Topic A3. Tropical Wetlands for Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation

Daniel Murdiyarso and Boone Kauffman

Introduction• Why wetlands?• Wetlands and global initiatives

Tropical mangrove ecosystems• Distribution of mangroves• Mangrove for mitigation• Adapting SLR in mangrove ecosystems

Tropical peatland ecosystems• Distribution of peatlands• Peatlands for mitigation• Ecosystem based adaptation

Summary

Outline

Topic A3. Slide 2 of 26

Tropical Wetlands Importance in the Global C Balance Very high C stocks, some of the highest on the

planet (0.25% of land surface but 3% of the world’s soil C)

Sources of methane (CH4), another species of GHGs

Rates of wetland cover change/deforestation is high in the tropics

GHG emissions from land use change much higher than those from converted upland forests

Why Wetlands

Topic A3. Slide 3 of 26

Wetlands provide numerous Ecosystem Services Flood control Coastal systems protect from storms and tsunamis Breeding and rearing habitat for fish and shellfish Sources of wood and other forest products Ecotourism High biodiversity Habitat for rare and endangered species Source of nutrients and energy to adjacent habitats Storage of Carbon

Why Wetlands

Topic A3. Slide 4 of 26

Wetlands and global initiatives:Ramsar Convention and IPCC

Bucharest COP 11 Resolution XI.14 on Implication of Climate Change on Wetlands

RAMSAR classCorresponding wetlands Sub-categories in

the IPCC terminology

Aquaculture

Ponds

Irrigated land (if cultivated)

Seasonally flooded agricultural land

Salt exploitation sites

Water storage areas

Excavations (partly)

Wastewater treatment areas

Canals and drainage channels, ditches.

Flooded Land

Flooded Land

Cropland

Rice Cultivation

---

Flooded Land

Peatlands managed for peat extraction

“Constructed wetlands” or Waste Sector

--

Topic A3. Slide 5 of 26

Wetlands and global initiatives: IPCC

Invitations to the IPCC to organize an expert meeting on methodological work related to reporting when using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

The expert meeting should explore the need and ways to clarify, improve and provide updated information, as appropriate, related to, inter alia: Information in Ch. 7 on wetlands, in particular the methodological guidance in those areas for which gaps are identified in Table 7.1 of Ch. 7 and gaps related to some uses of wetlands which are currently not fully covered, for example the drainage of wetlands, the rewetting of previously drained wetlands or wetland restoration.

Topic A3. Slide 6 of 26

Wetlands and global initiatives: UNFCCC SBSTA

Topic A3. Slide 7 of 26

Wetland and global initiatives: Blue Carbon Initiatives

Topic A3. Slide 8 of 26

Global Mangrove distribution

Topic A3. Slide 9 of 26

The 15 most mangroves-rich countries

FAO (2007)

Topic A3. Slide 10 of 26

SN Country Area (ha) % of global total

1 Indonesia 3,122,989 22.6

2 Australia 977,975 7.1

3 Brazil 962,683 7.0

4 Mexico 741,917 5.4

5 Nigeria 653,669 4.7

6 Malaysia 505,386 3.7

7 Myanmar (Burma) 494,584 3.6

8 Papua New Guinea 480,121 3.5

9 Bangladesh 436,570 3.2

10 Cuba 421,538 3.1

11 India 368,276 2.7

12 Guinea Bissau 338,652 2.5

13 Mozambique 318,851 2.3

14 Madagaskar 327,078 2.0

15 Phillipines 263,137 1.9

Mangroves deforestation

Topic A3. Slide 11 of 26

Mangroves in the Indo-Pacific region

Spanning 30o of latitude and 73o of

longitude

Diverse in species and habitat

Storing carbon more than four times

higher than those stored in tropical

upland forests

High potential for climate change

mitigation

Topic A3. Slide 12 of 26

C-stocks in degraded mangroves

Kauffman et al. Ecological Applications (2014)

Topic A3. Slide 13 of 26

Global aquaculture production

Topic A3. Slide 14 of 26

Sea-level Rise – IPCC AR5

Topic A3. Slide 15 of 26

RCP2.6: 0.26 to 0.55 mRCP4.5: 0.32 to 0.63 m RCP6.0: 0.33 to 0.63 m RCP8.5: 0.45 to 0.82 m

For RCP8.5, the rise by the year 2100 is 0.52 to 0.98 m

Source: IPCC (2013)

Topic A3. Slide 16 of 26

VietnamRepublic of Palau

Mangroves and SLR

Modified from: Alongi Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science (2008)

The Sundarbands

• The world's largest remaining

single block of mangrove forests

• Appr. 1 Mha (10,000 km2)

• Delta front has undergone a net

erosion of ~170 km2 of coastal

land in the past 37 years study

period

Source: Rahman et al. (2011)

Topic A3. Slide 17 of 26

Global peatland distribution

Topic A3. Slide 18 of 26

Source: Yu et al. Geophysical Research Letters (2010)

Global carbon store in tropical peatland

Topic A3. Slide 19 of 26

Peatlands in Southeast Asia

Topic A3. Slide 20 of 26

Source:

Source: IFCA (2007)

Land-use change

The area projected to double again

in the next 10 years

Indonesia’s revenue from palm oil

is > $16 B/y

Topic A3. Slide 21 of 26

Source: Murdiyarso et al. PNAS (2010)

Ecosystem based approaches for adaptation to climate change

The Technical Workshop was held in Dar es Salaam on 21-23 March

2013

EBA approach was adopted and supported by information compiled in

FCCC/SBSTA/2011/INF.8

Wetlands are identified among the vulnerable ecosystems that require

more attention:

• Capacity building through trainings

• Public awareness through improved communication

• Good understanding of ecosystem services

• Promoting policy (changes) and measures for EBA

Topic A3. Slide 22 of 26

ES provided by peatlands ecosystem:

• provisioning (food, fuel, fiber/wood)

• supporting (primary production of terrestrial and

aquatic forms of lives, nutrient accumulation)

• regulating (climate, fresh water cycles, pollution

control)

• cultural (aesthetic, recreational, educational,

spiritual)

Used by the community to adapt with the

changing climate

Peatlands ecosystem services for adaptation to climate change

Topic A3. Slide 23 of 26

Summary Tropical wetlands are key ecosystems for climate

change adaptation and mitigation

Projects may be developed to mitigate climate

change but could be more strategic if synergized

with adaptation objectives

South and Southeast Asia offer a significant

opportunity for climate change adaptation and

mitigation through wetland ecosystems

Data and information generated by scientific

bodies is sufficient to support policy measures

Scientific data will contribute to contribute to the

National GHG Inventories

Topic A3. Slide 24 of 26

ReferencesAlongi DM. 2008. Mangrove forests: Resilience, protection from tsunamis, and 446 responses to global

climate change. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 76:1–13.

[FAO] Food and Agriculture Organization. 2007. The world’s mangroves 1980-2005. FAO For. Pap. 153:89.

Hooijer A, Silvius M, Wösten H, and Page S. 2006. PEAT-CO2, Assessment of CO2 emissions from drained peatlands in SE Asia. Delft Hydraulics Report Q3943.

IPCC [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]. 2014. 2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories : Wetlands Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands. Switzerland: IPCC.

Kauffman JB, Heider C, Norfolk J, and Payton F. 2014. Carbon Stocks of mangroves and emissions associated with conversion (Ecological Applications In Press). http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/13-0640.1

MoFor. 2008. IFCA 2007 Consolidation Report : Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Indonesia. Indonesia: FORDA

Murdiyarso D, Hergoualc'h K, and Verchot LV. 2010. Opportunities for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in tropical peatlands. PNAS 107 (46):19655–19660.

Page SE, Rieley JO, Topher C, and Banks J. 2011. Global and regional importance of the tropical peatland carbon pool. Global Change Biology 17:798–818.

Rahman AF, Dragoni D, and El-Masri B. 2011. Response of the Sundarbans coastline to sea level rise and decreased sediment flow: A remote sensing assessment. Remote Sensing of Environment 115:3121–3128.

Yu Z, Loisel J, Brosseau DP, Beilman DW, Hunt SJ. 2010. Global peatland dynamics since the Last Glacial Maximum. Geophysical Research Letters 37 (L13402). doi:10.1029/2010GL043584.

Topic A3. Slide 25 of 26

The Sustainable Wetlands Adaptation and Mitigation Program (SWAMP) is a collaborative effort by CIFOR, the USDA Forest Service, and the Oregon State University with support from USAID.

How to cite this fileMurdiyarso M and Kauffman B. 2015. Tropical wetlands for climate change adaptation and mitigation [PowerPoint presentation]. In: SWAMP toolbox: Theme A section A3 Retrieved from <www.cifor.org/swamp-toolbox>

Photo creditDaniel Murdiyarso/CIFOR, Faizal Parish/GEC, Neil Palmer/CIFOR,Ryan Woo/CIFOR, Rupesh/CIFOR, Sigit Deni Sasmito/CIFOR, Yayan Indriatmoko/CIFOR.

Thank you