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Tornadogenesis in a Simulated Mesovortex: The Role of Surface
FrictionAlex Schenkman
Co-authors: Ming Xue and Alan Shapiro
Experiment Design• A 100-m simulation is nested within two larger, lower
resolution grids. • On the two outer grids, radar and conventional
observations are assimilated via the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) 3DVAR and cloud analysis.
• The outermost grid (2-km horiz. spacing) is used to forecast overall MCS and line-end vortex development.
• A 400-m grid is nested within the 2-km grid and simulates mesovortices associated with the MCS.
• The 100-m grid forecasts detailed evolution of a long-lived mesovortex and associated tornado-like vortex.
• For more details on the experiment design see Schenkman et al. (2011a,b) and Schenkman et al. (JAS, in press).
Simulation without drag
• Experiment is run without drag to further verify frictionally generated vorticity is cause of rotor.
• Note: BCs and ICs still come from same 400-m simulation
• Should have a limited impact as most of the frictionally-generated vorticity developed during the 100-m simulation.
Conclusion
Surface drag in the model is playing a key role in the generation of the rotor, associated low-level updraft, and thus tornadogenesis in this case.
But how?
Mountain rotor comparison
• Doyle and Durran (2002) showed that rotors formed in the lee of mountains in simulations with surface drag turned on.
• They attribute rotor formation to boundary layer separation that occurs when the flow encounters the adverse PGF associated with the first lee-wave.
• To determine the dynamics behind the rotor formation we examine rotors that form in the lee of mountains.
Figure from Doyle and Durran (2007)
Mountain rotor comparison (cont’d)
• To better compare our studies we note the following similarities:– In both studies there is a strong jet, beneath
which there is a large horizontal vorticity maximum
– An adverse PGF causes boundary layer separation in both studies. Lee-wave in Doyle and Durran. Gust front in our case.
– Both studies are stably stratified.