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basic information systems
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Information Systems Applications
Informationdata as processed, stored, or transmitted by a computer.
Systema group of related hardware units or programs or both, especially when dedicated to a single application.
What is Information System?Information system(IS) is the study of complementary networks of hardware and software (information technology) that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create and distributedata.
HISTORY OF INFORMATION SYSTEMSThe earliest mainframe computers could only process a single task by a single user1946: ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) was developed 1951: first computer installed by the U.S. Census Bureau 1954: first computer used by G.E.Over the last half century, hardware has seen many-fold increases in speed and capacity and dramatic size reductions Applications have also evolved from relatively simple accounting programs to systems designed to solve a wide variety of problems
Multitasking IBM revolutionized the computer industry in the mid-1960s by introducing the IBM System/360 line of computersThese computers were the first to perform multiple processing tasks concurrently
Smaller Computers The first small-scale systems, called minicomputers, were smaller and less powerful but could handle processing for small organizations more cheaplyEven smaller microcomputers designed for individual use were later developed, first by Apple and Tandy Corp.In 1982, IBM introduced the first personal computer, or PC, in 1982, which has since become the standard for individual computing
Moore's Law Coined in the 1960s by Gordon Moore, one of the founders of IntelStates that the storage density (and therefore the processing power) of integrated circuits is doubling about every yearBy the 1970s the doubling rate had slowed to 18 months, a pace that has continued up to the present
Information Systems ApplicationsWhat functions and procedures does the system perform?What type of information does the system provide?Which business functional unit can it support?Who uses and benefits from the system?
Role of Information Systems in OrganizationsSupport of its business processes and operationsSupport of decision-making by its managersSupport of its strategies for competitive advantage
Role of Information Systems in OrganizationsIt can provide early warning signals of problems that originate both externally and internallyIt can automate routine clerical operationsIt can assist all levels of managers in making routine (programmed) decisionsIt can provide the information necessary for management to make strategic (non-programmed) decisions
Major Types of Information SystemsTransaction Processing SystemsOffice Automation SystemsKnowledge Work SystemsManagement Information SystemsDecision Support SystemsExpert SystemsExpert Support/Information Systems
Transaction Processing SystemsDeveloped to process large amounts of data for routine business transactions
Transaction Processing SystemsBoundary-spanning systems that permit the organization to interact with the external environment
Transaction Processing SystemsAllow sorting, listing, merging, and updating of data and information
Transaction Processing SystemsHandle and produce data and information in the form of transactions, events, detailed reports, lists, and summaries
Transaction Processing SystemsSales and Marketing SystemsSales Order Information SystemMarketing Research SystemPricing SystemOrder Tracking and Processing
Transaction Processing SystemsManufacturing and Production SystemsMaterials Resource Planning SystemPurchase Order Control SystemEngineering SystemQuality Control System
Transaction Processing SystemsAccounting and Finance SystemsGeneral Ledger SystemAccounts Payable/Receivable SystemBudgeting SystemFunds Management System
Transaction Processing SystemsHuman Resource SystemsPayroll SystemEmployee Records SystemBenefit SystemCareer Path SystemTraining and Development System
Transaction Processing Systems
Office Automation SystemsSystems that make use of tools like word processing, electronic mail, calendaring features, and reminder files
Office Automation SystemsHandle document management, scheduling, and communicationsSupport data workers
Office Automation SystemsWord ProcessingDocument ImagingElectronic CalendarsSpreadsheetsDesktop PublishingVideo ConferencingVoice Mail
Office Automation Systems
Knowledge Work SystemsSupport professional workers such as scientists, engineers and doctors by aiding them to create new knowledge
Knowledge Work SystemsSupport the creation, organization, and dissemination of business knowledge to employees and managers throughout the organization
Knowledge Work SystemsComputer Aided DesignComputer Aided ManufacturingE-Learning SystemsScientific Computing SystemsEngineering, Graphics, and Managerial Workstations
Knowledge Work Systems
Management Information SystemsDeals with the planning for, development, management, and use of information technology tools to help people in the organization perform all tasks related to information processing and management
Management Information SystemsProvide information in the form of reports and displays to managers and many business professionals
Management Information SystemsProvide access to current performance and historical records of the organization
Management Information SystemsFocus entirely on internal events, providing the information for short-term planning and decision making
Management Information SystemsSales ManagementInventory ControlAnnual BudgetingCapital Investment AnalysisRelocation Analysis
Management Information Systems
Decision Support SystemsFocus on helping managers make decisions that are semi-structured, unique, or rapidly changing, and not easily specified in advance
Decision Support SystemsHave greater analytical power than other systems, incorporate modeling tools, aggregation and analysis tools, and support what-if scenarios
Decision Support SystemsSales Region AnalysisProduction SchedulingCost AnalysisPricing/Profitability AnalysisContract Cost Analysis
Decision Support Systems
Expert SystemsAlso known as Knowledge-Based SystemsApplication of Artificial IntelligenceDesigned to mimic the performance of human experts
Expert SystemsEffectively capture and use the knowledge of an expert for solving a particular problem experienced in an organization
Expert SystemsTraining SystemsEquipment DiagnosticsPortfolio ManagementTroubleshooting Systems
Expert Systems
Executive Support/Information SystemsHelp executives organize their interaction with the external environment and looking for ways to help them make decisions on the strategic level
Executive Support/Information SystemsAddress unstructured decisions and create a generalized computing and communications environment, rather than providing any fixed application or specific capability
Executive Support/Information SystemsDesigned to incorporate data about external events, such as new tax laws or competitors, and also draw summarized information from internal Management Information Systems and Decision Support Systems
Executive Support/Information SystemsThese systems filter, compress, and track critical data, emphasizing the reduction of time and effort required to obtain information useful to executive management
Executive Support/Information SystemsSales Trend ForecastingOperations PlanningBudget ForecastingProfit PlanningManpower Planning
Executive Support/Information Systems
Enterprise Resource Planning Systems (ERP)Over time, firms began to use many different kinds of information systems throughout the firmDuring the 1990s firms began to see the value in integrating all of these systems so that they could function as a coordinated unitERP systems are computer-based systems aimed at meeting this need that enable the management of all of a firms resources on an organization-wide basis
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