1 World Affairs Council Resource Packet: Top Ten Things to Know about Pakistan – October 27, 2011

TOP TEN THINGS TO KNOW ABOUT PAKISTAN

Table of Contents STEVE INSKEEP – INSTANT CITY: LIFE AND DEATH IN KARACHI ....... 2

Information Sheet: Steve Inskeep Biography ............................... 2 NPR Reports from Pakistan .......................................................... 3

1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ..................................................... 5 a. General Resources & Maps ............................................... 5 b. Resources & Lesson Plans ................................................ 7

2. KARACHI: UNDERSTANDING PAKISTAN TODAY .................. 10 a. Resources & Lesson Plans .............................................. 10

3. ECONOMY ................................................................................. 13 a. Resources & Lesson Plans .............................................. 13

4. GOVERNMENT & MILITARY – SEPARATE OR ONE AND THE SAME? ....................................................................................... 16

a. Government Resources & Lesson Plans ......................... 16 b. Military Resources & Lesson Plans .................................. 17

5. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES ...................................................... 20 a. Resources & Lesson Plans .............................................. 20

6. WOMEN IN SOCIETY TODAY ................................................... 24 a. Resources & Lesson Plans .............................................. 24

7. PAKISTAN-U.S. RELATIONS .................................................... 28 a. Resources & Lesson Plans .............................................. 28

8. PAKISTAN & ITS NEIGHBORHOOD ......................................... 33 a. Pakistan-India Relations ................................................ 34 b. Pakistan-Afghanistan Relations ...................................... 37 c. Pakistan-China Relations ............................................... 41

9. RELIGION IN PAKISTAN ........................................................... 42 a. Resources & Lesson Plans .............................................. 42

10. BOOKS/FILMS/NEWS & RESOURCES ...................................... 45 a. Books ............................................................................. 45 b. Documentaries & Feature Films ..................................... 46 c. News Sources ................................................................ 48 d. Local Resources ............................................................. 48 e. NGOs ............................................................................. 49

INTEGRATING STEM TOPICS ............................................................... 51

“The Day After” refers to a new category which highlights teaching ideas

that can easily be adapted to “the day after” a workshop presentation.

THE DAY AFTER

USING THIS RESOURCE GUIDE

Packet published 10/27/2011 Please note: many descriptions

were excerpted directly from the websites.

Recommended Resources

The Day After

Breaking Stereotypes

Audio

Charts & Graphs

Maps

Educational Games

Video / PowerPoint / Photos

Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math

Lesson Plans / Educational Resources

2 World Affairs Council Resource Packet: Top Ten Things to Know about Pakistan – October 27, 2011

STEVE INSKEEP BIOGRAPHY Steve Inskeep is host of NPR’s Morning Edition, the most widely heard radio news program in the United States. He co-hosts with Renee Montagne.

Inskeep has traveled across the nation and around the world for Morning Edition and NPR News. From the Persian Gulf to the wreckage of New Orleans, he has interviewed presidents, warlords, authors, and musicians, as well as those who aren't in the headlines — from a steelworker in Ohio to a woman living in poverty in Tehran.

Inskeep's first full-time assignment for NPR was the 1996 presidential primary in New Hampshire. He went on to cover the Pentagon, the Senate, and the 2000 presidential campaign of George W. Bush.

After the September 11 attacks, Inskeep covered the war in Afghanistan, the hunt for al-Qaeda suspects in Pakistan, and the war in Iraq. In 2003, he received a National Headliner Award for investigating a military raid that went wrong in Afghanistan. He has twice been part of the NPR News team that was awarded an Alfred I. duPont-Columbia University Silver Baton for its coverage of Iraq.

In 2004, Inskeep joined a team that reshaped Morning Edition. Today Morning Edition aggressively covers breaking news, and also, in Inskeep's words, "tries to slow down the news – make sense of information that flies by too quickly, and check glib statements against the facts."

He led Morning Edition teams that hosted the program from New Orleans, Detroit, Karachi, and Tehran; investigated Iraqi police in Baghdad; and received a 2006 Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award for "The Price of African Oil," a series on conflict in Nigeria.

During the 2008 Presidential campaign, Inskeep and NPR's Michele Norris co-hosted "The York Project," a groundbreaking series of

conversations about race. Fifteen Pennsylvanians met to talk for hours about a subject that's constantly mentioned, yet not often frankly discussed. This series received a duPont silver baton for excellence.

Although his job often calls for him to deliver bad news, Inskeep looks for the humanity in hard times — and the humor. "I'm inspired," he says, "by the Langston Hughes book Laughing to Keep From Crying. And I'm inspired by people like the Bordelons, who've spoken with us ever since they rode out Hurricane Katrina. At the beginning, they sometimes laughed and cried in the same sentence. Laughter means you survived."

Before coming to NPR, Inskeep worked for public and commercial radio stations in and around New York City. He has written articles for publications including The New York Times and Washington Post.

A native of Carmel, Indiana, Inskeep is a 1990 graduate of Morehead State University in Kentucky. Excerpted from NPR at: http://www.npr.org/people/4080709/steve-inskeep

3 World Affairs Council Resource Packet: Top Ten Things to Know about Pakistan – October 27, 2011

STEVE INSKEEP: REPORTS FROM PAKISTAN

Instant City: Life and Death in Karachi

Pakistan's port city of Karachi is 30 times larger now than it was at the end of World War II. That tremendous growth caught the interest of NPR's Morning Edition co-host Steve Inskeep, who has made numerous reporting trips to Pakistan over the past decade. In his new book, Instant City: Life and Death in Karachi, Inskeep explores the growing pains — and the vitality — of a city experiencing explosive population growth.

"Karachi is an example of something that is happening all around the world," Inskeep tells Michele Norris on All Things Considered. "There's been an incredible growth of urban areas since the end of World War II even in the United States. [Metropolitan] Los Angeles is more than three times larger than it was. ... Houston is six times larger. Istanbul is 10 times larger.... We could go around the world like this."

Inskeep set out to explore what happens when a city experiences this sort of rapid population expansion. "It's not just the birth rate; it's mass migration," he

explains. "And that means it is different kinds of people coming together and clashing in this landscape that, for all of them, is entirely new. The city as we see it today didn't really exist 30, 40, 50, 60 years ago."

http://www.npr.org/2011/10/13/141316474/inskeep-explores-growing-pains-of-an-instant-city

Many Pakistanis Feel ‘Deeply Insecure’ Over Future (6/13/2011) http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/world/jan-june11/pakistan_06-13.html After Osama bin Laden's death, NPR's Steve Inskeep returned to Pakistan, a country he's been covering for nearly a decade. He found that many there are losing confidence in the future and wondering if the country can be truly independent when it gets billions in U.S. aid. Margaret Warner speaks with the Morning Edition co-host. Pakistani General: ‘Indiscriminate’ Against Terrorists (6/7/2011) http://www.npr.org/2011/06/07/137017104/pakistani-general-indiscriminate-against-terrorists A Pakistani general being urged to clear out a strategic area along his country's border with Afghanistan says his troops are engaged in active operations in the region, and Pakistan alone shouldn't be blamed for cross-border militancy. Lt. Gen. Asif Yasin Malik, who commands Pakistan's 11th Corps, tells NPR's Steve Inskeep that perceptions that his troops can't enter North Waziristan are incorrect. Pakistan, Militants in Deadly Border Fight (6/6/2011) http://www.npr.org/2011/06/06/136977007/pakistan-militants-in-deadly-border-fight There is worry that violent militants inside Pakistan could destabilize the country. American officials want Pakistan to intensify its fight against those militants because they complicate the U.S. war in Afghanistan. Pakistan's army has repeatedly driven out the Taliban from tribal zones near its border with Afghanistan. But the militants won't stay beaten. Top Al-Qaida Operative Killed in Pakistan (6/4/2011) http://www.npr.org/2011/06/04/136949138/top-al-qaida-operative-killed-in-pakistan High-level al-Qaida militant Ilyas Kashmiri reportedly has been killed in a U.S. drone strike in Pakistan. Host Scott Simon talks to NPR's Steve Inskeep in Islamabad.

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STEVE INSKEEP: REPORTS FROM PAKISTAN Among Pakistanis, Perception of U.S. Aid Varies (6/3/2011) http://www.npr.org/2011/06/03/136905333/among-pakistanis-questions-about-u-s-aid?ps=rs The United States has spent more than $20 billion on Pakistan over the past decade, prompting some Americans to ask what they are getting for the money. America is deeply unpopular in Pakistan, and after the killing of al-Qaida leader Osama bin Laden, Pakistani politicians unleashed a wave of criticism of the United States. Aid to Pakistan: Too Much or Too Little? (6/3/2011) http://www.npr.org/2011/06/02/136905887/aid-to-pakistan-too-much-or-too-little?live=1 How did people come to such wildly different conclusions about American aid to Pakistan? Some Americans seem to have concluded it's a waste of $20 billion. Yet in Lahore, Pakistani newspaper editor Najam Sethi suggested to me that Pakistan has hardly received any help at all. "It's peanuts," Sethi said. A Pakistani Writer Murdered, and Plenty of Questions (6/1/2011) http://www.npr.org/2011/06/01/136845539/another-pakistani-journalist-is-killed-in-pakistan Morning Edition's Steve Inskeep reports from Pakistan on the death of another prominent Pakistani journalist. Saleem Shazhad, who had been critical of the government, had been tortured. Inskeep also talks to Pakistani journalist Najam Sethi about attitudes in Pakistan now that Osama bin Laden is dead. Criticizing Pakistan’s Military: Dangerous, As is Life (5/31/2011) http://www.npr.org/2011/05/31/136800669/criticizing-pakistan-military-dangerous-as-is-life?ps=rs Pakistan's powerful army faces criticism at home after Osama bin Laden's death. Some of the criticism comes at political rallies like one in Lahore, where opposition leader Nawaz Sharif stood onstage.

Ex-Minister: ‘Grave Damage’ to Pakistan’s Ethos (5/29/2011) http://www.npr.org/2011/05/30/136776926/ex-minister-grave-damage-to-pakistans-ethos?ps=rs The death of al-Qaida leader Osama bin Laden was the end of a long and painful story for the U.S. For Pakistan, however, it could be a painful beginning. The raid that killed bin Laden was a huge embarrassment for Pakistan's powerful army. In Lahore, Pakistan, former Foreign Minister Khurshid Kasuri discussed the consequences with Morning Edition host Steve Inskeep. Conspiracy Theories Permeate Pakistan (5/28/2011) http://www.npr.org/2011/05/28/136750695/conspiracy-theories-permeate-pakistan The views on the Pakistani streets are very different from those being expressed through diplomatic channels. That from Morning Edition host Steve Inskeep, who talks with guest host Rachel Martin from a market area in Lahore, Pakistan. In Pakistan, Doubts Persist Bin Laden is Dead (5/27/2011) http://www.npr.org/2011/05/27/136698489/in-pakistan-doubts-bin-laden-is-dead?ps=rs We're on a crowded shopping street in Lahore, Pakistan, alongside the shrine to Data Ganj Baksh, one of the holiest places in the country. The shrine of a Muslim saint, it's a giant rectangle surrounded on all sides by giant white stone arches. This location was bombed last year. So we thought Thursday night, a very busy night at the shrine, would be a good night to ask people about what's happening in Pakistan.

5 World Affairs Council Resource Packet: Top Ten Things to Know about Pakistan – October 27, 2011

HISTORY AND BACKGROUND OF PAKISTAN

The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest in the world and dating back at least 5,000 years, spread over much of what is presently Pakistan. During the second millennium B.C., remnants of this culture fused with the migrating Indo-Aryan peoples. The area underwent successive invasions in subsequent centuries from the Persians, Greeks, Scythians, Arabs (who brought Islam), Afghans, and Turks. The Mughal Empire flourished in the 16th and 17th centuries; the British came to dominate the region in the 18th century. The separation in 1947 of British India into the Muslim state of Pakistan (with West and East sections) and largely Hindu India was never satisfactorily resolved, and India and Pakistan fought two wars – in 1947-48 and 1965 – over the disputed Kashmir territory. A third war between these countries in 1971 – in which India capitalized on Islamabad's marginalization of Bengalis in Pakistani politics – resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. In response to Indian nuclear weapons testing, Pakistan conducted its own tests in 1998. India-Pakistan relations have been rocky since the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, but both countries are taking small steps to put relations back on track. In February 2008, Pakistan held parliamentary elections and in September 2008, after the resignation of former President Musharraf, elected Asif Ali Zardari to the presidency. Pakistani government and military leaders are struggling to control domestic insurgents, many of whom are located in the tribal areas adjacent to the border with Afghanistan. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pk.html#top

COUNTRY PROFILES

CIA World Factbook – Country Profile on Pakistan https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pk.html BBC News – Country Profile on Pakistan http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1157960.stm Pakistan’s Official National Website http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/ U.S. Department of State’s Background Notes on Pakistan http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3453.htm The Library of Congress – A Country Study: Pakistan http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/pktoc.html National Geographic – Pakistan http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/07/pakistan/lancaster-text/1

6 World Affairs Council Resource Packet: Top Ten Things to Know about Pakistan – October 27, 2011

HISTORY AND BACKGROUND OF PAKISTAN

http://english.freemap.jp/asia_e/pakistan.html

7 World Affairs Council Resource Packet: Top Ten Things to Know about Pakistan – October 27, 2011

HISTORY AND BACKGROUND OF PAKISTAN

BASIC FACTS

http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2011080500&type=hitlist&num=0

Geography Area: 803,943 sq. km. (310,527 sq. mi.); almost twice the size of California. Cities: Capital – The city of Islamabad (pop. 800,000) and adjacent Rawalpindi (1,406, 214) comprise the national capital area with a combined population of 3.7 million. Other cities – Karachi (11,624,219) (2005 est.), Lahore (6,310,888) (2005 est.), Faisalabad (1,977,246) and Hyderabad (1,151,274). People Nationality: Noun and adjective – Pakistan(i). Population (July 2008 est.): 167,762,040. Annual population growth rate (2008 est.): 1.81%. Ethnic groups: Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun, Baloch, Muhajir (i.e., Urdu-speaking immigrants from India and their descendants), Saraiki, and Hazara. Religions: Muslim 97%; small minorities of Christians, Hindus, and others. Languages: Urdu (national and official), English, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Baloch, Hindko, Brahui, Saraiki (Punjabi variant). Education: Literacy (2005 est.) – 49.9%; male 63%; female 36%. Health: Infant mortality rate (2008 est.) – 66.95/1,000. Life expectancy (2008 est.) – men 63.07 yrs., women 65.24 yrs. Work force (2004 est.): Agriculture –42%; services – 38%; industry – 20%. Government Type: Parliamentary democracy. Independence: August 14, 1947. Branches: Executive – president (chief of state), prime minister (head of government). Legislative – bicameral Parliament or Majlis-e-Shoora (100-seat Senate, 342-seat National Assembly). Judicial – Supreme Court, provincial high courts, Federal Islamic (or Shari'a) Court. Political parties: Pakistan People's Party (PPP), Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N), Awami National Party (ANP), Pakistan Muslim League (PML), Muttahid Majlis-e-Amal (umbrella group) (MMA), and Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM). Suffrage: Universal at 18.

8 World Affairs Council Resource Packet: Top Ten Things to Know about Pakistan – October 27, 2011

HISTORY AND BACKGROUND OF PAKISTAN Political subdivisions: 4 provinces (Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (formerly known as the North-West Frontier Province or NWFP)); also the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (composed of 7 tribal agencies – Bajaur, Mohmand, Khyber, Kurram, Orakzai, North Waziristan, and South Waziristan) and the Pakistani-administered portion of the disputed Jammu and Kashmir region (Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas).

Economy Real GDP growth rate (2009 est.): 2.7%. Per capita GDP (year ending 2009, purchasing power parity): $2,600. Natural resources: Arable land, natural gas, limited oil, substantial hydropower potential, coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone. Agriculture: Products – wheat, cotton, rice, sugarcane, eggs, fruits, vegetables, milk, beef, mutton. Industry: Types – textiles & apparel, food processing, pharmaceuticals, construction materials, shrimp, fertilizer, and paper products. Trade (2009 est.): Exports – $17.87 billion: textiles (garments, bed linen, cotton cloth, and yarn), rice, leather goods, sports goods, carpets, rugs, chemicals and manufactures. Major partners (2008) – U.S. 16%, United Arab Emirates 11.7%, Afghanistan 8.6%, U.K. 4.5%, China 4.2%. Imports – $28.31 billion: petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, plastics, paper and paper board, transportation equipment, edible oils, pulses, iron and steel, tea. Major partners (2008) – China 14.1%, Saudi Arabia 12%, U.A.E. 11.2%, Kuwait 5.4%, India 4.8%, U.S. 4.7%, Malaysia 4.1%. People The majority of Pakistan's population lives in the Indus River valley and in an arc formed by the cities of Faisalabad, Lahore, Rawalpindi/Islamabad, and Peshawar. Although Urdu is an official language of Pakistan, it is spoken as a first language by only 8% of the population; 48% speak Punjabi, 12% Sindhi, 10% Saraiki, 8% Pashto, 3% Baloch, and 3% other. Urdu, Punjabi, Pashto, and Baloch are Indo-European languages. English is the other official language, and is widely used in government, commerce, the officer ranks of the military, and in many institutions of higher learning.

From U.S. Department of State Background Notes: Pakistan – http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3453.htm Pakistan’s Flag

Green with a vertical white band (symbolizing the role of religious

minorities) on the hoist side; a large white crescent and star are centered in the green field; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of

Islam

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/flags/flagtemplate_pk.html

9 World Affairs Council Resource Packet: Top Ten Things to Know about Pakistan – October 27, 2011

HISTORY AND BACKGROUND OF PAKISTAN Library of Congress Country Studies – Pakistan: Early Civilizations http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+pk0014%29 From the earliest times, the Indus River valley region has been both a transmitter of cultures and a receptacle of different ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups. Indus Valley civilization (known also as Harappan culture) appeared around 2500 B.C. along the Indus River valley in Punjab and Sindh. This civilization, which had a writing system, urban centers, and a diversified social and economic system, was discovered in the 1920s at its two most important sites: Mohenjo-daro, in Sindh near Sukkur, and Harappa, in Punjab south of Lahore… *For a complete and comprehensive view of Pakistan’s history, view all of the sections listed under Chapter 1: Historical Setting on Library of Congress Country Studies – Pakistan. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/pktoc.html Teacher Vision: Pakistan http://www.teachervision.fen.com/pakistan/resource/7128.html?page=1 This page provides educators with a historical overview of Pakistan as well as other information on geography and government. History of Pakistan http://www.heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/history_of_pakistan.htm This page, listed on Pakistan’s Official National website, provides an extensive history of Pakistan in four different segments. BBC News – Pakistan Profile: Timeline (7/20/2011) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12966786 This timeline is provided by the BBC’s Country Profile of Pakistan and chronologically lists key events in Pakistan’s history from 1906 to the present. Asia Society: Pakistan (8/19/2010) http://asiasociety.org/countries/country-profiles/pakistan This page provides a concise history of Pakistan’s modern history.

Investigating Central Asia through Maps http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/lessons/05/g68/investigating.html Maps are used to provide a wide range of information about a particular area. In this lesson, students will use physical, political, and thematic maps to investigate the geography of Central Asia through a scavenger hunt. Students will explore ways in which the region of Central Asia is defined and will create their own map-based scavenger hunt for other students to solve. This lesson is one in a series developed in collaboration with The Asia Society, with support from the Freeman Foundation, highlighting the geography and culture of Asia and its people.

THE DAY AFTER

10 World Affairs Council Resource Packet: Top Ten Things to Know about Pakistan – October 27, 2011

KARACHI: UNDERSTANDING PAKISTAN TODAY

BASIC FACTS

Karachi’s Official Website http://www.karachicity.gov.pk/ Karachi is the capital of the province of Sindh, and the largest city in Pakistan. Located on the coast of the Arabian Sea, north-west of the Indus River Delta, the mega city is the largest city, original capital and cultural, economical, philanthropic, educational, and political hub, as well as the largest port, of the country. The metropolitan area along with its suburbs comprises the world's second most populated city, spread over 3,530 square kilometers. The city credits its growth to the mixed populations of economic and political migrants and refugees from different national, provincial, linguistic and religious origins who have largely come to settle here permanently. It is locally termed as the “City of Lights” for its liveliness and the “City of The Quaid,” for not only being both the birth and death place of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah the founder of Pakistan but also his home after 1947. Residents and those born in the city are called "Karachiites." Encyclopedia Britannica: Karachi http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/311918/Karachi/61932/The-economy Karachi, city and capital of Sindh province, southern Pakistan. It is the country’s largest city and principal seaport and is a major commercial and industrial centre. Karachi is located on the coast of the Arabian Sea immediately northwest of the Indus River Delta. View general information regarding Karachi’s history, landscape, culture, economy, and government. Lonely Planet: Introducing Karachi (6/1/2009) http://www.lonelyplanet.com/pakistan/sindh/karachi NPR Series Overview: The Urban Frontier – Karachi (6/2/2008) http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=91009748 By the end of this year, half the world's population will live in cities, according to the United Nations, and the proportion will only increase. The way we develop our cities may determine our collective future, living standards, culture, politics, freedom — even our survival. This is also the year that Morning Edition begins a series called "The Urban Frontier," an occasional examination of the world's cities. We begin in Karachi, Pakistan. This week, host Steve Inskeep will introduce people who are trying to reinvent one of Pakistan's historic cities. It is a place where so many people live that population estimates run anywhere from 12 million to 18 million — all of them working for their piece of real estate in this seaport city.

ECONOMICS

Official Website Portal of City District Government Karachi http://www.karachicity.gov.pk/ Karachi is the financial capital of Pakistan. It accounts for the lion's share of Pakistan's GDP and generates about 65% percent of the national revenue providing a Gross Metropolitan Product of PKR. 1.607 trillion or $265 Billion at PPP and a GMP per capita of $21,917 rivaling Western European and American cities. Most of Pakistan's public and private banks have their head offices in Karachi. Besides banking and finance, Karachi also hosts the offices of foreign multinational corporations as well as corporations based in Pakistan. It is home to the largest stock exchange of Pakistan: the Karachi Stock Exchange. This financial boom helped Pakistan to achieve its ambitious goal of exceeding a seven per cent growth in GDP for the fiscal year 2004-05.

Experience the diversity of Karachi’s population by listening

to these personal interviews.

11 World Affairs Council Resource Packet: Top Ten Things to Know about Pakistan – October 27, 2011

KARACHI: UNDERSTANDING PAKISTAN TODAY

NPR: Builders See Profit, Promise Along Karachi Coast (6/6/2008) http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=91212161 The population of Karachi is estimated at anywhere from 12 million to 18 million — and counting. The city is full of poverty and violence, but despite all its problems, Pakistan's chief port and financial center is attracting a lot of investment, much of it from the oil-rich Persian Gulf. Asia Society: Crisis in Karachi (8/23/2011) http://asiasociety.org/media/top-stories/crisis-karachi “Karachi, Pakistan's port city which generates 70 percent of the country's revenue, is in the grip of a serious multidimensional crisis,” says Asia Society Bernard Schwartz Fellow Hassan Abbas, of the violent unrest that has gripped the city. “More than 100 people have been killed – many of them tortured to death – in the last week or so. Tragically, this has become a recurrent phenomenon. Criminal gangs, armed thugs associated with leading political factions, and to a limited extent religious extremists are all playing a role in this mayhem. The government's writ has almost vanished in the face of this serious situation, and the police and paramilitary Rangers are nothing more than silent spectators. A role for the military is increasingly being discussed in Pakistani media, but history has shown that military operations have not solved any crisis in the country. Dawn: Economy Sneezes as Karachi Freezes (7/18/2011) http://www.dawn.com/2011/07/18/economy-sneezes-as-karachi-freezes.html Marrium, a young mother in early 20s, sits tight on a wooden frame, her hands moving like a lever of an automatic machine, clipping extra threads on Banarsi material fitted on the loom. She works from home and earns Rs50 per piece of five meters silk. BBC News: Karachi: Pakistan’s Untold Story of Violence (3/26/2011) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12850353 While attention is normally on the fight against the Taliban in Pakistan's north-west, the rising tide of violence in the southern city of Karachi is Pakistan's untold story. The BBC's Syed Shoaib Hasan examines the brutal spate of targeted killings in the country's commercial capital.

Karachi Stock Exchange http://www.kse.com.pk/ Have students participate in mock stock investments. Research commodities and companies within Karachi’s stock exchange and track the investments chosen by students over the course of a week. What implications does this have regarding Karachi’s economy and the greater economy of Pakistan as a whole? Can students connect any shifts in the stock market to things in the news? Students may also enjoy paralleling these investments with similar investments in the U.S. stock exchange. What similarities and differences can they find between the two stock exchanges?

“The disturbances and accompanying city-wide shutdowns and strikes have brought

this city of 15 million to a standstill, resulting in heavy losses to business and industrial

activity…Karachi provides 70% of the total annual tax revenue collected by the

government.”

THE DAY AFTER

12 World Affairs Council Resource Packet: Top Ten Things to Know about Pakistan – October 27, 2011

KARACHI: UNDERSTANDING PAKISTAN TODAY

POLITICS

City District Government in Karachi (CDGK) http://www.karachicity.gov.pk/ The CDGKis divided into eighteen towns governed by elected municipal administrations responsible for infrastructure and spatial planning, development facilitation, and municipal services (water, sanitation, solid waste, repairing roads, parks, street lights, and traffic engineering), with some functions being retained by the CDGK. The towns are sub-divided into 178 localities governed by elected union councils (UC),which are the core element of the local government system. Each UC is a body of thirteen directly elected members including a Nazim (mayor) and a Naib Nazim (deputy mayor). In the local body elections of 2005, Syed Mustafa Kamal was elected City Nazim of Karachi to succeed Naimatullah Khan and Nasreen Jalil was elected as the City Naib Nazim. Mustafa Kamal was the provincial minister for information technology in Sindh before assuming office as the city's mayor. Peace in Karachi Top Priority for Government, Will Implement SC Orders: Gilani (7/30/2011) http://tribune.com.pk/story/220876/peace-in-karachi-top-priority-for-government-will-implement-sc-orders-gilani/ Prime Minister Yusuf Raza Gilani on Saturday reiterated that peace in Karachi, the economic hub of the country, was the number one priority for the Federal Government.

SOCIETY & CULTURE

NPR: Female Workers Break Stereotypes in Karachi (6/5/2008) http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=91181163 On a narrow, unpaved Karachi street that has never had water service, a handful of men were digging a trench recently. They were digging it for their own water line, at their own expense. For this part of Karachi, that's normal. But surprisingly, for this part of the world, a woman was supervising the men.

Pulitzer Center: Pakistan: Life in a Karachi Shelter (8/31/2011) http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/pakistan-honor-killing-women-islam-shelter Aisha Afzal moved to a women’s shelter in Karachi after her family threatened her life.

Asia Society: The Fisherfolk of Karachi: A Parable of Pakistan (8/11/2011) http://asiasociety.org/blog/reasia/podcast-fisherfolk-karachi-parable-pakistan This podcast by the Asia Society explores the lives of Karachi’s fishermen, the threats to their livelihood by developers, and increasing pollution and the implications this has for the future of Pakistan.

The Express Tribune: Riaz Wanted to Learn English (6/28/2011) http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/6645/riaz-wanted-to-learn-english/ It was almost 11 years ago when I stopped my car at the Teen Talwar traffic light to be greeted by the usual herd of beggars, windscreen cleaners and newspaper sellers. One of the newspaper sellers, Riaz, a total of four feet in height, asked me for a lift to the Marriot signal. Irritated by the commotion around me, I chose to ignore him.

PBS: Pakistan: Letter from Karachi (5/26/2009) http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/pakistan802/video/video_index_karachi.html While the war against the Taliban is being fought hundreds of miles away in Pakistan’s northern valleys off Swat and Buner, even in the country’s financial capital of Karachi, there is a growing fear that the Taliban might take over.

“A woman ‘is in charge of the entire house, [the] entire budget,’ Rehman says. ‘And if she’s not convinced, no money can be let

out for the development. No house can be improved, no child can go and get

educated. It’s a woman who [makes] the decision.’”

13 World Affairs Council Resource Packet: Top Ten Things to Know about Pakistan – October 27, 2011

PAKISTAN’S ECONOMY

ARTICLES AND RESOURCES

CIA World Factbook: Pakistan – Economy https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pk.html Pakistan, an impoverished and underdeveloped country, has suffered from decades of internal political disputes and low levels of foreign investment. Between 2001-07, however, poverty levels decreased by 10%, as Islamabad steadily raised development spending. During 2004-07, GDP growth in the 5-8% range was spurred by gains in the industrial and service sectors – despite severe electricity shortfalls – but growth slowed in 2008-09 and unemployment rose. Inflation remains the top concern among the public, climbing from 7.7% in 2007 to more than 13% in 2010. In addition, the Pakistani rupee has depreciated since 2007 as a result of political and economic instability. The government agreed to an International Monetary Fund Standby Arrangement in November 2008 in response to a balance of payments crisis, but during 2009-10 its current account strengthened and foreign exchange reserves stabilized – largely because of lower oil prices and record remittances from workers abroad. Record floods in July-August 2010 lowered agricultural output and contributed to a jump in inflation, and reconstruction costs will strain the limited resources of the government. Textiles account for most of Pakistan's export earnings, but Pakistan's failure to expand a viable export base for other manufactures has left the country vulnerable to shifts in world demand. Other long term challenges include expanding investment in education, healthcare, and electricity production, and reducing dependence on foreign donors. Government of Pakistan: Ministry of Finance: Pakistan Economic Survey 2010-2011 (6/21/2011) http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey_1011.html

http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapter_11/01-Growth%20and%20Investment.pdf

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PAKISTAN’S ECONOMY

Impact of Higher Food and Crude Oil Prices on GDP Growth

The year-on-year increase in global food prices is 34.2 percent and for Brent crude oil 39.9 percent in February2011. This hike in international prices have begun to be reflected in domestic prices in developing Asian economies — the nearly 30% increase in global food prices in January has translated to an average of about 10 percent food inflation in a number of regional economies and ultimately reflecting in hikes in general inflation rates. It is also expected that these will have impacts on the performance of the broader economy. ADB uses the Oxford Economics global model to assess such impacts by generating projections of key economic variables for a sample of 10 developing Asian economies.

The Study assumes that monetary authorities in the region will adopt a gradual tightening stance in the next 2 years as recovery takes firm hold. Using this model, the Study traces the impacts on developing Asia of the continued rise in commodity prices. Two scenarios were adopted to simulate the effects of global price hike on gross domestic product (GDP) growth of the 10 regional economies. Worldwide food prices have risen by an average of 31.2 percent in the first 2 months of 2011 compared to year-ago levels. For Scenario 1, therefore, the study look at the effects of a 30 percent average increase in the global prices of food in 2011 from the 2010 level. Assuming that the food price shock is temporary, in 2012, we revert to the rate of change currently assumed in the model (5 percent decline).

In the second scenario, the international price of Brent crude oil is assumed to rise as well in 2011 on top of the assumed hike in global food prices. Increases in global crude oil prices have implications for movements in input costs such as fertilizer prices, irrigation with diesel pumps, and general transport costs. For Scenario 2, the increases in both global food and Brent crude oil prices are assumed to reach 30 percent this year on average. The assumed rates of change in the model for food and Brent crude oil prices witness a 5 percent decline for food and 3.1 percent decline for Brent crude oil in 2012.

Now the results of these two scenarios can be compared with a baseline that maintains the global prices of food and Brent crude oil in 2011 and 2012 to the average levels recorded in 2010. The simulation results from Scenario 1 suggest that increases in global food prices would lead to higher inflation and slower economic expansion in developing Asia. Net food importers are expected to be hardest hit by the international commodity price inflation. Singapore is highly vulnerable to inflationary pressures because it completely reliant on the global food market. Inflation is also expected to rise in countries with a large share of food in the consumer price index.

As consumer prices increase forces Central Banks to raise policy rates to exercise control over domestic inflation. Higher interest rates will pull down investment rates, and higher inflation will crimp private consumption. The combined effect of these two forces will bring down GDP growth for some food-importing countries by up to 0.6 percentage points this year.

Note that for a number of economies, the impacts on GDP growth are stronger in 2012 compared to 2011, as the model takes time to adjust to the exogenous shock in food prices. In India, Indonesia, and Malaysia, in particular, the adverse effects of the increase in global food prices in 2011 tend to take a larger toll on GDP growth in 2012 rather than in 2011.

Under Scenario 2, international food and crude oil prices both rising by 30 percent in 2011 and moderately falling in 2012, the impacts on inflation are much larger, particularly because consumer prices for fuel tend to move with global oil prices. The impacts on GDP growth are also more pronounced, with an estimated decline of up to 1.5 percentage points in 2011. The impact would be much higher in net importers of both food and crude oil. Larger hikes in global commodity prices are expected to result in even bigger impacts on GDP growth in developing Asian economies. For illustrative purposes, we trace the impacts of a 50 percent rise in global food prices in 2011 and find that GDP growth in food-importing countries in the region could fall by up to 1.2 percentage points in 2011. When both international prices of food and Brent crude oil increase by 50% this year, GDP growth could decline by up to 2.8 percentage points. These results assume that central banks adjust policy rates in response to the rise in inflation rates.

Global Food Price Inflation in Developing Asia: March 2011, Asian Development Bank http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapter_11/01-Growth%20and%20Investment.pdf

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PAKISTAN’S ECONOMY

International Herald Tribune: Why Should We Take Further Loans, Asks Sheikh (9/28/2011) http://tribune.com.pk/story/261768/trade-not-aid-answer-to-pakistans-economic-crisis-hafeez-shaikh/ Washington: Painting a rosy picture of Pakistan’s economy – “exports have risen by 30%” – Finance Minister Hafeez Sheikh, at the tail end of his official visit to the U.S. capital, said Pakistan felt it did not need to take a loan, and would continue on its path of homegrown economic reforms despite the end of the IMF loan programme. Huffington Post: Pakistan – A Country in Search of a Leader (9/25/2011) http://www.huffingtonpost.com/azeem-ibrahim/pakistan-a-country-in-sea_b_979041.html The Islamic Republic of Pakistan may have been one of the more resilient Asian countries in the wake of the global financial crisis, but since then the economy has been seriously weakened. The earthquake in 2005 did great damage to the country's infrastructure but the ruinous floods of 2010 have destroyed even more, with an estimated total economic impact of as much as US$43 billion. Dawn: Pakistan’s Economy Has Rich Potential to Grow Fast: Burki (8/25/2011) http://www.dawn.com/2011/08/25/pakistans-economy-has-rich-potential-to-grow-fast-burki.html Islamabad: Renowned economist and scholar Shahid Javed Burki said that Pakistan’s economy can catch up fairly fast to the developed world, as compared with India, by adopting proper policy and fully mobilizing the available rich natural and human resources.

World Savvy Monitor: Pakistan (9/2008) http://worldsavvy.org/monitor/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=308&Itemid=427

Look up the male and female literacy rates in Pakistan. Have students look up the population of Pakistan, and then calculate the actual number of male and female citizens who can and can’t read.

Using information regarding Pakistan’s economy, have students conduct an economic analysis of Pakistan. Have students use information on government spending, imports and exports, GDP, and the primary economic activities within Pakistan to make hypotheses about why the economy is in its current state. How do political factors affect the economy? How does geography affect its economy? What recommendations would students make to improve the economy? As a possible extension have students conduct a similar analysis of a neighboring nation’s economy and make comparisons.

Have students compile a list of major statistics on Pakistan* (such as population, economy, languages, ethnic groups, etc.). Have them create graphs comparing these statistics with the U.S. or another major country. (*Recommended websites: CIA World Factbook, and UN Cyberschoolbus)

Sections of this were updated to speak to Pakistan’s current situation and statistics.

PBS: Video #13 – Pakistan: Economy and Politics (1/9/2006) http://www.pbs.org/nbr/site/research/educators/060106_13b/#2 This page provides background information on Pakistan’s economy and U.S. aid given to Pakistan. Lesson plans are provided which allow students to understand the Pakistani economy and its relation to the war against terrorism as well as its relation to the economies of other South Asian nations.

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GOVERNMENT & MILITARY – SEPARATE OR ONE AND THE SAME

RESOURCES & ARTICLES ON PAKISTAN’S GOVERNMENT

U.S. Department of State: Background Notes: Pakistan – Government http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3453.htm#gov Type: Parliamentary democracy. Independence: August 14, 1947. Branches: Executive: President (chief of state), Prime Minister (head of government). Legislative: bicameral parliament or Majlis-e-Shoora (100-seat Senate, 342-seat National Assembly). Judicial: Supreme Court, provincial high courts, Federal Islamic (or Shari'a) Court. Political parties: Pakistan People's Party (PPP), Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N), Awami National Party (ANP), Pakistan Muslim League (PML), Muttahid Majlis-e-Amal (umbrella group) (MMA), and Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM). Suffrage: Universal at 18. Political subdivisions: 4 provinces: Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (formerly known as the North-West Frontier Province or NWFP); also the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (composed of 7 tribal agencies--Bajaur, Mohmand, Khyber, Kurram, Orakzai, North Waziristan, and South Waziristan) and the Pakistani-administered portion of the disputed Jammu and Kashmir region (Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas).

BBC News: Country Profile on Pakistan – Leaders http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1157960.stm#leaders

CIA World Factbook: Pakistan – Government https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pk.html

United States Institute of Peace: Pakistan http://www.usip.org/countries-continents/asia/pakistan USIP has actively worked to promote peace and stability in Pakistan over the past several years. USIP's projects in Pakistan fall into three interrelated areas: improving mutual understanding between the U.S. and Pakistan, strengthening capacity to mitigate conflict, and promoting peace-building.

Human Rights Watch: Pakistan: Democracy, Three Years Later (4/5/2011) http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/04/05/pakistan-democracy-three-years-later Three years into its term of office, the government faces unprecedented criticism. Given complaints about the elected government's performance, do you think Pakistan was more stable and better governed under Musharraf?

Huffington Post: Pakistan – A Country in Search of a Leader (9/25/2011) http://www.huffingtonpost.com/azeem-ibrahim/pakistan-a-country-in-sea_b_979041.html After reading this article, have your class discuss what difficulties Imran Khan might face in steering the nation away from major military spending towards infrastructure funding and job creation? What benefits would emerge from increased division between military and government? What problems might ensue? If time permits, look at other potential Pakistani presidential candidates, their platforms and how they compare to one another.

”Pakistan needs new leadership to take the country out of this spiral down into further

poverty and despair, which historically leads to anger and extremist violence. More spending on the military will not prevent violence; it will

only make it worse.”

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GOVERNMENT & MILITARY – SEPARATE OR ONE AND THE SAME

RESOURCES AND ARTICLES ON PAKISTAN’S MILITARY

CIA World Factbook: Pakistan – Military https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pk.html Military branches: Army (includes National Guard), Navy (includes Marines and Maritime Security Agency), Pakistan Air Force (Pakistan Fiza'ya) (2010) Military service age and obligation: 17-23 years of age for voluntary military service; soldiers cannot be deployed for combat until age 18; the Pakistani Air Force and Pakistani Navy have inducted their first female pilots and sailors (2009) Manpower available for military service: males age 16-49: 48,453,305 females age 16-49: 44,898,096 (2010 est.) Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually: male: 2,237,723 female: 2,104,906 (2010 est.) Military expenditures: 3% of GDP (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 46

U.S. Department of State: Pakistan – Defense

National Security Pakistan has the world's eighth-largest armed forces, which is generally well-trained and disciplined. However, budget constraints and nation-building duties have reduced Pakistan's training tempo, which if not reversed, could affect the operational readiness of the armed forces. Likewise, Pakistan has had an increasingly difficult time maintaining its aging fleet of U.S., Chinese, U.K., and French equipment. While industrial capabilities have expanded significantly, limited budget resources and sanctions have significantly constrained the government's efforts to modernize its armed forces.

Until 1990, the United States provided military aid to Pakistan to modernize its conventional defensive capability. The United States allocated about 40% of its assistance package to non-reimbursable credits for military purchases, the third-largest program behind Israel and Egypt. The remainder of the aid program was devoted to economic assistance. Sanctions put in place in 1990 denied Pakistan further military assistance due to the discovery of its program to develop nuclear weapons. Sanctions were tightened following Pakistan's nuclear tests in response to India's May 1998 tests and the military coup of 1999. Pakistan has remained a non-signatory of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

The events of September 11, 2001, and Pakistan's agreement to support the United States led to a waiver of the sanctions, and military assistance resumed to provide spare parts and equipment to enhance Pakistan's capacity to police its western border with Afghanistan and address its legitimate security concerns. In 2003, President George W. Bush announced that the United States would provide Pakistan with $3 billion in economic and military aid over 5 years. This assistance package commenced during fiscal year 2005.

http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3453.htm#defense

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GOVERNMENT & MILITARY – SEPARATE OR ONE AND THE SAME

NPR: Details Emerge on Pakistani Attack on U.S. Officers (9/27/2011) http://www.npr.org/2011/09/27/140854967/details-emerge-about-pakistani-attack-on-u-s-officers At a moment when the partnership between the United States and Pakistan is fraying, new details are emerging about an ambush where Pakistani troops attacked visiting U.S. officers. Michele Norris talks with New York Times reporter Carlotta Gall about her story on the attack. Pulitzer Center: What is the Government’s Plan for Rebuilding Swat? (9/6/2011) http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/swat-valley-pakistan-fazlullah-taliban-jihad-government-reconstruction After three years of bloodshed and destruction by Taliban militants in Swat Valley, the Pakistan Army, understanding that more than force was needed to defeat extremists, held a conference on de-radicalisation. In the conference, held this past July, experts, politicians and military officials spoke on the rise of religious fundamentalism in the region and acknowledged the military for its offensive against Taliban militants. Of course, the military operation also killed more than 700 civilians dead and displaced millions from their homes. Carnegie Endowment: Condoleezza Rice and Germany on the Sino-Pakistan Deal (7/17/2011) http://carnegieendowment.org/2011/07/17/condoleezza-rice-and-germany-on-sino-pakistan-deal/3vu5 The German federal government has published in its journal of record its answer to questions submitted a month ago by lawmakers concerning the then-upcoming 2011 plenary meeting of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG). Particularly interesting is what Germany had to say about China’s plans to export two power reactors to Pakistan as Chashma-3 and -4. NPR: Pakistan’s Military Shapes Relationship with U.S. (12/21/2010) http://www.npr.org/2010/12/21/132232462/pakistans-military-shapes-relationship-with-u-s?ps=rs Classified U.S. diplomatic cables from Pakistan, released by WikiLeaks, reveal that despite billions of dollars in U.S. assistance to the civilian government, it is Pakistan's army that appears to be in charge. United States Institute of Peace: Atomic Pakistan: Building a Nuclear Arsenal in a Disarming World? (4/14/2010) http://www.usip.org/events/atomic-pakistan-building-nuclear-arsenal-in-disarming-world Pakistan's nuclear weapons program has been the subject of much controversy. On the heels of President Obama's Nuclear Security Summit, USIP hosted a panel discussion on Pakistan's stance towards nuclear armament and disarmament. Panelists examined Pakistan's position on the 'Global Zero' initiative, a proposed U.S.-Pakistan nuclear deal, and the likely future trajectory of the country's nuclear program, and the safety and security challenges associated with it. Newsweek: About Those Billions (10/20/2009) http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2009/10/21/about-those-billions.html Over the years, the U.S. has unloaded massive amounts of aid to Pakistan, including $7.5 billion more earlier this month. But the money doesn't always wind up where it's supposed to.

This page provides an informational timeline regarding aid given to Pakistan by the United

States. It explores the purpose and use of aid given to the Pakistani military in order to promote peace

and stability in the region.

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GOVERNMENT & MILITARY – SEPARATE OR ONE AND THE SAME NPR: New Pakistani Army Chief Quietly Takes Charge (1/24/2008) http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=18368603 Since taking over control of Pakistan's military forces from President Pervez Musharraf, Gen. Ashfaq Kayani has kept a relatively low profile. But he seems to be trying to keep the military out of politics.

Foreign Assistance: Pakistan (2010) The United States seeks to advance U.S. national security by deepening its long-term bilateral strategic partnership with Pakistan. This effort will support the U.S. goal to disrupt, dismantle, and defeat al Qaeda in the region, as well as deny safe haven for the Taliban by helping to build a stable, secure, democratic, and prosperous country. The United States will partner with Pakistan to strengthen the capacity of the democratic government to meet the needs of its citizens better by rehabilitating critical infrastructure, stabilizing key areas contested by violent extremists, and fostering private-sector-led economic growth. Peace and Security: Help nations effectively establish the conditions and capacity for achieving peace, security, and stability; and for responding effectively against arising threats to national or international security and stability.

Peace and Security Category by Fiscal Year

Pakistan

Peace and Security Sector Details, FY 2010 Appropriations

http://www.foreignassistance.gov/OU.aspx?OUID=169&FY=2011#ObjAnchor

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ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Brief of Environmental Concerns – Pakistan Scenario http://www.environment.gov.pk/PRO_PDF/PositionPaper/Environmental%20Concerns%20Pakistan%20Scenario.pdf This page provides a detailed report on Paskistan’s environmental issues and looks and Pakistan’s different industries and their involvement. Asia Society: The Fisherfolk of Karachi: A Parable of Pakistan (8/11/2011) http://asiasociety.org/blog/reasia/podcast-fisherfolk-karachi-parable-pakistan This podcast by the Asia Society explores the lives of Karachi’s fishermen, the threats to their livelihood by developers and increasing pollution and the implications this has for the future of Pakistan. Dawn: Pakistan’s First Climate Change Policy Ready (5/26/2011) http://www.dawn.com/2011/05/26/pakistan%E2%80%99s-first-climate-change-policy-ready.html Islamabad: After being devastated by the most severe flood in history, Pakistan has formally approved its first draft of the climate change policy. Brookings Institute: “Power”-less Pakistan (5/19/2011) http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2010/0519_pakistan_ebinger.aspx Pakistani leaders preoccupied with a Taliban insurgency and political infighting also face an explosive issue that could damage the credibility of governments for years to come: nationwide power outages. Attention was refocused on the energy crisis after recent high profile talks in Washington in which long-time allies, the United States and Pakistan, outlined steps to refurbish power stations in Pakistan. EcoWorld: UN Applauds Pakistan’s Climate Change Efforts (2/8/2011) http://www.ecoworld.com/global-warming/policies/un-applauds-pakistans-climate-change-efforts.html The UN on Tuesday commended Pakistan for electively making efforts to curb heat-trapping greenhouse gas emissions. Though still shaken by recent widespread flooding, the nation has taken steps toward combatting climate change by restricting emissions in accordance with the Kyoto Protocol. BBC News: Will the Pakistan Floods Strike Again? (8/13/2010) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-10958760 The recent floods in Pakistan's Indus Valley are of truly Biblical proportions. The UN estimates that the humanitarian crisis is now larger than the combined effects of the three worst natural disasters to strike in the past decade. Rivers just can't cope with all that water in such a short time. It was five times, maybe 10 times, more than “normal”. These include the Asian tsunami and the major earthquakes that devastated Kashmir and Haiti. The headline figure of 1,700 killed masks the real scale of the disaster that has displaced 14 million people. As I write, the southern city of Hyderabad, with a population of 1.5 million, stands on the brink of inundation as peak floodwaters surge downstream. Scientists have described this catastrophe as a once-in-a-century flood. But could climate change mean that floods of this magnitude, or even bigger, become a more regular occurrence? Global Post: Pakistan Floods Reveal Climate Change Fallout (8/2010) http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/pakistan/100826/pakistan-floods-illustrate-consequences-climate-change Geneva, Switzerland – Pakistan’s floods, the worst natural disaster in recent memory, have the potential to spark a series of crises that could affect large parts of the world, illustrating perhaps better than ever the political and economic consequences of climate change, analysts and international aid groups say.

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ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

National Geographic: Russia Fires, Pakistan Floods Linked? (8/11/2010)

They're raging a continent apart, but two deadly natural disasters – the Russian wildfires and the Pakistan floods – may be connected by the Asian monsoon, one of the most powerful atmospheric forces on the planet, scientists say. That's because the monsoon – a seasonal wind system that brings rain and floods to Pakistan and much of the rest of Asia in summer – also drives the circulation of air as far away as Europe, said Kevin Trenberth, a senior scientist at the Boulder, Colorado-based National Center for Atmospheric Research. Air pumped into the upper atmosphere by monsoon winds has to come down somewhere. And with the monsoon's giant reach, much of that air seems to be settling over Russia, where it's creating high-pressure conditions, which favor heat waves, Trenberth said. Near high-pressure systems, air tends to sink, which discourages clouds from forming. Such circulation patterns are normal, but they're also being enhanced by rising sea temperatures due in part to global warming, he added. For instance, the northern Indian Ocean has warmed 2 degrees Fahrenheit (1.1 degrees Celsius) since the 1970s. Warmer water releases more moisture into the air, which can supercharge monsoon rains. "The key message is that it's not just natural variability and not just global warming" but a combination of both, Trenberth said. For instance, the last months of a recent El Niño – a cyclical warming of tropical waters in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean – likely contributed to the high sea temperatures in the Indian Ocean. He also cautioned that the monsoon link between the Russia fires and Pakistan floods is difficult to prove, since it's based on observations and interpretations of past research.

This year's fierce monsoon rains have spawned Pakistan's worst flooding in 80 years, affecting nearly 14 million people, according to the New York Times. And in Russia, widespread fires are stoked by the worst heat wave in Russian memory. Around Moscow, choked with fire-related smog, temperatures have hovered around 100 degrees Fahrenheit for weeks and show no sign of letting up soon, according to the Bloomberg news agency. Trapping the smoke are anticyclones, atmospheric high-pressure centers that occur when monsoon winds form a stable layer of air a few thousand feet above Earth's surface. Both Russia and Pakistan are also experiencing "remarkable" temperatures in 2010, which is shaping up to be one of the hottest years since record-keeping began in the late 1880s, Jeff Masters, director of meteorology for the Weather Underground website, told National Geographic News in July. Nine countries have shattered heat records, including Pakistan, which on May 26 logged a mercury reading of 128.3 degrees Fahrenheit –the highest ever seen in Asia, Masters said. Extreme events such as heat waves, drought, and monsoon floods are believed by some scientists to be increasing with global warming, and the disasters in Russia and Pakistan may be indications of this, Rosanne D'Arrigo, a research professor at Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, said in an email. However, D'Arrigo said, it's not possible to ascribe any one event to global warming.

D'Arrigo added that there's a "possible relationship" between the monsoon and the fires –for instance, the Asian monsoon has been linked before in various ways to higher-latitude conditions, such as in the North Atlantic, she said. Deke Arndt, head of the Climate Monitoring Branch of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Climatic Data Center, agreed it's likely that the fires can be traced back to the monsoon. He noted that the events may also be prolonged by an atmospheric "logjam" that's common in the summer but which has been unusually "stubborn and long-lasting" this year. The blockage occurs when atmospheric winds lock climate phenomena – such as large storms or heat waves – into place for a long period of time. In the United States in the summer, for example, storms will "squat on a place and sit and spin for a week," Arndt said. "These features, while they're strong, are also really persistent," he said. They "show up[as] day after day of rainfall in India and Pakistan ... and day after day of oppressive conditions in western Russia." Overall, scientists often struggle to quantify how the climate fits in with such natural occurrences, Arndt said. But the likely link between the Russian fires and the Pakistan floods "is a great example that things that happen in the atmosphere don't occur in isolation."

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/08/100812-russian-wildfires-pakistan-floods-global-warming-science-environment/

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ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

Connecting to the Classroom: Pakistan Floods & STEM After another round of devastating floods in Pakistan this year, the region continues to face a series of environmental, social, and political challenges. While many students may be aware of the Pakistani floods and its implications as a humanitarian issue, viewing the floods in its environmental context will connect students with the floods’ implications as a greater global issue.

Read the article by National Geographic “Russia Fires, Pakistan Floods Linked?,”and explain the environmental and climate causes behind the severe flooding. Explore the idea that greater shifts in weather and climate have the ability not only to affect immediate regions, but also the greater spectrum of global weather patterns, as in the case with Pakistan and Russia. Visit the article “Indus floods, 2010: why did the Sindhu break its agreement?” produced by the Australian National University for more information regarding how factors such as weather, geography and agriculture affected the flooding. Article:http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/blogs/southasiamasala/2010/09/01/indus-floods-2010-why-did-the-sindhu-break-its-agreement/

*A Slow-motion Tsunami: Pakistan’s floods were described by UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon as a “slow-motion tsunami.” Have the class discuss what this term might mean and how it applies to the floods. Connect this concept with the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami and explore what environmental factors were a part of the natural disaster. Using the Huffington Post article “UN: Pakistan Flood Misery Exceeds Tsunami, Haiti” compare the effects of these disasters. Article: (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20100809/as-pakistan-floods/)

*The Population Factor: Using a map created by the SASI Research Group from the University of Sheffield look at the population concentrations across Pakistan. Considering that almost 170 million Pakistanis are living along the nation’s rivers and floodplains, think about why these areas are more densely populated and what implications this trend might have towards the effects of flooding. Article: http://www.viewsoftheworld.net/?p=755

2011 Floods: Have students compare their understanding of Pakistan’s past flooding to the most recent floods in 2011. Using the Huffington Post article “Pakistan Floods 2011 Hundreds Killed, 200,000 Homeless” and Mercy Corps’ “Another Year of Flooding in Sindh,” continue to discuss what environmental factors have perpetuated this disaster. Explore any differences between the floods of 2010 and 2011 and how the Pakistani government and other outside organizations have responded. Huffington Post Article: (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/13/pakistan-floods-2011_n_960509.html) Mercy Corps Article: (http://www.mercycorps.org/countries/pakistan/25916)

*Create a Display: Have student groups create displays reflecting their discoveries. Be sure they incorporate the following items:

Maps showing an understanding of Pakistan’s geography and population distribution. Students should discuss how these elements factored into the causes behind the floods and also how they were later affected by the flood.

A diagram explaining the causes and effects of climate change.

Graphs paralleling the damages of Pakistan’s floods and the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. Students should compare damages in terms of deaths, affected population, infrastructure damage, and outside financial aid given.

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More Resources Oxfam International: Oxfam Responds to Fresh Flooding in Pakistan (9/2011) http://www.oxfam.org/en/emergencies/pakistan-floods-2010/oxfam-responds-fresh-flooding-pakistan-slideshow

Science Daily: Extreme 2010 Russian Fires and Pakistan Floods Linked Meteorologically (9/1/2011) http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110831120056.htm

Boston Globe: Pakistan: Devastating Flood, One Year Later (8/5/2011) http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2011/08/pakistan_flood_damage_one_year_later.html

Wired: Jet Stream ‘kink’ Causing Pakistan Floods and Russian Heat Wave (8/16/2010) http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2010-08/16/jet-stream-kink

American Red Cross: Pakistan Floods 2010 http://www.redcross.org/www-files/Documents/pdf/international/Pakistan/PakistanFloods_OneYearReport.pdf

*Note: Portions of this lesson plan were adapted from the Geographical Association’s lesson “Pakistan Floods” geared towards students in the U.K. To fully view this lesson plan please follow this link: http://www.geography.org.uk/resources/pakistanfloods/

Choices: Teaching with the News – Pakistan’s Floods http://www.choices.edu/resources/twtn_pakistan.php Pakistan’s terrible floods began in the summer of 2010, but their devastating effects continue. Although media coverage has dwindled, the crisis persists as over a million people remain displaced, many without reliable access to food or drinking water. This lesson introduces students to the disaster and encourages them to consider the impact of history, climate vulnerability, and current politics as they attempt to understand the terrible flooding in Pakistan. UNDP: Pakistan – Environment and Climate Change http://undp.org.pk/environment-and-climate-change.html Pakistan faces many environmental challenges which need to addresses since the economy is dependent on its natural resources. These challenges are grouped in two broad categories with varying degrees of impact. The first, arises from a combination of poverty and population growth, leading to the over-exploitation of natural resources, and the second, emanates from the largely unplanned increase in industrialization and urbanization, leading to the pollution of water, air and land. The poor are disproportionately affected by this environmental degradation and lack of access to clean, affordable energy services.

Objectives:

Students will: Identify the immediate and long-term effects of the flooding on Pakistan.

Identify factors that contribute to vulnerability to climate disasters.

Examine the relationship between Pakistan’s history and current events.

Consider the U.S. relationship with Pakistan.

Consider individual and collective responses to the situation in Pakistan.

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WOMEN IN SOCIETY TODAY Human Rights Watch: World Report 2011: Pakistan http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2011/pakistan Violence and mistreatment of women and girls, including rape, domestic violence, and forced marriage, remain serious problems. The Domestic Violence (Prevention and Protection) Bill, unanimously passed by the National Assembly in August 2009, lapsed after the Senate failed to pass it within three months as required under Pakistan's constitution.

PBS: Muslim Women through Time http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/globalconnections/mideast/educators/women/lesson2.html Learning Objectives Students will learn that monolithic cultures and accurate stereotypes of Muslim women do not exist. A combination of factors affects the role of Muslim women as a group and individually over time.

Lesson Plan No country, culture, or group stays the same indefinitely. Consider that it wasn't until 1920 that women in the United States were allowed to vote. National origin, family background, economic levels, and historical context all help determine opportunities people have in life. Muslim women are subject to these factors as well. In this lesson, students will learn how and why the role of women in Islamic cultures has evolved.

Examine and discuss the factors that can affect any woman's life and accomplishments: o The context of her culture at the time (e.g., legal interpretations, educational opportunities, and

behavioral expectations) o The dictates of her religion and her family background (including level of education, wealth, and

status) o Her individual talents and personal sense of ambition

Offer the example of Walladah bint Mustakfi as a case study of how a number of factors influence a woman's choices.

Walladah bint Mustakfi (c. 1001-1080 C.E.) Walladah was the daughter of the caliph of Cordoba in Islamic Spain. Cordoba was a tolerant, multicultural society, famous for its many libraries and sophisticated literary life, in which women were often scholars. After her father's death, Walladah inherited enough wealth to guarantee her independence. She was well known as a poet and hosted literary gatherings for both men and women. She had several famous love affairs, including one with the prominent poet Ibn Zaydun, but never married. Her surviving poetry reflects her free spirit. She was known to have designed robes that had embroidered sleeves. On one robe was embroidered,

"I am fit for high positions, by God, and go on my way with pride.” On another was embroidered, "I allow my lover to touch my cheek, and bestow my kiss on him who craves it."

Use this example to help students understand that Walladah bint Mustakfi lived in a tolerant time that permitted significant personal freedoms. In addition, the wealth and position of her family provided economic independence and access to other opportunities.

Working alone or in small groups, students will then choose a famous Muslim woman. Some suggestions are included here.

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Students will use the Internet and print resources to research the woman chosen and record as much of the following information as possible: o Name of woman o Birth and death dates o Country of origin/where she lived o How did she reflect the culture of her time? o How did she rise above it? o Family background/social status/wealth o Level of education

If time permits, students may present their research to the class. Through chronologically organized presentations, students will learn how the roles of Muslim women have evolved.

Lead a discussion focusing on the common denominators in the lives of exceptional women in Islamic and Middle Eastern history. Some discussion questions may include the following: o How and why did the roles of Muslim women evolve? o What factors allowed these women to go beyond the norm? o What common obstacles did they face? o How are their stories similar to those of famous women in other cultures? o Does the role of women and the rights afforded them always improve? Are there examples in the

Middle East and in other regions in the world where women have lost freedoms?

Assessment

How well can the student give examples of factors that influence the role of a woman in her culture?

Has the student completed the chart completely and accurately?

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WOMEN IN SOCIETY TODAY

The Library of Congress: Pakistan – The Status of Women and the Women’s Movement http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+pk0057) This page provides a historical overview of the women’s movement in Pakistan.

Government of Pakistan: Ministry of Women Development http://web.archive.org/web/20070305071950/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/ministries/ContentInfo.jsp?MinID=17&cPath=182_183&ContentID=294 The Ministry of Women Development is a national focal Ministry for the advancement of women, social welfare and special education. It plays the role of advocate, planner and coordinator of women, children, elderly and special person.

Women Living Under Muslim Laws: Women’s Action Forum http://www.wluml.org/contact/wrrc/content/womens-action-forum-waf A women's rights organization and has a presence in several cities in Pakistan. It is a non-partisan, non-hierarchical and non-funded organization.

Pulitzer Center: Pakistani Girl Defies Honor Killing (9/24/2011) http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/pakistan-honor-killing-escape-trial-human-rights-rape Kainat Soomro is a 17-year-old Pakistani girl who has become a celebrity of sorts in her battle for justice in the Pakistani courts, a daring move for a woman of any age in this country, let alone a teenager.

The Washington Post: Pakistani Case Shows Limits of Women’s Rights (4/25/2011) http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/pakistani-case-shows-limits-of-womens-rights/2011/04/25/AF2H57lE_story.html For the past nine years, Mukhtar Mai has lived in the same village where she was allegedly dragged into a house, raped and pushed out naked, while 200 higher-caste tribesmen sat in approval nearby and her father was too frightened to save her.

Foreign Policy: Throwing Acid on Human Rights (4/30/2010) http://afpak.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/04/30/throwing_acid_on_human_rights On Thursday, three women were attacked by two men in Kalat, Baluchistan who sprayed them with acid. The culprits escaped, and the three women, sisters, have been admitted to the hospital, with one, according to the BBC, in serious condition.

The Boston Globe: Pakistani Women Work for Peace Amid Violence (1/15/2010) http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2010/01/15/pakistani_women_work_for_peace_amid_violence/ Pakistan: a court ordered the noses and ears of two brothers cut off after they were convicted of doing the same thing to Fazeelat Bibi, a 21 year-old woman who had declined a marriage proposal from one of them. Although few believe that part of the sentence will ever be carried out, it is considered a victory for women’s rights that the case against the brothers was even brought.

Huffington Post: Women’s Rights in Pakistan: Descending into Darkness (6/24/2009) http://www.huffingtonpost.com/human-rights-first/mukhtar-mai-pakistani-wom_b_219553.html Mukhtar Mai, a leading Pakistani women's rights advocate, gained fame for the way she courageously stood up to traditions that violated her human rights. Online, one can find plenty of information about her. Her gang rape, her recent marriage, her strides for women's rights and education, and the harassment that she has faced from Pakistani government officials.

Government of Pakistan: Ministry of Women Development – Pakistan and the CEDAW (9/14/2006) http://web.archive.org/web/20070307084631/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/ministries/women-development-ministry/media/Brief.pdf

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WOMEN IN SOCIETY TODAY Pakistan acceded to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) on 29 February, 1996, being the 174th State-Party. Ministry of Women Development (MoWD) is the designated national focal machinery for its implementation.

PBS: Who Wears a Veil? http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/globalconnections/mideast/educators/women/lesson1.html Students will define stereotypes and learn how common misperceptions foster visual stereotypes about Muslim women. Students will identify famous women and learn about the significance of the veil in different cultures.

NPR: Female Workers Break Stereotypes in Karachi (6/5/2008) On a narrow, unpaved Karachi street that has never had water service, a handful of men were digging a trench recently. They were digging it for their own water line, at their own expense. For this part of Karachi, that's normal. But surprisingly, for this part of the world, a woman was supervising the men. Sabra Khadun has a cold, steady gaze and a stud in her nose. She explains that everybody on the street is donating money for the water line. She lives in a tiny house, in a settlement that you could call a slum. The living room is painted pastel blue. And there's a cushioned wood couch, big enough to hold a few of her 11 children — four sons and seven daughters. Every child's name begins with the letter "S," just like hers. It's not unusual to find women in leading roles in Karachi's development. At the city's public universities, female students vastly outnumber the men in key fields like architecture. People aren't sure why, but it's happening. One of Karachi's former architectural students is Parveen Rehman. She started her career dismayed by the work she was doing. "When I graduated, I was very confused," she says. Rehman worked for a famous architect, designing a hotel, when she decided to walk out and change course. She ended up going to work instead for an organization called the Orangi Pilot Project. It gives poor people the help they need to dig their own sewers, or water lines, when the government does not. Rehman vividly recalls something that she heard from the project's male founder, who spoke of the power of women. He compared himself to a grandmother — "not your grandfather, because your grandmother gives love ... and through love she's able to encourage and make people grow." Women are active in the development of Karachi, but Rehman says "they do not like to publicize" their roles. 'Gentle but Persuasive' A woman "is in charge of the entire house, [the] entire budget," Rehman says. "And if she's not convinced, no money can be let out for the development. No house can be improved, no child can go and get educated. It's a woman who [makes] the decision. "But when you go into some house, a man will come and talk and be very upfront and high profile, because by nature the women have been very gentle but persuasive. They know how to persuade their men ... to do the things that they want to get done." Dealing with government officials initially was difficult for women, Rehman says. If women told an official, " 'You do this, you do that' ... he would start avoiding us. There's a lot of things he can't do. The system is such. But now we go and we say, 'We want your advice. Please tell us what to do,' and they feel very happy. "I feel sometimes — not with men and women — with any group, if you come just upfront and try to be ... the person taking credit for everything, that's where things start going wrong," she says. Once you rise up horizontally, you take everybody with you. But if you want to rise vertically, you will rise, but then nobody will be there for you." Rehman heads a research center in Orangi, a section of Karachi. She also teaches a college class in architecture. The list of students right now includes 11 women — no men.

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=91181163

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PAKISTAN-U.S. RELATIONS Bloomberg: Afghan Assassination Threatens Peace Talks, Pakistan Relations (9/20/2011) http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-09-20/afghan-assassination-threatens-peace-talks-pakistan-relations.html The assassination of Burhanuddin Rabbani, chairman of Afghanistan’s High Peace Council, dealt a blow to the government’s negotiations with the Taliban and fraying relations between the U.S. and Pakistan. Asia Society: A Way Forward for U.S.-Pakistan Relations (9/19/2011) http://asiasociety.org/video/policy/way-forward-us-pakistan-relations-complete USAID Administrator Rajiv Shah and U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan Cameron Munter share insights into current U.S. diplomatic and civilian assistance efforts in Pakistan with Asia Society Associate Fellow Hassan Abbas. Carnegie Endowment: U.S. Policy toward Pakistan (9/9/2011) http://carnegieendowment.org/2011/09/09/u.s.-policy-toward-pakistan/4v30 The United States has been a major player in Pakistan for sixty years; if Pakistan is dangerously dysfunctional, Washington helped enable it to get this way. As withdrawal from Afghanistan means that the United States will be less dependent on Pakistani supply lines, Washington has a rare opportunity to reconsider and dramatically revise its existing policies and practices in a country of great strategic importance. Carnegie’s George Perkovich discussed ways in which the United States could redesign its approach to Pakistan after decades of empowering the nation’s hyperactive military and intelligence services at the expense of effective governance. Karen DeYoung of the Washington Post moderated. Carnegie Endowment: Who Benefits from U.S. Aid to Pakistan? (9/2011) http://carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=45586&solr_hilite=Afghanistan After 9/11 and again following the killing of Osama bin Laden, questions have been raised about the purpose of aid from the United States to Pakistan. If aid was primarily meant for military and counterterrorism support, the results from an American perspective have been inadequate at best. Washington has accused the Pakistani government and military of duplicity, and of protecting key militant leaders living within Pakistan. The United States continues to ask the government of Pakistan to “do more.” NPR: U.S., Pakistan ‘Mutually Exploited Their Relationship (5/17/2011) http://www.npr.org/2011/05/17/136385185/u-s-pakistan-mutually-exploited-their-relationship In the two weeks since Osama Bin Laden was killed in a town 35 miles from the capital, Islamabad, relations between the U.S. and Pakistan have plummeted. Anatol Lieven, author of Pakistan: A Hard Country, talks to Steve Inskeep and what he sees for Pakistan in a post-Osama bin Laden world. The Washington Post: Highs and Lows of U.S.-Pakistan Relationship (5/5/2011) http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/special/pakistan-timeline/timeline-us-pakistan-relations.html The two countries are allies but their relationship has been plagued by mistrust over the last 50 years. This timeline, provided by the Washington Post, provides a visual chart of Pakistan-U.S. relations from 1947-the present.

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CQ Researcher: U.S.-Pakistan Relations – Overview (8/2/2011)

When U.S. Navy Seals killed Osama bin Laden May 2 in a raid on his house in Abbottabad, Pakistan, the death sparked a mixture of glee, relief and satisfaction in the West. After a decade-long manhunt, the mastermind of the September 2001 terror attacks was no longer a threat, and the murders of nearly 3,000 innocent people had been avenged. Bin Laden's demise marked “the most significant achievement to date in our nation's effort to defeat Al Qaeda,” President Barack Obama declared.

But the U.S. assault on bin Laden's lair also inflamed longstanding tensions between the United States and Pakistan, sparking charges and counter-charges of deceit and betrayal and further shaking the long, rocky alliance between the two countries in the fight against Islamic extremism.

After the raid, reports quickly surfaced that bin Laden may have hidden in the Abbottabad house — a conspicuously upscale compound a stone's throw from Pakistan's top military academy — for as long as five years, increasing suspicion that Pakistani authorities knew of his whereabouts and kept silent. Many Pakistanis, meanwhile, charged that the raid — swift, violent and stealthy — was tantamount to an illegal invasion.

All “peace-loving people” should be happy that bin Laden is dead, but “no country will accept such a violation by the U.S., which undermines Pakistan's sovereignty, army and intelligence,” declared Pervez Musharraf, the former army chief who ruled Pakistan as a dictator from 1999 until 2008, when he stepped down amid calls for his impeachment.

A poster from the Muslim Pakistani political party Jamaat-e-Islami protests against the release of Raymond Davis, an American CIA contractor who last January shot and killed two civilians in Lahore who he said had tried to rob him. Davis, who was in Pakistan to monitor international terror groups, was allowed by Pakistan to leave the country without standing trial. (AFP/Getty Images/Asif Hassan) While bin Laden's presence on Pakistani soil stoked American anger, many experts say that because the United States needs Pakistan to fight terrorism, it must encourage the country's development into a stable, civilian-led state. Otherwise, they say, Pakistan could skid further into chaos, ally itself with extremist regimes and grow as a terrorist haven.

Heightening concern over Pakistan's stability are its possession of nuclear weapons and a bitter, decades-long struggle it has carried on with its cross-border nemesis, India, also nuclear-armed. With such high stakes, many analysts say the United States must maintain a strategic alliance with the nation. In recent years, that alliance has paid big dividends, experts note: Pakistani military authorities have tacitly approved U.S. drone strikes in western tribal regions adjacent to Afghanistan and allowed CIA operatives to search for terrorists inside Pakistani cities — all despite bitter recriminations from some who claim such operations violate the country's sovereignty.

To underscore the importance of the alliance, C. Christine Fair, an assistant professor at Georgetown University's Center for Peace and Security Studies, points to an incident last January in which CIA contractor Raymond Davis shot dead two Pakistani nationals in Lahore who he said had tried to rob him, then was allowed by the Pakistani government to leave the country without standing trial. Davis was in Pakistan to keep tabs on international terror groups such as Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), suspected of numerous attacks, including one in Mumbai, India, in November 2008, that killed 174 people.

To keep its agents protected and intelligence flowing, Fair says, the United States must even maintain a relationship with Pakistan's ruthless Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) agency, without whose cooperation U.S. agents couldn't operate in the country. “Sometimes you have to deal with the fireman even if the fireman is an arsonist,” Fair says.

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Other analysts, however, question whether the alliance between Pakistan and the United States already is beyond repair. They point to increasing anti-Americanism inside Pakistan, the proliferation of militant groups whose aims are increasingly unclear and suspicion that Pakistan continues to provide cover for terrorists like bin Laden.

Indeed, some in Congress are calling for a sharp reduction or complete end to U.S. economic and military aid to Pakistan, arguing it has been exploiting its ties with the United States. The United States provided nearly $4.5 billion in aid to Pakistan in fiscal 2010 — about $2.7 billion for military and anti-drug uses and $1.7 billion in economic and food aid.

“Pakistan has a lot of explaining to do,” said Rep. Ted Poe, R-Texas, who introduced the Pakistan Foreign Aid Accountability Act, aimed at halting all aid to Pakistan unless it's proven that Pakistani leaders had no knowledge of bin Laden's whereabouts. “We need to re-evaluate the foreign aid that we send to countries that do not have America's best interest in mind,” said Poe. Concerns over Pakistan's stability and trustworthiness extend beyond the anti-terrorism realm and include questions about Pakistan's internal governance and economic structure.

Pakistan's “federal and provincial governments appear helpless in the face of strong economic mafias that manipulate supplies to markets and increase prices of essential commodities,” wrote Hasan-Askari Rizvi, an independent political and defense analyst in Pakistan. The resulting poverty and injustice “increases the threat of anarchy, if not total collapse, in many parts of Pakistan.”

In recent years, Pakistan has consistently ranked near the top of an annual “Failed States Index” compiled by the Fund for Peace, an independent, Washington-based research and advocacy group. This year, Pakistan ranks as the 12th most risky nation; last year it ranked 10th.

But some foreign-policy experts caution that U.S. concerns over Pakistan may be somewhat overstated. “Americans get into despair easily” about Pakistan, says Stephen P. Cohen, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, a centrist think tank in Washington. But, while the current situation is grim, “Pakistan has a huge number of competent people” and has navigated rough shoals in the past, he says, pointing, for example, to the fact that the nation has returned from military dictatorship to democratic rule several times during its history and moved on intact after the assassinations and untimely deaths of several of its top leaders.

http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2011080500&type=hitlist&num=0

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Pro-Con: Should the U.S. Cut Off Aid to Pakistan? Have students explore current Pakistan-U.S. relations and then consider the contrasting opinions of Rep. Dana Rohrabacher and Lisa Curtis regarding the United States’ involvement and aid towards Pakistan. Set up a class debate based on these contrasting views allowing students to gain a deep understanding of both perspectives regarding U.S. aid towards Pakistan. Students can use the ideas of Rep. Dana Rohrabacher and Lisa Curtis as foundations for their ideas and arguments; in addition, encourage them to also do independent research to develop new points and statements. CQ Researcher

Pro: Rep. Dana Rohrabacher, R-Calif. Pakistan is not a friend of the United States. It has very different strategic interests. Over the past decade we have given Pakistan $18 billion to buy their help in the War on Terrorism, and it has become increasingly clear that strategy has failed. In the aftermath of the Navy Seal raid on Osama bin Laden's hideout, Islamabad demanded the U.S. reduce the number of our personnel in Pakistan. They arrested informants who helped us locate Bin Laden, after Pakistan gave him safe harbor for years. Mike Rodgers, R-Mich., chairman of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, said he believes “there are elements of both the [Pakistani] military and intelligence service who in some way, both before and maybe even currently, provided some assistance to bin Laden.” That is putting it mildly; the Pakistan's intelligence service is the Taliban. Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman Adm. Michael Mullen said in a newspaper interview, “It's fairly well known that the ISI [Directorate of Inter-Services Intelligence] has a longstanding relationship with the Haqqani network…. Haqqani is supporting, funding and training fighters that are killing Americans and … coalition partners.” It is suspected that Pakistan tips off insurgent groups about raids U.S., Afghan and coalition forces are planning. The Wall Street Journal reported the Pakistani prime minister traveled to Kabul and told Afghan President Hamid Karzai not to cooperate with America and to move towards their friends the Chinese. Another example of Pakistan's divergent interests is its alignment with Communist China, against their common enemy India. Recently the Pakistani ambassador in

Con: Lisa Curtis, Senior Research Fellow for S. Asia Cutting off all U.S. aid to Pakistan would spell disaster for U.S. interests in the region. But sticking with the status quo — providing generous assistance to a country with an increasingly defiant posture toward the United States — also makes little sense. The Obama administration's announcement earlier this month that it planned to withhold $800 million in military aid to Pakistan sends a signal that the current state of affairs between the two countries is no longer sustainable. U.S. security assistance to Pakistan is legally conditioned on it meeting counterterrorism benchmarks, and we ought to hold firmly to the letter of the law. The recent reduction in security assistance makes sense, especially in light of Pakistan's expulsion of 150 U.S. and British military trainers from the country and reports about Pakistani officials alerting terrorists to U.S. information on bomb-making facilities in the tribal border areas. But the United States must balance the need to demonstrate dissatisfaction with Pakistani actions with the goal of encouraging Pakistan to develop into a stable, moderate and economically vibrant country at peace with its neighbors. Strengthening Pakistan's democratic institutions and civilian authorities offers the best chance to create a functional, mutually beneficial relationship. And the U.S. diminishes the chances of pushing the relationship in this direction if it only pursues punitive measures. Abruptly stopping all aid would also come at a steep price. Pakistan could react by cutting off NATO supply lines that run through Pakistan to coalition troops in

THE DAY AFTER

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Beijing said the relationship with China “is higher than the mountains, deeper than the oceans, stronger than steel, dearer than eyesight, sweeter than honey and so on.” In contrast, the Pakistani prime minister has reportedly denounced America's “imperial designs.” The China-Pakistan alliance has included intelligence sharing, nuclear weapons development, infrastructure expansion, military training, arms sales and defense industrial cooperation. Their imperial design is to control Afghanistan (the reason Pakistan created the Taliban), drive out Western influence and contain India. Building the Gwadar naval base is part of China's “String of Pearls” strategy that includes bases in Burma, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and elsewhere to contain India. American aid has not pulled Pakistan away from this alliance; it has only served to subsidize it and China's hegemonic designs. Recognizing that our strategic interests are no longer in Pakistan is long overdue, which is why I have introduced House Resolution 1790 to cut off all financial aid.

Afghanistan. In addition, it may expel U.S. intelligence officials, thus denying the United States access to valuable information that helps the CIA track terrorists. The U.S. has a broader interest in maintaining steady relations with Pakistan and encouraging stability in the nuclear-armed nation of 180 million. If the U.S. were to cut all aid to Pakistan and prevail on the International Monetary Fund and World Bank to do the same, the Pakistani economy would teeter on the brink of collapse. The chances of Pakistan's nuclear arsenal falling into terrorist hands, while currently remote, would increase. The United States must carefully calibrate its large-scale aid programs to Pakistan in a way that helps shape their policies toward terrorism and at the same time assures them of U.S. goodwill and interest in maintaining close ties over the long term. The strategy may not succeed, but it is worth a try.

http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2011080500&type=hitlist&num=0

*CQ Researcher is an excellent resource for Pro-Con articles. Check this site out for using news in the classroom.

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PAKISTAN AND ITS NEIGHBORHOOD

http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2011080500&type=hitlist&num=0

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PAKISTAN AND ITS NEIGHBORHOOD

PAKISTAN-INDIA RELATIONS

BACKGROUND

BBC News: India-Pakistan: Troubled Relations http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/default.stm Ever since the partition of the sub-continent in 1947, when Britain dismantled its Indian empire, India and Pakistan have been arch rivals. The animosity has its roots in religion and history, and is epitomized by the long-running conflict over the state of Jammu and Kashmir. This has recently escalated into a dangerous nuclear arms race. Asia Society: India-Pakistan Relations: A 50-Year History http://asiasociety.org/countries/conflicts/india-pakistan-relations-50-year-history Shortly after 3:45 PM on May 11, 1998 at Pokhran, a desert site in the Indian state of Rajisthan, groups of local Bishnoi herders – whose customs forbid killing animals or cutting trees – heard a huge explosion, and watched in amazement as an enormous dust cloud floated in the sky. What the Indian farmers did not realize, but the diplomats in Washington and around the world soon grasped, was the fact that India had just joined the United States, Russia, England, France and China as the newest member of the nuclear club. On that warm May afternoon, Indian nuclear scientists successfully exploded three atomic devices amounting to about six times the destructive power of the American bomb dropped on Hiroshima in 1945. The next day, as the world tried to absorb the frightening news, India ignited two more nuclear explosions. The New York Times: Kashmir (8/10/2011) http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/kashmir/index.html?scp=3&sq=india%20pakistan%20history&st=cse Both India and Pakistan claim the Kashmir Valley, a predominantly Muslim region. The valley was once a unique and idyllic patch of India, filled with apple orchards and shimmering fields of saffron framed by spiky, snow-capped peaks. Kashmir's mosaic of relatively peaceful coexistence first began to crack during the partition of British India, in 1947. Sixty years of bitterness, including two wars, have followed. NPR: Pakistan’s Troubles Stem From Misunderstood Past (9/28/2011) http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130179501 Ayesha Jalal, a professor at Tufts University, just finished a semester teaching history at a leading university in Lahore, Pakistan. Jalal was the author of a noted book that reinterpreted Pakistan's birth. She tells Steve Inskeep that Pakistan was founded to protect the political interests of Muslims on the Indian subcontinent — and not necessarily as an explicitly Islamic state or a theocracy. Pakistani governments have deliberately confused this issue for many years, encouraging many of the religious conflicts the country faces today.

This page provides a timeline of India-Pakistan relations from 1947 to the present.

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RESOURCES AND LESSON PLANS

The New York Times: India-Pakistan Relations http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/news/international/countriesandterritories/india/relations_with_pakistan/index.html News about relations between India and Pakistan, including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times. NPR: Afghanistan Signs Pact with India, Irking Pakistan (10/4/2011) http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=141048087 New Delhi — Afghanistan signed a strategic partnership with India on Tuesday, a move likely to enrage neighboring Pakistan at a time when its relations with the Afghans and the West are sharply strained over alleged links of its spy agency to militants blamed for high-profile attacks across the border. Huffington Post: The India-Pakistan Border From The International Space Station (9/6/2011) http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/06/india-pakistan-border-iss_n_951002.html This is like a modern Great Wall of China. The bright orange line on the photo below, which was taken from the International Space Station, isn't photo shopped or cleverly highlighted to show an otherwise indiscernible line. It's an actual line of lights separating a hostile Asian border. It's the border between India and Pakistan, and it clearly shows just how divided these two nations are. Pakistan-India Relations Moving from ‘Bombs’ to ‘Bombshells’? (8/3/2011) http://asiasociety.org/blog/reasia/pakistan-india-relations-moving-bombs-bombshells While the mysteries surrounding interactions between the CIA and Pakistan’s ISI intelligence agency continue to be partly entertaining and partly amazing, the situation in Afghanistan is deteriorating — complicating U.S. withdrawal plans. The New York Times: India and Pakistan, Talking (8/1/2011) http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/02/opinion/india-and-pakistan-talking.html?ref=relationswithpakistan With a relationship as combustible as that between India and Pakistan, it’s progress just to get the two sides in a room. Last week’s meeting was better. Their foreign ministers announced modest, but very welcome, agreements concerning the bitterly disputed region of Kashmir. The New York Times: India and Pakistan Report Progress in Easing Strains (7/27/2011) http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/28/world/asia/28india.html?ref=relationswithpakistan New Delhi — The foreign ministers of India and Pakistan met here on Wednesday, agreeing to a set of small but significant concessions to ease tensions in the disputed border region of Kashmir and pledging to work toward closer ties between their mutually wary, nuclear-armed countries.

36 World Affairs Council Resource Packet: Top Ten Things to Know about Pakistan – October 27, 2011

PAKISTAN AND ITS NEIGHBORHOOD

Carnegie Endowment: The Nuclear Chain (6/10/2011) http://carnegieendowment.org/2011/07/10/nuclear%2Dchain%2Du%2Ds%2Dchina%2Dchina%2Dindia%2Dindia%2Dpakistan%2Dand%2Dstrategic%2Dstability/5om0?solr_hilite=India-Pakistan Despite the increasing multilateralism of nuclear dynamics, analyses often remain confined to the bilateral or trilateral level. Nowhere is this more evident than in discussions of strategic stability. To explore the potential for nuclear trends to affect relationships between multiple countries, the Carnegie-Tsinghua Center for Global Policy hosted a group of Chinese graduate students at the Tsinghua Politics and International Relations International Community Conference. Carnegie’s Lora Saalman moderated and spoke at the event. Brookings Institute: Arms Control and the India-Pakistan Relationship (5/9/2011) http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2011/0509_india_pakistan_talbott.aspx At a recent event, Strobe Talbott discussed the complex India-Pakistan relationship, comparing it with the relationship between the Ukraine and Russia. He noted that while these two bilateral relationships are vastly different, the fact that they stem from common roots in the context of collapsing empires has resulted in some similar anxieties—in particular, with respect to nonproliferation and arms control.

India and Pakistan in the Wake of the Mumbai Attacks http://www.choices.edu/resources/twtn_india.php Today, India and Pakistan face each other with hostility and suspicion heightened by the terror attacks in Mumbai. Both countries have nuclear weapons. Some experts think that the nuclear face-off between India and Pakistan makes the region the most dangerous place in the world. In the wake of the Mumbai attacks, officials in the U.S. are focusing on the potential for the hostility between these two neighbors to boil over into active military conflict.

Choices is an excellent website that provides up-to-date,

complete lesson plans on a wide

range of topics.

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PAKISTAN AND ITS NEIGHBORHOOD

AFGHANISTAN – PAKISTAN RELATIONS

http://www.google.com/imgres?q=afghanistan+pakistan&hl=en&client=firefox-a&hs=MnV&sa=X&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=1280&bih=920&tbm=isch&prmd=imvnsu&tbnid=81l4KqL2SM9gSM:&imgrefurl=http://rehanbhatti.blogspot.com/&docid=Y89aYtccj4xgPM&w=625&h=655&ei=4F16TtufKanciALolcW-Dw&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=295&page=1&tbnh=139&tbnw=133&start=0&ndsp=34&ved=1t:429,r:15,s:0&tx=101&ty=28

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PAKISTAN AND ITS NEIGHBORHOOD

AFGHANISTAN – PAKISTAN RELATIONS

Institute for the Study of War: Military Analysis and Education for Civilian Leaders Themes: Pakistan and Afghanistan http://www.understandingwar.org/themenode/pakistan-and-afghanistan Afghanistan’s exports are raw materials, which are processed or used in manufacturing in Pakistan. The finished goods are frequently resold to Afghans at a higher price.

LESSON PLANS & ACTIVITIES

What will President Obama do about Afghanistan & Pakistan? By Alan Shapiro

To the Teacher: The intertwined problems posed by Afghanistan and Pakistan represent a major foreign policy challenge for the Obama administration. Below is an opening exercise to get students thinking about this issue. It is followed by a student reading that provides an overview of recent events in Afghanistan, U.S. involvement, and the role Pakistan plays. Opening Exercise: Afghanistan Web Create a web chart with students, an exercise that can promote student interest, reveal misunderstandings, and generate questions. Begin by writing and circling the word "Afghanistan" in the middle of the chalkboard. What comes into students' minds when they hear or read this word? There are no wrong answers. Write down key words and draw a line between them and "Afghanistan." When responses flag, ask for corrections of any misstatements of fact or correct them yourself. Then invite questions and write them on the chalkboard separately from the chart. How might they be answered? What sources of information can students suggest? Consider the use of student questions for later discussion and possible student inquiry. Student Reading: "We don't see progress" In October 2008, a draft report by American intelligence agencies concluded that Afghanistan is in a "downward spiral." Major reasons:

Corruption within the American-supported government of Hamid Karzai

Increasingly sophisticated attacks by Taliban forces from their havens in Pakistan's northwest mountains, enabling them to seize and hold sections of southern Afghanistan

Flourishing poppy fields that fuel the heroin trade and fill the coffers of the Taliban by an estimated $100 million a year

Most portions of this lesson plan were taken from Alan Shapiro’s “What will President Obama do about Afghanistan & Pakistan?” lesson plan. However, as the lesson plan was from 2008, we updated the readings with The New York Times piece “We Don’t See Progress.” This provides a more up-to-date

perspective on Afghanistan-Pakistan relations and allows for increased education value.

THE DAY AFTER

39 World Affairs Council Resource Packet: Top Ten Things to Know about Pakistan – October 27, 2011

In June 2011, President Obama declared that the United States had largely achieved its goals in Afghanistan, setting in motion an aggressive timetable for the withdrawal of American troops by 2014. Many in Kabul welcomed the announcement, including President Hamid Karzai. In southern Afghanistan the mood was far more sober: local officials and tribal elders questioned the ability of Afghan troops to defend them and said the Taliban are far from defeated.

The Taliban continued to wage a brutal war that has taken an ever higher toll on civilians and American forces. Aug. 6, 2011, was the deadliest day for American forces in the nearly decade-long war: insurgents shot down a Chinook transport helicopter, killing 30 Americans, including some Navy Seal commandos from the unit that killed Osama bin Laden, as well as 8 Afghans. In August a series of attacks by insurgents killed numerous civilians, but for the most part failed against military targets. In Kabul, on Aug. 19, the Taliban claimed responsibility for an attack on the British Council, a British government agency promoting education, culture and the arts. Suicide bombers stepped up attacks in southern Afghanistan in advance of the end of Ramadan. But though Afghan security forces were the intended targets, civilians took the biggest toll.

On Sept. 13, insurgents launched a complex assault against the American Embassy and the nearby NATO headquarters, pelting the heavily guarded compounds with rockets in an attack that raised new questions about the security of Afghanistan’s capital and the Westerners working there. A week later, an unidentified attacker killed the Burhanuddi Rabbani, the leader of Afghanistan’s High Peace Council, a former president of the country whose main responsibility was negotiating a political end to the war with the Taliban. The attack was a serious blow to any notion of reconciliation with the Taliban.

The United States has been militarily involved in Afghanistan since 2001, when it led an invasion after the Sept. 11 attacks by Al Qaeda. The group had been given safe haven in the country by the Taliban, the extremist Islamic group that had seized control in 1996 after years of civil war. The 2001 invasion succeeded in dislodging Al Qaeda and removing the Taliban from power, but not in eradicating either group. With American military efforts focused on Iraq, the Taliban made a steady comeback, fueled by profits from the opium trade, dissatisfaction with the weak and often corrupt Afghan government, and safe havens in Pakistan. From: http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/afghanistan/index.html

For Discussion: 1. What questions do students have about the reading? How might they be answered? 2. Why were American troops sent to Afghanistan 10 years ago? Why did the American focus on Afghanistan shift to Iraq? 3. Why are the Taliban able to attack from Pakistan? 4. Why have there been American attacks in Pakistan's territory? Since Pakistan is an American ally, why does its government protest such attacks? 5. Will more American troops, alone, solve the problem of Afghanistan? Why or why not? 6. Do you believe that the conflicts in Afghanistan and Pakistan have "nothing seriously to do with the basic national interests of the United States"? Why or why not? If you agree, should the U.S. remove all troops? Why? If you don't agree, why not? Follow-up Discussions:

Have follow-up discussions with students on major issues facing the Obama administration, including Afghanistan/Pakistan and the financial and economic crisis. (A discussion of the latter is included in the high school section of www.teachablemoment.org.) Students, individually or in small groups, might be assigned to track Obama administration actions in each of these areas and to report on them regularly.

This lesson was written for TeachableMoment.Org, a project of Morningside Center for Teaching Social Responsibility. We welcome your comments. http://www.teachablemoment.org/high/afghanistan&obama.html

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PAKISTAN AND ITS NEIGHBORHOOD

PAKISTANI JOURNALIST: AHMED RASHID Ten Years of Meltdown in Pakistan (10/2/2011)

Ahmed Rashid is a Pakistani journalist based in Lahore, and writes for The Daily Telegraph (London), The Washington Post, The International Herald Tribune, The New York Review of Books, BBC Online, and The Nation. He appears regularly on NPR, CNN, and the BBC World Service. Ahmed Rashid is Pakistan’s best and bravest reporter (Christopher Hitchens). His unique knowledge of this vast and complex region allows him a panoramic vision and nuance that no Western writer can emulate. His book Taliban first introduced American readers to the brutal regime that hijacked Afghanistan and harbored the terrorist group responsible for the 9/11 attacks. Now, Rashid examines the region and the corridors of power in Washington and Europe to see how the promised nation building in these countries has progressed. His conclusions are devastating: An unstable and nuclear armed Pakistan, a renewed al’ Qaeda profiting from a booming opium trade, and a Taliban resurgence and reconquest. While Iraq continues to attract most of American media and military might, Rashid argues that Pakistan and Afghanistan are where the conflict will finally be played out and that these failing states pose a graver threat to global security than the Middle East. From http://www.ahmedrashid.com/

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-15109629 After a decade scarred by escalating militancy, deadly waves of suicide bombings and truculent relations with the West, Ahmed Rashid considers the devastating impact that the 9/11 attacks in the US had on Pakistan. Ahmed Rashid: What Did Pakistan Know? (5/3/2011) http://www.npr.org/2011/05/03/135950761/ahmed-rashid-what-did-pakistan-know Pakistani journalist Ahmed Rashid, who has written extensively about the Taliban and al-Qaida, discusses what officials might have known about bin Laden's presence, and what impact his death may have on jihadist groups, the war in Afghanistan and the future of U.S.-Pakistan relations. How Obama Lost Karzai (4/2011) http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/02/22/how_obama_lost_karzai So far, the Americans don't agree. But talking to the Taliban is perhaps the only option now that can put them back on the same track as Karzai -- and that is the only road that leads out of this conflict. Besides, if there is one thing that Obama and Karzai still share, it is the knowledge that the alternatives to that scenario are too horrible to contemplate. Q&A: Ahmed Rashid (5/2/2010) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=--4QyWne7Bc Ahmed Rashid, who writes for the BBC Online and other news journals, speaks about the tenth anniversary edition of his book, Taliban. Conversations with History: Ahmed Rashid (2/7/2008) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4I7eNxDR_Pk This interview is part of the Institute's Conversations with History series, and uses Internet technology to share with the public Berkeley's distinction as a global forum for ideas. Books by Ahmed Rashid:

Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia (2010)

Descent into Chaos: The U.S. and the Disaster in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Central Asia (2009)

Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia (2002)

41 World Affairs Council Resource Packet: Top Ten Things to Know about Pakistan – October 27, 2011

PAKISTAN AND ITS NEIGHBORHOOD

PAKISTAN-CHINA RELATIONS

Financial Times: A History of China-Pakistan Ties (12/19/2010) http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/cee90816-0b9b-11e0-a313-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1Zr3X4eME When China’s prime minister opened the white latticed China-Pakistan friendship center in Islamabad at the weekend, the gesture of friendship might easily have been mistaken for naked ambition. Council on Foreign Relations: China-Pakistan Relations (6/6/2010) http://www.cfr.org/china/china-pakistan-relations/p10070 Since establishing diplomatic ties in 1951, China and Pakistan have enjoyed a close and mutually beneficial relationship. Pakistan was one of the first countries to recognize the People's Republic of China in 1950 and remained a steadfast ally during Beijing's period of international isolation in the 1960s and early 1970s. NPR: Top Chinese Security Official Visits Pakistan (9/26/2011) http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=140811204 Islamabad – Pakistan hosted China's top security official and staged war games with Saudi Arabia on Monday, strengthening ties with two regional players as its relationship with the United States plummets over allegations Islamabad supports insurgents in Afghanistan. Tribune: Sino-Pak Relations: China, Pakistan Agree to Strengthen Trade Ties (9/14/2011) http://tribune.com.pk/story/251820/sino-pak-relations-china-pakistan-agree-to-strengthen-trade-ties/ Xinjiang Autonomous Region Governor Nur Bekri said on Monday that China wanted to develop closer economic relations with Pakistan.

Carnegie Endowment: Condoleezza Rice and Germany on the Sino-Pakistan Deal (7/17/2011) http://carnegieendowment.org/2011/07/17/condoleezza-rice-and-germany-on-sino-pakistan-deal/3vu5 Particularly interesting is what Germany had to say about China’s plans to export two power reactors to Pakistan as Chashma-3 and -4. Washington Post: Pakistan Courts China as Relations with U.S. Grow Strained (5/18/2011) http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-courts-china-as-relations-with-us-grow-strained/2011/06/19/AGDCyWfH_story.html Abbottabad, Pakistan — In this city where U.S. Navy SEALs touched down long enough last month to kill Osama bin Laden and ignite a national furor, residents are courting another foreign invasion. Asia Society: Average Pakistani Would ‘Rather Have a Relationship with China’ Than the U.S. (5/11/2011) http://asiasociety.org/blog/reasia/video-average-pakistani-would-rather-have-relationship-china-us In the second part of our Skype interview with Islamabad-based Asia Society Associate Fellow Faiysal Ali Khan…the 32-year-old NGO founder uses the post-Osama U.S.-Pakistan conflict to discuss the political leanings of Pakistan's younger generation, and how the internet has given it a voice. Carnegie Endowment: Central Asian Convergence: China and South Asia’s Role (3/17/2011) http://carnegieendowment.org/2011/03/17/central%2dasian%2dconvergence%2dchina%2dand%2dsouth%2dasia%2ds%2drole/5ook Central Asia serves as the confluence for a number of regional issues with global implications, including energy supply, drug trafficking, and the future of Afghanistan.

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RELIGION IN PAKISTAN

BACKGROUND

Defining Ideas: Islam and the Early History of Pakistan (5/3/2011) http://www.hoover.org/publications/defining-ideas/article/77366 From its inception in 1947, the idea of Pakistan was a contested ideological matter. Having lost their privileged status when the British supplanted India's Mughal rulers, Indian Muslims divided in response to a deepening cultural and political insecurity under colonial rule. Culturally, a schism emerged between the Aligarh tradition, which balanced selectively embracing Western notions of modernity and learning with retaining an Islamic identity, and the Deoband tradition, which rejected Western mores as a deviation from religious orthodoxy.

BBC News: Islam at a Glance (6/30/2009) www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/ataglance/glance.shtml The word Islam means 'submission to the will of God.' Islam is the second largest religion in the world with over 1 billion followers. The 2001 census recorded 1,591,000 Muslims in the UK, around 2.7% of the population.

Muslims believe that Islam was revealed over 1400 years ago in Mecca, Arabia.

Followers of Islam are called Muslims.

Muslims believe that there is only One God.

The Arabic word for God is Allah.

According to Muslims, God sent a number of prophets to mankind to teach them how to live according to His law.

Jesus, Moses, and Abraham are respected as prophets of God.

They believe that the final Prophet was Muhammad.

Muslims believe that Islam has always existed, but for practical purposes, date their religion from the time of the migration of Muhammad.

Muslims base their laws on their holy book the Qur'an, and the Sunnah.

Muslims believe the Sunnah is the practical example of Prophet Muhammad and that there are five basic Pillars of Islam.

These pillars are the declaration of faith, praying five times a day, giving money to charity, fasting and a pilgrimage to Mecca (at least once).

United Religions Initiative: Islam: Basic Beliefs http://www.uri.org/kids/world_isla_basi.htm Islam is a monotheistic faith centered around belief in the one God (Allah). In this regard, it shares some beliefs with Judaism and Christianity by tracing its history back to the patriarch Abraham, and ultimately to the first prophet, Adam. All the prophets preached the same universal message of belief in one God and kindness to humanity. The last in the series of prophets, according to Muslims, was Muhammad. Muhammad was born in Mecca, Saudi Arabia around 570 CE. He worked first as a shepherd and then as a merchant. He was not happy with the people around him because of superstitions and social and economic injustice. The people were worshipping many gods and had forgotten the message of prophet Abraham to worship one God. Muhammad loved to pray and meditate in the mountains. On one of those occasions, in the year 610 CE, when he was about 40 years old, he received a revelation from God through the angel Jibril (Gabriel). He continued to receive messages from God throughout his life and he began preaching to others what he had learned. His main message is that there was no other God but Allah and that people should lead their lives in a way that was pleasing to Allah.

This page provides foundational lessons on Islam that can be used and

understood by any age group.

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RELIGION IN PAKISTAN

RESOURCES AND LESSON PLANS

Huffington Post: De-radicalizing The Pakistani Taliban (10/4/2011) http://www.huffingtonpost.com/shehzad-h-qazi/de-radicalizing-the-pakistani-taliban_b_993208.html In July the Pakistan Army invited me to a National Seminar on De-Radicalization. The location was Swat district, which until May 2009 was a Taliban stronghold and subsequently featured heavy fighting between the Army and the insurgents. As we drove through the main road running through Mingora I saw walls pierced with bullets, cracked windows and half blown-off terrace railings. Signs of the conflict were obvious. In contrast, however, were the bustling markets and crowded streets. After an exodus at the start of the Pakistani Army's counterinsurgency campaign Swatis had now returned…

Carnegie Endowment: The Unraveling: Pakistan in the Age of Jihad (9/19/2011) http://carnegieendowment.org/2011/09/19/unraveling-pakistan-in-age-of-jihad/53rn Pakistan ― a nation founded as a homeland for South Asian Muslims, most of whom follow a tolerant, nonthreatening form of Islam ― has become a haven for al-Qaeda and domestic jihadist and sectarian groups. John R. Schmidt, author of The Unraveling: Pakistan in the Age of Jihad, professorial lecturer at the Elliott School, and the senior U.S. political analyst in Pakistan in the years before 9/11, discussed the domestic policy choices and external factors which have led to this result. Carnegie’s Ashley J. Tellis moderated.

NPR: A Writer Argues For An ’Islam Without Extremes‘ (7/25/2011) Soon after the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, President George Bush argued that terrorists were perverting the Muslim religion. The president said, "Islam is peace." But that viewpoint is often drowned out today. Extremists claim that they represent Islam. And many Americans have come to question the entire faith, seeing it as violent or oppressive. Turkish journalist Mustafa Akyol makes a case for putting Islam in a different light in his new book, Islam without Extremes. In it, he traces moderation, even liberalism, throughout the history of Islam. And he tells Morning Edition co-host Steve Inskeep that he believes the religion should not be defined by violent extremists.

http://www.npr.org/2011/07/25/138617226/a-writer-argues-for-an-islam-without-extremes

Council on Foreign Relations: Islam and Politics in Pakistan (5/5/2011) http://www.cfr.org/pakistan/islam-politics-pakistan/p24728 Since Pakistan's beginnings as a homeland for Muslims of British India in 1947, Islam has been the one thread creating a national identity in a state otherwise divided along ethnic, provincial, cultural, religious, class, and linguistic lines. Civilian and military leaders have used Islam to gain legitimacy for their rule and as tools of state policy, strengthening the role of religious parties in politics and society. Since the 1980s, following Pakistan's involvement in arming the mujahideen to fight against the Soviets in Afghanistan and the Pakistani army's continued support for Islamist militants, Islam has taken a radical turn in Pakistan. Today, Pakistan has emerged as a center for global jihad as well as the main haven for Taliban fighters at war with U.S.-led forces in Afghanistan. Pakistan also faces its own instability and violence as militant groups target the state. The assassination of Punjab's governor and the minorities minister in 2011 heightened concerns over the threat posed by religious extremism. The May 1, 2011, killing of al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden by U.S. forces in a Pakistani town led to fresh concerns over retaliatory attacks on Pakistan by Islamist terror groups.

44 World Affairs Council Resource Packet: Top Ten Things to Know about Pakistan – October 27, 2011

RELIGION IN PAKISTAN The New York Times: Mystical Form of Islam Suits Sufis in Pakistan (2/25/2010) http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/26/world/worldspecial/26lahore.html Lahore, Pakistan — For those who think Pakistan is all hard-liners, all the time, three activities at an annual festival here may come as a surprise. The Economist: Pakistan’s Fight Against the Taliban (1/13/2011) http://www.economist.com/node/17913432 The assassination on January 4th of Salman Taseer by Malik Mumtaz Qadri, a commando in his security detail, contained a chilling message: the Barelvi sect of Islam has become a militant new force in Pakistani politics. Most Pakistanis are Barelvis. They have traditionally disavowed violence, followed the peaceful Sufi traditions of the subcontinent, and paid homage to scores of saints, big and small, at tombs across the country.

National Geographic: Sturggle for the Soul of Pakistan (9/2007) http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/09/pakistan/don-belt-text Sixty years after its founding as a homeland for India's Muslims, Pakistan straddles the fault line between moderate and militant Islam. Its dilemma is a cautionary tale for the post-9/11 world. PBS Frontline: Muslims http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/muslims/ Frontline examines Islam’s worldwide resurgence through the stories of diverse Mulsims struggling to define the role of Islam in their lives and societies. This documentary also comes with a teacher’s guide that provides background information, discussion topics and activities that can help engage students in lessons about Islam. The following page gives an overview of the teacher’s guide. Access Islam http://www.thirteen.org/edonline/accessislam/index.html Access Islam is a pioneering new tool designed to support the study of Islam in grades 4-8. Comprising over 100 minutes of digital video from the award-winning PBS series Religion & Ethics Newsweekly the site also contains high quality, multi-media tools; downloadable lesson plans; and resources related to Islamic holidays, traditions and cultures. The video segments can be used alone, or in conjunction with any of 10 lesson plans which are aligned to national standards and vetted by an advisory committee of experts in education and Islamic cultures. We hope these materials will offer both students and teachers exciting new ways to bring to life a fuller understanding of Muslims the world over. Asia Society: Geometry and Islam http://asiasociety.org/education/resources-schools/secondary-lesson-plans/geometry-and-islam A short student activity that introduces why patterns are used in Islamic books, textiles and architecture and how to use a compass and a ruler to create two common patterns. PBS: Islam – Empire of Faith http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/eduk12plan.html The resources offered here are designed to help you use the PBS Islam: Empire of Faith video series and companion Web site in secondary social studies, civics, religion, and language arts classes.

45 World Affairs Council Resource Packet: Top Ten Things to Know about Pakistan – October 27, 2011

BOOKS/ FILMS/ NEWS & RESOURCES

BOOKS AND LITERATURE

Playing with Fire: Pakistan at War with Itself (2011) By Pamela Constable http://www.amazon.com/Playing-Fire-Pakistan-War-Itself/dp/1400069114 A volatile nation at the heart of major cultural, political, and religious conflicts in the world today, Pakistan commands our attention. Yet more than six decades after the country’s founding as a Muslim democracy, it continues to struggle over its basic identity, alliances, and direction. In Playing with Fire, acclaimed journalist Pamela Constable peels back layers of contradiction and confusion to reveal the true face of modern Pakistan. In this richly reported and movingly written chronicle, Constable takes us on a panoramic tour of contemporary Pakistan, exploring the fears and frustrations, dreams and beliefs, that animate the lives of ordinary citizens in this nuclear-armed nation of 170 million. From the opulent, insular salons of the elite to the brick quarries where soot-covered workers sell their kidneys to get out of debt, this is a haunting portrait of a society riven by inequality and corruption, and increasingly divided by competing versions of Islam. Four Feet, Two Sandals (2007) By Karen Lynn Williams and Khadra Mohammed http://www.amazon.com/Four-Feet-Sandals-Karen-Williams/dp/0802852963 When relief workers bring used clothing to a refugee camp in Pakistan, ten-year-old Lina is thrilled when she finds a sandal that fits her foot perfectly, until she sees that another girl has the matching shoe. But soon Lina and Feroza meet and decide that it is better to share the sandals than for each to wear only one. As they go about their rountines , washing clothes in the river, waiting in line for water, and watching for their names to appear on the list to go to America, the girls discover the true meaning of friendship and sacrifice. This book honors the experiences of refugee children around the world, whose daily existence is marked by uncertainty and fear. Warm colors and bold brush strokes are the perfect complement to this story of courage and hope. Ages: Elementary School

Tales of a Lost Kingdom (2007) By Erik L’Homme and Claudia Zoe Bedrick http://books.google.com/books/about/Tales_of_a_Lost_Kingdom.html?id=m_yFKRihTgMC A collection of three authentic folktales from the ancient kingdom of Chitral at the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan. Includes a travelogue with photographs, illustrations, and a map. Ages: Elementary School

Under the Persimmon Tree (2005) By Suzanne Fisher Staples http://www.amazon.com/Under-Persimmon-Suzanne-Fisher-Staples/dp/0374380252 When her father and brother are taken by the Taliban and her mother and baby brother are killed in a bombing raid during the Afghan war in October 2001, Najmah begins an arduous journey across the border to Peshawar, Pakistan. There, she meets up with an American woman, Nusrat, who has been conducting a school for refugee children while she waits for her husband, Faiz, who has returned to his native country to open medical clinics. For most of the story, the narration alternates between Najmah and Nusrat, allowing readers to see the war's effect on both of their lives. Only when they meet can they come to terms with their losses and move on. Ages: Middle School and High School.

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BOOKS/ FILMS/ NEWS & RESOURCES Mud City (2003) By Deborah Ellis http://www.amazon.com/Mud-City-Deborah-Ellis/dp/0888995423 Stuck in the Widows' Compound of an Afghan refugee camp just across the border in Pakistan, Shauzia chafes at the endless small jobs Mrs. Weera assigns to her. She longs to take charge of her life, travel with her faithful dog Jasper, and make her way to the sea and ultimately to France. She leaves the camp dressed as a boy to try to earn money in Peshawar but there is little work and the meager amount she does earn is stolen by the police. Befriended by a Western family, she misunderstands their ways and is returned to the camp. There, her leg is broken in a riot caused by her efforts to get food for the widows and children. As she comes to recognize her own strengths, she reaches a point where she can lay aside her dream long enough to return to Afghanistan with Mrs. Weera to help her countrymen. Like The Breadwinner (2001) and Parvana's Journey (2002, both Groundwood), this novel conveys a distinctive sense of place, describing in discomfiting detail the sights and sounds of the impoverished refugee camp and the poorest sections of Peshawar. Ages: Middle School.

DOCUMENTARIES AND FILMS

Outlawed in Pakistan (2011) http://pulitzercenter.org/projects/pakistan-honor-killings-kari-women-united-nation-population-fund Outlawed in Pakistan is a documentary about the deeply entrenched tradition of honor killings in Pakistan. The film follows two strong women who narrowly escaped death at the hands of their families and are now struggling to find justice and begin new lives.

New in Town (2009) http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1966535/plotsummary Can people from opposite corners of the globe learn to understand each other? Are women in America and Pakistan really as different as we assume? 9/11 brought the Western media's sharp focus on Pakistani society and aroused Westerners' curiosity about the lives of Muslim women. Yet, what is it actually like to live as a woman in Pakistan? In a fresh contrast to the representations of Islam and Muslim women that dominate global airwaves, this film offers a window into Pakistani households and society. In this personal documentary, Elizabeth, a woman from small-town America, journeys to Karachi, Pakistan to live as a daughter-in-law of a traditional Muslim family.

Wahah (2009) http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1373260/ Each night the only border crossing between India and Pakistan on a 1000km stretch becomes the sight of an extraordinary event. Thousands of people gather to witness the ritual closing of the border, after which the masses get as close as possible to the gate to greet their former neighbors. This "festival" is therefore on the one hand a celebration of the partition, but on the other hand also the only connecting element. What do the terms separation, home, and proximity mean to the people on both sides?

Made in Pakistan (2009) http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1419038/ Made in Pakistan is an insider's look into "The Most Dangerous Country in the World" as labeled by a cover story in Newsweek Oct 29th 2007. The documentary follows the lives of four Pakistani individuals who defy this prevailing stereotype of the country by the very choices they have made in their lives. They are working professionals: two women entrepreneurs, a politician and a lawyer. These four individuals represent a multifaceted Pakistan; a country where politics, fashion, religion, debate, and tradition intermingle ; where one definition of an Islamic State no longer holds true.

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BOOKS/ FILMS/ NEWS & RESOURCES Pakistan: Children of the Taliban (2009) http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/pakistan802/video/video_index.html The city of Peshawar is on high alert. The Taliban are closing in, regularly attacking police convoys, kidnapping diplomats, and shooting foreigners. The fighting across this volatile region has driven thousands of families from their homes and many have found shelter in Peshawar. Correspondent Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy is traveling across her fractured homeland to investigate the rising popularity of a new Pakistani branch of the Taliban, now threatening the major cities, blowing up girls’ schools and declaring war on the Pakistani state. Her journey begins at a rehabilitation center in Peshawar, where she talks with many young victims caught in the crossfire of this war.

Shame (2006) http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0844752/plotsummary In modern Pakistan, Ghulam Fareed lives a poor lifestyle in Meerwala along with his daughter, Mukhtaran Mai and son, Shaqoor. Meerwala is a village without any roads, schools, a Police Station, or even electricity. Girls' marriages are arranged when they are barely 12 years old. During March, 2002, Shaqoor allegedly molests a girl from the Mashtoi family, who live next door. The local Panchayat meets and decides that Mukhtaran must also be molested by males of the Mashtoi family, accordingly she is raped by about 14 men. Shunned, hurt, confused, devastated, she makes her way to the Police Station to file a report against this rape. This is where she will find out that it is not easy to find justice in a country that has been ruled by men and the military for eons, where the woman is still considered a possession - when she does well, she lives up to the family's reputation, but when she does bad, she brings shame to the entire clan.

Mr. Jinnah: The Making of Pakistan (1997) http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0246792/ The creator of Pakistan has long been a controversial figure. The film tries to unravel his personality with interviews and footage never before aired. This film was made to coincide with the fiftieth anniversary of Partition. It tells the extraordinary story of Quaid-I-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah. One of the founders of modern-day Pakistan, Mr. Jinnah believed in human rights, women's rights, minority rights and, above all, the rule of law. This film is one of a very few that has attempted to tell the story of Partition from the perspective of Pakistan.

48 World Affairs Council Resource Packet: Top Ten Things to Know about Pakistan – October 27, 2011

BOOKS/ FILMS/ NEWS & RESOURCES

ENGLISH LANGUAUGE PAKISTANI NEWS RESOURCES

Dawn www.dawn.com This is the online version of Pakistan's most widely circulated English-language newspaper, based in Karachi. Friday Times http://www.thefridaytimes.com/ The Friday Times is an independent weekly newspaper based in Lahore. Pakistan Daily http://www.pakistandaily.com/ Pakistan News http://pakistannews.net/ Pakistan Today http://www.paktoday.com/

Pakistan Press Foundation http://www.pakistanpressfoundation.org/ The Pakistan Press Foundation is an independent media research, documentation and training center whose stated mission is to promote freedom of the press in Pakistan and internationally.

Pak Tribune http://www.paktribune.com

Pakistan Times http://pakistantimes.net/pt/

Pakpositive Daily Pakistani News http://www.pakpositive.com/

LOCAL RESOURCES

South Asia Center http://jsis.washington.edu/soasia/ The South Asia Center, Jackson School of International Studies, is a leading center for South Asian Studies in North America. It promotes knowledge about South Asia through innovative research, teaching and outreach to educational, civic, and business institutions and to the community. Pakistan Association of Greater Seattle http://www.pakistanseattle.com/ Mission: To bring the Pakistani community together, to enhance Pakistan's image and ideology in keeping with the Quaid-i-Azam's motto of Unity, Faith and Discipline. To communicate, cooperate, and coordinate individuals and organizations with common goals. To get involved in the US political process to promote the interests of Pakistan and our community.

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BOOKS/ FILMS/ NEWS & RESOURCES Islamic Educational Center of Seattle http://iecseattle.org/template.php?page=main.php\ The Islamic Educational Center of Seattle (IECS), is a non-profit organization dedicated to provide educational, cultural and religious services in the greater Puget Sound area. IECS is not affiliated with any political organization, political party, or any government.

Islamic School of Seattle http://www.islamicschoolofseattle.com/ We emphasize the mercy, compassion and limitless love of Allah (SWT). Students are encouraged to always wonder at Allah’s creation; looking through Muslim eyes at history, math, science and all of human knowledge and to think, as Allah (SWT) has commanded, inquisitively and creatively. Idriss Mosque http://www.simq.org/ Idriss Mosque is a non-profit religious organization established in 1981. Idriss Mosque is the flagship Mosque for Seattle in Washington State. It was the first mosque west of the Mississippi River designed in an Arabesque architecture style SeattleDesis.com http://www.seattledesis.com/index.php This website was built to help growing in and around Seattle area South Asian Desi Community (Pakistani community, Indian community, Bangladeshi community, Srilankan community, Nepali community, Bhutani community, and Maldivian community). SuffiSeattle.org http://www.sufiseattle.org/ SufiSeattle.org was conceived as a clearinghouse for up-to-date information about Sufi activity in the Seattle area. Regional and national events relevant to the local community may also be covered. This site is not affiliated with or representative of any one Sufi order.

NGO’S IN PAKISTAN

American Fund for Human Development, Inc. http://www.afhd-usa.org/ Our Mission” To bring K-5 Universal Primary Education to 30 million children of the poor and Adult Literacy to their parents in Rural Villages of Pakistan by Year 2015 so that these children are not exploited by fundamentalists and extremists. This also meets the UNDP’s Millennium Development Goals (MDG) by Year 2015. Peace and prosperity are achievable through Education For All. Approximately 8,000 children attended the primary schools run by APWA. Higher level education institutions opened by APWA included the College for Sciences and Arts that was established in Karachi in 1964. The APWA College for Women in Lahore became a full degree college in 1958.

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BOOKS/ FILMS/ NEWS & RESOURCES

APWA: All Pakistan Women’s Association http://www.apwapakistan.com/ APWA was very much the brainchild of Begum Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan, who recognized the need for a national association to oversee, consolidate and coordinate women's activities for their greater good. Under the auspices of APWA, Mrs. Liaquat set up schools, dispensaries, maternity homes and family planning clinics in both urban and rural areas. Her basic creed was health, education and training. By the mid 1950's APWA had 32 district branches with a total membership of about 1200 women of whom about 800 were said to be actively engaged in social work. APWA maintained contacts with other women through its 20 industrial homes where an estimated 40,000 women passed through various stages of training each year. Further more through its 100 social welfare centers, 6 dispensaries and 13 basic education centers, another 15,000 women were being reached. Mercy Corps: Pakistan http://www.mercycorps.org/countries/pakistan This culturally diverse nation faces myriad challenges: political instability, sectarian violence and poverty. Mercy Corps is helping Pakistanis work towards a positive future by improving access to health care, helping dairy farmers increase their incomes and responding to the worst monsoon-related floods in memory. *Mercy Corps has offices located in Seattle. If you are interested in getting invovled in their efforts towards Pakistan, PIHRO: Pakistan International Human Rights Organization http://www.pihro.org/index.php The Pakistan International Human Rights Organization (PIHRO) was established in 1999 as an independent non-profit, non-political and non-governmental Organization. It is registered as an NGO under Social Welfare Agency Ordinance 1961, Government of Pakistan. PIHRO endeavors to serve humanity, work for human welfare and to help the downtrodden and the deprived. READ Foundation: Rural Education and Development http://ho.readfoundation.org/ READ Foundation is one of the largest not-for-profit educational networks of rural Pakistan. It started off in 1994 with a mission of serving underprivileged children through quality education. READ began its journey with 25 children, a committed teacher and a shabby rented building. In contrast to the enormity of the goal, the financial resources were meager. But after some fifteen years READ Foundation has earned fame for offering value-based mainstream education with emphasis on character building through academic excellence. WELDO: Women Empowerment Literacy and Development Organization http://www.weldo.org/ WELDO is a registered leading not for profit developmental organization rendering valuable services to the development sector in Pakistan since January 1st, 2003. WELDO was founded by two like minded progressive women, to approach the development field in a completely novelle manner that had never been undertaken by any organization in Pakistan before.

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INTEGRATING STEM TOPICS INTO YOUR TEACHING

INTEGRATING STEM TOPICS INTO YOUR TEACHING

Global Classroom supports the Washington STEM Initiative which seeks to improve student achievement and opportunity in areas critical to our state’s economic prosperity: Science, Technology, Engineering,

and Mathematics (STEM). The Initiative aims to catalyze innovation in the state’s K-12 education system, increase teacher effectiveness and student learning, and dramatically raise the number of Washington

students graduating ready for college and work and succeeding in STEM degree programs. These efforts are intended to benefit every student in the state, with a particular emphasis on accelerating the

achievement of low-income and minority students.

Below are resources that might help you integrate STEM into your into your humanities/social studies classroom. We encourage you to pass these suggestions on to your colleagues in other subject areas. All

of the resources below incorporate STEM into their lesson plans.

Official Website Portal of City District Government Karachi http://www.karachicity.gov.pk/ Karachi is the financial capital of Pakistan. It accounts for the lion's share of Pakistan's GDP and generates about 65% percent of the national revenue providing a Gross Metropolitan Product of PKR. Page 10 Karachi Stock Exchange http://www.kse.com.pk/ Have students participate in mock stock investments. Research commodities and companies within Karachi’s stock exchange and track the investments chosen by students over the course of a week. . What implications does this have regarding Karachi’s economy and the greater economy of Pakistan as a whole? Can students connect any shifts in the stock market to things in the news? Page 11 World Savvy Monitor: Pakistan (9/2008) http://worldsavvy.org/monitor/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=308&Itemid=427 Students will analyze various statistics regarding Pakistan’s population and economy and will explore their various implications towards Pakistan as a whole. Page 15 Foreign Assistance: Pakistan (2010) http://www.foreignassistance.gov/OU.aspx?OUID=169&FY=2011#ObjAnchor The United States seeks to advance U.S. national security by deepening its long-term bilateral strategic partnership with Pakistan. This effort will support the U.S. goal to disrupt, dismantle, and defeat al Qaeda in the region, as well as deny safe haven for the Taliban by helping to build a stable, secure, democratic, and prosperous country. The United States will partner with Pakistan to strengthen the capacity of the democratic government to meet the needs of its citizens better by rehabilitating critical infrastructure, stabilizing key areas contested by violent extremists, and fostering private-sector-led economic growth. Page 19

52 World Affairs Council Resource Packet: Top Ten Things to Know about Pakistan – October 27, 2011

INTEGRATING STEM TOPICS INTO YOUR TEACHING National Geographic: Russia Fires, Pakistan Floods Linked? (8/11/2010) http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/08/100812-russian-wildfires-pakistan-floods-global-warming-science-environment/ They're raging a continent apart, but two deadly natural disasters – the Russian wildfires and the Pakistan floods – may be connected by the Asian monsoon, one of the most powerful atmospheric forces on the planet, scientists say. That's because the monsoon – a seasonal wind system that brings rain and floods to Pakistan and much of the rest of Asia in summer – also drives the circulation of air as far away as Europe, said Kevin Trenberth, a senior scientist at the Boulder, Colorado-based National Center for Atmospheric Research. Page 21 Connecting to the Classroom: Pakistan Floods & STEM After another round of devastating floods in Pakistan this year, the region continues to face a series of environmental, social and political challenges. While many students may be aware of the Pakistani floods and its implications as a humanitarian issue, viewing the floods in its environmental context will connect students with the floods’ implications as a greater global issue. Page 22 Asia Society: Geometry and Islam http://asiasociety.org/education-learning/lesson-plans/grades-6-8/geometry-and-islam

This is a short student activity that explains why patterns are used in Islamic books, textiles, and architecture, as well as how to use a compass and a ruler to create two common patterns. Examining the geometric patterns that characterize so much of Islamic art can provide

students with important insights into the technology, scientific knowledge, and religious beliefs of Muslims. Page 44

Geometric systems and Islamic religious values, though expressed in

different forms, say similar things about universal values. In Islamic art,

infinitely repeating patterns represent the unchanging laws of God.