Topic #3 ~ Origins and development of authoritarian and single party states

Topic #3 ~ Origins and development of authoritarian and single party states Major ThemesOrigins and nature of authoritarian and single party statesConditions that produced authoritarian and single party states, emergence of leaders: aims, ideology, support; totalitarianismEstablishment of authoritarian and single party statesMethods: force, legal; left and right wing ideologyDomestic Policies and impact Structure and organization of government and administrationPolitical, economic, social, religious policiesRole of education, women, arts, mediaMaterial for detailed studyAmerica: Cuba CastroEurope: Hitler Germany, USSR StalinMussolini Italy

Left Wing: Communism ~ Stalin & Castro

Right Wing: Fascism~ Hitler & Mussolini

RISE OF STALIN

Characteristics of Authoritarian StatesDo not rise from mass movements or revolutionArise when conservative regime imposes undemocratic measuresThey can arise following military coupsAuthoritarian regimes are firmly committed to maintaining traditional structure and valuesLeninismOrganized Marxs ideas for political organizationNeed for small leading group of revolutionariesCreated tension b/w Lenin & Trotsky (fellow revolutionary)Trotsky said that small group could lead to dictatorBoth though revolutionary stages could happen quickly

Marxism-LeninismTerm created by Stalinused after death of Lenin (1924)Considered official ideologySocialism in one countryPolitical purgesUsed to promote the single-party state

StalinismDictatorial type of ruleReject socialist democracy:Rejected: government is in the hands of the peopleRejected: Immediate recall of elected representativesNational interests over the interests of world revolution

Totalitarian DictatorshipsDictator imposes their will on:PartyStateSociety

QUOTE: Stalins police state is not an approximation to, or something like, or in some respects comparable with Hitlers. It is the same thing, only more ruthless, more cold-bloodedand more dangerous to democracy and civilized moralsThe Russian Civil War1918, Lenin is the target of a failed assassinationThe Lenin led government launches the Red Terror and has over 300,000 suspected sympathizers executedThe Russian Civil War will be waged between the White Army who seek a return to Tsarist rule and the Red Army that is protecting communist rule and hoping to spread as well

The White Army will inflect brutality on its own people with mass torture and executionsLenin will attempt to spread communism in Europe but will be easily repulsed by PolandThe U.S., France, Britain and Japan will provide assistance to the White Army because they fear communism in RussiaRussia does annex Georgia and Armenia

Political & Economic Problems 1921 -1924What happened to Russia?Civil War broke after the October Revolution (This is when the Provisional Govt is overthrown)Bolsheviks (the Red Army) vs. The Whites The Bolsheviks won in 1921Major policy disruptions that caused problems

War CommunismAll industry was nationalized and strict centralized management was introduced.State monopoly on foreign trade was introduced.Discipline for workers was strict, and strikers could be shotObligatory labor duty imposed onto "non-working classes."Prodrazvyorstka taking agricultural surpluses from peasants to redistribute.Food and most commodities were rationed and distributed in urban centers in a centralized way.Private enterprise became illegal.Military-style control of railroads.How do we summarize war communism?Ability to for the Bolsheviks to take total controlHistorian Richard Pipes argued:Bolsheviks used excuse of war communism to eliminate private property, commodity production and market exchange.The leaders expected an immediate and large scale increase in economic outputNew Economic Policy ~ LeninAdopted in 1921Allowed small, privately owned firms and traders to operateEstablished an alliance with peasantsAllowed them to sell surplus to private marketsState kept control of major industry and foreign trade

Effect of the NEPLeft feared a restoration of capitalismRight argued that it was essentialThough they overlooked fight between kulaks and nepmenKulakrich peasantNepmentraders who gained money under NEPLeon Trotsky vs. Joseph StalinAfter Lenins death in 1924 there was a power struggle within Russia of who would take overTrotsky was the man most feared by the other senior members. Trotsky refused to compete for leadership. He was absent at Lenins funeral saying that Stalin had told him the wrong date (hummmm). In reality he seems to have lacked the political will to fight.This left the door open for.Stalin

Leon TrotskyTrotsky was exiled to Turkey. Stalin played the other members of the politburo off against each other until they lost their government posts.The Rise of Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin was born into a poor class family, He was fascinated with stories dealing with overcoming insurmountable oddsHe is a harsh man, he does not attend his mothers funeral and he does not attempt to retrieve his son from a prisoner of war camp in 1917

The Rise of Joseph StalinStalin rises through the ranks of politics through ruthlessness and cunningHe played his opponents against one another and he used his poor background to appeal to the peopleDuring the Russian Revolution he will serve as a commissarHe achieves complete power by arresting or executing his supporters who put him in power

The Rise of Joseph StalinHe will put the country on a crash course of collectivization in which the Russian state would feed itself The Agriculture sector will be moved to working in heavy industry, this will cause low food production and starvation14 million are believed to have been killed because of this program

The Rise of Joseph StalinHe achieves complete power by purging the ranks of his supporters who put him in powerGrand trials will be held in the public, this instills fear and at the same time loyaltyIn 1929 he becomes the Secretary General of the Communist Party

The Rise of Joseph StalinRussian Motherhood under the regime was glorified as it sought to increase its populationTo increase female participation in the state, women were given the right to vote in 1920

Stalins Rise To Power Key Dates1922 - Appointed General Secretary of the Communist Party1924 - Death of Lenin

1927 - Introduces the Five Year Plan and collectivization1929 - Emerging leader of the USSRWhat circumstances aided Stalin in his successful rise to power? Even though Trotsky was most likely to succeed Lenin and take on the lead as Party Leader, yet he was very much unpopular by the public and lost mass support when he did not show up for Lenin's funeral (which was set up by Stalin!!!) The people interpreted his non presence as a sign of great disrespect to Lenin, and thereby Trotsky was on his way to become less and less popular. What methods did Stalin employ to overcome his rivals in the leadership struggle?Stalin portrayed himself as Lenin's follower in Soviet propaganda in an effort to justify his efforts to take power - Lenin was widely revered by the Russian working class and class-conscious workers world wide, particularly those in the communist parties of Europe.His theory of Socialism in One Country rather than Permanent Revolution was in stark contrast to the principled socialist stand of Lenin and his internationalist outlook.Stalin played one side against the other to take power: First, he allied with Zinoviev and Kamenev to cover up Lenins Will and to get Trotsky dismissed (1925). Trotsky went into exile (1928). Then, he advocated Socialism in one country (he said that the USSR should first become strong, then try to bring world revolution) and allied with the Rightists to get Zinoviev and Kamenev dismissed (1927). Stalin put his supporters into the Politburo. Finally, he argued that the NEP was uncommunist, and got Bukharin, Rykov and Tomsky dismissed (1929).

What was the nature of Stalin's ideology?"Socialism in one country"

The USSR followed the left-wing ideology of communism, although this was adapted by Stalin according to what they perceived to be the needs of the state. According to Marxsim, the proleteriat were meant to rule, but in the Soviet Union this can hardly be said to have been the true when the Communist Party had so much control. The reason for the dictatorship of the party was due to Russia's backwardness and that the dictatorship of the proletariat could not take place until people had been educated to have correct values. What were Stalin's aimsStalin wanted to strengthen Russia by modernization and industrialization, in order for her to compete with the big powers!

5 Year Plans Series of economic plans to modernize and industrialize Russia

Collectives - this involved the creation of collective farms in which peasants worked cooperatively on the same land with the same equipment. This was intended to improve the efficiency of agriculture and eliminate the "kulak" class of landowners, which was deemed hostile to the Soviet regime, while improving the position of poor peasants. The disruption and repression associated with collectivization was a primary cause of the famine of 1932, which resulted in millions of deaths.

Rise of Mussolini Immediate Post-WW I ItalyFascism was a product of a general feeling of anxiety and fear among the middle class:Fears regarding the survival of capitalism.Economic depression.The rise of a militant left.A feeling of national shame and humiliation at Italys poor treatment by the other Entente leaders after World War I [especially at Versailles].Immediate Post-WW I ItalyIn 1920 the Italian Socialist Party organized militant strikes in Turin.Fear if economic chaos spreadingBlack Shirts violently attacked the Socialists.

Benito Mussolini (1883-1945)Originally a MarxistBy 1909, convinced that a national rather than an international revolution was needed.Edited the Italian Socialist Party newspaper: Avanti! [Forward!].

Benito Mussolini (1883-1945)The war was a turning point for Italy.Returning combat soldiers would form a new eliteNew elite would transform Italian politics and society

Benito Mussolini (1883-1945)The war was a turning point for Italy.Returning combat soldiers would form a new eliteNew elite would transform Italian politics and society

Mussolini Comes to Power1921 election Fascists included in the political coalition bloc of P. M. Giovanni Giolittis government [they win 35 seats].October, 1922 Mussolini threatened a coup detat.March on Rome 25,000 Black Shirts staged demonstrations throughout the capital.

Mussolini Forms a GovernmentKing Victor Emmanuel III refused to sign a law giving the Italian military the ability to stop the Fascists.Invited Mussolini to join a coalition government1925 Mussolini seized dictatorial powers during a political crisis

The Fascists Consolidate Power(1925-1931)Independent political parties & trade unions were abolished.Freedom of the press was curbed.Special courts created to persecute any political opposition.National police force created [with a secret police component].State Corporatism1926 The National Council of Corporations created.Guilds of employers and employees established to manage the 22 sectors of the economy.Supported by small capitalists, low-level bureaucrats, and the middle classThe goal harmonize the interests of workers, managers and the state by abolishing class warfare.The reality This system stalled technological progress and destroyed workers rights.The Fascist FamilyThe Fascists encouraged the development of large families.

EducationLet us salute the flag in the Roman fashion; hail to Italy; hail to Mussolini.Textbooks emphasized:The glorious pat of the ancient Romans.The limitations imposed upon the present inhabitants by geography and the West.The imperial destiny that awaited Italys future development.

Emphasis on Physical Fitness

Anti-Semitism50,000 Jews lived in Italy in the 1930s.Mussolini did NOT implement an extermination program in Italy.75% of Italian Jews survived World War II.8,000 died in German extermination camps.1938 anti-Semitic laws passedManifesto degli Scienziati Razzisti [The Manifesto of the Racist Scientists].Excluded foreign Jews [most of them were sent to German death camps].Forbade all Jews from teaching.Excluded Jews from serving in the government or in the military.Mussolini Was Hitlers Role Model

Rise Of Hitler Hostile PeaceOn June 28, 1919: Treaty of Versailles ratified:War Guilt ClauseNo self-determination for many GermansAnschlussRhineland occupied by the FrenchDemilitarizationReparationsWeakness of the GovernmentProportional RepresentationVote for parties NOT peopleReichstag (like Congress/Parliament)President elected every 7 years, they choose the chancellor60Weakness of the Government Spartacus League (KDP)Conservative EliteGerman Communist PartyExtreme left wing socialist movementTried to overthrow the government through violent revolutionRefused to work with SPD (Social Democratic Party)Not as hostile, but openly disliked the governmentMany veterans, judges, senior civil servantsNationalistsHad Freikorps: Conducted political murders in the name of nationalismSOURCE A:In the eyes of the right, the Republic was associated with the surrender, a shameful and deliberate act of treachery, and the peace treaty a further act of betrayal. The fact that the new republican institutions were democratic added to the hostility. It was openly said that loyalty to the fatherland required disloyalty to the republic (Bullock Hitler, A Study in Tyranny)61Hitler Joins PoliticsNational Socialist German Worker's Party (NSDAP)Disorganized partyDid not recognize the Weimar RepublicNationalistFreikorps joinedAnti- SemitismHitler became the chairman of the party in 1921

The Munich Putsch (The Beer Hall Putsch)Hated the Weimar RepublicNovember 8, 1923: Hitler held rally at a Munich Beer Hall and proclaimed revolution!Led 2,000 armed "brown-shirts" (SA) to take over the Bavarian government. (Lost)Won national attentionRuhr crisis and the great inflation were at their height.

Brownshirts got their name because of their uniforms. This happened by chance. They stole their uniforms as it was a shipment heading to Africa, which the Nazis intercepted and took.

The Munich Putsch, or Beer Hall Putsch, failed but it proved a propagandist success. At his trial for treason, Hitler claimed that his actions had been taken out of patriotic concern for his country. He was convicted of hit treason but received the minimum sentence, thanks to sympathetic judges. Hitler only served 9 months and the Landsberg Fortress, which according to Ian Kershaw, was more akin to a hotel63Prison SentenceTried for Treason (gets 5 yrs. in prison)Wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle) in prisonOutline his hatred of Jews and CommunistsGave a history of the Nazi PartyGovernment InterventionHitler decided to seize power constitutionally rather than by force of arms.Golden Era for the Weimar RepublicFirst Nazi election led to only 12 seats (2.6%) of the voteHitler spoke to mass audiencesWanted German people to resist the rule of Jews/CommunistsTalked of creating a new empirerule the world for 1,000 years.Nazis Gain PowerIn 1930Nazis vote went from 3% to 18%In 1932Hitler ran for President and won 30% of the vote (Nazis held 107 seats)Hitler lost the presidential election to Paul von HindenburgHitler offered Vice-Chancellor (rejects it)Franz von Papen named chancellorhas major problemsKurt von Schleicher replaced von PapenConvinced of Nazi decline von Schleicher and von Papen tried to harness their energyIn the 1930 and 1932 elections it was difficult for the chancellors to rule without parlimentary majoritities66Nazis Gain PowerHitler, Hindenberg and von Papen formed a coalitionBackstairs IntrigueHitler called for new election Massive propaganda campaignReichstage Fire Blamed the Communist Party for starting the fireHindenberg issued a decree for the Protection of the People.took away peoples civil liberties & with Communist party gone set the table for the Nazis Nazis won 43.9% of the total voteThe Reichstag Fire, February 1933Reichstag building partially destroyed by fire.Hitler convinced Hindenburg to take strong action, and the president suspended freedom of speech and the press and other civil liberties.

The Enabling Acts (1933)On March 23, 1933, the Reichstag passed the Enabling Act, which gave dictatorial authority to Hitler's cabinet for four years.Three Phases of Creating an Authoritarian StatePhase I (1933-1934): Hitler consolidated his authority through the destruction of all other political partiesPhase II (1935-1937): militarization and conversion of all Germans to enthusiastic support of National Socialism.Phase III (1935-1939): rapid, diplomatic and military actions to gain support while getting rid of opposition elements.The Nuremberg Laws (1935)These laws defined a Jew as any person with at least one Jewish grandparent.The Nuremberg Laws deprived Jews of their rights as citizens, and Jews were barred from marrying non-Jews.Kristallnacht (1938)Nazis organized a campaign of mob violence known as the Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)destruction of synagogues and Jewish-owned businesses.Jews were forced to wear a yellow star of DavidGerman Jewish community was compelled to pay for damages.

Treaty of Versailles

Black Tuesday 1929- stock market crashesGreat Depressionduring 1930sIncreasing influence of new political parties that emphasize state control-For example: Communism, Nazism, Fascism Total Controlof State by aDictatorTotalitarianism

HITLERBECAMECHANCELLOR

THE REICHSTAGFIRETHEENABLINGACTTHE NIGHTOF THELONGKNIVESDEATH OFPRESIDENTHINDENBURGOATH OFLOYALTYTOHITLERHow did Hitler consolidate his power?

Nazi Military StateGestapo (secret police) SS (Defense Corps) Black Shirts, elite guard unit formed out of SASA Stormtroopers, Brown Shirts

Nationalism, Rallies, Book Burnings, Propaganda, Youth Movement Hitlers Storm TroopersSA Sturmabteilung Brown Shirts Original Parliamentary wing of the Nazi Party Used to maintain control @ speeches, parties & intimidating Jewish citizensLed to problems w/ the military. Rumors of a military coup; SA became disposable

PropagandaPropaganda was skillfully used by the NSDAP in the years leading up to and during Adolf Hitler's leadership of Germany (19331945). National Socialist propaganda provided a crucial instrument for acquiring and maintaining power, and for the implementation of their policies, including the pursuit of total war and the extermination of millions of people in the Holocaust.

Anti Bolshevik PosterPropagandaHitler believed masses could be won over easilyCensorship (Party controlled 2/3 of private newspapers)RadioSlogan (Heil Hitler)MoviesDecorations on buildings

Consolidation Complete in 19381934-Night of the Long Knives Political purge between June 30th & July 2nd 1934 where Nazi regime carried out a series of political murders Slowly began to transition the military into a Nazi force1935: Restoration of conscriptionpeacetime army of 500,000Military didnt like the SS suppose to be a domestic police force Technically part of the war time armySome didnt like the expansionist policies (Lebensraum) of the pace of rearmamentWar minister von Blomberg and Commander in Chief von Fritschboth were dismissed Hitler became war minister.Rise of Castro Importance of CUBA90 miles off of the coast of Florida 1901 Platt Amendment 1934 stated US had right to oversee Cuban economy, veto any international agreements & intervene in Cubas domestic policies1934 1959 Military Dictator General Fulgencio Batista ~ supported by US ~ allowed increasing US control of Cuban economy & political developments US retained important naval base at Guantanamo

Fidel CastroUnhappy with Batistas regime and Cuba being little more then a US satellite Castro was son of wealthy plantation ownerStood for congress in 1952Led attack on the armys Moncada Barracks in 1953 = failure (July 26th Movement)Imprisoned / released in 1955 / exile in Mexico December 1956 leads small force of revolutionaries and lands in Cuba US places embargo not shipping weapons to both sides Guerrilla War ensued - Batista flees Cuba for Dominican Republic

Castros revolution Fidel Castro looked for US aid initiallyUS looks at Castro as similar to Arbenz in Guatemala with his plans for land, health, and welfare reform1959 CIA using Cuban exiles and hatching plans to disrupt the Cuban economy and destabilize Castros govtCuba nationalized almost all US-owned companies = US suspends Cuba sugar imports and US placed an embargo on virtually all trade Cuba signed a trade agreement in 1960 with SU which gave Cuba credit for $100 million credit to purchase equipment while SU promises to purchase 2 million tons of sugar a year for next 4 yearsCastro also signs trade agreement with communist China

Castro & Bay of Pigs invasion By 1960 Castro had nationalized the economy and came to rely on Cuban Communist Party to provide administration for reform programmersCastro established trade relations with every communist state including SU, China, N. Korea and N. VietnamCIA convinced Eisenhower to approve training of an invasion force of right-wing Cuban exiles to overthrow CastroApril 15th, 1961 Kennedy authorized Cuban exiles with CIA pilots to carry out air raids to knock out Cuban air force

Castros responseNext day Castro announced Cuba intended to follow socialist road in order to complete revolutionSU sending large aid packages, including weaponsApril 17th 1961 1400 Cuban exiles land invasion at the Bay of PigsAttempted invasion was quickly defeated = US humiliated

Why does Cuban missile Crisis happen Kennedy remained determined to overthrow CastroAttempted assassination, planes to bomb or napalm sugar and tobacco fields, CIA agents sabotaging oil refineries, and sank Cuban merchant ships

Castro fearing another invasion asks Khrushchev for protectionMay 1962 Soviet weapons on the rise

Cuban Missile CrisisOct. 14th 1962 US U-2 spy plane returned with images of missile sites under construction & Soviet missiles had arrivedThe Thirteen Days closest US and SU come to warKennedy Two ResponsesUS would mount a naval blockade of Cuba then US troops would invade island Khrushchev issued a reply that Soviet ships would not respect blockadeOctober 28th Khrushchev pulls missiles out of Cuba and 18 SU ships turn around and go home Compromises Khrushchev sends personal letter to KennedyLetter offered:Oct. 26th Withdrawal of Soviet missiles from Cuba on condition US lifted its blockade of Cuba and promised not to invade islandOct 27th Khrushchev sends 2nd letter asks US to remove missiles from Turkey

Oct. 27th Kennedy responds to the first letter US would remove blockade if SU missiles withdrawn from CubaKennedy agreed US missiles would be removed from Turkey (would not go public)If this doesnt happen US invades Cuba the next day

Cuban Revolution & Cold War As early as 1963 US continued trying to assassinate Castro Castro hoped that Cuban Revolution would inspire other countries in Central & Latin America and Caribbean to revoltUS = feared thisCastro felt USSR used Cuba in its Global Contest and differences between the two would follow1968 Castro would publicly support the Warsaw Pact & invasion of Czechoslovakia