Topics to be Covered

• Physical & Chemical Properties

• Intrinsic v. Extrinsic Properties

• Physical and Chemical Changes

• Pure Substances

• Mixtures

• States of Matter

Everything that has mass and

takes up space (“volume”) is

called matter.

• Physical v. Chemical

• Intrinsic v. Extrinsic

1. Physical properties

• How the item looks,

smells, behaves when it is

not changing its identity.

• (Examples on next slide)

2. Chemical properties

• Can only be observed when a chemical

change occurs.

• Explain how reactive it is.

• What it reacts with.

Intrinsic v. Extrinsic Properties

Intrinsic • Also called “intensive”

• Ex: density,

conductivity, reactivity

• Do not change with the

amount of material

being measured.

• also called extensive

• Ex: volume and mass

• change with the amount

of material being

measured

Extrinsic

•submicroscopic (too small to see)

OR

•macroscopic (big enough to see)

•physical

OR

•chemical

• What we observe macroscopically (smell,

bubbles forming, color changes,

combustion)

• indicates what is happening

microscopically (breaking and forming of

bonds between atoms)

Use of Models • Sometimes we use MODELS to help us

understand what is happening at the

submicroscopic level

• These models are powerful tools to help

scientists predict the results of experiments.

• Ex: solar system

1. Substance changes in form or appearance

but does not change its chemical composition.

o Ex1: all phase changes (ex: ice melting)

o Ex2:cutting a piece of wood into small

pieces

2. Properties of that substance do not change

oEx: melting point

oEx: boiling point

oEx: chemical composition

3.Can be reversible* or irreversible

1. A substance changes into something new.

2. Occurs due to a chemical reaction.

3. Properties of the original substance change.

Ex:the density, melting point or freezing point of

original substance changes.

4. Common signs of a chemical change are often

observed (Ex: bubbles form, mass changes, heat

releases, etc).

5. Usually irreversible.

Classifying Matter by

Composition (what it’s made of)

•Substance

•Mixture

ALL MATTER IS EITHER A

OR

Don’t Copy: Leave a page in your notes for

this flow chart. We will complete it in class.

1. Can’t be further broken down by physical means.

2. Is pure matter

3. Has its own characteristic properties that are

different from those of any other substance.

4. Has fixed composition-every sample is the same

throughout

(Don’t copy: will go

on flow chart.)

Compounds

• Made of 2+ elements combined chemically.

• Can be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical changes.

• Elements always in a definite ratio

• Ex: H2O, NaCl

Elements

• Cannot be decomposed

into simpler substances

by chemical changes

• Ex: H, He, Li, Va

(Don’t copy: will go

on flow chart.)

1. 2 or more substances that are put together

but NOT chemically combined.

2. Components retain their characteristic

properties

3. May be separated into pure substances by

physical methods

4. Composition varies from sample to sample.

(Don’t copy: will go

on flow chart.)

Homogeneous-

• same composition

throughout

•ex: Kool-Aid

Heterogeneous-

•different composition

throughout

•large pieces-easily

separated by physical

means (ex: density,

filtration)

•ex: salad dressing

(Don’t copy: will go

on flow chart.)

•Solutions are homogeneous mixtures in

which there is a solvent& a solute.

•Examples: sugar water, 40% isopropyl

(rubbing) alcohol, brass

•Solvent: substance that dissolves

another substance. Ex: water

•Solute: substance that is being

dissolved. Ex: sugar

Solutions in which the

solvent is water!

Why do you think they are

important?

•homogenous mixtures in which 2 or

more metals have been combined.

•Examples: steel, 10 carat gold

Separating Mixtures Filtration

• Process that separates a

solid from a liquid

• Uses a filter that has holes

that allow liquid to escape,

but solid particles are too

large

Decanting

• Pouring a liquid off the top

of a solid or another liquid.

Distillation

• separates a sol’n in which

the solvent has a low BP &

the solute has a high BP.

• Boil away the solvent, then

collect in a separate

container. see picture on p

47 (CHemIH) or

Distillation Apparatus (Don’t copy, but

leave room in notes.

I will have you copy

a diagram.)

•Matter cannot be created nor

destroyed.

•It is just converted from one form

to another.

•STATES OF MATTER ARE:

•Solid

•Liquid

•Gas

•Plasma

•Others

KMT: Particles of matter are in

constant motion

Have definite shape

•Particles are in fixed positions

Have definite volume

•Particles touch so they can’t be

compressed

Particles move: they vibrate & rotate

Have no definite shape

Particles “flow” past one another.

Move more rapidly & freely than in

solids.

Have definite volume

Particles touch so they can’t be

compressed

Particles have “flow” (move around one

another freely)

•Have no definite shape

•Particles “flow” past one another.

•Have an indefinite volume

•Particles are far apart from one

another

•Particles move much more quickly

than in liquids.

•Ionized gas-made of ions and their freed

electrons

•Produced at very high temperatures

•Most common state of matter in the

universe-about 99% of known matter.

•Least common on Earth

•Found in plasma TVs, fluorescent lights

PRODUCTS IN WHICH

PLASMAS ARE USED:

(Copy a few of interest to

you.)

•Computer chips &integrated

circuits

•Computer hard drives

•Electronics

•Machine tools

•Medical implants&prosthetics

•Audio and video tapes

•Aircraft & auto engine parts

•Printing on plastic food

containers

•Energy-efficient window

coatings

•High-efficiency window

coatings

•Safe drinking water

•Voice and data

communications components

•Anti-scratch and anti-glare

coatings on eyeglasses and

other optics

Plasma-Based Water Treatment for

Water Sterilization (DO NOT COPY)

•intense UV emission disables the DNA of micro-

organisms in the water which then can’t replicate.

•no effect on taste or smell of the water and the

technique only takes about 12 seconds.

•effective against all water-born bacteria

and viruses.

•especially relevant to the needs of

developing countries b/c they can be made

simple to use and have low maintenance

and low cost.

•use about 20,000 times less energy than

boiling water!

Plasma-Based UV Water Treatment

Sytems, cont. (DO NOT COPY)

FYI: The slides that

follow are for your

interest

(Don’t need to copy any more from this

slide show.)

•Sir William Crookes, an English

physicist, identified a fourth state

of matter, now called plasma, in

1879

•The word "PLASMA" was first

applied to ionized gas by Dr.

Irving Langmuir, an American

chemist and physicist, in 1929.

(Above)

X-ray view of

Sun

from Yohkoh,

ISAS and NASA

Star formation in the

Eagle Nebula

Space Telescope Science

Institute, NASA

(below)

Plasma radiation within the Princeton

Tokamak during operation.

Laser plasma interaction during inertial

confinement fusion test at the

University of Rochester.

PLASMA

•a collection of free-moving electrons and ions

- atoms that have lost electrons.

•Energy is needed to strip electrons from atoms

to make plasma.

•The energy can be of various origins: thermal,

electrical, or light (ultraviolet light or intense

visible light from a laser).

•With insufficient sustaining power, plasmas

recombine into neutral gas.

Plasma can be accelerated and steered by

electric and magnetic fields which allows

it to be controlled and applied. Plasma

research is yielding a greater

understanding of the universe. It also

provides many practical uses: new

manufacturing techniques, consumer

products, and the prospect of abundant

energy.

Products

manufactured

using plasmas

impact our daily

lives:

•Waste processing

•Coatings and films

•Electronics

•Computer chips and

integrated circuits

•Advanced materials

(e.g., ceramics)

•High-efficiency

lighting

Plasma technologies

are important in

industries with annual

world markets

approaching $200

billion

Drastically Reduce Landfill Size

Environmental impact:

High-temperature plasmas in arc furnaces

can convert, in principle, any combination

of materials to a vitrified or glassy

substance with separation of molten metal.

Substantial recycling is made possible with

such furnaces and the highly stable,

nonleachable, vitrified material can be used

in landfills with essentially no

environmental impact.

Electron-beam generated plasma reactors can

clean up hazardous chemical waste or enable

soil remediation. Such systems are highly

efficient and reasonably portable, can treat very

low concentrations of toxic substances, and can

treat a wide range of substances.

Environmental impact: