throat muscles (specifically, the faucal columns,
the muscles used in gagging) as air is forced through the throat; the
back part of the tongue must be kept as low as possible lest t x
be produced. It is a voiceless fricative produced in the throat, or
pharynx; it is identified as a voiceless pharyngeal fricative.
One suggestion for practicing c is to whisper the word "Hey!"
or "Hey you!" as loudly as you can. Then produce the h alone,
whispered but with the muscles used in gagging tensed up. This
should help give you a feeling for where and how is produced.
An alternative suggestion is to whisper "ae forcefully, again
holding tense those muscles that are used in gagging.
Drill 1. (On tape) a. Listening.
, like 4 , can be pronounced not only before vowels but
before consonants, at the end of a word, or double. differs
from in that it is pronounced with the throat muscles quite
tense, who for these muscles are relaxed. Further, the shape
of the tongue for is constant, whereas for d the tongue takes the
190
shape of the following (or preceding) vowel. For example, in pro-
nouncing the combination cob hii, the tongue is shaped forS.
the same as it is for the following is . For up. hii, however,et
.is pronounced in the throat, and a transitional sound is made
as the tongue changes to the shape required for cs ; thus, in the
pronunciation of hii you will hear a slight "ah" sound as the-..
tongue.changes shape; h(a)ii.
Drill 2. (On tape) a. Listening, b. Imitation.
Drill 3. (On tape) Identification. Check the proper block.
Different
o 1:1
CD ID
El t=1
Same
Drill 4. (On tape) Identificattos. Check the block which corres-
ponds to the word that contains c .
2 1
2
0 3
o 0 . 4
o. 5
o 6
o 1:1 7
O 09
8
1:1.10
Answers
Part A.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
.10
154
Drill 5. (On tape) a. Listen to the following words. Say the
model word, then repeat it changing to c or c
to . b. Listen to the correct answer on the tape.
c. Repeat the correct answer to yourself.
d. Again, listen to the correct answer on the tape.
Technical summary:
r h voiceless faucalized pharyngeal fricative.
IMME.
We have seen that ,:. x is a voiceless uvular fricative and
that h is a voiceless pharyngeal fricative. Remember that in
producing t the back of the tongue must-tome near the soft palate;
for the tongue must be kept low to avoid approaching it.
Drill 6. (On tape) a. Listening and . b. Imitation.
Drill 7. (On tape) _Identification. Check the proper block that
contains the
. 2
. 3
. 4
. 5
. 6
. 7
B. Reading
The letter c Ilea2 is a connector and has four shapes which
are exactly like those of and
a dot. See charts below.
< 6,C ,
C.
'3 I.;- 6
II
I
/sant.. .....
a C.
e LI,c .. cal,.
9 .4-
;;J .4-, .-
1
except that it does not have
;A10 .. C%.,/ti 6.. .....
..0.,,,i ,..1.-
t .....
C:4 t
Independent
Joined to followingletter.Joined on both sides
Final joined.
192
Answers
Part A.
Drill 5.
Check tape
brill 6.
Check tape.
Drill 7.3 2 -1 a
oEl El gl fg
I=1,4
g :5
D. El .6
.7
155
Drill 1. Give the n4mes of the following:
J e. 10c-
4...i 1 .1. oi; uo LP c, ;
a ) 4 0 fJ 0
.,
Drill 2. Underline the independent shape of C below.
.,//0 91D 1 Ofcp.p . 5 c...., . 4 cj . 3 E/' 9 2 C . 1
.. .e )6 e .
t "-A. .
C.. lo
1
16 . 9 c )) . 8 Ce 67
Drill 3. Read:
Dtill 4. Underline the shape of r joined to a following letter
and the shape joined on goth sides./
0.......,. . 59 . ft: 0 !j
. 4 kfafto . 3 0.2.-) . 2t ' ejil. . 1.
. 9 . .. P.: .2..-e ''. 9 %re-.) 8 lea,- . 7 d.101 . 6
Drill 5. Read:
t$J6'Of
t.12"J
/jAzta.
gurae".-
Drill 6. Circle vtxrds including the final joined shape of r
?A pP4P:i' 9 e e
CIP,1 Cr. 2 cfre co....1. 1
146.01 gr . 4 riimpalip- . 3',Poo
0`.'e
Drill 7. Read:
/ 9 ee.UL Lit.5 . 2
0: . 4
Ci"
4.0 4:4;, ,
. 1
. 3
193
Answers
Part B.
Drill 1.
Check tape
Drill 2.
Numbers:1, 3, 4, 6,7, and 10.
Drill 3.
Check tape
Drill 4.
Numbers:: 1, 2
3, 4, and 10
4fto : 3, 7
and 9.
Drill 5.
Check tape
Drill 6.
. 1
. 2
IL.3161.
.4
Drill 7.
Check tape
156
C. Writi.La
Again, all the shapes of E are written the same as those of
and e except for the dot. See charts below:
&NINAMIMIIPAIIIMII=I=
e.1t.....
.. _.,::.Li, ,
_..0.-....4 . __Ic,
4'e cf
Practice the following.
Drill 1. : Independent.
a_
z
Independent
Joined to following letter
Joined on both sides
Final joined.
Drill 2. A? : Joined to a following letter.
Drill 3. : Joined on both sides.
0.;_51-4°
Drill 4. t : Final joined.
157
Drill 5. Review of shapes.
4. Review Drills
Drill 1. True or False.
P
1. c is a connector, but c and Eare not.
2. The placement of the dot distinguishesthe letters jiim and xaa? from each
other.
3. The various shapes of c , c andc are written the same.
In writing words dontainingany of the
connected shapes of c or r , the
dot is added after the completion of
the first non-connecter.
5. Only the,final:joined shapes of E 9
r and E are connected to the pre-ceaing letter from above.
195
Answers
Review Drill
Drill 1.
1
2
3
4
5
Drill 2.
Drill 3.
Drill 4.
(On tape) Each word that you will now hear
C r or el . Write on the left the
represefits the sound you hear.
Red:
U /
J.61Y.. 11,01.°/e j441
#.01*.'" 1.1.17
CL:
(On tape) Dictation.
2
3
4
. 5
6
. 7
8
9
.10
158
contains eitherletter which
Note: All dialogues and proverbs are to be memorized henceforth.
1. Khalil: Hello, Jamila.
2. Jamila: Hell, Khalil.
3. Khalil: How are you?
4. Jamila: Fine, thanks.
Arabic proverbs
5. He who strives finds.
6. There'is- no smoke without fire.
7. The guardian may be the thief.
8. A new language is a new man.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
196
Answers
Review Drills
Drill 2.
C.4113
C
C
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
c .10
Drill 3.
Check tape
Drill 4.
1
2
API
1.4o0 4
Vocabulary
(boy's name)
hello
0 (vocative)
Jamila (girl's name)
condition, state
your condition
good (noun), well-being
in good condition, fine
thanks
he strove seriously
he found
smoke
without
fire
its guardian
its thief
tongue; language
new; here: one more
man
159
197
Unit 13
The letter
The letter
160
1. The letter t 5
A. Pronunciation^Pa'
The letter L ( Oito yayn) represents a consonant, V , that
does not exist in English. Listen to it on tape as it is pronounced
in initial, medial and final positions in the word:
sarabun 'Arabs'
na5am 'yes'
baaia 'he sold'
The consonant L is an unusual kind of consonant: it is
basically the vowel "oh" (a as in "father"), but accompanied in its
pronunciation with tensing up of the muscles used in gagging. When
Arabs pronounce this consonant after silence, you may detect a short
"oh" before the L proper is formed. One way to practice L is to
say "ah", and then tense up your throat msucles as in gagging. An-
other way to practice it is to sing "ah", carrying it down to the
lowest note you can; then sing'it one step-lower. Finally, it has
been suggested that the student imitate the "baa" of a sheep as
bleatingly as possible.
Drill 1. (On tape) a. Listening: Land long vowels. b. Imitation
It is important to note the effect that t has on adjacent vowels.
Since it is in essence the vowel "ah", there is a tendency for other
vowels to become like "oh" iThen next to it. Thus'the -dhort
vowel I lp-oetry'ismore'likeeln "bet."than lin "bit", while
0
the a in (*.'1, Aacr 'hair' is "ah" rather than "a" as in cat.
Drill 2. (On tape) a. Listening: t contrasted with short vowels.
b. Imitation.
t is a voiced faucalized pharyngeal fricative, while is
the same thing voiceless. Thus, L is the voiced counterpart of c
198
161
One way to practice t. is first to pronounce a prolonged , then
add voicing as you do; this will produce . The next drill con-
trasts c and t. .
Drill 3. (On tape) a. Listening:C.
b. Imitation.
Arabic J and t. are quite different phonetically. However,
t. and English r have in common that they are both based on the
same vowel --the u of "but", symbolized a. r is a retroflexed1a, while is faucalized a. This leads some Aruricansito hear
as j . The following drill contrasts the two consonants.
Drill 4. (On tape) a. Listening: t. and j . b. Imitation.
Drill 5. (On tape) Identification. Check the block that corres-
ponds to t.
. 2
. 3
. 4
. 5
. 6
. 7
8
Drill 6. (On tape) Identification. Check the block that corres-
ponds to t.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Technical summary:
..11 voiced faucalized pharyngeal fricative more
properly, voiced faucelized ii&-central vocoid).
199
Answers
Part A.
Drill 5.
2 1
D.p
D.PA D.
lgDrill 6.
g-42
0.3
D g 134al E:15
DEJ.6
3.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
B. Reading
Drill 1. This is the independent shape of
gayn. Give the names of the
falowing:
a
1/4J°
Drill 2. Underline t in the following.
f L:, c
V 5 V 4
1. 0 .... 9 .0/1,0 10 Vs). 9 V4454
Drill 3. Read:
. 1 !LJJ
? /er,*
km004%
162
1
Independent
t." Lpt c.r
3 . 2
8 L.7
Drill 4. takes the shape ° when joined
to a following letter. Read:
474s
Drill 5. Note that the shape of t whenjoined on both sides is tri-
angular rather than rounded.
Underline the same shapes
below.
e
4.et°J.9 pair
3 dl
f Lo e
t....
4:- 60/,.....:
,
,
2
8 tw)7
Independent
Joined to follow-ing letter
Independent
Joined to followingletter.Final joined.
200
Answers
Part B.
Drill 1.
Check tape
Drill 2.
Numbers:1, 2, 4, 6,8, and 9.
Drill 3.
Check tape
Drill 4.
Check tape
Drill 5.
Numbers:1, 2, 3, 6,8, 9, and 10.
Drill 6. Read:
Drill 7. This chart gives the four shapes
of to . Compare the finaljoined form with the others,then circle the words belowwhich contain the last shape.
,00 e'40, 4 1/1;e tae. . 2
10 Ie6 .
"67 ."4".ev co.) . 4
Drill 8. Read:I
t E.e Ioe!
4P11.* $ "iiiII,
t:,caAevi
e eeY.44.
sop p
lel 10 ljakow J
13
d!.
"14,ar
Independent
Joined to followinletter.Joined on both sid
Final joined
//Pt Pi4.7c J r.frp . 1
I I
Alp .0 Pose/ fsh,
eg"Pgv C4664%.
3
C. Writing
Drill 1. The_letter consists of two parts:
C. (like English c) and c which
is identical to the tail of
Note that the two parts are Sttenin one stroke,as seen above.
trtt"Pl. C.6.771.
PlizoL JLAL..
Independent
E&EEEE--
Drill 2. Sound out each of the following words as you write them.
/
201
Answers
Drill 6.
Check tape
Drill 7.
7 f.
Caw1
?et.. 2
Pa.c?Iw 3,
Drill 8.
Check tape
164
Drill 3. t, is a connector. The characteris-
tic partJ:is joined to a following
letter.
Joined to follow-ing letter.
Drill 4. Trace over and then copy the following.
V
Drill 5. Note that the shape of 1..t, when joined
in both directions is triangular ._
rather than round. Practice the model
below.
Joined on bothsides.
gim...awmg gamma...!
Drill 6. Practice the following:
e I
_1E40 Lars..0
202
Drill 7. In its final independent shape e, takes
the shape connected on both sides plus
the tail part of the independent shape.
Like the independent shape, it is
written in one stroke.
t"" t~1. t-
165
Final joined
Drill 8. Trace over and then copy the following.
Drill 9. Review of shapes.
2. The letter
A. Pronunciation
The letter t. fighyn)represents a sound that does not exist in
English: the consonant )1', the voiced counterpart of e. x. E. and
are both pronounced by raising up the back of the tongue towards
the soft palate and almost, but not quite, stopping the passage of
the air. The only difference between the two is that is voice-
less while t. is limiced. The simplest way to produce t. is to
gargle--without water. Another approach is to say aga several times,
gradually moving from complete to incomplete closure between tongue
uvula:. Or, pronounce e, x, and as you do add voicing.
203
166
The following drill contrasts L with , from which it differs
only in voicing.
Drill 1. (On tape) a. Listening: e. and L . b. Imitation.
Drill 2. (On tape) Identification% Check the block whia corresponds
to the word containing t
. 2
. 3
. 4
. 5
. 6
. 7
. 8
. 9
Next will follow a drill contrasting it with ci .
Drill 3. (On tape) a. Listening 5 and L . b. Imitation.
Drill 4. (On tape) If the word read contains L check under
if not, place a check under "no".
NO YES
0111IM
. 2
. 311111
. 4
. 5
. 6
. 7
. 8
. 9
.10
"yes";
204
Answers
Part A.
Drill 2.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Drill 4.
No Yes
XX . .1
XX . 2
XX . 3
XX . 4
XX . 5
XX . 6
XX . 7
XX . 8
XX . 9
XX .10
167
Drill 5. (On tape) Identification. Check the block which corresponds
to t.
3 2 1
ElEl 0Dp El
D 0D Elri DODDDIDEI
2
. 3
. 4
. 5
. 6
. 7
. 8
In some languages, such as Parisian French and stage German, r
is a voiced uvular trill, which is sometimes replaced by a voiced velar
or uvular fricative: Arabic L . Thus, some students familiar with
French or German tend to confuse Arabic L and j . They are of
course quite distinct as seen in the following drill.
Drill 6. (On tape) a. Listening: j and . b. Imitation.
Drill 7. (On tape) Identification. Check the blocks that correspond
to identical items tontaifting L .
. 2
. 3
. 4
. 5
. 6
. 7
. 8
. 9
.10
205
Answers
Part A.
Drill 5.
D ENg.FAD.
DD.D
D 1gDD.
Drill 7.
Ebb thl . 1
g ig El 2
Ing 3
. 4
IMPEi. 5
g 6ig Ig 7
gl . 8
. 9
Ei
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Drill 8. (On tape) identification. Check the proper block.
Technical summary:
voiced uvular fricative.
. 2
. 3
. 4
. 5
. 6
B. Reading
raynihas four shapes, which are exactly like those of
except for the dot above. See charts below.
14:0 8
4 6 : 4, ''rA'
..ji
C:1 f
t .
7' 10.. .0
, 0/<et° 9 .1%
//te,
Independent
Joined to following letter
Joined on both sides
Final joined
Drill 1. Underline the independent shape of t below.
0. )1:. .
two- do
5e I.ei"u
.
trIA
4
9
. 3
. 8
Drill 2. Give the names of the
1 LI
Drill 3. Read:
"s,
tlee°
9o!
following:
C C
4
/
0
168
2
7t.)
kr
Answers
Part B.
Drill 1.
Numbers:1, 2, 5, 6,8, and 10.
Drill 2.
Check tape
Drill 3.
Check tape
Drill 4.
Drill 5.
Underline
C.se .10
5
Read:
the shape oftff
09
4
roJ
Drill 6. Circle the words thatboth sides as well as
0/h'S;LILZI C1.1)
P e,;Hu* fr,46 4
. 2
Drill 7. Read:
joined to a following letter.
i e. 3 4r,
8 ' .16J
contain the shape of t. joined on
the final joined shape." 1,9
;VIA, J14;14 rAlu 1
2 A.',/
'64
C. Writing
is written the same as L, except for the dot above. This
also applies to all its shapes. Compare the charts below with each
other.
.
11_L:.... ,es ,......C
/. / . .!
4-;4-
Independent
Joined to following letter
Joined on both sides
Final joined
Answers
Drill 4.
Numbers:1, 2, 4, 6,7, 8, and10.
Drill 5.
Check tape
Drill 6.
/6) JI.1.;16,.1
tsjiill 2
9,,. 3
61".4
e Lo ees' 4 tr .5
Drill 7.
Check tape
Trace and copy the following.
Drill 1. : Independent
4/0
170
Drill 2. : Joined to following letter.
NW.
Drill 3. : Joined on both sides.
Drill 4. et: : Final joined.
LS.
4
208
171
Drill 5. Review of shapes.
3. RevieW Drills
Drill 1. Listen for the sounds twords, then write in the
represents the sound you
Drill 2. Read:
'Jb
eJac
, , c , Li in the followingappropriate column the letter which
hear in each word.
C.
1
2
. 3
4
5
. 6
. 7
8
. 9
.10
0.6,6
P ,A11)40 C-9,9
e 0,
Drill 3. (On tape) Dictation.
209
Answers
Drill 1.
Jxx
XX
XX
XX
XX
cx
XX
XX
Drill 2.
1
2
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Check tape
172
Arabic proverbs
1. No pains, no gains.
2. He who knows his God knows '
himself.
3. An apology worse than a crime.
4. He who taught me one letter,
I am his slave.
5. Don't be too soft lest you besqueezed, nor too dry lest you
break.
....0e; J9/ f% Ae /(LAW/ I
...yJJ 01, ce; iJo1'i'; Li 41 siti;
1
2
3
4
5
Vocabulary
. 1
2
. 3
rest
without
tiredness, fatigue
he knew
lord
his God
self
hemself
apology
uglier than
crime, offense
he taught
he taught me
a letter
I became
to him, for him
slave
don't be
wet
and then you will
dry
and then you will
be squeezed
be broken.
210
173
Unit 14
The symbol
The symbol .slaa
The symbol SA0
1. The symbol
A. Pronunciation
Web
The symbola is called hamza in Arabic; it represents the
consonant glottal stop, whose phonetic symbol is ?, for example
ai raa? "(the letter) j ". Glottal stop is produced by
stopping the passage of air through the windpipe momentarily and
then releasing it with force. If you take a deep breath, hold
it a moment, and then release it, you should hear an audible
explosion" as the air bursts forth out of the windpipe. This
is glottal stop.
Glottal stop is not an Enlgish consonant, although Americans
often pronounce it under certain conditions. For example, say
"oh-oh!" Witha clear break between the two syllables; glottal
stop is the "catch in the throat" that can be beard before the
second "bh". We normally produce it when a clean break is made
between vowels, especially for extra-precise enunciation, as
in "re-entry" (as opposite to "ref-entry" with no break between
the e's). Compare also "an ice man, not a nice man." In some
dialects of English (Brooklyn, Scotch, etc.) the consonant t
is replaced by glottal stop ? betweenvowels, as in "a bo'lle
of beer", "Ii'lle'boy", etc.
Drill 1. (On tape) a. Listen to hamza in the following words;
you will hear first a word without hamza and than a
similar word with hamza. b. Imitation.
211
Drill 2. (On tape) Indicate by checking the appropriate column
whether each of the following words contains hamza.
No Yes
. 1
. 2
. 3111
4
5
.1111
. 6
11111/0
. 71111110
8
Hamza occurs also at the end of syllables and of words, as
in the following drill. Since this is unnatural for speakers of
English, you must make a special effort to produce it.
Drill 3. (On tape) a. Listening. b. Imitation.
Like other consonants, hamza can be pronounced doubled.
Drill 4. (On tape) a. Listening, b. Imitation.
Finally, hamza appears at the beginning of words also.
Drill 5. (On tape) a. Listening, b. Imitation.
For the Arab, these words in Drill 5 begin with consonants,
while the English speaker hears only the vowel without the glottal
stop. In Arabic, no word or syllable begins with a vowel; a
glottal stop always precedes the vowel, and is always so written.
Drill 6. (On tape) Perception test. Some of the following words
contain hamza, some do not. Put an X in the "yes"
column if there is hamza any place in the word.
Yes Yes
. 6 . 1
. 7 . 2
. 8 . 3
. 9 . 4
.10 . 5
Answers
Part B.
Drill 2.
No Yes
XX
XX
XX
Drill 6.
Yes
XX . 1
XX . 2
XX . 3
. 4
XX . 5
XX . 6
. 7
XX . 8
XX . 9
.10
175
To non-native speakers of Arabic, ? (glottal stop) and
6 (rayn) may sound somewhat similar. They are quite separate,
of course, and distinguish words from each other, e.g., JLsaiala 'he asked' and JJr.0 sacala 'he coughed'. Glottal stop
is a stop, whereas Lis acontinuant in most pronunciations
of Arabic and can be prolonged indefinitely. The next drill con-
trasts and I in the three positions.
Drill 7. (On tape) a. Listening I and tn. . b. Imitation.
Reading
Hamza is not one of the letters of the alphabet, but an
auxiliary sign. As such it is normally written over or under a
letter, called by the Arabs a 1:hair" or"seat"; it is also often
written without a seat., or "aloof". There are three seats, I
and ts, . Hamza may be written over or under 1 e.g., I or
j; over , e.g., !, ; or over a , in which case the two
dots are not used, i.e., V or J . There are specific rules
that determine how to write hamza; for reading hamza, however,
there is one simple rule: the seat, if any, is simply ignored in
pronunciation, glottal stop alone being pronounced.
Drill 1. (On tape) Point to ,each of the following words as you .
hear it read on tape.
Drill 2. Read:
a,kre)
213
C. Writing
Hamza is not a full.fledged letter, but is written for
the most part over or under a seat, and is also written
aloof.
Drill 1. Practice writing it aloof below.
176
Drill 2. Practice writing hamza aloof in the following words.
=11
Drill 3. (On tape) Dictation: hamza written aloof.
Hamza is usually written with a seat. The following drills
practice it in various positions and with the various seats. Drills
4 and 5 practice it in word-initial position, in which case the
seat is exclusively 1 If the vowel is kasra # , ii ii written
under I , thus 1?; ; otherwise it is written over I : Naor
I,I.2b
Drill 4. Pronounce each of the following words as you write them
paying particular attention to the placement of word-
initial hamza.
AI'
214
Part C.
Drill 3.
1
. 2
3
. 4
. 5
. 6
177
Drill 5. (On tape) Dictation..
Now hamza in word-final position.
Drill 6. Sound out each of the following words as you write them,
paying particular attention to the placement of word-
final hamza.
-4
Drill 7. (On tape) Dictation..
Finally, hamza in word-medial position. Here again all three
seats are used.
Drill 8. Practice the following, sounding out each word as you
write it.
Drill 9. Practice the following as in previous drills.
$
Drill 10. Practice the following.
4-f 1'0
(2.4 f jiL
I
215
AnswersDrill 5.
(....:40/1
. 2
/3
. 4
A
I
A.e.A/ 6
Drill 7.
. 1
Drill 11. Read aloud and then copy the following words.
178
9 c/7
AA!
eg
The preceding drills have practiced the writing of hamza in
various positions. It is possible to give rules for the writing
of hamza, and useful for dictation, reading unvoweled texts, etc.
For those interested, those rules are given here; you will not be
held responsible for them.
1. Hamza is written aloof:
a. After aa , e.g., sL
I I e II."*".
Notev when hamza follows %ill, it does not take another
1LZqalif with nunation, thus:
b. after ) uu and ) w, e.g., 4},
, so 9 0/0) 'Aft C )). gra'
c. at the end of a word after consonants of
long vowels, e.g., 0 0 fa01,Patt.
1-1,
fult,sJi=1-
Hamza is written with a seat in all Other instances.
The rules are different for word-initial position, word-
medial position and word-final position.
2. Hamza in word-initial position. If hamza is fol-
lowed by kasra i, it is written under ?alif, thus:
as in3
9 e.g.
.Otherwise hamza is written over
* Atei
'father' 461 'nation'.
3. Hamza in word-final position. Hamza is written
over a seat homogeneous with the preceding short vowel,0 0,)"
e.g., I.J4 'principle'; ZilroLZ 'coast' yy 'pearls'.
216
179
4. Hamza in word-medial position. The seat is chosen
according to the adjacent vowels, and according to this
priority: i-u-a. That is,
either side, the seat is 45
if hamza is adjacent to kasra on
, e.g. , SI
'visitor'.
If there is no kasra but there is a lamina, the seat is
e. g. P:j1.!P question'eA1J'Daud, David ' .
Ifdthere is neither kaya nor damma .the seat is / 9
S001e
e.g. 4.n. 'he asked', kr) ea , question, problem.''h
2. The sign madda ?aa
A. Pronunciation.
Madda is a
thus: I' 2;
special sign, always written over 1 as a seat,
it has.the value 7aa. It automatically replaces d except
after another I . Thus Sit; becomes
LI: 'they began' and 391 is written :07
However, in c...-.16t, aloof: because it follows I aa.
comes
,P
B. Reading
Drill 1.
'0 VI
(On tape) Listen to the following words as
on tape.
Drill 2. Read:
/1- 11,TIF'T.!
4. 0)0
C. Writing
The sign madda is written above
right to left as shown above.
ot
ILI; be-
'I eat'.
they are read
1 proceding from
217
Answers
Part B.
Drill 1.
Check tape
Drill 2.
Check tape
180
Drill 1. Practice the model below.
"Nor"WOW
4"..0 AV' enta+ /
Drill 2. Pronounce each of the following words as you write them.
14
".1.0
Drill 3. (On tape) Dictation.
3./ ?alif clastra
In a limited number of words 7alif is wirtten in miniature form1.8
over a consonant letters for example Lub haataa 'this'. This form
of 7alif , called ?alif qadtra 'short alif' in Arabic and often
referred to in English as "dagger alif", is only found in the fol-
lowing common words:
Drill 1. Read the following:k /
4013
'this' (masc.)
'this' (fem.)
'these'
'thus'
'that' (masc.)'thus'
but, however
'God'
'god/
218
Answers
Drill 1.Check tape
4. Revieti 'Drills
Drill 1. Read:
*Cs S /% V )1:0.
Drill..2. :(On tape) Dictation.
For memorization.
J3 31J ugawl
Li L
181
./ts11 t!).j1:L.)
/cilg3L/
1. Amina: Hello, sir.
2. George: Hello, young lady.
3. Anina: Where are you from?
4. George: I am from America.
5. Amina: Where do you live?
6. George: I live in Ann Arbor.
7. Amina: Are you married?
8. George: No. I am a bachelor.
9. Amina: What do you do?
10. George: I study at theUniversity of Michigan.
4..... L 1
..?.., . . I" / di, 7,; ", /-
0 .0 Lel.). $ COP'2
4.....;1 L
lb-,41 4,i..: ill- 1_
Kt.;41 3a, -Lc: ?- . 4
.0 .... .g 2,..,-t1).;.1 : 44,1 5
..,, . i
01 41 4.1:0i : t'ijp. . 6
q rf' "/"..1; vm..e.; I jib ; 'ice I
Liol LI V. acjr. . 8E-41"1
9 /0/.
!(.1Jti 1.3L : zfusi . 9.
.... i.10/ / ce j
P f
3
7
Arabic( Proverbs
11. One man's meat is another
man's poison.
12. Beware the man who has received
:5
410/.0.4
charity from you.
Ott_,*LI
.11r)3 URA.
// 0Comb6661."0"
0. .12
219
nswers
eview Drill
rill 1.
Check tape
Drill 2.
Sta,/,
LL:
,
,s
r1.514
e.,415L4 .8
Vt./4
,
) .
Vocabulary
,
4.41
RI /
, Ont
S:;61
ffSL:
L5'4°I
od
46.'1
L
.44Lrol
Pre
%.1j0,47.
6.41"4:4A%
e
a:0e
r-a /0.1
4"1 ;
182
Amina (girl's name)
Mr.
George
miss; young lady
where?
you (speaking to a male)
America
you live (speaking to a male)
I live
Ann Arbor
(interrogative participle: converts a
statement into a question)
married
bachelor, single
what?
you do, work (speaking to a male)
I study
University
Michigan
disasters
people; tribe
in the opinion of; among
profits, benefits, gains
beware! (spoken to a male)
evil
he who, him who
you gave charity (speaking to a male)
to him.
220
Unit 15
The sign wasla
The definite article JiAlif maqsuura:
1. wasla
No utterance in Arabic can begin with a cluster of two conso-
nants. If, however, the first word of an utterance is one that does
begin with two consonants, such as the imperative forms of certain
verbs, thenia "helping vowel" preceded by glottal stop is pronounced
as part of that word. For example,
-grab qahwatan 'Drink some coffee!'
is pronounced:elt ot o'cl,d'iJ ligrab qahwatan 'Drink some coffee!'
(The hyphen on -grab indicates that this word needs a helping vowel
to make it pronounceable.) Another illustration, using the imp-er-
ative forni of_the verbJ jska"to go-."
1. 72ihab.4 maTa saliimin !Goora"n"
If a word beginning with two consonants follows another word or
a prefix, then the final vowel of that word or prefix serves the
function of a helping vowel. Thus, after the prefix 5 wa- 'and' we
get wagrab 'and drinkr, as in:
xutwatrab 'Take and drink!'
Alif is still used to spell this word, but hamza is now replaced by
the symbol Z1.44 wasla:
Goxt4 watrab 'Take and drink!'
Wasla signifies (1) that the alif over which it is written has no
pronunciation value and (2) that the final vowel of the preceding
word is pronounced with the first consonant following it. Note that
words beginning with two consonants are always written with ?alif
and a helping vowel.
-
Drill 1. (On tape) a. Read the following to yourself as you hear
them read on tape; pay attention to the hamza-wasla op-
positions. Note that wasla indicates that the tin) words
are pronounced as one, With:dd break betweed themb
ft
'Write'
_
I Learn and write'
'Dress.
JMJI
04:7! s
"WalceLtip and dress,:l
your dame'
11'Whats yout name?'
;:name
,
L 'What is his name?'
oki;( 'Drink and eat.'
'Eat and drink.'r 1' I V'w a
o ..:I 'Open and. close f '
AO dig00
j'Close and opentl
I 40).1'w:
0
1.
1)x-1e-01,'OPen them-andoclosethem!ve.,
44.!.:10)
so'0.ose'it and open it!:
b. Read the pairs in a. above.
If a word beginning in two consonants follows a word ending in
a consonant, that consonant receives a.helping vowel, in most cases,
0/'i; the following examples contains who?':
,c. manijtamaca maca gallim? 'Who met with Salim?
Note that kasra has xeplaced sukuun on
4-9.4.44.:1
,
I dal j 'flI"
maninsarafal 'Who left?'
manistalama risaalatii?'Who received my letter?'
185
Drill 2. Read the following pairs of sehtences, paying particular
attention to the liaison of 011 'who?' and the following
wasla:
o
'
e
7-rim" Ca taa''
.00 ".C.4. 1Velgal
Ltb.:
...,0I J cr
cp_wj=th Salim!'
'Who met with Salim?'
'Sit,and
'Who went away?'
114bp "bought a house?'
'Who resigned?'
A word-i.r1 1 hamza that is prefixed with a helping vowel is
called jghilleijAab , 'the hamza of connection'.
2. The definite article Ji
A. Pronunciation
The Arabic definite article6ef
..ktjaCUI ) is prefixed to a noun or adjective, ecp
'a country' -- 'the country'
%"frt.? 'big' 'the big one'
The article is pronounced ?al- when prefixed to a word begin-
9 .
ii (called in Arabic :IJI
ning with one of the following
These letters
letters', the
this since it
are referred to
Arabic word for
begins with one
Drill 1. On tape. a. Pointas they are read.
consonants:
e. , r ecollectively as (...9.2.e. 'moon
It moon", arbitrarily being chosen for
of these letters.
to each of the following pairs of words
'the professor'
'the country'
'the university'
'the war'
'the good'
'the capital'
0 4,1j11.1
4.06,Le-
P°41
.4iNe;10
'professor'
'country'
university'
'war'
'good'
223
Answers
Drill 2.
Check tape
e f
ai,.j"; the room'
)1-7:11 'the cup'
4;41 'the coffee'6
L.eit'the book'
4-4.404! 'the city'
.41.1;11J! 'the gift't/ a!)I 1,J1 'the ministry'
Ipell 'the day'
1 1room
'cup'
'coffee'
'book'
'city'
'gift'
'ministry'
'day'
186
b. You will now be read the first item of each of thepairs that you have just heard. Listen carefullyto each one, then repeat it with the definite article.
The remaining consonants are, logically enought, referred to as tiju:JI
4.44141. 'the sun letters', the Arabic word for "sun" beginning
.1mr4with g (sh as in "shine"): um" Prefixed to a sun letter, the
of the article is pronounced not as 1 but indicates doubling of
the following consonant, e.g.,
41.-1,11) 'student' (taalibun)
, ,
if.,J1.611 'the student' (?attaalibu)
Prefixed to a sun letter, the J of the article loses its ° while
the following consonant is written with to reflect actual pro-
nunciation.
Note that the sun:letters are pronounced more or less in the
same place of articulation as J :
J tja, 00 Liz j
In terms of pronunciation, the J of the definite article is assimi-
lated to (pronounced like) a following consonant if that consonant is
pronounced at the same point_in the mouth as J . The moon letters
and a are exceptions to this rule.
Drill 2. (On tape) a. Point to each of the following pairs of wordsas they,are rea4 to you on tape.
-4 0.
.16.16il _ 4,01;.;
0; i_IJI
,11 IIIwry ....
;',' -; ' lesson'Lrve, ......t0 J 'gold'
est j11..4 td 1 "n". 1.011 'fourth'
.,. l,-; -
;.; Cpi -- dAt.; 'visit'i
.0
'student'
'a second one'
224
,a, .., s ,P,ipill Ia.
4 A1 o i i 0 1,"trill," -- J14'
Lai I La. .
, at I 0 /t;r ji:j 1 jt /6
9.):1:1JI ;171 'noon'
WA . ijiJ 'language'P
4ft / . I I.rij I ''''. ).le river
'hour'
'month'
;morning'
'damma'
'way'
187
b. Repeat after the tape, prefixing the definite articleto each tem. Remember to pronounce the first conso-nant cT each word doubled.
Drill 3. (On tape) Identificatton.. Place a check mark in the proper
column.;69'"
. 2
4
. 5
6
7
. 8
. 9
.10
Note that a word with the definite article cannot receive
nunation.
The hamza of the definite article Ji is hamzatu-1 wasli, and
the vowel a is a helping vowel, as explained earlier in section
1 of this unit. Thus, whenever the article does not occur initiallly
in an utterance, it is pronounced
Drill 4. (On tape) Listening.
...)C:t
WCd. LP) 4
Lb I L; '4°o )jil
0,63i
c.r U4')
1.
the lesson
'the first lesson'
'the second one'
'the second lesdon'
225
2
. 3
. 4
5
6
7
8
9
.10
Isj
LI:j 11 lit; I
pt.r.)
b. Imitation
B. Reading
'the third one'
'the third lesson'
'the forth one'
'the fourth lesson'
188
Drill 1. Read the following words which start with moon letters.
L411
P 93:141
0.1,14-111 A MO
9
djii I1/11 I aWl
.4;),-1 c)11'1
Drill 2. Read the following words which start with sun letters.
I lb I 6,4,1 I 1
3...1.1".40
C
Drill 3. Read:
I
441
C. Writing
Practice the following, sounding out each word as you write it.
226
Answers
Drill 1.
Check tape
Drill 2.
Check tape
Drill 3.
Check tape
189
3, 4,5 lalif maqsuura
A. Pronunciation
The Arabic writing system has two palif's: one we saw in Unit
1, namely 1 ; the second is cc , calledIxecuwsi,1 7alif maqguura
"shortened ?alir It it highly specialized: it can only be the
last letter of the word, and can only have the value aa, e.g., cg
bakaa 'he wept'. It can receive nunation, e.g.,45-610 sadan 'echo'
The following words are pronounced the same:
Nir 'it arose'
I on
The choice of Palif at the end of the word is determined by
the grammar, or must be learned for each word. In general, 1 is
more common than d , so you will be well advised always to use
1 for final 7alif unless you know that the word in question re-
quires 45 .
B. Reading
The 45 ?alif maqsuura is exactly like ,5 but,
without the two dots. As mentioned earlier, it is
1
pronounced aa.
Drill 1. Read:
Independent
Drill 2. a occurs only at the end of the word.(.01 cs Final
dent and final joined. Look at the joinedThus, it has only two shapes: indepen-
final joined shape in the box above,
then read the following./
0 /csias
When 45 is followed by a suffix, i.e., when it is not word
final, it becomes a regular 1 ?alif e.g. cg 'he built' but 114:
'he built it'.
227
Drill 1.
Check tape
Drill 2.
Check tape
Drill 3. Read the following in pairs.
P. .14.4,1 (54
. 0 . . 0
0,
lat
C. Writing
C5 is written like c$ but without the two dots.
Drill 1. Trace and copy the following:
190
The model on the right shows you how CS
is written (I/ when it receives a suffix.
Drill 2. Trace over the items given, then rewrite each one adding
the suffix 1, to it. Follow the example given.
9,p-A!O e (Ls" .
228
Answers
Drill 3.
Check tape
^
4.. Review Drills
Drill 1. Read:
ir .10. "ft
!4110.1J1 cimOW L
Drill 2. (On tape) Dictation:.
For memorization:
40.4 °Csi...24211
OAP/4/
Iki6a,"/
e, /01 o- .
191
1. Ruth : Good morning.
2. Sami: Good morning.
3. Ruth: How are you?
4. Sami: Fine, thanks.
5. Ruth: What is your name?
6. Sami: My name. is Sami.
What is your name?
7. Ruth:
8. Sami:
9. Ruth:
10. Sami:
11. Ruth:
My name is Ruth.
Where are you from?
am from France.
Thanks.
You are welcome.
Arabic proverbs
12. A friend in need is a friend
13. Don't postpone today's
work! until tomorrow.
14. Repetition makes perfect.
;;J1
cirw up L.
rtn.,11
coL1 X:01 L %I-1J
(.0-01 LeLLot.
,":11J , 941 1 %:1-1J
7 ;Li ,;7:1 uL Aa.
L.Cji L 1
a.
A L,,0 1%.1, ) )
indeed. t3;a11 I I I T
/440 0_,AJA°
;Ir,11 PrLft.,I*-71 ;1*61 It.6
V I.
15. Bitds of a feather flock together.
16. Pardon behooves the mighty.
NI
,-4.6.11 51,
4Pk,70.4) .10 'WI i
229
Vocabulary
ve6i
°J651
tiLJ Lits
%
jL.
? ';oa ja:: 1
1:41gs;6
j4.44=1)
" I IPI6j.
U1,173_;61:
41
;10.s'J
192
Ruth
morning
good (noun)
good morning
the condition
How are you?
what?
name
your name (speaking toa male)
my name
Sami (boy's name)
and you (feminine)
your name (speaking to a female)
you (feminine)
France1 4
welcome (in response to )
the friend
the trouble
you postpone
work, job
today
until
the morrow
the repetition
it teaches
the donkey
(intensifying particle found at beginning
of a sentence)
the birds
on
its kind
it falls
pardon, forgiveness
with, belonging to
power, mighty
230
Unit 16 193
Dialogues and reading passages for-memorization
Numerals 1-20
Days of the week
Months of the year
1. Dialogues and reading passages for memorization.
Salim: Good-morning.
Maryam: Good morning
Salim: What is your name?
Maryam: My name is Maryam.
And what is your name?
Salim: My name is Salim.
Maryam: Where are you from?
Salim: From Lebanon.
Maryam: Thanks.
Salim: You're welcome.
The above dialog is fully "voweled"--that is, the auxiliary,s4ns for short,
vowels, shadda,,ecc. are'includedAwith the letters. Most Arabic publidationst
however, are "unvowele4"7-written without any of the auxiliary signs. Thus:
voweled unvaweled "pronunciation meaning
. 0;c.J1 4:0; I anta 'you'
This assumes, of-course, that the reader already knows Arabic, and that whatever
ambiguities regult;cen be resolved from the context. It is made possible by the
fact that all Axabic syllables begin with consonants, so providing a substantial
skeleton for each wottli thus, sbaah must be sabaahun 'morning', and
mryrn is maryamu,%Miriam''. Such final§ as sibaahun, subaahun, murywn,, etc.,
simply do-net .
231
Xir.T.AV,V,TWWlr-dW
194
As a rule, only the Koran, the Bible and elementary school books are fully
voweled. Most printed and all handwritten Arabic is normally unvoweled. The
dialog above is repeated below unvoweled, in printed and handwritten styles.
If you memorized the dialog and so are familiar with the words and phrases,
you should be able to read these unvoweled versions with ease.
f_rj z : ro:
.4--:
c L,
1
(:),) -ra)
. 6 L.-.J
I.
In printed Arabic much use is made of a "word stretcher", a bar that may
be added between letters to make words longer in order to fill up space, make
straighter margins, etc. To illustrate this, the proverb )1....00.11
'Constant repetition will teach (even) a donkey' is retyped below in varying
lengths; they all retain, of course, the same pronunciation and meaning.
flitt
rA, Ap(---11
)1)--11
b.Ruth:
Farid:
Ruth:
Farid:
Ruth:
Farid:
Ruth:
Farid:
Ruth:
Farid:
Hello, (Mr.) Farid.
Hello, (Miss) Ruth.
Where are you from:
From Iraq.
Is Iraq"in the Middle-East?'"
Yes.
What's the capital of Iraq?
The city of Baghdad.
Thanks.
Not at all.
P
% c-_
6-;) ;
:
.16.!.!.10 ()AD !
r4mi
,L,R) -ekx40 Ls L.
C. Jamila:
George:
Jamila:
George:
Jamila:
George:
Jamila:
George:
Jamila:
George:
St.;4.0
%
I c_i
Good afternoon.
Good afternoon.
What are you studying
at the university?
Middle Eastern history.
Do you know Arabic?
Yes.
Where die you study Arabic?
At the American University
of Beirut (AUB)
Goodbye.
Goodbye.
195sod
.4t, 4.**u 10 le1,0d.
j*I.,*) I .S.t.,
4.4
?,31,1,11 L,510 ;
.JI.x.k. :
IA:. ;
-"v....
cr-41
611AA
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rj4rm..01...0
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1,-1s
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. 4-"`
I 1 a La;
q :1:u L+%1 I Lij4.41.; IA. i alep-.
1 ,
.12.**) jj4J1 L.
;/ 4- .0 451"4; ,iti I Cary) 011
Ic- 'rat 41=.° 4
edge!;
"41.44..t
/ /eliU1 all Zleop.
;"' . c o.".
233
d. William:
Najib:
William:
Najib? On Cass Street.
William: What's your telephone number?
Najib: 869-5741
William: Who lives with your
Najib: An Arab friend from Syria.
William: Is he going to school or working?
Najib: He works at an Arab restaurant.
Where do you live, Najib?
In the city of Detroit.
On what street?
g
,
1-0
A411-iovE.I...e
4
C....rk----1 c..t' : reJ, ...
I. .,
I /.5---5' 0-0 ckts-,1)4-yo i c..,., - .
r
re.`J0
(...000101/A
"- 3-40
cket3) cr4-
196
I 61.4JI
s: °LA, I cr_i I .1 L.
)11 I
r..."J I UI 4I
$.6 Lfrto drol..1
)11 I
; cd)
Jr-
/,A , 9 / / $
Vr.:4'4°. .- 11.* 0SI% u : ; 01.1I ./ A
":4°.0Aj,44.44,1 Ce
. ee ,..:*- re_ Lt 0;Lr j
1A 1 1 cot
9
Ifj 3,!
it. Jr.-. ot Lit 1 J. -1A0
4.10-16. f1.t.7"41. LJ-gl
cst, cse SO
cp.?.
Ur"
SCiAlje°
rAj
ell.:
AmIA
r-,
234
e. Linda:
Ahmad:
Linda:
Ahmad:
Linda:
Ahmad:
Linda:
Ahmad:
Linda:
Ahmad:
Are you married, Ahmad?
Yes.
Is your wife American?
No, she's an Arab from Jordan
Do you have any children?
Yes, I have a boy and a girl.
Does your wife know English?
Yes, she studied English fin
the city of) Amman.
Thanks, Ahmad.
You're welcome.
ti I I: 1.>te J-*
re-)4#61Sc 0:4-t-c}41
41).),,i) -1)
ci.):AL (Id) f_LJ
_AJ
`t0.34J)I , ce,6
1,..L.s LA.? I
197
c".1.1 1,4 .cti
-ia;t3 461.1
Ps ,11 41.0Jjli 04, 461 y.", V : 44.1.1
Pt 9 0
v.1.4.0 J.J3 ait re9
JAN1 Zifsw'416
;, 1.9 4111. 1 4;.;31
1..1J
1,1-
f. This dialogue has been left unvowOled; listen to the tape, and write in the
voweling yourself.
Karima: When did you take your
trip to New York?
Henry: A month ago.
Karima: Did you travel by plane?
Henry: No. By car.
Karima: Did you go to an Arab
restaurant,:there?
Henry: Yes. I went with an Arab friend.* ur.t.p.
Karima: What did you eat?
Henry: Kubba and salad.
Karima: Did you drink Arabic coffee?
Henry: Yes.
elo...1.3-ft;" cf."441*
1114-* .3-0',1 :.44J10 )1 :4141.LA
;74.95,
c.:451 );5
. iLAem" 4
C "14A4J5
-fp...A; cs.,...7.cs
235
L J-0- , . A
. rue.. ,
el.P....kv..,Jr 42,....i) ; ci-D :
..)2"-t.,,)---)-.0°LLA' c--L-47-4°:' ,/
4-,,Y ,'
.,
S7
rti C-r..)1--)
." jJlt. LOS:AS.j0.4'6" .5; ii34;11
1i1.--AtiN 5ift dst
,// ; i
. IV.),,
114A L) La/
198
° /' LIr "hoot
(Si JA 1 ejt.
g. My name is Samir. I am an Arab from Libya. I'm studying engineering
at Columbia University in (the city of) New York. I live with an American
friend on Munroe Street. My apartment number is 516 and my telephone number
is 946-8342.
1^-7AffifI . LJ 6 a.
sx4--
L,I
4,1
t-- t A < C
236
h. The important countries of theArab world.
The United Arab Republic; itscapital is Cairo.
The Lebanese Republic; its capitalis Beirut.
The Syrian Arab Republic; itscapital is Damascus.
The Republic of Iraq; its capitalis Baghdad.
The Republic of Sudan; itscapital is Khartoum.
The Republic of Algeria; itscapital is Algiers.
The Republic of Tunisia; itscapital is Tunis.
The Republic ofiemen itscapital Is San'a.
The Saudi Arabian Kingdom; oi"-ftits capital is Al-Riyad.
The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan;its capital is Amman.
The Kingdom of Libya; itscapitalsare'Behghazi arid Tripoli.
The Kingdom of Morocco; itscapital Is Rabat.
The emirate of Kuwait; itscapital is Kuwait.
PC. jjoje
*/..31.1.41
199
jl r-1
/--
fp
VP
infe4n1 1 (4-4;ohiO4.11 .114,ooo t *
;41 $.--"J- 1 sz:401.1 1ler..,L1,11 tro
A6 t 4
4.1w/.. Cr "IS P
J 1 z..41;..41I
1
1.1;4:44..0 3
9
:1114.04;;JI
iro
"44 .0414°
Ltr.i. I -"" .
. "t 7 4 6049 0
41..1.01&e0JI
Ptirt5;2
P 0,
0/
P eMD Id 9
441.),*,0%ftuli
jytion,j1 °op ip
1 j14/444. '44: 4Libi
I41/0r: /.4.616
) 1viL *1-11.1.t) 3 .
("4or,t1-t-14,:9 9 14
1 Le' )11 44,j1
lo4Lici.) 44an 41:4JI
9° ,°"A".4
'6 LI ;31 Iljz:t 41 ,-.AJI
14 0."
237
9,
IMPTAMPRIPI.fw
, Ab ts.
. klep Lc.
--J5J I
1
200
f =L..; L'..JJ%
I
t
I
La
z 1A-90 V-c-P Ls.
07°1: )( ---4-6-ect
e ....fip,agsd
et"-L4 k '.41S1e4
. J Lac tr-cp is eLL
Ls. tz,.p L f
. _pi 177:_clo
238
2. Numgrals 1-20.
3. Days of the week.
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
4:1)
Li
14?
1.4;so ,
4.4
./
ce.t:
9... e07,0,/4.001
4404pea"..
./ / /'1.',41.r-f'4.41"°41.1
j.4.4.4 r,
J.4114 41.011:W
Cara:
arft I"410"
441 IOite.°
ilitbat I0.0
tiLt.)oe j
%
I
English, Written Printed
1 1 1
2 C Y
3 v r
4 t t
5 0 o
6 1 1
7 V Y
8 A A
9 'I 1
10'. 1.
1111 1 1
12 \C lY
13 \.< 1 T
14 \ iL 1 t
15 \ 0 1 0
16 il 11
17 IV lY
18 1 A 1 A
19- \I 11
20 IC. Y .
1960 X VIA11 1/0
201
*Note that comppund numbers in Arabic go from left to..right as in English. This
number is read in Arabic as follows: A 64- ILO; 4,0 14, -;"/
239