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Tobacco Facts 2005

Citation: Ministry of Health. 2005. Tobacco Facts 2005. Wellington: Ministry of Health.

Published in October 2005 by the Ministry of Health

PO Box 5013, Wellington, New Zealand

ISBN 0-478-29677-0 (Book) ISBN 0-478-29680-0 (Internet)

HP 4189

This document is available on the Ministry of Health�s website: http://www.moh.govt.nz

Foreword Tobacco use, in the form of cigarette smoking, is the leading cause of preventable deaths in New Zealand. It is responsible for a large proportion of New Zealand�s disease burden, contributing to a range of cancers and diseases of the respiratory and circulatory systems. Second-hand smoke (SHS) is also recognised as a major public health problem in New Zealand because it is associated with many of the same diseases as active smoking. There is a clear association between high smoking prevalence, ethnicity and low socioeconomic position in New Zealand, which makes it a contributing factor to the health inequalities seen between Māori and non-Māori. The following report presents data from the 2004 ACNielsen (NZ) Ltd Survey, the 2004 ASH Year 10 survey, and data from Statistics New Zealand on tobacco products released and annual tobacco returns. This information will contribute to ongoing developments in tobacco control initiatives, and will be of interest to tobacco control policy-makers and tobacco control agencies. Comments on this report are welcomed, and should be sent to Public Health Intelligence, Ministry of Health, PO Box 5013, Wellington. Barry Borman Manager Public Health Intelligence

Tobacco Facts 2005 iii

Contents

Foreword iii

Executive Summary vii

AC Nielsen Survey 1 Method 1 Prevalence of cigarette smoking 2 Trends 2 Age and gender 3 15�24 years age group 4 Ethnicity 4 Number of cigarettes smoked 6 Labour force status, household income and region 7

ASH National Year 10 Survey 8 Background 8 Method 8 Trends in Prevalence 9 Gender and ethnicity 10 School socioeconomic decile 11 Region 12

Tobacco Products Released 13 Background 13 Trends 14 Effect of tax increases 15

Annual Tobacco Returns 16 Background 16 Trends 16

Health Effects of Tobacco Smoking 17 Smoking inequalities 17 Risks for the individual smoker 17 Effects of second-hand smoke 17 Pregnancy and children 18

References 19

Appendices Appendix I 20 Appendix II 27 Appendix III 30

Tobacco Facts 2005 v

List of Tables Table 1: Age-standardised cigarette smoking prevalence (%), 15+ years, by gender and

ethnicity, 2004 5 Table 2: Average number of cigarettes smoked per day, per smoker, 1997�2004 6 Table 3: Prevalence of cigarette smoking (%), 15+ years, by labour force status and gender,

2004 7 Table 4: Prevalence of daily and at least weekly smoking (%), year 10, by gender and ethnicity,

2004 10 Table 5: Annual tobacco returns, 1997�2004 16 Table A1: Prevalence of cigarette smoking (%), 15+ years, by age, gender and ethnicity, 2004 20 Table A2: Prevalence of cigarette smoking (%), 15+ years, by age, gender and ethnicity,

1976�2004 21 Table A3: Prevalence of cigarette smoking (%), 15�24 years, by age, gender and ethnicity, 2004 22 Table A4: Percentage of smokers 15+ years, by number of cigarettes smoked on an average

day, by gender, 2004 22 Table A5: Prevalence of cigarette smoking (%), 15+ years, by age and gender, 2004 24 Table A6: Prevalence of cigarette smoking (%), 15+ years, by household income and gender,

2004 25 Table A7: Prevalence of smoking (%), 15+ years, by tobacco product category and age, 2004 25 Table A8: Cigarette smoking prevalence (%), 15+years, by DHB region and gender, 2004 26 Table A9: Prevalence of daily smoking (%), year 10 students, by gender, 1999�2004 27 Table A10: Prevalence of daily smoking (%), year 10 students, by gender and ethnicity,

1999�2004 27 Table A11: Percentage of year 10 students who have never smoked, by ethnicity, 1999�2004 28 Table A12: Prevalence of daily smoking, year 10 students, by socioeconomic decile and gender,

2004 29 Table A13: Prevalence of daily smoking in year 10 students during 1999�2004, by DHB 29 Table A14: Tobacco products released for consumption in New Zealand, 1990�2004 30 Table A15: Annual tobacco returns, 1997�2004 31

List of Figures Figure 1: Prevalence of cigarette smoking (%), 1976�2004 2 Figure 2: Three-year rolling-average prevalence of cigarette smoking (%), by age and gender,

1984�2003 3 Figure 3: Prevalence of cigarette smoking (%), by ethnicity, 1990�2004 5 Figure 4: Percentage of smokers 15+ years, by number of cigarettes smoked on an average

day, by gender, 2004 6 Figure 5: Prevalence of daily smoking (%), year 10 students, by gender, 1999�2004 9 Figure 6: Prevalence of daily smoking (%), year 10 students, by gender and ethnicity,

1999�2004 10 Figure 7: Prevalence of daily smoking (%), year 10, by school socioeconomic decile and

gender, 2004 11 Figure 8: Tobacco consumed per adult (15+ years): tobacco products released (1970�2004)

and annual tobacco returns (1997�2004) 14 Figure A1: Prevalence of cigarette smoking (%), 15+ years, by age and gender, 1984�2004 23 Figure A2: Average number of cigarettes smoked per day, 15+ years, by age and gender, 2004 24 Figure A3: Percentage of year 10 students who have never smoked, by gender, 1999�2004 28

vi Tobacco Facts 2005

Executive Summary The gradual decline in prevalence of smoking seen since 1990 is continuing, and may be steepening. Smoking prevalence has declined approximately four percentage points since 1990, with over a quarter of this decline occurring between 2002 and 2004. Overall adult smoking prevalence is now estimated to be approximately 23.4% . At the same time, tobacco consumption per capita has also continued to fall, decreasing by almost 16% from 2002 to 2004. While smoking prevalence remains high among Maori and Pacific peoples (at approximately 50% and 30% respectively), these ethnic groups have shared in the steepening decline in recent years. It will be of great interest to see whether these recent trends in prevalence and consumption continue, or merely represent random variation or measurement bias. Especially heartening is the continuing decline in youth smoking rates seen in recent ASH surveys. Prevalence has been falling among European/Other teenagers (14-15 years) for some time and in the most recent surveys (2003 and 2004) such falls are seen among Maori and Pacific boys and girls as well. While it is too early to say that ethnic inequalities in youth smoking rates are narrowing, the trend appears favourable. Again, it will be of great interest to monitor whether this continues.

Tobacco Facts 2005 vii

AC Nielsen Survey

Method The smoking prevalence information presented in this report has been derived from tobacco-related questions contained in consumer surveys conducted by ACNielsen (NZ) Ltd. Smoking prevalence relates to those aged 15 years and over. Approximately 11,000 face-to-face interviews with one respondent per household were conducted by ACNielsen (NZ) Ltd during 2004. A show-card was used itemising ready-made cigarettes, roll-your-own tobacco, cigars/cigarillos, a pipe, or none of these. Interviewees were asked, �Which of these products, if any, do you ever smoke?� Those who indicated smoking ready-made cigarettes were asked, �On average how many ready-made cigarettes do you smoke in an average day?� Those who indicated they smoked roll-your-own cigarettes were asked, �On average, how many roll-your-own cigarettes do you smoke in an average day?� Cigarette smokers were defined as those who smoke any ready-made cigarettes or roll-your own tobacco cigarettes. The data obtained from the survey were weighted to reflect the age, gender and household size characteristics of the 1996 Census population. Confidence intervals provided take account of the clustered nature of the data using the statistical software package SUDAAN, except for the indirectly age-standardised rates of smoking by District Health Board region, labour force status and household income.

Tobacco Facts 2005 1

Prevalence of cigarette smoking

Figure 1: Prevalence of cigarette smoking (%), 1976�2004

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1976 1981 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Year

Percent

Source: 1976 and 1981 Censuses of Population and Dwellings, Department of Statistics 1983�2003, ACNielsen (NZ) Ltd Notes: 1. 1976�2002: prevalence of cigarette smoking (percent) (15+ years) 2. 2003: prevalence of cigarette smoking (percent) (18+ years) 3. 2004: prevalence of cigarette smoking (percent) (15+ years)

Trends • The prevalence of cigarette smoking has stabilised since the 1990s, and there have

only been slight decreases in prevalence in recent years: 2001 24.9%, 2002 24.5% and 2003 24.7%.1 There is a notable decrease in prevalence for 2004, however, down to 23.4%, although it is too early to determine if this represents a downwards trend (see Figure 1 and Appendix I, Table A1).

• The prevalence of smoking any tobacco2 (including cigarettes, cigars, cigarillos or pipes) in 2004 was 23.9% (see Appendix I, Table A7).

1 The smoking prevalence for 2003 is based on an 18+ years population, compared to other years that

included 15-, 16- and 17-year-olds. 2 Unless otherwise specified, cigarette smokers include those who smoke on average less than one

cigarette per day.

2 Tobacco Facts 2005

Age and gender

Figure 2: Three-year rolling-average prevalence of cigarette smoking (%), by age and gender, 1984�2003

Male

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Year

Percent

15�24 years25�34 years35�54 years55+ years

Female

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Year

Percent


Source: ACNielsen (NZ) Ltd Notes: 1. The use of three-year rolling averages means that the data points for 2003 are the average values for

the three-year period 2002�2004. 2. The data point for 15�24 years for 2003 is the average of the values for 2002 and 2004. 3. The missing data point for 15�24 years for 2002 is due to the missing data in 2003.


• The high prevalence of smoking in the 15�34 years age group has remained relatively stable throughout the 1990s, compared to the 55+ age group, which has demonstrated a steady decrease in prevalence since around 1995 (see Figure 2 and Appendix I, Table A2).

• Smoking prevalence in the 25�34 years age group is similar across both genders, while prevalence among those 35 and older is higher among males.

• The highest smoking prevalence has generally been among those aged 25� 34 years; this trend differs slightly across gender, with females demonstrating similar prevalence in the 15�24 and 25�34 years age groups (see Appendix I, Figure A2).

15�24 years age group There is a high prevalence of smoking within younger age groups, particularly the 20�24 years group and particularly among Māori of this age, who have a prevalence of 59.1%. The prevalence of smoking is higher in the 15�24 years age group for females than for males; however, these data should be interpreted with considerable caution because of smaller sampling sizes in these groups (see Appendix I, Table A3).

Ethnicity • The decrease in smoking among European/Other people seen in the 1990s has

continued through to 2004. This trend has been less evident in Māori and Pacific populations, however a more clear decrease in smoking prevalence over recent years can be noted (see Figure 3).

• In 2004 just under one in five people among European/Other (19.4%) was a smoker, compared with just over one in four among Pacific people (25.8%) (see Table 1).

• The prevalence of smoking among Māori remains high, with almost one in every two Māori classified as a smoker (see Table 1).3 Higher prevalence is seen among younger smokers, particularly those aged 25�34 (see Appendix I, Table A3). However, it should be noted that differences in smoking prevalence between ethnic groups are reduced once adjustment is made for differences in age structure.4

3 The age-standardised prevalence for non-Māori (Europeans, Pacific peoples and Other) was 21.4%:

23.1% for males and 19.8% for females. 4 Comparison of smoking prevalence among populations with larger proportions of young Māori and

Pacific peoples than European/Other is aided by correcting for the differing age structures (age standardising involves applying the age-specific rates in a study population to a population with a standard age structure). For age-standardised results, see Table 1.


Figure 3: Prevalence of cigarette smoking (%), by ethnicity, 1990�2004

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Year

Percent

MāoriPacific peoplesEuropean/Other

Source: ACNielsen (NZ) Ltd Notes: 1. The classification of ethnicity information changed from 1997 onwards, so ethnic-specific data before

and after 1997 may not be comparable. 2. 1990�2002: prevalence of cigarette smoking (percent) (15+ years). 3. 2003: prevalence of cigarette smoking (percent) (18+ years). 4. 2003: prevalence of cigarette smoking (percent) (15+ years). Table 1: Age-standardised cigarette smoking prevalence (%), 15+ years, by gender and

ethnicity, 2004

Māori European/Other Pacific Total

Males 39.5 22.6 32.0 25.2 Females 47.6 19.5 22.4 23.8

Total 44.0 21.0 26.9 24.5

Source: ACNielsen (NZ) Ltd Note: Rates are age-standardised using the WHO population.


Number of cigarettes smoked

Figure 4: Percentage of smokers 15+ years, by number of cigarettes smoked on an average day, by gender, 2004

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

<1 1�4 5�9 10�14 15�19 20�24 25+

Number of cigarettes smoked on average day

MaleFemale

Percentage of smokers

Source: ACNielsen (NZ) Ltd Table 2: Average number of cigarettes smoked per day, per smoker, 1997�2004

Year Average number of cigarettes smoked per day

1997 13.1 1998 13.6 1999 12.1 2000 11.9 2001 12.1 2002 12.2 2003 11.4 2004 11.7

Source: ACNielsen (NZ) Ltd


• The average number of cigarettes smoked per day has remained consistent, with smokers smoking around 12 cigarettes on average per day in 2004 (see Table 2).

• Self-reporting5 of the number of cigarettes smoked on average per day indicated that a majority of people smoked between five and nine cigarettes per day: 24.2% of males and 32.9% of females reported this frequency of smoking (see Figure 4).

• In 2004, 49.7% of smokers smoked fewer than 10 cigarettes on average per day, and 36.5% of smokers smoked between 10 and 20 cigarettes per day (see Figure 4 and Appendix I, Table A4).

• Only 7.4% of smokers smoked more than 25 cigarettes per day: 5.4% of females and 9.3% of males (see Figure 4 and Appendix I, Table A4).

• Across all age groups, males tend to smoke higher numbers of cigarettes than females (see Appendix I, Figure A2), with 56.5% of males smoking over 10 cigarettes per day compared to 44% of females. A greater percentage of females smoke fewer than 10 cigarettes per day: 55.9% compared to 43.5% for males (see Figure 4, and Appendix I, Table A4).

Labour force status, household income and region

Table 3: Prevalence of cigarette smoking (%), 15+ years, by labour force status and gender, 2004

Males Females

White collar 18.9 (17.4�20.5) 20.2 (19.0�21.4) Blue collar 32.9 (30.9�34.9) 33 (30.6�35.4) Home maker 36.8 (25.7�47.8) 22.9 (20.6�25.3) Student 18.1 (15.0�21.2) 16 (13.4�18.5) Beneficiary 46.3 (41.9-50.6) 47 (43.6-50.3)

Source: ACNielsen (NZ) Ltd Note: 95% confidence intervals are given in parentheses. • The highest cigarette smoking prevalence is reported among those with low incomes

and those indicating they were beneficiaries, a prevalence that is comparable across gender (see Table 3 and Appendix I, Table A6).

• Other occupations with high smoking prevalence include blue-collar workers, homemakers and retired people, although the high prevalence seen in retired people may be due to the fact that this cohort had a very high prevalence when they were young (see Table 3).

• In 2004 high smoking prevalence was seen in the following District Health Board (DHB) areas: Tairawhiti (particularly females), Wairarapa (males), West Coast, Whanganui and Lakes. In contrast, South Canterbury, Nelson�Marlborough (females), Auckland (females) and Waitemata (females) demonstrated low smoking prevalence (see Appendix I, Table A8).6

5 Self-reporting refers to when people are asked �On average, how many cigarettes do you smoke in an

average day?� 6 Regional data were age standardised.


ASH National Year 10 Survey

Background Smoking in young people is a major influence on the future tobacco-related disease burden. The addictive properties of tobacco make quitting difficult, so high youth smoking prevalence usually results in high smoking prevalence in older populations. The purpose of the annual ASH national year 10 smoking survey (covering 1999�2004) is to investigate trends in adolescent smoking prevalence and to provide information on gender, ethnic and socioeconomic inequalities within youth populations in New Zealand. Information such as this is vital for initiating tobacco control programmes to reduce smoking among New Zealand youth.

Method Annual national surveys of year 10 students (14- to 15-year-olds) have been conducted in approximately three-quarters of all New Zealand schools between 1999 and 2004. Anonymous self-administered questionnaires were distributed to schools and completed by students, while supervised by school staff. In 2004 32,399 completed questionnaires were returned. After questionnaires were excluded for missing information, 181,893 surveys were available for analyses covering the six-year period of 1999�2004. Preliminary data analysis was carried out using SAS (Version 9.1). EpiInfo software was used to evaluate design effects, demonstrating minimal effects on the size of standard errors, partly due to the large sample size.


Trends in Prevalence

Figure 5: Prevalence of daily smoking (%), year 10 students, by gender, 1999�2004

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Year

Percent

GirlsBoys

Source: ASH national year 10 survey • The prevalence of daily smoking in year 10 New Zealand boys and girls has steadily

decreased between 1999 and 2004 (see Figure 5). Conversely, the percentage of year 10 students who have never smoked has increased in this time period (see Appendix II, Figure A3).

• This trend indicates that the prevalence of smoking in the 14�15 years age group is decreasing, with fewer students starting to smoke before year 10.


Gender and ethnicity

Figure 6: Prevalence of daily smoking (%), year 10 students, by gender and ethnicity, 1999�2004

Boys Girls

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Year

Percent

Māori PacificAsianEuropean/Other

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Year

Percent

Māori PacificAsianEuropean/Other

Source: ASH national year 10 survey Table 4: Prevalence of daily and at least weekly smoking (%), year 10, by gender and

ethnicity, 2004

Māori Pacific Asian European/Other Total

Daily smoking Boys 16.2 11.8 3.8 5.9 8.1 Girls 29.1 13.2 2.9 7.2 11.4

At least weekly smoking Boys 24.4 17.7 6.9 11.2 13.8 Girls 42.2 26.3 5.9 16.7 21.2

Source: ASH national year 10 survey


• Youth smoking prevalence decreased between 1999 and 2004 for all ethnic groups except for Pacific and Māori males. Significant decreases in prevalence are particularly evident between 2003 and 2004 across gender and ethnicity (see Figure 6), which may be a consequence of changes in the order of responses within the survey.7

• The prevalence of smoking among Māori remains high compared to non-Māori, particularly in females (see Table 4). In 2004 the prevalence of year 10 female Māori who smoked daily was 29.1%, compared to 16.2% for male Māori.

School socioeconomic decile

Figure 7: Prevalence of daily smoking (%), year 10, by school socioeconomic decile and gender, 2004

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1 and 2 (low) 3 and 4 5 and 6 7 and 8 9 and 10 (high)

School socioeconomic data

MaleFemale

Percent

Source: ASH national year 10 survey The prevalence of smoking in year 10 students is inversely associated with school socioeconomic status (SES).8 Schools with the lowest SES ratings have significantly higher smoking prevalence rates than schools with the highest SES ratings: 3.2 times more for boys and 5.8 times more for girls (see Appendix II, Table A12).

7 In the 2004 survey, the order of responses was altered for Question 6: How often do you now smoke?

The responses were altered so that the first available answer started with the lowest frequency of smoking (ie, never). Decrease in daily smoking prevalence from 2003 to 2004 could therefore be attributable to a change in the ordering of responses.

8 Students are categorised into school socioeconomic deciles, information that is provided by the Ministry of Education.


Region In 2004 year 10 smoking prevalence was highest in the Tairawhiti DHB region for both boys and girls, with 19.2% of year 10 students reporting daily smoking in this area (see Appendix II, Table A13). The greatest decrease of year 10 smoking prevalence over the 1999 to 2004 period is evident in the Auckland and Waitemata DHB regions, which show decreases of 65.9 and 51.7%, respectively.


Tobacco Products Released

Background Data on tobacco products released provide an independent indicator of tobacco consumption by smokers which is not reliant on smokers reporting how much they smoked. Information about the quantity of manufactured cigarettes and loose tobacco released for consumption is provided by Statistics New Zealand.9 This information is obtained from external trade statistics and the New Zealand Customs Service, who clear tobacco products on which duty has been paid. For imported tobacco, excise is usually paid when products are brought into New Zealand. For tobacco processed in New Zealand, excise is paid when products leave the manufacturing warehouse. There is a lag between tobacco products being cleared and their eventual consumption by smokers. Following payment of excise and inclusion as �tobacco products released� data, products may be stored before being sold to retailers. Prior to an increase in tax on tobacco products there is often an increase in the amount of tobacco products cleared, with a concomitant decrease following the tax increase. There is an annual inflation-related adjustment in tax on tobacco products made on 1 December.

9 The data include imports of manufactured cigarettes and loose tobacco not for further manufacture,

less any re-exports. Also included are locally manufactured cigarettes and tobacco products at the time of payment of excise.


Figure 8: Tobacco consumed per adult (15+ years): tobacco products released (1970�2004) and annual tobacco returns (1997�2004)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Year

Tobacco products releasedAnnual tobacco returns

Cigarette equivalents* per adult

Source: Statistics New Zealand Notes: 1. For tabulated data and notes see Appendix III. 2. One cigarette equivalent equals one manufactured cigarette or one gram of loose tobacco. 3. �Tobacco products released� refers to tobacco when excise is paid, while �annual tobacco returns�

refers to data at the point of sale from tobacco companies to retailers. 4. Loose tobacco includes a small amount of pipe tobacco. Cigars are excluded.

Trends • The number of cigarette equivalents released per adult has decreased by 15.8%

since 2002, according to both products released data and annual tobacco returns. • It is estimated that each adult smoked an average of 11.7 cigarettes per day in 2004,

assuming an overall adult prevalence of 23.4%.10

10 This estimate is calculated by dividing the quantity of cigarettes sold per day by the population aged

over 15 years multiplied by the prevalence of adult cigarette smoking.


Effect of tax increases • December 1995: there was a 38% increase in the excise on loose tobacco only, with

no changes to the excise on manufactured cigarettes. This change (which equalised the excise on loose tobacco and manufactured cigarettes) was associated with almost no change in total tobacco consumption. The consumption of loose tobacco did, however, decrease by 17%, while consumption of manufactured cigarettes increased by 5%.11

• May 1998: there was a 50-cent (GST exclusive) increase in the excise on a packet of cigarettes, with similar increases for other tobacco products. This change was associated with a 6% decrease in total tobacco consumption.12

• May 2000: there was a price increase of around 20% for tobacco products. This increase coincided with an approximate 14% tax increase of $1 per pack of 20 cigarettes and was accompanied by a tobacco company price increase. These changes were associated with an 18% decrease in total tobacco consumption; loose tobacco consumption increased by 1% while manufactured cigarette consumption decreased by 23%.13

11 These figures relate to the nine months after the change compared with the same months before the

change (excluding the month before, during and after the change). 12 Consumption of loose tobacco increased by 2% while manufactured cigarette consumption decreased

by 8%. These figures relate to the nine months after the change compared with a similar period before the change (excluding the month before, during and after the change).

13 These figures relate to the nine months after the change, compared with the same period before the change (they exclude the month before, during and after the tax increase as these often have atypical amounts of tobacco products released). That is, the comparison is between July 1999 to March 2000 and July 2000 to March 2001.


Annual Tobacco Returns

Background Importers and manufacturers of tobacco are required by the Smoke-free Environments Act 1990 to supply information annually to the Director-General of Health on tobacco products sold to retailers during the previous year. This information includes the number of manufactured cigarettes sold, as well as the weight of roll-your-own cigarette tobacco, cigar tobacco and pipe tobacco sold. The Smoke-free Environments Act 1990 further requires manufacturers and importers to report the quantity of tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide per cigarette for brands sold during the previous year. This information is not reported here, but can be found in Tobacco Statistics 2000 (Laugeson 2000). Compared to Statistics New Zealand�s tobacco products released data, the annual tobacco returns reflect data that are closer in time to the eventual consumption of the product. Tobacco products may be warehoused following payment of excise and prior to sale to retailers, but stockpiling of cigarettes by supermarkets, dairies and petrol-service stations seems unlikely. Table 5: Annual tobacco returns, 1997�2004

Year Loose cigarette tobacco (tonnes)

Manufactured cigarettes (millions)

Cigar tobacco (tonnes)

Pipe tobacco (tonnes)

1997 699 3622 15 17 1998 724 3300 17 16 1999 727 3215 18 13 2000 721 2722 24 9 2001 698 2545 14 9 2002 742 2723 16 9 2003 798 2367 17 8 2004 809 2329 16 7

Source: Statistics New Zealand Notes: 1. Tobacco weight includes additives and moisture. 2. One tonne equals 1000 kg.

Trends • Annual tobacco returns and tobacco products released data both show a decrease

from 2002 to 2004. • The annual return of manufactured cigarettes (millions) has decreased by 14.5%

since 2002; conversely, the annual return of loose cigarette tobacco (tonnes) has increased by 9%.


Health Effects of Tobacco Smoking In New Zealand, tobacco smoking is the leading cause of preventable death, accounting for around 4300 to 4600 deaths per year (Peto et al 2000). Smoking cessation has substantial immediate and long-term health benefits for smokers of all ages. The risk of premature death from smoking decreases soon after cessation and continues to do so for at least 10�15 years (Edwards 2004).

Smoking inequalities Tobacco plays a significant role in health inequalities within New Zealand. There is a clear relationship between socioeconomic position and ethnicity, with higher smoking prevalence seen among low-income groups, Māori and Pacific peoples (Hill et al 2003).

Risks for the individual smoker • Smoking substantially increases the risk of developing diseases of the respiratory

and circulatory systems. These diseases include cancers of the lung, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, oesophagus and pancreas (Vineis et al 2004). Smoking also increases the risk of developing diseases of the urinary tract, pelvis, bladder and digestive tract.

• Smokers are at greater risk of many other non-fatal diseases, including osteoporosis, periodontal disease, impotence, male infertility and cataracts.

• Smoking is a major cause of eye disease and blindness. In New Zealand it is estimated that 26.8% of people registered as blind are so due to smoking (Wilson et al 2001).

• The risk of developing smoking-related diseases increases with heavy smoking, longer durations of smoking and early initiation (Edwards 2004).

Effects of second-hand smoke • In New Zealand, at least 18% of non-Māori and 30% of Māori are exposed to second-

hand smoke in homes (Thomson et al 2005). • It is estimated that in New Zealand, 347 deaths per year are caused by past

exposures to second-hand smoke (Woodward and Laugeson 2001a). • Second-hand smoke also accounts for a number of non-fatal illnesses in New

Zealand. These include chest infections in children under two years of age, childhood asthma, respiratory problems, glue ear hospitalisations, meningococcal disease, ischaemic heart disease, and strokes (see Woodward and Laugeson 2001b).

• Exposure to second-hand smoke increases the risk of stroke,14 with three times the risk in men compared to women (Bonita et al 1999).

14 This is a statistically significant association with 95% confidence, after adjustment for age and sex.


• Non-smokers have an estimated 30% greater risk of heart disease if they live with a smoker, which is almost half the risk of smoking 20 cigarettes per day even though the exposure is only 1% that of a smoker (Law et al 1997).

Pregnancy and children • Prenatal maternal smoking and second-hand smoking exposure have been linked to

low birth weight, increased risk of pre-term birth, altered vascular function, ear infections, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and behavioural and neurocognitive problems in childhood and adolescence (Difranza et al 2004).

• Maternal smoking doubles the risk of SIDS, with some evidence indicating a causal relationship between SIDS and postnatal exposure to second-hand smoke (Anderson and Cook 1997).

• Evidence indicates a greater use of health services in the first 18 months of life if tobacco products are used by household members. This effect is evident regardless of non-smoking mothers, or smoking away from children (Lam et al 2001).


References Anderson H, Cook D. 1997. Passive smoking and sudden infant death syndrome: review of the epidemiological evidence. Thorax 52: 1003�9.

Bonita R, Duncan J, Truelsen T, et al. 1999. Passive smoking as well as active smoking increases the risk of acute stroke. Tobacco Control 8: 156�60.

Difranza J, Aligne A, Weitzman M. 2004. Prenatal and postnatal environmental tobacco smoke exposure and children�s health. Pediatrics 113: 1007�15.

Edwards R. 2004. The problem of tobacco smoking. British Medical Journal 328: 217�19.

Hill S, Blakely T, Howden-Chapman P. 2003. Smoking Inequalities: Policies and patterns of tobacco use in New Zealand, 1981�1996. Wellington: Ministry of Health.

Lam T, Leung G, Ho L. 2001. The effects of environmental tobacco smoke on health services utilization in the first eighteen months of life. Pediatrics 107: 1�6.

Law M, Morris J, Wald N. 1997. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and ischaemic heart disease: an evaluation of the evidence. British Medical Journal 315: 973�80.

Ministry of Health. 2002/2003. A Portrait of Health: Key results of the 2002/2003 New Zealand Health Survey. Wellington: Ministry of Health.

Peto R, Lopez A, Boreham J, et al. 2000. Mortality from Smoking in Developed Countries 1950�2000: Indirect estimates from national vital statistics. New York: Oxford University Press.

Thomson G, Wilson N, Howden-Chapman P. 2005. Smoky homes: a review of the exposure and effects of second-hand smoke in New Zealand homes. New Zealand Medical Journal 118: 1213�23.

Vineis P, Alavanja M, Buffler P, et al. 2004. Tobacco and cancer: recent epidemiological evidence. Journal of National Cancer Institute 96: 99�106.

Wilson G, Field A, Wilson N. 2001. Smoke gets in your eyes: smoking and visual impairment in New Zealand. New Zealand Medical Journal 114: 471�4.

Woodward A, Laugeson M. 2001a. How many deaths are caused by second hand cigarette smoke? Tobacco Control 10: 383�8.

Woodward A, Laugeson M. 2001b. Morbidity Attributable to Second Hand Cigarette Smoke in New Zealand. URL: http://www.moh.nz/


Appendix I

Table A1: Prevalence of cigarette smoking (%), 15+ years, by age, gender and ethnicity, 2004

Māori European/Other Pacific peoples Total

Males 15�24 39.4 (32.3�46.4) 22.4 (19.8�25) 27.0 (16.2�37.8) 25.4 (22.9�27.8) 25�34 49.8 (42.6�57) 30 (27.1�32.8) 39.3 (27.3�51.2) 33.6 (30.9�36.2) 35�54 47.6 (41.6�53.7) 24.3 (22.5�26.1) 34.9 (24.8�45) 27.5 (25.7�29.3) 55+ 19.0 (12.3�25.8) 13.0 (11.7�14.2) 26.8 (14.4�39.2) 13.6 (12.3�14.9) Total males 42.6 (39�46.1) 21.6 (20.5�22.7) 32.6 (27�38.1) 24.5 (23.4�25.6)

Females 15�24 51.1 (45.3�56.8) 22.8 (20.3�25.3) 26.1 (17.9�34.4) 28.6 (26.3�31) 25�34 56.0 (50.5�61.6) 23.7 (21.6�25.8) 31.6 (23.8�39.4) 30.2 (28.1�32.3) 35�54 51.4 (46.7�56.1) 19.4 (18�20.8) 24.8 (18.3�31.2) 23.6 (22.2�25.1) 55+ 34.4 (27.4�41.4) 11.3 (10.3�12.2) 13.1 (1.2�25.1) 12.6 (11.6�13.7) Total females 50.2 (47.3�53) 17.9 (17.1�18.7) 26.2 (22.4�30) 22.4 (21.5�23.3)

15+ 15�24 45.8 (41.4�50.3) 22.6 (20.7�24.5) 26.5 (19.7�33.4) 27.0 (25.2�28.7) 25�34 53.2 (48.8�57.7) 26.8 (25.1�28.6) 34.5 (27.8�41.2) 31.8 (30.1�33.5) 35�54 49.6 (45.7�53.5) 21.8 (20.6�23) 29.3 (23.4�35.1) 25.5 (24.3�26.8) 55+ 27.7 (22.5�32.8) 12.0 (11.2�12.8) 20.7 (11.8�29.7) 13.1 (12.2�13.9) Total 15+ 46.7 (44.3�49.1) 19.7 (19�20.4) 29.0 (25.8�32.3) 23.4 (22.6�24.2)

Source: ACNielsen (NZ) Ltd Notes: 1. 95% confidence intervals are given in parentheses. 2. Totals are not age-standardised.


Table A2: Prevalence of cigarette smoking (%), 15+ years, by age, gender and ethnicity, 1976�2004

Year 1976 1981 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Males (18�24) 15�24 35 33 34 35 31 31 32 27 28 30 28 25 28 28 25 27 27 27 30 28 31 32 32 25 25�34 43 38 38 39 35 32 34 38 30 32 35 34 35 36 35 33 30 34 33 35 33 31 36 34 35�54 44 38 37 35 31 29 34 31 28 30 27 29 30 30 29 26 28 28 27 27 26 27 26 28 55+ 35 30 29 27 24 24 22 20 20 18 18 18 19 17 19 19 16 16 16 12 13 14 13 14 Total males 40 35 35 34 30 29 31 29 27 28 27 27 28 28 27 26 26 26 26 25 25 25 25 24

Females (18�24) 15�24 34 35 40 40 40 37 36 39 37 34 33 33 30 34 33 36 35 30 33 31 32 33 35 29 25�34 38 34 35 34 34 34 35 35 33 32 30 36 34 33 36 35 36 31 32 37 34 32 35 30 35�54 35 32 31 29 29 32 26 28 25 28 24 27 26 25 25 26 26 26 26 25 25 25 25 24 55+ 21 19 21 22 19 21 19 16 16 16 16 14 16 16 14 13 14 12 13 13 13 11 12 13 Total females 32 29 31 31 30 31 28 29 27 27 26 27 26 26 26 26 27 24 25 25 25 24 25 22

Both genders (18+) Māori 58 56 � � � � � � � 51 50 52 54 52 51 49 51 49 51 49 51 49 52 47 Pacific peoples 35 33 � � � � � � � 32 30 33 33 34 34 32 34 33 30 34 31 35 33 29 European/Other � � � � � � � � � 25 24 24 24 24 24 23 23 22 22 22 21 21 20 20 Total (15+ yrs) 36 32 33 32 30 30 30 29 27 28 26 27 27 27 27 26 26 25 26 25 25 25 25 23

Source: 1976 and 1981 Census of Populations and Dwellings; Department of Statistics, 1983�99; ACNielsen (NZ) Ltd

Notes:

1. From July 1989 to March 1996 the youngest age group recorded was 16�24 years. Adjustment for the expected proportion of smokers aged 15�24 years from those aged 16�24 years has been made.

2. Annual ACNielsen (NZ) Ltd estimates have been calculated from the average of the quarterly results until 1999. From 2000, annual estimates are derived from the year�s pooled data.

3. From April 1996 to June 1998 the youngest age group reported was 18�24. Adjustment for the expected proportion of smokers aged 15�24 from those aged 18�24 years has been made.

4. Smoking prevalence figures include the smoking of both manufactured and roll-your-own cigarettes.

5. The classification of ethnicity information changed from 1997 onwards. Therefore, ethnic specific-data before and after 1997 may not be comparable.


Table A3: Prevalence of cigarette smoking (%), 15�24 years, by age, gender and ethnicity, 2004

Māori European/Other Pacific peoples Total

Males 15�19 27.3 (17.7�37.2) 14.4 (10.8�17.7) 21.3 (8.7�33.6) 17.1 (13.8�20.4) 20�24 51.6 (41.7�61.2) 29.4 (25.5�33) 33.9 (15�52.8) 33.0 (29.4�36.6) 18�24 48.0 (39.6�56.1) 28.5 (25.5�31.8) 35.1 (21�49.2) 32.1 (29.1�35.1)

Females 15�19 36.9 (28.8�45) 15.3 (12�18.6) 14.1 (4.2�23.7) 19.5 (16.5�22.8) 20�24 64.8 (57.9�72) 29.7 (26.1�33.3) 33.3 (22.5�44.4) 36.6 (33.6�39.9) 18�24 63.9 (57.6�70.2) 32.4 (22.8�41.7) 28.2 (24.9�31.2) 35.4 (32.4�38.1)

Both genders 15�19 32.7 (26.4�39) 14.7 (12.3�17.1) 18.3 (9.9�26.4) 18.3 (15.9�20.7) 20�24 59.1 (53.1�64.8) 29.7 (27�32.1) 33.6 (23.7�43.5) 34.8 (32.4�37.2) 18�24 56.4 (51.3�61.8) 28.5 (26.1�30.9) 33.6 (25.2�42) 33.6 (31.5�36)

Source: ACNielsen (NZ) Ltd Note: 95% confidence intervals are given in parentheses. Table A4: Percentage of smokers 15+ years, by number of cigarettes smoked on an average

day, by gender, 2004

Number of cigarettes smoked Males Females

< 1 3.5 3.6 1�4 15.8 19.6 5�9 24.2 32.8 10�14 20.3 19.3 15�19 19.0 14.6 20�24 8.0 4.8 25+ 9.4 5.4

Source: ACNielsen (NZ) Ltd


Figure A1: Prevalence of cigarette smoking (%), 15+ years, by age and gender, 1984�2004 Male

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1987�88 1991�92 1995�96 2001�02 2002�03 2003�04



Percent

Female

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1987�88 1991�92 1995�96 2001�02 2002�03 2003�04


15�24 years25�34 years35�54 years'55+ years

Percent

Source: ACNielsen (NZ) Ltd Notes: 1. The missing data point of 15�24 for 2002�03 is because of the missing data in 2003.


Figure A2: Average number of cigarettes smoked per day, 15+ years, by age and gender, 2004

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

15�24 25�34 35�54 55+

Age group (years)

MaleFemale

Average number of cigarettes smoked per day

Source: ACNielsen (NZ) Ltd Table A5: Prevalence of cigarette smoking (%), 15+ years, by age and gender, 2004

Males Females Total

15�24 25.4 (22.9�27.8) 28.6 (26.3�31) 27.0 (25.2�28.7) 25�34 33.6 (30.9�36.2) 30.2 (28.1�32.3) 31.8 (30.1�33.5) 35�44 30.4 (27.8�32.9) 26.0 (24�28) 28.1 (26.4�29.8) 45�54 24.2 (21.8�26.7) 20.7 (18.8�22.7) 22.5 (20.9�24) 55�64 17.4 (15.2�19.7) 17.6 (15.7�19.6) 17.5 (16.1�19) 65�74 12.5 (10.5�14.5) 11.4 (9.7�13.2) 11.9 (10.6�13.2) 75+ 6.8 (5.3�8.3) 5.6 (4.4�6.9) 6.1 (5.2�7.1)

Source: ACNielsen (NZ) Ltd Note: 95% confidence intervals are given in parentheses.


Table A6: Prevalence of cigarette smoking (%), 15+ years, by household income and gender, 2004

Males Females

< $20,000 29.7 (26.8�32.6) 24.6 (22.8�26.4) $20,000�$29,999 23.6 (20.6�26.7) 26.6 (24.1�29.1) $30,000�$39,999 29.2 (25.8�32.6) 26.2 (23.5�28.8) $40,000�$59,999 27.4 (24.8�29.9) 26.0 (23.7�28.3) $60,000�$79,999 25.1 (22.2�28) 21.0 (18.5�23.5) $80,000�$99,999 23.1 (19.9�26.4) 17.6 (14.7�20.4) $100,000�$119,999 16.9 (13.2�20.5) 17.1 (13.5�20.8) $120,000�$249,999 18.9 (15.1�22.7) 15.4 (12.1�18.8) > $250,0000 12.2 (5.7�18.6) 11.1 (5.2�17) Do not know 23.5 (21.3�25.7) 20.6 (18.8�22.3)

Source: ACNielsen (NZ) Ltd Note: 95% confidence intervals are given in parentheses. Table A7: Prevalence of smoking (%), 15+ years, by tobacco product category and age, 2004

Age Ready-made cigarettes

Roll-your-own cigarettes

Any cigarettes (including less

than one per day)

Daily cigarette smoking

Any smoker (includes

smokers of cigars and pipes)

15 2.0 (0�4.2) 2.9 (0.9�5) 4.1 (1.4�6.8) 0.0 4.4 (1.7�7.2) 16 2.5 (0.8�4.3) 4.1 (1.9�6.4) 5.9 (3.2�8.6) 0.0 5.9 (3.2�8.6) 17 7.7 (4.1�11.2) 6.2 (3.1�9.4) 10.6 (6.6�14.7) 0.0 10.9 (6.8�15) 18 14.8 (10.7�19) 20.7 (16�25.5) 28.2 (22.8�33.5) 26.7 (21.5�32) 28.2 (22.8�33.5) 19 21.0 (16.1�26) 21.7 (16.9�26.5) 34.0 (28.3�39.7) 33.2 (27.5�38.9) 34.6 (28.9�40.4) 20�24 19.8 (17.7�21.8) 22.3 (20.1�24.4) 34.7 (32.3�37.2) 32.5 (30.1�35) 35.0 (32.6�37.5) 25�29 20 (17.8�22.2) 19.9 (18�21.9) 33.7 (31.3�36.1) 31.6 (29.2�34) 34.2 (31.8�36.7) 30�34 16.5 (14.7�18.3) 18.8 (16.9�20.8) 30.2 (27.9�32.5) 28.7 (26.5�31) 30.6 (28.3�32.9) 35�39 14.5 (12.8�16.2) 18.1 (16.1�20) 28.4 (26.1�30.6) 26.8 (24.6�29) 28.7 (26.5�31) 40�44 15.2 (13.4�17) 15.8 (13.9�17.6) 27.9 (25.6�30.2) 26.7 (24.4�28.9) 28.5 (26.2�30.9) 45�49 13.8 (12�15.6) 13.0 (11.2�14.8) 24.0 (21.7�26.2) 23.4 (21.2�25.6) 24.8 (22.5�27.1) 50�54 13.3 (11.5�15) 9.5 (7.9�11.1) 20.8 (18.7�22.9) 19.9 (17.8�22) 21.3 (19.2�23.5) 55�59 12.5 (10.7�14.3) 7.9 (6.5�9.3) 18.9 (16.7�21) 18.5 (16.4�20.6) 19.5 (17.3�21.6) 60�64 10.2 (8.7�11.8) 6.9 (5.6�8.3) 15.9 (14�17.8) 15.3 (13.4�17.2) 16.5 (14.6�18.5) 65�69 8.7 (7�10.4) 6.3 (5�7.7) 13.5 (11.5�15.5) 12.6 (10.7�14.5) 13.8 (11.8�15.8) 70�74 6.3 (4.9�7.6) 4.1 (3�5.2) 10.1 (8.4�11.8) 9.4 (7.8�11.1) 10.3 (8.6�12) 75�79 6.6 (5.2�8) 2.8 (1.9�3.7) 8.5 (6.9�10.1) 8.0 (6.5�9.6) 9.1 (7.5�10.8) 80+ 2.4 (1.6�3.2) 1.4 (0.7�2) 3.6 (2.6�4.6) 3.2 (2.3�4.2) 4.2 (3.1�5.3)

Total 15+ 13.6 (13�14.1) 13.3 (12.7�13.9) 23.3 (22.6�24.2) 22.0 (21.3�22.8) 23.9 (23.1�24.7) Total 18+ 14.0 (13.4�14.6) 13.7 (13.1�14.4) 24.2 (23.4�25) 23.0 (22.2�23.8) 24.7 (23.9�25.5)

Source: ACNielsen (NZ) Ltd Note: 95% confidence intervals are given in parentheses.


Table A8: Cigarette smoking prevalence (%), 15+years, by DHB region and gender, 2004

Males Females DHB region

Prevalence (%) 95% CI Prevalence (%) 95% CI

Auckland 20.9 (17.5�24.3) 16.8 (14.3�19.3) Bay of Plenty 28.6 (22.9�34.3) 25.8 (21.5�30.2) Canterbury 26.6 (23.2�29.9) 19.7 (17.2�22.2) Capital and Coast 22.5 (19.0�26.0) 20.6 (17.5�23.8) Counties Manukau 23.2 (19.7�26.7) 25.7 (22.4�28.9) Hawke�s Bay 26.6 (19.9�33.3) 26.0 (19.7�32.3) Hutt Valley 28.3 (21.6�34.9) 22.4 (17.1�27.7) Lakes 29.7 (21.7�37.7) 31.6 (24.2�39.0) MidCentral 28.7 (24.0�33.5) 19.2 (15.6�22.7) Nelson�Marlborough 22.0 (17.3�26.8) 18.5 (14.8�22.2) Northland 25.3 (20.2�30.4) 26.1 (21.4�30.8) Otago 21.8 (17.4�26.2) 21.1 (18.1�24.2) South Canterbury 18.6 (12.6�24.6) 19.1 (12.7�25.5) Southland 23.8 (17.5�30.1) 26.8 (19.6�33.9) Tairawhiti 30.2 (19.4�41.1) 45.3 (35.4�55.3) Taranaki 25.2 (17.5�32.9) 23.5 (18.6�28.5) Waikato 25.1 (20.7�29.5) 26.4 (22.9�29.8) Wairarapa 30.8 (20.1�41.4) 23.7 (15.9�31.4) Waitemata 21.6 (18.7�24.6) 16.9 (14.4�19.3) West Coast 29.6 (19.7�39.6) 30.6 (22.3�39.0) Whanganui 30.8 (21.6�40.1) 30.4 (23.3�37.5)

Source: ACNielsen (NZ) Ltd Notes: 1 95% confidence intervals are given in parentheses. 2 The matching from territorial local authority to DHB regions is approximate.


Appendix II

Table A9: Prevalence of daily smoking (%), year 10 students, by gender, 1999�2004

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Girls 17.1 16.3 15.2 14.9 14.2 11.4 Boys 14.1 14.0 11.6 9.9 9.9 8.1

Source: ASH national year 10 survey. Table A10: Prevalence of daily smoking (%), year 10 students, by gender and ethnicity,

1999�2004

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Girls Māori 36.2 37.1 34.3 34.3 34.2 29.1 Pacific 23.0 19.4 19.5 17.6 18.1 13.2 Asian 5.9 5.1 3.2 3.9 4.5 2.9 European/Other 13.1 12.2 11.4 10.8 9.8 7.2

Boys Māori 23.6 24.2 19.1 16.8 19.4 16.2 Pacific 16.6 16.8 14.3 10.8 12.5 11.8 Asian 7.9 9.4 7.2 7.5 6.4 3.8 European/Other 12.6 12.1 10.0 8.6 7.6 5.9

Source: ASH national year 10 survey.


Figure A3: Percentage of year 10 students who have never smoked, by gender, 1999�2004

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Year

Percent

BoysGirls

Source: ASH national year 10 survey Note: All data has been adjusted for age and ethnicity. Table A11: Percentage of year 10 students who have never smoked, by ethnicity, 1999�2004

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Boys Māori 21.4 21.9 24.9 25.8 29.4 32.3 Pacific 36.3 37.0 38.5 42.8 44.7 44.0 Asian 59.9 59.2 63.7 64.4 69.1 75.1 European/Other 32.7 34.5 38.0 41.6 46.9 51.9

Girls Māori 12.4 11.1 12.4 12.3 15.0 18.0 Pacific 31.2 33.1 31.8 30.2 32.2 37.1 Asian 64.4 66.2 71.9 71.7 74.1 75.5 European/Other 30.6 33.0 35.7 38.2 41.4 48.2

Source: ASH national Year 10 survey Note: All data have been adjusted for age.


Table A12: Prevalence of daily smoking, year 10 students, by socioeconomic decile and gender, 2004

1 and 2 (low) 3 and 4 5 and 6 7 and 8 9 and 10 (high)

Males 15.3 10.4 7.8 7.0 4.7 Females 26.7 16.2 12.4 8.3 4.6

Source: ASH national year 10 survey Table A13: Prevalence of daily smoking in year 10 students during 1999�2004, by DHB

DHB regions 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Northland 17.0 18.4 16.8 14.5 15.9 14.2 Waitemata 14.5 12.8 11.9 9.5 8.7 7.0 Auckland 12.6 10.6 11.1 7.7 8.3 4.3 Counties Manukau 17.2 13.2 12.2 14.3 12.3 9.5 Waikato 13.9 15.6 15.3 14.2 13.2 10.3 Lakes District 21.1 26.2 20.0 21.0 18.5 12.1 Bay of Plenty 16.5 19.7 12.6 12.9 16.8 12.8 Tairawhiti 25.7 20.1 20.3 21.2 19.6 19.2 Taranaki 12.3 13.8 15.0 7.4 10.6 7.2 Hawke�s Bay 16.4 16.5 18.5 15.1 12.3 13.1 Wanganui 18.8 19.5 10.9 13.1 14.7 14.9 MidCentral 15.3 13.6 12.8 10.7 13.2 9.9 Hutt Valley 16.7 15.2 13.9 13.9 15.6 10.7 Capital and Coast 14.8 13.4 13.0 9.8 11.8 9.0 Wairarapa 18.8 16.7 16.3 16.5 13.3 13.4 Nelson�Marlborough 13.9 15.1 10.5 9.7 8.9 8.1 West Coast 22.1 16.1 17.7 11.9 13.4 12.0 Canterbury 16.3 14.4 12.3 12.8 11.1 9.7 South Canterbury 13.7 16.2 12.0 13.6 12.8 10.4 Otago 15.8 18.1 12.5 12.9 12.5 9.2 Southland 16.4 18.2 14.5 16.2 18.0 11.6

Source: ASH national year 10 survey


Appendix III

Table A14: Tobacco products released for consumption in New Zealand, 1990�2004

Tobacco products released Number of cigarette equivalents released per adult (15+ years) Year

Loose tobacco (tonnes)


Loose tobacco per 15+

Manufactured cigarettes per 15+

Total per 15+

1970 1024 4952 534 2581 3144

1971 965 5118 493 2615 3108

1972 934 5405 468 2705 3173

1973 853 5526 416 2697 3113

1974 782 5769 371 2740 3112

1975 749 6229 347 2885 3232

1976 702 6230 319 2835 3154

1977 666 6346 300 2857 3157

1978 610 6268 272 2794 3066

1979 575 6130 255 2715 2970

1980 548 5991 239 2617 2856

1981 553 6168 239 2666 2905

1982 539 6112 230 2603 2832

1983 546 6089 228 2541 2769

1984 534 6236 219 2560 2779

1985 493 5654 200 2293 2493

1986 501 5223 202 2102 2304

1987 511 5361 203 2125 2327

1988 552 5355 217 2101 2317

1989 554 4270 216 1662 1877

1990 602 4489 233 1738 1971

1991 652 4014 243 1495 1738

1992 768 3466 283 1277 1560

1993 810 3381 295 1232 1527

1994 694 3396 249 1221 1470

1995 808 3338 287 1187 1474

1996 658 3660 230 1280 1511

1997 733 3449 253 1191 1444

1998 757 3263 259 1118 1377

1999 736 3119 251 1062 1312

2000 841 3152 281 1058 1352

2001 780 2608 262 875 1136

2002 810 2817 265 922 1187

2003 795 2367 255 759 1014

2004 841 2320 266 733 999

Source: Statistics New Zealand Notes: 1 One cigarette equivalent equals one manufactured cigarette or one gram of loose tobacco. 2 One tonne equals 1000 kg. 3 It is assumed that one cigarette equals one gram of loose tobacco and one tonne of loose tobacco equals one million

manufactured cigarettes. 4 Calculations of cigarette equivalents are based on excise data on manufactured cigarettes and loose tobacco released for sale.



Table A15: Annual tobacco returns, 1997�2004

Year Loose cigarette tobacco (tonnes)


Cigar tobacco (tonnes)

Pipe tobacco (tonnes)

Total Population Per 15+

1997 699 3622 15 17 4353 2,894,140 1504.07 1998 724 3300 17 16 4057 2,918,690 1390.01 1999 727 3215 18 13 3973 2,935,590 1353.39 2000 721 2722 24 9 3476 2,954,290 1176.59 2001 698 2545 14 9 3266 3,003,210 1087.50 2002 742 2723 16 9 3490 3,058,980 1140.90 2003 798 2367 17 8 3190 3,119,050 1022.75 2004 809 2329 16 7 3161 3,163,970 999.06

Source: Statistics New Zealand

Documents

Tobacco Facts 2005 - moh.govt.nzfile/tobaccofacts2005.pdf · Health Effects of Tobacco Smoking 17 Smoking inequalities 17 Risks for the individual smoker 17 Effects of second-hand