WFS 2073USUL FIQH FOR FINANCE &

BANKING

Topic 1 Introduction to the science of usul fiqh

Content

• Introduction to the science of usul fiqh i. Definitionii. Focus area of the science• Differences between usul fiqh and the maxims

of fiqh (qawaid fiqh) and usuluddin• The important of the science to banking and

finance.

Introduction• The deduction (استنباط) of Islamic regulations (ahkam)

is not as one likes, but controlled by certain method. • Usul Fiqh is a way or a method used by mujtahid

(jurist) to derive correct regulation from recognized sources.

• The science of usul fiqh concentrate on the sources of rules, its power to convince (hujjiyyah), its category while practicing deduction on its (i.e. al-Quran and sunnah) and the stipulations of deduction process. So, this science drew deduction methodology and produced certain maxims which followed by jurist while derives regulations (ahkam) from the holy texts.

Definision

• Usul fiqh can be defined from two perspectives:

i. As a combination words of ‘usul’ and ‘fiqh’. (Under the rule of words combination with genitive construction rule, called in Arabic grammar as ‘murakkab idafi’), or

ii. as a proper name (isim ‘alam).

As a combination words of ‘usul’ and ‘fiqh’.

• The word ‘usul’ is plural to the singular word ‘asl’, means something which is be set up on it by someone whether the setting up was physically or logically.

• The meaning of the word ‘usul’ in the custom of jurists and their using is:

i. Dalil (proof/evidence)اإلجماع المسألة هذه أصل

The proof of this problem is ijma’.ii. Rajih (exceed in influence/ predominance)

الحقيقة الكالم في األصلThe predominance in the statement is real meaning.

contd

iii. Qa’idah (maxim/ principle/norm)

األصل خالف على للمضطر الميتة إباحةPermissibility of not slaughtered dead animal for

forced individual/mudtar is against the principle.

iv. Mustashab (past situation)

• الذمة براءة األصلPast situation shows the freedom from any

obligation until be proved otherwise.

Fiqh definition.

• Fiqh literally means knowledge about something, or understanding on it.

• But the using of the word ‘fiqh’ in al-Quran reflects many meanings such as depth understanding, gentleness of conscious, knowledge on speaker aim. : هود ( تقول مما كثيرا نفقه ما شعيُب6 يا )91قالوا

: النساء ( حديثا يفقهون يكادون ال A القوم Aهُؤ6الءA ل فما78(

Contd

• Juristic definition for ‘fiqh’ is:

من المكتسبة العملية الشرعية باألحكام العلمنفسها األحكام هذه هو أو التفصيلية، .أدلتها

‘the science of practical syariah rules which gained from its detail proof, or the rules themselves.’

Contd

• al-ahkam (the rules/ regulations) is plural / األحكامto the word ‘hukm’ (حكم), means to confirm something to something either positively or negatively, e.g. the sun is shining, or the sun is not shining.

• The meaning of al-ahkam in this definition is something which is confirm for mukallafin actions either necessity/ obligatory (wujub), recommendable (nadbu), prohibition (hurmah), karahah, permisible (ibahah), valid (sihhah), invalid(fasad) and void.

Contd• Knowledgeable of all the rules of syari’ah is not a

condition to be able to name that science as fiqh.• A part of the science can be called Fiqh.• The scholar who have deduction ability (malakah al-

istinbat) can be called faqih/ jurist.• ‘Al-ahkam’ in that definition was tied with the syariah

which means the rules of the divine law i,.e. al-Quran and sunnah.

• It was stipulated in the definition that the rules of fiqh are focusing on practical actions such as prayer, financial contracts, permissible foodstusff and criminals; and not focusing on beliefs and akhlak.

• Practical action (amaliyyah) means all the mukallaf actions.

Contd• It is stipulated in the definition that the rules must derive from

the detail evidence of the divine text under the method of deduction (istidlal) and inspection (nazar).

• Detail evidence is a specific proof which relates to certain topic or issue. This specific proof mentioned particular rule of that issue.

• Example: i. الربى وحرم البيع الله وأحلAllah SWT allowed sale and forbade riba. ii. أمهاتكم عليكم وحرمتYou were prohibited (to marry) your mothersiii. Prophet Muhammad said: قود العمدKill purposely is qisas (to be killed)

Definition of Usul Fiqh

• Proper name (اللقبي/al-laqabi)

• يتوصل التي اإلجمالية واألدلة بالقواعد العلم فهوالفقه استنباط إلى .بها

• It is a science of the principles and general evidences which to gain access to fiqh deduction (istinbat al-fiqh).

Example:

• Principle/ maxims

ذلك عن قرينة صرفته إذا إال الوجوب يفيد األمرThe order means necessity excepts if there is

presumption shows otherwise.

• : المائدة ( بالعقود أوفوا آمنوا الذين أيها )1يا

• الرسول وأطيعوا الزكاة وآتوا الصالة وأقيموا: )57النور(

Example

• قرينة وجدت إذا إال التحريم يفيد النهيالتحريم عن تصرفه

Forbidding means prohibition except if there is presumption which divert it from prohibition.

• بالباطل بينكم أموالكم تأكلوا ال آمنوا الذين آيها يا: )29النساء(

• : النساء ( الزنى تقربوا )29وال

Differences between usul fiqh and the maxims of fiqh (qawaid fiqh) and usuluddin

• Usuluddin is a science which focusing on aqidah.

• Qaidah fiqhiyyah/ qawaid fiqhiyyah is the science of general norms which can match with almost all the branches rules of fiqh.

• Qawaid kulliyyah/ qawaid usuliyyah is part of usul fiqh. It is the general principles of usul fiqh.

Relation between usul fiqh, fiqh, qawaid usuliyyah and qawaid fiqhiyyah

Q awaid u su liyyah / q awaid ku lliyah

U su l fiq h

G en era l evid en ce

In te rp re ta tion o f th e Q u ran & su n n ahb y u s in g th e q awa id u su liyyah / q awa id ku lliyah

Q awaid fiq h iyyah

F iq h / Ju risp ru d en ce

D eta il E vid en ce

Q u ran & S u n n ah

The important of the science to banking and finance

• Fiqh and Usul fiqh are important in order to understand the ruling of syariah in all mukallaf practical actions (way of life) and the reason why the jurist deducted that ruling.

• Fiqh and usul fiqh are very important in order to investigate the ruling of syariah in current financial transactions and products.

Thank You

Wassalam