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Todos los derechos reservados para XM S.A E.S.P.
Luis Alejandro Camargo S.
Wholesale Market Manager
XM S.A. E.S.P.
Colombian Market Stress Experiences
2
Situation: Terrorism on Power Lines
3
Terrorist Attacks To The Transmission Grid
Terrorism against the National high voltage Grid SystemTerrorism against the National high voltage Grid System
79
454
282
483
329
127172161 140
45102
130
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Atentados
Torres Derribadas
No. Attacks Towers down
4
We operated “n- 55” in May of 2002
Number of lines out of service(Aug 99 - jun 04)
55
38 38
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
Ago
-99
Oct
-99
Dic
-99
Feb
-00
Abr
-00
Jun-
00
Ago
-00
Oct
-00
Dic
-00
Feb
-01
Abr
-01
Jun-
01
Ago
-01
Oct
-01
Dic
-01
Feb
-02
Abr
-02
Jun-
02
Ago
-02
Oct
-02
Dic
-02
Feb
-03
Abr
-03
Jun-
03
Ago
-03
Oct
-03
Dic
-03
Feb
-04
Abr
-04
Jun-
04
Month
Nu
mb
er
of
line
s
5
Despite the attacks, no overall blackouts have affected the market
Non-served demand (as a percentage of the annual electricity demand)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
ene-00
jul-00
ene-01
jul-01
ene-02
jul-02
ene-03
jul-03
ene-04
jul-04
ene-05
jul-05
Mes
% d
e la
dem
and
a m
ensu
al
Demanda no atendidapor atentados
Non-served demand due attacks
Month
% N
on
-Serv
ed
dem
an
d
6
Voltage should not be under 90% or over 110% of nominal value (over 105% at 500 kV)
The reactive power on generation units must follow their capacity curves
Establish specific voltage levels on different special points/nodes on the system
The system should maintain operating even with a three phase fault, cleared using the
principal protection
Generators must oscillate on a damp and consistent way
If a grid element goes out, there should not be additional trips, in order to avoid cascade
events
Rules To Guarantee Security
7
Reliability
Current Probabilistic Method (formerly classic N-1)
• Outage Probability of Elements (1 year history)
• Rationing caused by outage of elements
• Electric-Area Reliability Criterion
Information System to Gather Data
• Market participants must deliver information
• Gathering information through ISO
Design strategies for
• High Availability of equipments
• Minimum of events
8
MARKET FUNCTIONS
OPERATION PLANNING FUNTIONS
Without Network &Generations Technical
Characteristics
ECONOMIC DISPATCH IN COLOMBIA
ECONOMIC DISPATCH IN COLOMBIA
Marginal Price +
$ Congestions
IDEAL DISPATCH
Network &Generations Technical
Characteristics
FINALDISPATCH
REAL DISPATCH
REAL TIMEOPERATION
Electric Analysis
SettlementS1 S2 S3
US
$/M
Wh
Offer Price Curve for International Transaction
(TIE)
Day Ahead Dispatch
Current Day Dispatch
Price Offer's
Reliability Signals
9
ESTYRA – In House Application Development
After the market dispatch is calculated, a electric analysis team check the system security. This can be done by:
• Conventional approach: (DIgSILENT - Power factory)
• ESTYRA•Transitory Stability Estimated•Overload Estimated•Redispatch
10
Real Time Oscillation Monitoring
• Frequency measure
• Indication of Damping
• Possible Generation Changes
• Generations Control Settings Changes (Adjust PSS)
• Real time Detection of Oscillation
• Reinforcement of the National Grid
11
Real Time Oscillation Monitoring
Frequency vs Damping
Dam
pin
g
InterArea modes
0.22 Hz Colombia-Venezuela
0.45 Hz Colombia-Ecuador
0.70 Hz Coast-Central
• Even though about 10.000 oscillations were detected with the frequency and oscillation network – F@OSnet, 96% of them have remain below 60 seconds
12
Critical factors to deal with terrorism on Power Lines
Generating plants availability and coordination
Reliability indexes calculation
Development of international networks
Probabilistic criteria for planning and operation
Development of software for real time transient stability analysis
Frequency and oscillation measurement network
Development of AGC schemes for isolated areas
Reconfiguring power lines procedures
Fast restoration schemes