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Grade 8 Unit M.4 - Salts 1 Topic 14.1 Know the different reactions by which salts can be made. يفسرحهنتج اي ت التلفتث الوختلتفاع ا. 14. 3 Name a number of common salts and state their uses. تهاستعواعروفت واح الوه عذدا هي اسوي ي.

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Page 1: Topic 14.1 Know the different reactions by which salts can ... · 14.1 Know the different reactions by which salts can be made. ... .اهتلااعتساو تفورعلا حلالاا

Grade 8 Unit M.4 - Salts

1

Topic

14.1 Know the different reactions by which salts can be made.

.التفاعالث الوختلفت التي تنتج االهالح يفسر

14.3 Name a number of common salts and state their uses.

. يسوي عذدا هي االهالح الوعروفت واستعواالتها

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Grade 8 Unit M.4 - Salts

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A salt is always made when an acid is neutralised by a base. But the exact

salt made depends upon which acid and base were used.

ؼتذ ع اىيح اىتن ػيى ع اىحط اىقاػذج . تتن االالح ػذ ؼادىح االحاض تاىقاػذ

. اىغتخذ

The name the salt is given has two parts:

the first part comes from the metal in the base used

the second part comes from the acid that was used

Example

Where does the name potassium nitrate come from?

These are the rules for the second part of the name of a salt:

Acid used Second part of salt's name

hydrochloric acid chloride

sulfuric acid sulfate

nitric acid nitrate

Example: copper sulphate مثشتاخ اىحاط

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Grade 8 Unit M.4 - Salts

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Copper sulphate crystal

How can we make copper sulphate? The first part of the name is

'copper', so we need a base containing copper. We could use copper oxide

or copper carbonate, for example. The second part of the name is

'sulphate', so we need to use sulphuric acid.

Here are word equations for those reactions.

قاعدة نحن بحاجة إلى لذلك، 'النحاس' االسم هو األول من الجزء؟ النحاس كبرتات نصنعكف مكننا أن الجزء الثان . ، على سبل المثالالنحاس كربونات أو النحاس أكسد استخدام مكنناوي. النحاس تحتوي على

.حامض الكبرتك بحاجة إلى استخدام لذلك نحن، كبرتاتهو االسم من :المعادلة الكالمة التالة توضح التفاعل

copper oxide + sulphuric acid → copper sulphate + water

copper carbonate + sulphuric acid → copper sulphate + water + carbon

dioxide اىاء+ حط اىنثشتل مثشتاخ اىحاط+امغذ اىحاط

ثا امغذ اىنشت+ اىاء+ حط اىنثشتل مثشتاخ اىحاط+ مشتاخ اىحاط

Example: sodium chloride د يح اىطؼا ميسذ اىص

How can we make sodium chloride? The first part of the name is 'sodium',

so we need a base containing sodium. We could use sodium hydroxide or

sodium hydrogen carbonate, for example. The second part of the name is

'chloride', so we need to use hydrochloric acid.

قاعدة إلى بحاجة نحن لذلكالصودوم، ' االسم هو األول من الجزء؟ الصودوم كلورد نصنعكف مكننا أن على والهدروجن ، كربونات الصودوم أو هدروكسد الصودوم استخدام ومكننا. الصودوم تحتوي علىحمض الهدروكلورك بحاجة إلى استخدام نحن لذلك، 'كلورد' هو االسم الجزء الثان من .سبل المثال

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Grade 8 Unit M.4 - Salts

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Here are word equations for those reactions.

sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid → sodium chloride + water

sodium hydrogen carbonate + hydrochloric acid → sodium chloride +

water + carbon dioxide

:التالة توضح التفاعل اللفظةالمعادلة

اىاء+ حط اىذسميسل ميسذ اىصد+ ذسمغذ اىصد

It would be very difficult to neutralise the acid in these reactions

exactly. Some acid or base would be left over. So it would not be safe to

taste the sodium chloride solution produced.

. عتثقى مح اىحط اىقاػذج ى تفاػو. زا اىتفاػو اىحاط ف ؼادىح عن اىصؼة جذا

.تنىزا فإ ى ن آا ىتزق حيه ميسذ اىصد اى

Acids, bases and metals - Reactions of acids with metals

Acids react with most metals and a salt is produced. But unlike the

reaction between acids and bases we don't get any water. Instead we get

hydrogen gas.

ال األحاض اىقاػذ اىتفاػو ب ػيى ػنظ ىن. اىيحت إتاج اىؼاد ؼظ غ األحاض تتفاػو

غاص اىذسج حصو ػيى تذال رىل. اء أي حصو ػيى

اىذسج+ اىحط اىيح +اىؼذ:ز اىؼادىح اىؼاح ىيتفاػو

This is the general word equation for the reaction:

metal + acid → salt + hydrogen

Salts االالح

The salt produced depends upon the metal and the acid. Here are two

examples:

zinc + sulphuric acid → zinc sulphate + hydrogen

magnesium + hydrochloric acid → magnesium chloride + hydrogen او الذوط الوستخذم ، ففي جويع الذاالث الفلسال يهن ها هى . تتكىى االهالح هي تفاعل الوعادى هع االدواض

. يتكىى الولخ و غاز الهيذروجيي

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Grade 8 Unit M.4 - Salts

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It doesn't matter which metal or acid is used, if there is a reaction we

always get hydrogen gas as well as the salt.

The test for hydrogen

There is a simple laboratory test to see if a gas is hydrogen. A lighted

wooden splint goes pop if it is put into a test tube of hydrogen. This is

because the flame ignites the hydrogen, which burns explosively to make a

loud sound.

شتؼو غاص اىذسج . اىذسج اىتن غاص غاصاهىؼشفح ا إرا ما اك اختثاس ؼي تغط

. تفشقؼح

If the gas is hydrogen - Then there should be a distinctive 'squeaky pop' sound

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Grade 8 Unit M.4 - Salts

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Lab report 1

Reaction of acid and alkali ماض مع القواعدتفاعالت االح

Research question:

How can we use indicator paper to show a reaction between an

acid and an alkali? كف مكنك استخدام ورقة الكواشف للكشف عن االحماض والقواعد؟

Procedures:

1. Put 10 ml dilute sodium hydroxide solution in a beaker.

2. Measure the PH using universal indicator paper.

3. Put one drop of phenol pheythaline.

4. Take 25 ml of dilute hydrogen chloride solution and put it in burette.

5. Measure the pH, using universal indicator paper.

6. Add hydrogen chloride to the sodium hydroxide solution, ONE

Milliliter at the time until the colour turns faint pink.

7. Use the indicator paper to measure the pH when it turns into faint

pink colour.

:الطرقة .أس مدرجك ف المخفف الصودوم محلول هدروكسد مل 10 ضع. 1 .الكاشف ورقة باستخدام درجة الحموضة بقاسقم .2 .الفنونفثالن قطرة واحدة من ضع. 3 .السحاحة ف ووضعه المخفف الهدروجن محلول كلورد من مل 25 بأخذقم .4 .الكاشف ورقة، وذلك باستخدام درجة الحموضة بقاسقم .5 الى تحول اللون حتى كل مرة ف قطرة واحدة، الصودوم محلول هدروكسد إلى كلورد الهدروجن بإضافةقم .6

.خافت الوردي .باهت لونه الى وردي تحول عندما درجة الحموضة لقاس الكاشف ورقة استخدام. 7

Results:

The pH of hydrogen chloride is ………………………………………………………………….

The pH of sodium hydroxide is ……………………………………………………………………

The pH for faint pink solution is …………………………………………………………………

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Grade 8 Unit M.4 - Salts

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............................................................................الهدروجن لكلورد مقاس الحموضة

..............................................................................الصودوم مقاس الحموضة لهدروكسد

...........................................................................هو الورديلمحلول ل مقاس الحموضة

Conclusion:

1. What is the chemical formula of hydrogen chloride? ____________

2. What is the chemical formula of sodium hydroxide? _____________ :االستنتاج

____________كلورد الهدروجن؟ الكمائة ل الصغةأكتب . 1

_____________هدروكسد الصودوم؟ الكمائة ل الصغةأكتب . 2

3. Complete the following equation:

Hydrogen chloride + sodium hydroxide ……………….+……………

4. Write the chemical equation using chemical formulae:

……………+…………………. ……………+………………..

5. Why does the pH change when this reaction takes place?

لماذا تتغير درجة الحموضة بعد حدوث التفاعل؟

……………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

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Grade 8 Unit M.4 - Salts

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Lab report 2

Reaction of acid and metal فلزتفاعل االحماض مع ال

Research question:

How do metals react with acid?

؟فلزاتكف تتفاعل االحماض مع ال

Procedure:

1. Put 5 ml dilute hydrogen chloride solution in a test tube.

2. Add (Mg) ribbon to dilute hydrogen chloride. :الطرقة

.اختبار أنبوب ف المخفف الهدروجن محلول كلورد مل من 5 ضع. 1

.الهدروجن المخفف كلورد الىوم من المغنس شرط إضف. 2

Analysis: What do you observe?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………

Conclusion:

Metal + dilute acid ……………………… + …………………………

Complete the following equation:

Mg + HCl ……………………… + ………………….

How can we test which gas is given off?

كف مكن ان نكشف اي غاز نتج من التفاعل؟

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Grade 8 Unit M.4 - Salts

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Lab report 3

Reaction of carbonate with acid اػو اىنشتاخ غ االحاضتف

Research question:

How does carbonate react with acid?

كيف تتفاعل الكربونات مع االحماض؟

Procedures:

1. Put 5 ml dilute hydrogen chloride solution in a test tube.

2. Add 0.5 g sodium carbonate. :الطرقة

.اختبار أنبوب ف المخفف الهدروجن محلول كلورد نمل م 5 ضع. 1

. كربونات الصودوم أضف. 2

Analysis: What do you observe?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………..

Conclusion:

Sodium carbonate + dilute acid ……………… + ………………….

+ …………………………

Complete the following equation:

…………. + …………. ……………..…. + …………… +……………………………

How can we test which gas is given off?

كف مكن ان نكشف اي غاز نتج من التفاعل؟

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Grade 8 Unit M.4 - Salts

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Uses of Salts:

Name of salt Formula Uses

ammonium

chloride NH4Cl

in soldering, as electrolyte in dry

cells تصنيع الخليت الجافتفي لذام الذذيذ و

sodium

bicarbonate NaHCO3

in baking powder, in manufacture of

glass في تصنيع السجاج و البيكنج بىدر

sodium

chloride NaCl

for seasoning and preserving food,

essential in life processes لتتبيل و دفع الطعام وهى ههن لىظائف الذياة الوختلفت

calcium

chloride CaCl2

as a drying agent to absorb moisture,

in freezing mixtures كوادة توتص الرطىيت في الفريسراث

silver

bromide AgBr

in making photographic film في تصنيع افالم التصىير

potassium

nitrate KNO3

in manufacture of explosives;

fertilizer في تصنيع الوتفجراث و االسوذة

sodium

nitrate NaNO3

fertilizer; source of nitric acid كوصذر لذوط النيتريك في االسوذة

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Grade 8 Unit M.4 - Salts

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Key Questions:

1. Name a number of common salts and their uses. .اذكر بعض األمثلة لألمالح واستخداماتها

1.………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

1. Salts can be made in different ways.

Complete the word reactions and give an example of each.

.كر مثالأكمل المعادالت التالة مع ذ.مكن تصنع األمالح بأكثر من طرقة

a. Acid + alkali → salt + …………………

b. Metal + dilute acid → salt + ……………………

c. Dilute acid + carbonate → salt + ………………….

2.What products are formed when a metal oxide reacts with an acid?

غ االحاض؟ فيضا اىاتج تفاػو امغذ اه

a salt only

a salt and water

a salt, water and carbon dioxide

3. What products are formed when a metal carbonate reacts with an

acid?

غ االحاض؟ ىفيضمشتاخ اا اىاتج اىتن تفاػو

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Grade 8 Unit M.4 - Salts

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a salt only

a salt and water

a salt, water and carbon dioxide

4. Which acid could be used to make ammonium nitrate (a type of

fertiliser)?

ا اىحط اىن اعتخذا ىتصغ اعذج تشاخ اال

hydrochloric acid

sulfuric acid

nitric acid

5. Which salt is made when copper oxide and sulfuric acid react

together?

حاط اىى االحاض اىختيفحا اىيح اىتن تفاػو امغذ اه

copper sulfate

copper sulfuroxide

copper sulfide

6. Which gas is produced when magnesium reacts with hydrochloric

acid?

لا اىغاص اىتن تفاػو اىغغ غ حط اىذسميس

carbon dioxide

oxygen

hydrogen