TORO Fernando - Estuarine and River Geomorphology

PORT HYDRODYNAMICS

Fernando TORO

International Marine & Dredging

Consultants N.V.

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14-Nov-11 / APEC Port Hydrodynamics / slide 2

Ongoing studies are required in a changing world

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20 september 2005


Importance of the studies

Type of studies in an infrastructure project:

Design Process: Master Plan Preliminary Design Feasibility (EIA+CBA+MCA) Detailed design Construction (supervision)

Operation (maintenance, monitoring)


Introduction

Design process Operational conditions Tides Currents SalinityWavesWind Others (ice,mist)

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Design process


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Port design

Extreme conditions Long term data Design period Return period

Main hydrodynamic parameters Tide Currents Waves Wind

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Main design elements

Site selection Access channel

Depth Alignment

Lay out Wave protection (Breakwaters) Quay wall / jetties

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Operational conditions


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Operational conditions

Short term conditions Port accessibility Port operations Important hydrodynamic parameters Tide currents waves wind

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Main operational elements

Navigation to the port

Berthing procedures

Mooring forces

Port equipment (loading/unloading)

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Tides


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Tides

Origin and generation of tides Different water levels Different tides (diurnal, semidiurnal,..) Tidal windows Use of locks Sea level rise Measuring methods The river Scheldt

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Origin of tides

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m


Origin of tides

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Tidal Curve

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Different water levels

HOWL : Highest observed water level HAT : Highest astronomical tide MHW: Mean high water level MW: Mean water level (MSL) MLW: Mean low water LAT: Lowest astronomical tide (CD) LOWL: Lowest observed water level

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Type of tides

Semi Diurnal

Diurnal

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Tide registration

Pressure sensor

Graduated tide staff

Conductivity Temperature Depth Salinity

Tide Measurement techniques


1990

1 m rise

8 m rise

Marbaix et al, 2004 Sea level rise Delta areas

IPCC, 4th assessment report 2007


M M+ W W+ Worst

Air temperature + 2 C + 2 C + 4 C + 4 C + 4 C

Change air circulation No Yes No Yes Yes

Winter precipitation + 8% + 14% + 16% + 28% + 28%

Wind velocity 0% + 4% - 2% + 8% + 8%

Summer precipitation + 6% - 20% + 12% - 40% - 40%

Sea water temp + 2.5% + 2.5% + 3.5% + 3.5% + 3.5%

Mean sea level + 60cm + 60 cm + 93 cm + 93 cm + 200 cm

M M+ W W+ Worst

Air temperature + 2C + 2C + 4C + 4C + 4C

Change air circulation No Yes No Yes Yes

Winter precipitation + 8% + 14% + 16% + 28% + 28%

Wind velocity 0% + 4% - 2% + 8% + 8%

Summer precipitation + 6% - 20% + 12% - 40% - 40%

Sea water temp + 2.5% + 2.5% + 3.5% + 3.5% + 3.5%

Mean sea level + 60cm + 60 cm + 93 cm + 93 cm + 200 cm

Sea level rise Climate Change Scenarios


The River Scheldt

Map of the estuary (indicating tidal data) Tidal variation throughout the river Time differences Tidal curves

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Tidal windows

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Tidal window

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The River Scheldt Tide propagation


The River Scheldt

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Scheldt Estuary : an international seaway Two previous deepening programs in 1970 and 1997 To be realized before the end of 2009 Tide independent navigation Port of Antwerp at maximum draft

of 13.1m (previously 11.85m)

2010 Development Sketch : Accessibility Flood protection Nature conservation

Special Area of Conservation Extensive research as input for

EIA and AA of Natura 2000 areas

Tide Deepening Program of River Scheldt

14-Nov-11 / APEC Port Hydrodynamics / slide 29 29

langsprofiel


Deurganckdok:

Operational since 2005 (phase I) Phase III finished in 2007 Direct connection with Scheldt, no locks Tidal water level fluctuations in Antwerp: 5m Bottom level: -17 m TAW Retaining height of quay wall: 26 m 5.3 km of quay 255 ha >7 million TEU

Deurganckdok tidal basin


Use of locks

Example of a locked basin

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Currents


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Currents

Tidal currents Wind generated currents Wave induced currents Salinity induced currents Ship Generated currents

Measuring methods

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Submerged Float

Propeller current meter

Current Measurement techniques


Current Measurement techniques

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ADCP Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler

Vertical & Horizontal

Also for waves

and water depth


Velocity (m/s)

Direction

Water level

Time stack

ADCP Current Measurements results


Flood uses entire cross-section (flood channels)

Ebb uses ebb channels

Cross section

Velocity (m/s)

Velocity (m/s)

ADCP Current Measurements results


Salinity


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Definition Salt wedge Density current Measuring techniques

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Salinity


Equipment for measuring

suspended sediment

concentrations and salinity

SiltProfiler: Vertical profiles of high

sediment concentration and salinity

Measuring salinity

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CTD - diver

Conductivity Temperature Depth Salinity


Density current forces and motion

Progress of density

current in harbour

Perpendicular current velocity (m/s)

Salinity Density Currents


Waves


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Main characteristics Different type of waves Wave statistics Generating waves Refraction/diffraction of waves Measuring techniques

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Waves


Wave characteristics


Particle displacement

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The water particle displacement

is shown for a shallow water

wave and for a deep water wave

in figure.

In deep water the effect of the

waves does not extend down to

the bed; in shallow water the

water makes an oscillating

movement over the entire

depth.

Near the surface the water

particles describe an elliptical

path, near the bottom the water

particles make an horizontal

oscillating movement.

Wave characteristics


Waves, physical mechanisms, and periods

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Wave type Physical mechanism Periods

Wind waves

Swell

Wind shear

Wind waves


Wave-rider Buoys Non-directional pitch-roll-buoy (dir.)

Gauges Continuous gauge Step resistance gauge Pressure gauge

Reversed echo-sounder Remote sensing

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Wave staff

Oceanographic

buoy

Directional wave measurement

Wave measurement techniques


Rayleigh

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The Rayleigh probability density and cumulative probability distribution

(x = corresponds to the mode)

Wave statistics


Typical wave data, extreme wave analysis

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Wave statistics


Wave refraction over straight parallel contours

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Wave refraction


Wave diffraction


Wind


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Wind

Windrose diagram Frequency analysis Beaufort scale Gust factor

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Wind statistics

The frequency of yearly wind forces

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Wind forces Beaufort scale

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Wind gusts

Gust ratios

For port and ship operations it may be noted that gust durations

shorter than 1 minute will be of secondary importance

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Gust (3-s mean)

10-2 mean

1-min. mean

10-min. mean

30-min. mean

60-min. mean

1.56

1.48

1.28

1.12

1.05

1.00


Others (ice, mist)


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Other parameters

Visibility factors Mist Heavy rain Snow

Ice Icebergs Blocking of canals

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Recap


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International Marine &

Dredging Consultants nv

Phone: + 32 3 270 92 95

Email: [email protected]

Website: www.imdc.be

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Documents

TORO Fernando - Estuarine and River Geomorphology