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jady@ukm.my

Extend of OwnershipEnjoyment of Land

ownership possessionPemunyaan bermakna hak milik – atas harta alih atau hartanah.

Pemunya tanah yg sah & berdaftar memiliki tanah melalui pemberimilikan oleh PBN @ melalui pembelian (pindahmilik) dari individu lain.

Umumnya pemunyaan termasuk:a. hak untuk memilikinya / mendudukinya b. hak eksklusif untuk menggunakan sesuatu c. hak untuk melupuskannyad. hak untuk mewariskannya selepas mati

Pemunyaan bermakna hak milik – atas harta alih atau hartanah.

Pemunya tanah yg sah & berdaftar memiliki tanah melalui pemberimilikan oleh PBN @ melalui pembelian (pindahmilik) dari individu lain.

Umumnya pemunyaan termasuk:a. hak untuk memilikinya / mendudukinya b. hak eksklusif untuk menggunakan sesuatu c. hak untuk melupuskannyad. hak untuk mewariskannya selepas mati

Milikan menggambarkan sesuatu yang lebih rendahkepentingannya dari pemunyaan.

Milikan bermakna sesuatu yang berada di tangan atau didalam pemilikan/penguasaan seseorang walaupun ia bukanhak miliknya.Contohnya: penyewa tanah, penerima pajakan danpemegang lesen pendudukan sementara (LPS).

Tidak akan ada hak (c) dan (d) di atas.

Milikan menggambarkan sesuatu yang lebih rendahkepentingannya dari pemunyaan.

Milikan bermakna sesuatu yang berada di tangan atau didalam pemilikan/penguasaan seseorang walaupun ia bukanhak miliknya.Contohnya: penyewa tanah, penerima pajakan danpemegang lesen pendudukan sementara (LPS).

Tidak akan ada hak (c) dan (d) di atas.

Harta (property):

• Harta tak alih (immovable) - adalah harta yang tidakboleh dialihkan iaitu tanah dan semua yang melekat padanya.

• Harta alih (moveable) - adalah harta selain dari hartanah termasuklah barang-barang dan chattel.

Lawful Possession

Unlawful Possession

Tenant, Lease, ChargeTOL

SquarterTtrespasser

s. 5 – ‘Registered Proprietor’

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Restrictions on Ownership

1. Natural incident of proprietorship

2. Acquired – easement under s. 286

3. Imposed – LAROW under s. 388

4. Compulsory Acquisition

POSITIVES. 44(1)(a) and(c)

NEGATIVEs. 44(1)(b)

PRIVATE AGREEMENT

By STATE AUTHORITYBy STATE AUTHORITY

Concept

cujus est solum euis est usque ad coelum et ad inferos

AIRSPACE

BELOW THE SURFACEBELOW THE SURFACEPiece of land

Corbett v Hill (1870) LR Eq 671Tam Kam Cheong v Stephen Leong [1980] 1 MLJ 36

s. 441(a) – Limb 1 The exclusive use and enjoyment of air space

Is there any need to balance the rights ofproprietor against the rights of people

Issues

Does air space subject to ownership of the proprietor

Woolerton and Wilson v Richard CostainLtd [1970] 1 WLR 411

Bernstein of Leigh (Baron) v Skyviews & General (1978)QB 479

s. 19 (1) Civil Aviation Act 1969

Does proprietor’s right of enjoymentaffected if negligence occur resulting tomaterial loss an damage.

Karrupanan v Balakrishnen, Chong Lee Chin & Ors [1994] 3 MLJ 584

s. 19 (2) Civil Aviation Act 1969

Private v Public Issue

Common Law Development National Land Code 1965

Absolute - No RestrictionAbsolute - No Restriction Not Absolute – 4 considerations s. 44(1)Not Absolute – 4 considerations s. 44(1)

Subject to other provisions of NLC-Subject to any other written law-

Reasonable and necessary-Lawful-

Subject to other provisions of NLC-Subject to any other written law-

Reasonable and necessary-Lawful-

Kelsen v Imperial Tobacco Co (1975)2 QB 334Held: Invasion of the plaintiff ’s air space was a trespass and not a mere nuisance.

Kelsen v Imperial Tobacco Co (1975)2 QB 334Held: Invasion of the plaintiff ’s air space was a trespass and not a mere nuisance.

England: Rosebery Ltd v Rocklee Ltd [2011] All ER 139

Malaysia: Chen Yue Kiew v Angkasamas Sdn Bhd [2003] 4 MLJ 365

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s. 441(a) – Limb 2 The exclusive use and enjoyment of and the land below that surface

Common Law Development

Absolute - No Restriction

Bulli Coal Mining v Osborne (1899) AC 351Trespass of underground; steal a neighbour’s coal. It may becommitted in good faith. Some circumstances would renderthe wrongdoer liable to a prosecution of felony.

National Land Code 1965

Not Absolute – 4 considerations

s. 45(2) – minerals, rock material and forest produce are belongs to

State Authority.

s. 70 – Exception under NLC: permit.

Star Energy Weald Basin Ltd v Bocardo SA [2010] UKSC 35Does drilling the well under Bocardo’s land an actionabletrespass?Yes. The owner of the surface is the owner of the stratabeneath it, including the minerals that are to be foundthere.

Equity Corporation Sdn Bhd v ThyeSun Quarry Sdn Bhd [2002] 6 MLJ 74Defendant sought to terminate thelease. Plaintiff seeks specificperformance claiming that thedefendant had breach the term – failingto obtain the quarry license and otherpermits in 1993. That leads theAuthorities refused to issue a quarrylicense to the plaintiff in 1997.

Common Law Principle

s. 44(1)(b)Concept

National Land Code

Dalton v Agus (1881)

Yong Joo Lin v Fung Poi Fong (1941)

Ohna Mohamed Abu Bakar v Tho Yan Poh(1914)

At times be acquired for uninterrupted enjoyment

Immediately upon disposal by State Authority

Madam Chah Siam v Chop Choy Kong Kongsi (1939)

Guan Soon Tin Miing v Ampang Estate Ltd [1973] 1 MLJ 25

Negative Right: does not give a corresponding positive right to support from the adjoiningproperty, but merely gives a right to take action if existing natural support from theadjoining land is lost or interfered with – Ainul Jaria et al, p. 95

Right to the support of land in its NATURAL STATE

There is no interference of human activity. If soil erosion as a catastrophic activity, no claimagainst adjoining landowner.

Types

Support for adjacent land

Support for adjacent slope land

Yip Shou Shan v Sin Heap Lee Marubeni Sdn Bhd [2002] 5 MLJ 113

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Land abuts on the foreshore / river / public places s. 44(1)(c)Concept s. 5 of foreshore (between shoreline and the low water mark)

Subject to:Any express provision in IDT, lease or licenses. 46(1) – land affected by encroachment by the sea – revert to PBNs. 49 – cease to form part of the land- Government of the State of Penang v BH Oon [1971] 2 MLJ 235s. 353(2) – re survey of the land having natural boundaries – no compensation payable by PBN- Re Sithambaram Chettiar (1955) MLJ 213

Admiral Cove Development Sdn Bhd v Balakrishnan a/l Devaraj [2011] 5 MLJ 309Misrepresentation to the physical state of the property – accessibility directly to the beach