Top 10 Building Engineering Marvels of the World

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10Building

EngineeringMarvels ofthe World

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Top 10 Building Engineering Marvels of the World

Evolution of Homo sapiens (human beings) from

Primitive man to Modern man stands testimony to

dynamic relationship between humans and technology.

Inclination towards development; penchant for growth

and continuous attempts at excellence have taken the

human development to an all-time high level.

Good life has always fascinated people across generations

and striving for a better life is what everyone aims at.

Thus, fixation with technology is universal in nature and

targeted at everything humans do.

Here we present to you the top 10 building engineering

marvels of the world:

http://www.tumblr.com/tagged/pyramids%20at%20gizahttp://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/lilypad-the-eco-friendly-floating-city-1353050774-slideshowhttp://www.100placestotravel.net/palm-jumeirah-man-made-wonder-in-dubai.html

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http://www.tumblr.com/tagged/pyramids%20at%20gizahttp://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/lilypad-the-eco-friendly-floating-city-1353050774-slideshowhttp://www.100placestotravel.net/palm-jumeirah-man-made-wonder-in-dubai.html

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The Pyramidsof GizaHISTORY:

?The mysteries surrounding the engineering of the structure of The

Pyramids of Giza still remains the same as ever. This gives us a reason

to explore the structure even more.

?Since time immemorial the pyramids have gained recognition for their

unmatched structural distinction in the world of structure engineering.

?The Pyramids of Giza have remained an all time engineering wonder

of the world.

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Email us: [email protected]


The Great Pyramid of Giza- largest among the three:

Among the three main pyramids The Great Pyramid of Giza, also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops, is the oldest and largest.

What Egyptologists say about the Great Pyramid of Giza?

Egyptologists say the pyramid was built for the Pharaoh Khufu, who was the fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh. This has remained the tallest man-made structure for over 3,800 years. It is also the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the World.

The pyramids were originally covered with casing stones (made from polished limestone) from outside and this formed the outer layer of the structure. However, what we see today is an underlying structure of the original engineering

marvel. Some of the casing stones can be found today outside the pyramid structure.

Following are some interesting facts about the pyramids of Giza:

?Several scientific theories are available on the pyramids of Giza.

?The pyramid is said to be divided into three chambers and the lowest chamber is cut into the bed rock upon which the pyramid is erected.

?Many say the Queen's chamber and the King's Chamber are built higher in the pyramid structure.

?The Great Pyramid of Giza is the only pyramid in the whole of Egypt that has ascending and descending passages.

?It has a set of buildings that includes two mortuary temples, three small pyramids and satellite pyramids.

Image Source:http://www.frommers.com/community/photo.cfm?photoid=4a15237e-c778-4c3e-b47b-1b050398259c&galleryid=86f8b585-7c51-4920-bece-607fe3d9453d



?The volume of the structure including that of the hillock is 2,500,000 cubic meters.

?It was built over a period of 20 years.

?It is 280 Egyptian cubic tall and 146.5 meters, but time has eroded it. Now the same stands at 138.8 meters.

?The precision with which the workers worked at that time was such that four sides of the base of the pyramid had an average error of 58 millimeters in length.

?Many believe that Egyptians had no knowledge of Pi and were using the concept in building the pyramids.

?There are several theories on whether the construction stones were carried, or rolled or dragged or lifted to the targeted spot. This still remains a mystery.

?Most believe that slaves constructed the structure but other discoveries from the nearby areas reveal that it was tens of thousands of

skilled workers who constructed the marvel.

?One important mystery about the pyramids is their plan. It is known that workers laid out the plan on the ground at a 1 to 1 scale.

?There was a King's chamber, Queen's chamber and grand gallery.

?The original entrance is 17 meters vertically above the ground level. It is 7.29 meters east of the centre line of the pyramid.

Know what it takes to construct such an engineering marvel:

?If the same structure is to be erected today, it will take 20 years and require approximately 800 tons of stone to be installed every day.

?Since the pyramid is estimated to have 2.3 millions blocks, completing the structure should require moving an average of over 12 blocks into each slot each hour. This should happen day and night.

?The precision required is high.

Image Source:http://feng-shui.lovetoknow.com/Monuments_with_the_Golden_Ratio

(Fact Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza)



Floating Green Eco Cities2

Ideation and Conceptualization:

?The Floating Green Echo Cities is a visual treat to the viewers and one of the most astounding structures on water.

?The concept used here is very unique. The idea behind the construction was to build floating sea- surrounded independent eco-city islands.

How these floating cities are different from other echo-cities?

?Each such eco-city island is able to provide housing facilities to more than 50,000 residents. Rich biodiversity surrounds each city.

?The structure has collecting pools at the center for gathering water and filtering it for use.

?Two types of windows have been installed— semi-transparent solar windows and glass windows. The glass windows have a printed arrangement of solar cells equally distanced from one another to create part shading. This works as a solar roof material. The unique design makes the structure manage undersea pressure and also handle stress due to its shape.

Image Source: http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/DrMohsen/Animation%204/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=3Face Source: http://www.smashinglists.com/10-modern-engineering-marvels-in-the-world/2/



Three Gorges Dam3

?The Three Gorges Dam has been built to satisfy the emerging needs of India's neighbouring country China.

?However, the world's biggest hydro-power plant faces some urgent problems.

?The dam has geological, ecological and human problems that require immediate attention.

?Construction of Three Gorges Dam used 16m tons of concrete and put the same into a huge barricade across the River Yangtze. This created a reservoir.

?The reservoir drives 26 huge turbines for electricity generation. This hydro-power plant generates 18,200 MW of energy.

?The plant has the potential of warding off flood threat at Yangtze delta and facing the same in case the disaster is not averted. The dam has been built at a cost of £24bn.

Image Source: http://yangtzerivercruise-threegorges.appspot.com/cms/show_article/55001.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanxia_Runner04_300.jpg

Fact Source: http://www.smashinglists.com/10-modern-engineering-marvels-in-the-world/



Hoover Dam4?The Hoover Dam is built in the hilly terrain area

known as Black Canyon between Arizona and Nevada.

?The dam has been built at the bottom of Lake Mead and is 30 miles away from Las Vegas.

?Hoover Dam was built during the Great Recession, when scarcity of jobs forced thousands of men, women and families to come to the Black Canyon and work at the construction site of the dam.

?The area has become a spot for sightseeing after Hoover Dam's construction.

?The dam was constructed to utilize the water of the Colorado River and make it a source of hydroelectric power for the region's ever increasing demands.

?Also, the dam serves the purpose of supplying continuous water to the rest of the areas.

Image Source: http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2011/dec/20/obama-signs-hoover-dam-power-allocation-bill/

?Before the Hoover Dam was designed, the water of the Colorado River gushed through the Black Canyon region. But now the region has been given a facelift and made into Lake Mead National Recreational Area.

?Construction of the dam led to the beautification of the area surrounding Arizona.

?The construction began in 1931 and ended in1936.

?The building process was however, scheduled to end in 1934, but was delayed by two years.

?Initially, it was named Boulder Dam, but was later renamed after President Herbert Hoover. President Hoover had remained one of the main proponents of the project American Society of Civil Engineers.

?The Hoover Dam is looked up as a national historic landmark for the people of America.



Palm Deira of Dubai5

Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:59F1_The-Palm_Dubai_2005-08-26_H.png

Man-made but close to nature:

?The Palm Deira of Dubai is an artificial man-made island located in the coast off the United Arabs Emirates in the Persian Gulf.

?Marine Construction companies from Belgium and Germany constructed the archipelago.

?The group of islands includes Palm Jumeirah and Palm Jebel Ali apart from Palm Deira.

?The reason behind construction of these artificial islands was to augment the tourist industry of Dubai. Other reason was to build one-of-its-kind structure in Dubai.

?Among the lot, Palm Deira is the largest man-made island in the entire world. It is located on the Deira coastal area of Dubai.

?The construction of Palm Deira required one billion cubic meters of rock and sand.

?The material used in the construction of the archipelago was quarried from United Arab Emirates.

?The Palm Deira has a trunk, crown and a surrounding a crescent-shaped island that forms a water breaker.

Fact Source: http://www.placesmustseen.com/?p=359



Viaduc de Millau Bridge6

Image Source: http://www.interestingbuildings.com/2012/09/millau-viaduct-tarn-valley-france.html

This modern engineering marvel was developed by French

engineer Michel Virlogeux and British designer Norman

Foster.

A bridge is more of an engineer's domain of know-how

than an architect's. However, an architect's potentiality lies

in safeguarding and conserving the environment apart from

designing and planning a quality structure.


The Bridge- a masterpiece of engineering

Construction procedure

?Millau Viaduct is an example of excellent design integrated with high precision and calculated risks.

?Any engineer's dream project- Millau Viaduct Bridge- is a masterpiece of structural engineering where architecture has also played a vital role.

?The bridge located in Southern France connects the roadway from Paris to Barcelona. It is built over River Tarn.

?The River Tarn runs between two plateaus.

?The construction of the bridge helped save commuters from the inconvenience of travelling 2.5 kilometer stretch of land between the two plateaus.

?Had the bridge not been constructed, people would have to either cross the river or travel 2.5 kilometers from one plateau to another.

?The bridge has been built in less cost.

?Less material has been used in the construction of the bridge, which has optimized distance between the cable-supported columns.

?Millau Viaduct Bridge is 90 meters above the road and higher than the Eiffel Tower.

?To house the expanding concrete, each column is split into two lean and more pliable columns that run below the roadway.

? This forms an A-frame above the deck and gives the entire structure a different shape altogether.

The best part about the bridge's construction is that its structure offers no interference to the landscape.


Image Source: http://blog.flickr.net/en/2009/09/27/millau-viaduct/

Vital aspects of the bridge

?Viaduc Milllau Bridge is undoubtedly a marvel of art and almost as tall as the Empire State Building.

?The firm that built Eiffel Tower made the Viaduc Milllau Bridge too.

?The bridge that spans across the river Tarn in southern France is indeed an outstanding example of complex structural engineering.

?It is 1.6 miles long and 12th highest bridge in the world.

?It was erected to relieve the commuters from the problem of traffic congestion on the route from Paris to Barcelona during summer vacation months.

?The bridge got completed in three years' time in December 2004.

?A cable-supported bridge is first built in parts. Once the parts are built, they are lifted and later

put in position with the help of cranes.




Bird's Nest7

Image Source: http://www.seduniatravel.com/tours/asia/china/classic-china

Bird's Nest in China needs no further introduction. Located in Beijing, Bird's Nest is a building that many associate with the Olympic Games. The structure's unique design has made it the world's largest steel structure.

?Bird's Nest is indeed one-of-a-kind in the sports world and its intricate shape gives it a more distinctive art look.

?Designed by Swiss architect Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron, the structure can accommodate 80,000 people.

?It has used 26 miles of unwrapped steel.

?The stadium is made up of two independent frames that are 50ft away from one another and includes an inner concrete bowl for seating and an outer steel frame.

World's Largest Steel Structure

?The original structure demanded a retractable roof but the same was not included in the final design framework. The reason was without including the roof in the prospective design the structure was better equipped to meet seismic challenges.

?Monetary aspect was also another reason.

Bird's Nest is considered one of the most energy-efficient and nature-friendly stadiums in the world.

?In winters, underground geothermal pipes heat the inside area of the stadium.

?There is a provision of underground cisterns that collect and store the rainwater for irrigational purpose.

Other uses:

Fact Source: http://www.impactlab.net/2008/09/08/20-modern-engineering-marvels/



Danyang KunshanGrand Bridge

8

Image Source: http://forum.xcitefun.net/danyang-kunshan-grand-bridge-worlds-longest-bridge-t67358.html

Dimensions

?The span of Danyang Kunshan Grand Bridge is 260 feet.

?There are 2000 pillars in the basement to carry the longest bridge with the help of steel cables.

?Some 10,000 workers built this bridge.

?The bridge that passes over the Yang Cheeng Lake (with a length of 6 miles) is 5,40,700 ft long (102 miles).

?The bridge has an over 450,000 tons of steel structure and this explains the number of workers involved in its construction.




Akashi KaikyoSuspension Bridge

9

Image Source: http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e3559.htmlhttp://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=117141&page=2

Akashi Kaikyo Suspension Bridge, the longest suspension bridge in the world, is built between Maiko in Tarumi Ward and Kobe City with Marsuho in the northern part of Awaji Island with a length of 3,911 meters.

World's Longest Suspension Bridge is also known as 'Pearl Bridge'

?The central span is 1,991 meters. At night, the lights decorate the cables of the bridge tower and these cables shine brightly every hour thus giving it the color of a rainbow.

?The cables of the bridge look like strings of pearls strung together. They shine brightly and give an illusion of a bridge made of pearls. The bridge is also known as 'Pearl Bridge'.

Fact Source: http://www.smashinglists.com/10-modern-engineering-marvels-in-the-world/2/



Burj-Al-Arab Hotel10

Image Source: http://www.therestaurantseeker.com/?p=347http://zis54.blogspot.in/2012/07/burj-al-arab-dubai-united-arab-emirates.html

Fact Source: http://www.impactlab.net/2008/09/08/20-modern-engineering-marvels/

Burj-Al-Arab Hotel is a world renowned

hotel. The hotel stands at a height of 321

meters and is the tallest functional hotel

in the world.



Takeaways?The Great Pyramid of Giza remained the

tallest man-made structure for over 3,800

years.

?Green Floating Eco-Cities have housing

facilities for 50,000 residents.

?Three Gorges Dam power plant generates

18,200 MW of energy.

?The area surrounding Hoover Dam has

been made into Lake Mead National

Recreational Area.

?Palm Deira of Dubai was built to augment

Dubai’s tourist industry.

?Millau Viaduct Bridge is 90 meters above

the road and higher than the Eiffel Tower.

?Bird’s Nest is the world’s largest steel

structure. It can accommodate 80,000

people.

?2,000 pillars carry the longest bridge

‘Danyang Kunshan Grand Bridge’ with the

help of steel cables.

?The central span of Akashi Kaikyo

Suspension Bridge is 1,991 meters. The

bridge is the longest suspension bridge in

the world.

?Burj-Al-Arab Hotel is the tallest functional

hotel in the world with a height of 321

meters.


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Bibliography:?http://www.zdjecia.biz.pl/zdjecie,hotel-al-burj-arab.php

?http://www.tumblr.com/tagged/pyramids%20at%20giza

?http://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/lilypad-the-eco-friendly-floating-city-1353050774-slideshow

?http://www.100placestotravel.net/palm-jumeirah-man-made-wonder-in-dubai.html

?http://www.frommers.com/community/photo.cfm?photoid=4a15237e-c778-4c3e-b47b-1b050398259c&galleryid=86f8b585-7c51-4920-bece-607fe3d9453d

?http://feng-shui.lovetoknow.com/Monuments_with_the_Golden_Ratio

?http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza)

?http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/DrMohsen/Animation%204/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=3

?http://www.smashinglists.com/10-modern-engineering-marvels-in-the-world/2/

?http://yangtzerivercruise-threegorges.appspot.com/cms/show_article/55001.html

?http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanxia_Runner04_300.jpg

?http://www.smashinglists.com/10-modern-engineering-marvels-in-the-world/

?http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2011/dec/20/obama-signs-hoover-dam-power-allocation-bill/

?http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:59F1_The-Palm_Dubai_2005-08-26_H.png

?http://www.placesmustseen.com/?p=359

?http://www.interestingbuildings.com/2012/09/millau-viaduct-tarn-valley-france.html

?http://blog.flickr.net/en/2009/09/27/millau-viaduct/

?http://www.seduniatravel.com/tours/asia/china/classic-china

?http://www.impactlab.net/2008/09/08/20-modern-engineering-marvels/

?http://forum.xcitefun.net/danyang-kunshan-grand-bridge-worlds-longest-bridge-t67358.html

?http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e3559.html

?http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=117141&page=2

?http://www.therestaurantseeker.com/?p=347

?http://zis54.blogspot.in/2012/07/burj-al-arab-dubai-united-arab-emirates.html


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Top 10 Building Engineering Marvels of the World