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• Current events

• Finish Chapter 21 notes on Middle Eastern Geography

• Complete Maps for tomorrow

• Chapter 21 Discussion Questions-due today!!!!

Middle East

AKA-South West Asia

Middle East

• What is the Middle East?

• Europeans invented the term to describe the distant parts of Asia. Once called the Far East.

• Includes North Africa

• Middle East is at the crossroads of three regions-Africa, Asia and Europe

• Throughout time-connected trade routes

Cultural Diffusion

• Center of cultural diffusion due to trade routes Judaism, Christianity and Islam originated there

Strategic Importance

• ME sits on top of vast oil resources and contains vital sea and trade routes

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Section 1-Landforms and Resources

• The Southwest Asian landforms have had a major impact on movement in the region.

• The most valuable resources in Southwest Asia are oil and water.

Peninsulas and Waterways • Arabian Peninsula lies between Red Sea and

Persian Gulf• Red Sea covers a rift valley created by

Arabian plate movement • Zagros, Elburz, Taurus mountains at north

side cut off part of region • Anatolian Peninsula (Turkey) is between

Black and Mediterranean seas • Strategic waterways include Suez Canal from

Red Sea to Mediterranean- Bosporus and Dardenelles straits connect

to Russia, Asia

Landforms Divide the Region

Peninsulas and Waterways • Arabian Peninsula lies between Red Sea and Persian Gulf

• Red Sea covers a rift valley created by Arabian plate movement

• Zagros, Elburz, Taurus mountains at north side cut off part of region

Landforms Divide the Region

Plains and Highlands

• Arabian Peninsula is covered by dry, sandy, windy plains- wadis—riverbeds that are dry except in rainy season

• Iran has stony, salty, sandy desert plateau surrounded by mountains

• Anatolian Peninsula is plateau with some agriculture, grazing

•

Plains and Highlands cont…

• Afghanistan’s Northern Plain is farming area surrounded by mountains

• Golan Heights (Al Jawlan)—plateau near Jordan River, Sea of Galilee

• site of conflict due to strategic location

Water Bodies

• Region is surrounded by bodies of water; few rivers flow all year

• The Tigris and the Euphrates rivers flow through Turkey, Syria, Iraq- Fertile Crescent supported several ancient civilizations- parallel rivers meet at Shatt al Arab, empty into Persian Gulf

Fertile Crescent

Water Bodies cont…

• Jordan River flows from Lebanon’s Mt. Hermon between Israel, Jordan

• Empties into Dead Sea—landlocked salt lake that only bacteria live in

• lowest place on earth’s exposed crust:

An Oil-Rich Region • Oil is region’s most abundant resource- oil fields located in Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Iraq - provide major part of those nations’ income

• Half of the world’s oil reserves are in Southwest Asia- found along Persian Gulf coast or at offshore sites

• U.S. and many other countries depend on oil reserves

Other Resources • In some parts of region, the most valuable

resource is water • Water is relatively plentiful in Turkey, Iran,

Lebanon, Afghanistan- harnessed for hydroelectric power

• In other regions, water is scarce; must be guarded, conserved

• Coal, copper, potash, phosphate deposits mostly small, scattered- Iran, Turkey have large coal deposits- salts like calcium chloride around Dead Sea have not been developed

Section 2-Climate• Scarcity-Water: Only 10 % arable-

irrigation is crucial to growing crops

• Oil-Arabian Peninsula alone contains 1/3 of world’s oil

Deserts

Sandy Deserts

•Rub al-Khali—Arabian Peninsula desert, known as the Empty Quarter

•250,000 square miles, with dunes as high as 800 feet

•10 years can pass without rain

Deserts cont…

• Salt Deserts

• In Iran, high mountains block rain; dry winds increase evaporation loss of moisture in soil leaves chemical salts, creates salt flat

• Land is salt-crusted, surrounded by salt marshes, very hotalmost uninhabited, it’s a barrier to easy travel across Iran

The Mediterranean Coast • Areas along Mediterranean coast and in

Turkey have adequate rainfall- hot summers, rainy winters promote citrus fruits,olives, vegetables

• Mild winters and summer irrigation let farmers grow crops all year

• Areas are heavily populated due to comfortable climate

Well- Watered Coast Lands

The Tigris and Euphrates

• River valleys the site of intensive farming for thousands of years

• Turkey, Iraq built dams on rivers to provide irrigation all year

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Section 3-Human-Environment Interaction

• Water is critical to regional physical survival and economic development.

• Discovery of oil increased the global economic importance of Southwest Asia.

Dams and Irrigation Systems• Necessary for farming

Modern Water Technology • Drip irrigation—small pipes slowly drip water

just above ground • Desalinization- removes salt from ocean water

at treatment plants. –expensive and cannot provide enough water

• Wastewater can be treated and used for agriculture

• Fossil water is pumped from underground aquifers

Oil• Industrialization, automobiles increase need

for petroleum • First oil discovery in region was in 1908 in

Persia (now Iran)- more oil fields found in Arabian Peninsula, Persian Gulf in 1938

• In 1948, al-Ghawar field discovered at eastern edge of Rub al-Khali- became one of world’s largest oil fields- contains one-quarter of Saudi Arabia’s oil reserves

Transporting Oil • Crude oil is petroleum that has not been

processed- refinery converts crude oil into useful products

• Pipelines move crude oil to refineries, ports- ports on Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea- tankers carry petroleum to world markets

• In some places refineries process crude oil near ports

Risks of Transporting Oil • Largest oil spill was in January 1991,

during Persian Gulf War- Kuwaiti tankers, oil storage tanks were blown up- 240 million gallons of crude oil spilled into water, land

• Buried pipelines reduce accidents; are monitored for leaks

• Tankers are a high pollution risk; operate in shallow, narrow waters- double hulls help prevent some spills

Chapter 22

Religion, Politics and Oil

Objectives

• Trace the history of South West Asia’s sub regions

• Understand the development of Judaism, Christianity and Islam in the Middle East

• Understand the importance of oil to the politics in South East Asia

Human Geography of Southwest Asia: Religion, Politics, and Oil

The rise of major religions thousands of years ago and the discovery of oil in the past century have drastically shaped life in Southwest Asia.

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SECTION 1 The Arabian Peninsula

SECTION 2 The Eastern Mediterranean

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SECTION 3 The Northeast

Human Geography of Southwest Asia:

Religion, Politics, and Oil

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Section 1

The Arabian Peninsula • The Arabian Peninsula is heavily

influenced by the religious principles of Islam.

• Oil production dominates the economy of the region.

Islam Changes Desert Culture

Modern Nations of the Sub region • Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia • Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Yemen

The Arabian Peninsula

Islam Changes Desert Culture cont…Town and Desert • Bedouin _______________ moved from

oasis to oasis, built strong family ties- fought with other families, developed fighting skills

• Fighting skills helped spread new monotheistic religion of ___________- religion based on teachings of founder, the Prophet ____________________- Muhammad lived in Mecca, Islam’s holiest city

Origins of Islam• Muhammad went to a cave to fast and

pray where he heard a voice telling him to “proclaim”

• He became a prophet and the words he was hearing from an angel over the next 12 years became the Koran-the religious book of Islam

• Islam is Monotheistic

• Islam started to spread by the 600s and 700s through conquest

Ethical Conduct of Islam• Islam preaches ethical and moral standards• Marriages-men were allowed to marry outside of

Islam but women were not• Divorce was easier for men than women• Women subordinate to men• Family is very important- obedience to your

parents-honesty kindness, etc.• Koran governs all aspects of life-political, social,

economic and behavioral this is known as Sharia law.

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The Spread of Islam • Armies of Bedouin fighters move across

desert- conquer desert lands, put Muslim leaders in control- spread Islamic teachings, Arabic language and culture

• Muslim armies spread across Asia, Africa, Europe- by Middle Ages, large area of world is Muslim controlled

continued Islam Changes Desert Culture

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Islam Brings a New Culture • The Five Pillars are required of all Muslims;

create common culture • Faith—all believers must testify:

- “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah”

• Prayer—pray facing Mecca five times a day; mosque—place of worship

• Charity—give money to the less fortunate • Fasting—in the holy month of Ramadan, don’t

eat, drink during day • Pilgrimage—all Muslims should make hajj to

Mecca once in their life

continued Islam Changes Desert Culture

Division within Islam

• After Muhammad died there was a dispute between who should be the next ruler of the Muslim Empire

• Caliph-successor to the prophet• Sunni-believe any devout Muslim could

become a prophet (most of the Muslim world are Sunni)

• Shiite-believe that only descendants of Muhammad can be a caliph

Governments Change Hands

Colonial Powers Take Control • Muslim governments were theocratic—religious

leaders were in control- still true in some modern nations, such as Iran

• In late 1600, Muslim nations weaken- Britain, France control most of region after WWI,

fall of Ottomans- colonial value: Suez Canal is vital link; oil

discovered (1932) • Abdul al-Aziz Ibn Saud takes control of most of

Arabian Peninsula- becomes Saudi Arabia in 1932

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Oil Dominates the Economy

OPEC• Oil is principle resource of economy, makes region

globally important- source of almost all of nations’ export money,

GNP• In 1960, oil-producing nations form economic group

- OPEC—Organization of Petroleum ExportingCountries

- coordinate petroleum-selling policies, control worldwide oil prices

- includes Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Iran, Iraq

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Modern Arabic Life

The Change to Urban Life • Rapid development as technology undermines

traditional lifestyles- trucks replace camels; malls replace marketplaces

• Villagers, farmers, nomads move into cities- 25% urban in 1960; 58% by 1990s; estimated

70% by 2015- Saudi population 83% urban

• Oil jobs require skilled workers educational systems can’t provide- foreign workers brought in

Religious Duties Shape Lives • Women often cover their heads, faces with

scarf, veil- women’s roles are slowly expanding: more are educated, working

• Prayers performed dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, before bed- attend mosque services on Fridays

• Fasting in Ramadan reinforces spirituality, self-control, humility- ‘Id al-Fitr marks end of Ramadan with gifts,

dinners, charity

continued Modern Arabic Life

King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia

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Chapter 22 Section 2

The Eastern Mediterranean • The holy places of three religions are found in this sub region.

• There is a great deal of political tension among nations in this sub region.

Jewish Presence • Jerusalem is a holy city to all three major

monotheistic religions • Jerusalem is capital of Israel; center of

modern, ancient homeland • Temple Mount in old city housed earliest

temples- King Solomon’s First Temple- Second Temple built in 538 B.C

• Today Jews pray at Western Wall (Wailing Wall)

- sole remainder of Second Temple (destroyed by Romans in A.D. 70)

The Eastern Mediterranean

Solomon’s Temple

Canaan

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Christian Heritage • Jerusalem is sacred site of Jesus’ crucifixion

- nearby towns, villages were important in Jesus’ life

• Christians visit Mount of Olives, Church of Holy Sepulchre

• In Middle Ages, they fought Crusades to regain lands from Muslims - Muslims eventually regained control of the area- They maintained control until establishment of

Israel in 1948

continued Religious Holy Places

Yamaka

Menorah

• Symbol of Judaism since ancient times

• Used in Jewish worship

• Symbol of Jews exile and freedom from captivity

Church of Holy Sepulchre

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Islamic Sacred Sites • Jerusalem is third most holy Muslim city

after Mecca, Medina • Dome of the Rock—shrine where it’s

believed Muhammad rose to heaven- Jews believe it’s site where Abraham

prepared to sacrifice Isaac • Dome and Al-Aqsa mosque are located on

Temple Mount by wailing wall- close proximity of holy sites fosters

Jewish-Muslim clashes

continued Religious Holy Places

Dome of the Rock

A History of Unrest The Legacy of Colonialism • Ottoman Empire ruled region from 1520 to

1922, but weakened • Britain, France got lands after WWI defeat of

Ottomans, Germany - France took Lebanon, Syria; Britain took modern Jordan, Israel

• Both supposed to rule only until areas are ready for independence- __________________ intentionally stoked religious tensions between groups- Lebanon became independent in 1943, Syria in 1946

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British Control Palestine • Zionism—19th-century movement for a Jewish

homeland in Palestine- Jews buy land, begin settling

• After WWI, British control area; Arabs, Jews cooperate - German persecution increases number of Jewish immigrants- Arabs begin to resist Jewish state

• Area is divided: Transjordan is ruled by Arab government and British- Palestine is ruled by British with Arab, Jewish local governments

continued A History of Unrest

1. Go to this website and read the articlehttp://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/20436092

2. Locate the territories on your third map

3. On the back of the map answer these questions

Site that explains the current Arab Israeli conflict

What is Hamas link

• http://www.cnn.com/2012/11/16/world/meast/hamas-explainer/index.html

Jerusalem is the capital of Israel but most countries keep their embassy in

Tel Aviv because it is controversial

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Creating the State of Israel • After WWII, many Jewish Holocaust survivors

settle in Israel- UN divides Palestine into two states: one Jewish, one Arab

• Israel is created in 1948; repels invasion by Arab states

• Palestinian Arabs flee- Palestinian land on West Bank, Gaza Strip is

controlled by Israel • Palestine Liberation Organization PLO uses

politics, military to:- regain land in, and return of refugees to, Israel

continued A History of Unrest

Modernizing Economies Refugees and Civil Wars • Creation of Israel produces numerous Palestinian

refugees- today they number 3.6 million across the region;

some in camps- many struggle for food, shelter, jobs; lack education- Jordan has the largest Palestinian refugee population

• Civil wars in Lebanon, Cyprus cause economic problems- Lebanon war in 1975–76 led to Israel invading Lebanon in 1982

Current Violence in Israel• Sparked by kidnapping of three Jewish teenagers

this past June.• Israel accused Palestinian group Hamas of the

kidnapping and claimed it was terrorist activity• Arrests and searches made• Israelis kill a Palestinian during the arrest and search

process• Missiles launched in Gaza region and fighting

ensues back and forth• 2000 people have been killed in the Gaza region in

the last couple months both Israeli and Palestinian

2

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Modern Infrastructure • Region’s nations have potential for development

- climate for citrus crops, sites for tourism- location connects them to markets in Europe,

Asia, Africa • Many nations lack infrastructure to support

growing economy- irrigation is needed for agriculture

- communication systems, power sources needed for industry

• Israel has built sophisticated industries, like computer software

continued Modernizing Economies

Modern Life Eating Out, Eating In • People don’t eat in restaurants as much as in

U.S.- some restaurants have separate male, female

sections- cafés are usually for men only

• Most meals are eaten at home, with dinner between 8–11 pm

• Meals include hummus (ground chickpeas), baba ganouzh (eggplant dip)- cracked wheat tabbouleh salad; chicken, lamb

rather than beef- dessert of fruit, kolaicha (sweet cake)

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A Variety of Cultures • Lebanon has mostly Sunni Muslims and some:

- Druze, a secretive religious group living in mountainous areas

- Maronite, Eastern Orthodox Christians • Lebanon’s cultural, religious variety makes unity

difficult • Culturally, Israel is Jewish, but is also home to

other groups- Bedouins, Druze, Sunni, Circassians (from

Caucasus region)- some Christians, Baha’i

continued Modern Life

Today• Current Events

• Wrap up Arab Israeli Conflict-you need to get out your 3rd map of the middle east

• Begin Section 3 on the North East section-covers Iran, Iraq, Turkey and Afghanistan

• Video Clips- 1 on the Taliban and parts of Lone Survivor

Chapter 22 Section 3The North East

Objectives• Locate countries in the Northwest region

• Understand the different religious and ethnic groups in the region

• Connect the different ethnic and religious groups to modern problems-ISIS, division with Sunni’s and Shiites

• Understand that some countries in the region are not economically well off due to civil wars and government struggles

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Section 3The Northeast

• The nations in this sub region are Muslim but most are not part of the Arab culture.

• The nations in the Northeast range from developed to very poorly developed.

Nations of the Region • Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan

The Northeast- Blended Cultures

Early Civilizations • Iraq’s Fertile Crescent between Tigris,

Euphrates a cultural hearth- early civilizations include Sumer, Babylonia,

Assyria, Chaldea- all built empires in Mesopotamia, the “land

between the rivers” •

• Hittite empire covered modern Turkey, introduced iron weapons

• Persian empire developed in what is now Iran

• Introduced innovations in governmental organization

Early Civilizations cont…

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Ethnic and Religious Variety • Sub region’s ethnic groups include Turks,

Kurds, Persians, Assyrians- languages (Turkish, Farsi) are different from Arabic

• All groups (except Assyrians) are Islamic, but tensions exist- after Muhammad’s death, Muslims divided into two branches- 83% of all Muslims are Sunni; most Iranians are Shi’ite

continued A Blend of Cultures

Clashes Over Land Homelands and Refugees • Kurds—stateless ethnic group located in Turkey, Iraq, Iran- promised homeland after WWI, but never got it

• Iran has world’s largest refugee population- Iraqi Shi’ites flee persecution- decades of war create Afghan refugees

Kurds• Nomadic people• Non-Arabic• Wanted separate country after

WWI but never achieved it• They face persecution in Turkey

and Iraq • Over 2 mill. Population• Target of Saddam Hussein

during the 1980’sKurd during the 7th century was most likely was a social term, designating Iranian nomads, rather than a concrete ethnic group

Kurdish troops stand guard near Mosul

Control of Oil Fields

• In 1980s, Iran, Iraq fight war over Persian Gulf oil fields

• Iraq invades Kuwait in 1990; driven out in Persian Gulf War

Clashes Over Leadership Overthrow of the Taliban • Taliban—fundamentalist Muslim political group

rules Afghanistan- protects Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda terrorist network

• After 9–11 attacks, U.S. attacks Afghanistan in October 2001- Operation Enduring Freedom targets terrorist

assets, infrastructure- Taliban removed from power by March 2002- Hamid Karzai heads transitional government- Osama bin Laden and some Taliban leaders

escape

Taliban

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Overthrow of Saddam Hussein • After Gulf War, UN orders Iraqi dictator Saddam

Hussein to disarm- ordered to destroy chemical, biological weapons

• President George W. Bush turns focus to Iraq in 2002- Bush believes Hussein has weapons of mass

destruction- U.S., U.K. attack Iraq in Operation Iraqi Freedom, March 2003- major fighting ends in May 2003; Hussein captured in December 2003

continued Clashes Over Leadership

Saddam Hussein-former dictator of Iraq

http://www.biography.com/people/saddam-hussein-9347918

Reforming Economies Making Progress • Turkey is developing water resources,

hydroelectric plants- supply energy, boost cotton and other agricultural production- only nation in region that produces steel- location between Europe, Asia is ideal for trade

• Changes in Iran’s government bring economic progress- current government supports change- oil money funds development

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Progress Interrupted • Economic sanctions on Iraq after Gulf War limited trade- created shortages of food, medicine

• Afghanistan is one of world’s poorest nations- most people farm or herd animals- mineral resources remain undeveloped due to civil wars, turmoil- post-Taliban transitional government is rebuilding economy

continued Reforming Economies

Modern and Traditional Life Division and Struggle • Region’s nations face internal struggles

- some seek modern lifestyle, others want topreserve traditions

• In Afghanistan, Taliban had strict rules of behavior- new government is restoring civil liberties,

improving education • Taliban-like groups in Turkey, Iran, Iraq have

not gained power- differences have led to conflicts, political problems NEXT