Topic03B Assembly Language on the Freescale MC9S12X Part 1

Assembly Language: Instructions 1

Topic Video 03B3B

1Thursday, 2 July 2009

• The CPUS12 has over 200 different instructions, performing 188 different tasks.

• The instruction are split into categories, these are:

The HS12 Instruction Set

Conditional BranchesLoop PrimitivesJump and BranchCondition CodeInterrupt

Load and StoreTransfer and ExchangeMove MemoryDecrement and IncrementArithmeticLogicRotates and ShiftsData Test


The HS12 Instruction SetLoad and Store Instructions

• The load and store instructions allows us to move data in and out of the registers.

• Depending on the size of the register, this data can be byte size or words (16 bit) size.

• There are load and store in instructions that can operate on:

Load StoreAccumulator A LDAA STAAAccumulator B LDAB STABAccumulator D LDD STDX index Register LDX STXY index Register LDY STYStack Pointer LDS STS


The HS12 Instruction SetLoad and Store Instructions (Continued)‏

Examples

Immediate Direct/ Extended IndexedLDAA #$23 LDAA Val LDAA 0,X

LDAB #$FA LDAB Byte LDAB 0,Y

LDD #$4523 LDD $1234 LDD 0,SP

LDY #3465 LDX Data LDX 0,Y

LDX #65563 LDY Value LDY 0,PC


Examples

Direct/ Extended IndexedSTAA Val STAA 0,X

STAB Byte STAB 0,Y

STD $1234 STD 0,SP

STX Data STX 0,Y

STY Value STY 0,PC



• There is another way that we can load or store values.

• We can use the stack.

• The act of storing a value onto the stack is called “PUSHING”.• The act of loading a value from the stack is called “PULLING”.

• The “PULL” and “PUSH” instructions that can operate on:

Pull PushAccumulator A PULA PSHAAccumulator B PULB PSHBAccumulator D PULD PSHDX index Register PULX PSHXY index Register PULY PSHY



Example

... LDAA #32

PSHA #SP=SP-1, M[SP]=A...



The HS12 Instruction SetTransfer Instructions

• The Transfer Instructions allow us to move data within the CPU from one register to another.

Transfer A to B TABTransfer B to A TBATransfer Registers TFR Source Register, Destination RegisterTransfer SP to X TFR S,XTransfer SP to Y TFR S,YTransfer X to SP TFR X,STransfer Y to SP TFR Y,SExchange Registers EXG Register1, Register 2Exchange D and X EXG D,XExchange D and Y EXG D,YExchange B and A EXG B,A


8 bit register 8 bit register


8 bit value

16 bit value





8 bit value

16 bit value



• But what happens if the registers are different sizes?

8 bit register

8 bit register

8 bit register16 bit register

16 bit register

16 bit registerLSBMSB LSB

8 bit value8 bit value

8 bit valueLSB




8 bit register

8 bit register


16 bit register



8 bit valueLSB




8 bit register

8 bit register


16 bit register


8 bit value 8 bit valueMSB=0

8 bit valueLSB




8 bit register

8 bit register


16 bit register


8 bit value 8 bit valueMSB=0

MSB=0 8 bit value LSB



The HS12 Instruction SetMove Instructions

• Using the MOVE instructions it is possible to transfer data from one memory location to another without the need for a register.

• The MOVE instructions have two possible forms; MOVB for moving bytes and MOVW, for moving words.

• The source can be a constant or a memory location, however the destination must always be a memory address.

Move (copy) a byte MOVB Source, DestinationMove (copy) a word MOVW Source, Destination



8 bit value

M[PortA]

M[PortA] M[Data]

M[$1234]

M[Data]8 bit value23

$FF 23

MOVB #23, Data MOVB PortA, Data

MOVB #$FF, PortA MOVB #23, $1234

23$FF

23



8 bit value

M[PortA]

M[PortA] M[Data]

M[$1234]


$FF 23



23$FF

23



8 bit value

M[PortA]

M[PortA] M[Data]

M[$1234]


$FF 23



23$FF

23



8 bit value

M[PortA]

M[PortA] M[Data]

M[$1234]


$FF 23



23$FF

23



8 bit value

M[PortA]

M[PortA] M[Data]

M[$1234]


$FF 23



23$FF

23



M[Data](MSB)‏M[Data+1](LSB) ‏

MOVW #$1423, Data

$14$23

MOVW PortA, Data

Port APort B M[Data+1](LSB)‏

M[Data](MSB)8‏ bit value8 bit value





MOVW #$1423, Data

$14$23

MOVW PortA, Data


M[Data](MSB)‏

$14$23






MOVW #$1423, Data

$14$23

MOVW PortA, Data


M[Data](MSB)‏

$14$23

8 bit value 8 bit value



The HS12 Instruction SetDecrement and Increment Instructions

• Using the increment and decrement commands it is possible to increase or decrease the value in a register or memory location by 1.• We can use this commands on:

Increment DecrementAccumulator A INCA DECA Accumulator B INCB DECBX index Register INX DEXY index Register INY DEYStack Pointer INS DESMemory INC mem DEC mem



Examples

mainLoop: JSR InitSCI

LDAB #2 INCB JSR OUT2HEXSpin: BRA SpinSerial_Base EQU $00D0;Base Address for SCI.

INCLUDE 'Serial.inc';Add serial routines ...



mainLoop:

JSR InitSCI MOVB #2,Counter INC Counter LDAB Counter JSR OUT2HEX

Spin: BRA SpinSerial_Base EQU $00D0 ;Base Address for SCI INCLUDE 'Serial.inc' ;Add serial routinesCounter DS 1

...


The HS12 Instruction SetClear and Set Instructions

• The clear and set instructions allows us to clear accumulator A, B or even a memory location (variable).

• They also allows us to set or clear particular bits in a memory location without affecting those bit near it.

Clear Accumulator A CLRAClear Accumulator B CLRBClear Memory CLR memory location



Bit Clear BCLR Operand, MaskBit Set BSET Operand, Mask

The operand is a memory location or variable name.The Mask specifies the bits to be set or cleared.The Mask consists of a binary number, the bit locations were a ‘1’

appear the locations that are cleared (BCLR) or set (BSET).



Example

MOVB #%10101010,PortA

BSET PortA, %11110000

BCLR PortA, %10101010

PortA%10101010



Example




PortA

%10101010MOVB #%10101010,PortA



Example




PortA

%10101010



Example




PortA

%10101010BSET PortA, %11110000



Example




PortA

%11111010BSET PortA, %11110000



Example




PortA

%11111010BSET PortA, %11110000



Example




PortA

%11111010%11111010




Example




PortA

%01010000




Example




PortA

%01010000


The HS12 Instruction SetShift and Rotate Instructions

• We can use the the shift and rotate instructions on accumulators A, B, D or even directly on memory.

Arithmetic Shifting Left Right

Accumulator A ASLA ASRA

Accumulator B ASLB ASRB

Accumulator D ASLD ASRD

Memory ASL mem ASR mem

Logical Shifting Left Right

Accumulator A LSLA LSRA

Accumulator B LSLB LSRB

Accumulator D LSLD LSRD

Memory LSL mem LSR mem



100000000

Logical Shift Left / Arithmetic Shift Left

CCR[C]



1

0

0000000


CCR[C]



1 00000000


CCR[C]



1

0

0000000


CCR[C]



1 00000000


CCR[C]



1

0

0000000


CCR[C]



1 00000000


CCR[C]



1

0

00000 00


CCR[C]



1 000000 00


CCR[C]



1

0

00000 00


CCR[C]



1 000000 00


CCR[C]



0

00000 0 0

Logical Shift RightCCR[C]

1 00000 01

Arithmetic Shift RightCCR[C]

1

0



0

00000 0 0


1

00000 01


1

0



0

00001 0 0


0

1

00001 0


0

0



0 00001 0 0


01 00001 0


0

0



0

00010 0 0


0

1

00011 0


0

0



0 00010 0 0


01 00011 0


0

0



• We can use the the shift and rotate instructions on accumulators A, B, D or even directly on memory.

Rotating Left Right

Accumulator A ROLA RORA

Accumulator B ROLB RORB

Accumulator D ROLD RORD

Memory ROL ROR



0 0001 0 0 0

Rotate RightCCR[C]

00000 0

Rotate LeftCCR[C]

0 0X

X



0 00010 0 0

Rotate RightCCR[C]

1 00000 0

Rotate LeftCCR[C]

0

0 0



0 00010 0 0

Rotate RightCCR[C]

1 00000 0

Rotate LeftCCR[C]

0

00



0 00100 0 0

Rotate RightCCR[C]

0 00000 0

Rotate LeftCCR[C]

0

1 0



0 00100 0 0

Rotate RightCCR[C]

0 00000 0

Rotate LeftCCR[C]

0

10


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Topic03B Assembly Language on the Freescale MC9S12X Part 1