Torts B Study Notes

7/25/2019 Torts B Study Notes

1/62

"

!"#$%& (%)* +

#$%& $%'( )* +,(-./*%01.2 3

4.5,6/)*%01. -*75$)%&')5 )11/.** 3

4.5,6/)*.8 -*75$)%&')5 )/9:'7 ;

/9:'7 "G

,"-&.-"#/" %#0 1*.22.3#2 45

M,/E.%*%/5. 4:1. NN

,6.2%#/" 47

L&':5&:'. E,' %/*I.'*O ND

/&.'E.'./5. NG

R)&1. &, L:. NG

#$, (%7 0. 1)%01.2 NS

#$%& )* :/'.%*,/%01. )/&.'E.'./5.2 33

B%(%6.T >/&.'E.'./5. 3@


2/62

N


3/62

3

!"#$%&!"#$

89%$ 9%)* .2 :3*;"#2% ?$++2cB%(%6.* %'.d '.5,C.'%01.

E,' /.'C,:* *$,5ZX ,'X &, -:& )& )/ (.8)5%1 &.'(* E,' '.5,6/)*%01. -*75$)%&')5 )11/.** 5%:*.8 07

&$. 0'.%5$ ,E 8:&7 07 &$. 8.E./8%/&e


4/62

;

@' $)("17/)9/'6 59$(9$+ " 0.(2 4; 3"+$ $A/)() /( #.)( 1$ 0$($+#/'$0 59$(9$+ /( /) +$")4'"17$ (4 9">$

+$-./+$0 (9$ 0$;$'0"'( (4 9">$ ;4+$)$$' (9$ +/)< 4; )943"/3-#.2"0 ;2?/9.%$)./ .#O6)?

f./.'%1


5/62

@

"%23#2 V3) )"&6/$%#/" $3 /3*;"#2%$" G;6)"H ;2?/9.%$)./ .#O6)?

+%(-0.11&,I/ +)&7 +,:/5)1 C U%5Z%7 ["SGS\ "@ ML#F4 @V" [+H\

_%5&*O R$.'. I%* % 5,11%-*. ,E % 5,:-1.* 8'.%( $,:*. I$)5$ 1.%8 &, -*75$)%&')5 )11/.** %/8

0'.%Z :- ,E % (%'')%6.?

A.18O

B%(%6.* '.5,C.'%01.?


6/62

D

-*75$)%&')5 $%'( )* 1.** 1)Z.17 &, 0. &%/6)01.O (,'. ,-./ &, .'',' )/ 8)%6/,*)*X &,

E%0')5%&),/ ,' .W%66.'%&),/] (,'. 8)EE)5:1& &, .*&%01)*$ % 5%:*%1 1)/Z 0.&I../ 8.E./8%/&*

E%:1& %/8 )/9:'7

1)&)6%&),/ (%7 -,*. 8)*)/5./&)C. &, '.$%0)1)&%&),/

:/'.*&')5&.8 '.5,C.'%0)1)&7 -,*.* ')*Z ,E 6'.%&17 )/5'.%*.8 %/8 -,**)017 )/8.&.'()/%&.

1)%0)1)&7 1)%0)1)&7 (%7 )(-,*. %/ :/'.%*,/%01. ,' 8)*-',-,'&),/%&. 0:'8./ ,/ 8.E./8%/&

I)&$ 1)()&* ,/ '.*,:'5.*X )& )* (,'. )(-,'&%/& &, 5,(-./*%&. C)5&)(* ,E -$7*)5%1 )/9:').*

(.2$3)./%& W"X"&3;*"#$

M, '.5,C.'7 E,' -:'. -*75$)%&')5 8%(%6.? M.'C,:* *$,5ZX :/%55,(-%/).8 07 -$7*)5%1 )/9:'7

I%* &,, '.(,&. % 5,/*.=:./5. ,E % /.61)6./& %55)8./&X &, '.*:1& )/ 8%(%6.*

_.%' ,E )/9:'7 &, ,/.*.1E [-')(%'7 C)5&)( 5%*.*\ _,' &$. E)'*& &)(. %55.-&.8 &$%& )E &$. -1%)/&)EE

E.%'* E,' &$.)' ,I/ *%E.&7X 0:& .*5%-.* -$7*)5%1 )/9:'7X &$. 8.E./8%/& )* :/8.' ,E 8:&7 ,E 5%'. &,

-',&.5& %6%)/*& -*75$)%&')5 )/9:'7

Y./$3).%# >%.&Z%?2 :3**.22.3#") X :36&$%2 G5KKKH 5+ E;; :%2 444

_%5&*O &$. I,(%/ C)5&)( *:EE.'.8 *$,5Z I$)5$ 5%:*.8 $.' -'.6/%/57 &, ()*5%'')%6.X /,

-$7*)5%1 )/9:'7?

A.18O


7/62

P

U9" ;&%.#$.VV *62$ & I%* %1*, $.18 &$%& &$. -1%)/&)EE $%8 &, 0. % 51,*. '.1%&)C. ,E &$. C)5&)(X ,/. ,E &$. 9:86.*

5,((./&.8 )& (%7 0. -,**)01. &, .W&./8 &$)* &, 07*&%/8.'* ,E %/ %55)8./&X $./5. &$. -1%)/&)EE

5,:18 '.5,C.' 8%(%6.*?

W6&."6 X 89.$" ^ T3#2 @5AC5D 4 ]\ 77A

_%5&*O +%'')%6. 8')C./ 07 /.61)6./&17 )/&, % -:0X -1%)/&)EE E.%'.8 E,' *%E.&7 %/8 *:EE.'.8

-*75$)%&')5 *$,5Z?

A.18O

+,:'& E,:/8 &$%& 1)%0)1)&7 I%* 0%*.8 ,/ *$,5Z %')*)/6 E',( )((.8)%&. E.%' ,E )/9:'7 &, ,/.*.1E

.C./ &$,:6$ &$.'. I%* /, -$7*)5%1 )(-%5&?

_.%' ,E )/9:'7 &, %/,&$.' [*.5,/8%'7 C)5&)( 5%*.*\


8/62

G

>"Q6.)"*"#$2 3V J.%


9/62

S

R# $9" "X"#$ 3V ;6)"&? ;2?/9.%$)./ &322 .# $9" %"%23#% IMA

_%5&*O


10/62

"V


11/62

""

U%)/ %'6:(./&* %6%)/*& '.&./&),/ ,E 8)'.5& -.'5.-&),/O #)&/.**)/6 %/ .C./& )* /,& /.5.**%')17

(,'. &'%:(%&)5 &$%/ 0.)/6 &,18] J(,&),/%1 )/C,1C.(./& )* (,'. '.1.C%/& &$%/ -$7*)5%1

-'.*./5.] #$%& %0,:& 5%*.* I$.'. -1%)/&)EEi* /,&)E)5%&),/ )* 8.1%7.82] #$%& %0,:& 5%*.* I$.'.

&$.'. )* /, %E&.'(%&$2

U9" #""0 V3) % ;%)$./6&%) )"&%$.3#29.; $3 $9" X./$.*

K')6)/%117X ,/17 51,*. '.1%&)C.* %/8 '.*5:.'* 5,:18 '.5,C.' 8%(%6.* E,' /.'C,:* *$,5Z

[5E? #)/8.7.' b )/ S4.'( @)" S/'$) > K.)$2["SPV\ "N@ +F4 3G3 [$,18)/6 % 8)EE.'./&

C).I\\?

M4;;$2O O /, %:&$,')&%&)C. *&%&.(./& %* &, I$.&$.' % -%'&)5:1%'

'.1%&),/*$)- )* % *.-%'%&. '.=:)'.(./& [,E -',W)()&7\ ,' (.'.17 -%'& ,E &$. )/=:)'7 %* &,

I$.&$.' /.'C,:* *$,5Z I%* '.%*,/%017 E,'.*..%01.?

a#$)1. &$. '.1%&),/*$)- ,E &$. -1%)/&)EE I)&$ &$. &$'.%&./.8 ,' )/9:'.8 -.'*,/ gdh (%7

I.11 0. ,E 5')&)5%1 )(-,'&%/5. ,/ &$. =:.*&),/ I$.&$.' &$. ')*Z ,E (.'. -*75$)%&')5

)/9:'7 I%* '.%*,/%017 E,'.*..%01. )/ % -%'&)5:1%' 5%*.X &$. -'.E.'%01. C).I I,:18 *..(

&, 0. &$%& % -.'*,/ I$, $%* *:EE.'.8 -*75$)%&')5 )/9:'7 %* &$. '.*:1& ,E 5,/&.(-,'%/.,:*

,0*.'C%&),/ %& &$. *5./. ,E &$. %55)8./& )* I)&$)/ &$. %'.% )/ I$)5$ &$. 5,((,/ 1%I

%55.-&* &$%& &$. '.=:)'.(./& ,E -',W)()&7 )* *%&)*E).8 '.6%'81.** ,E $)* -%'&)5:1%'

'.1%&),/*$)- I)&$ &$. )/9:'.8 -.'*,/e [B.%/. b )/R"$')39 > M4;;$2["SG;\ "N@ +F4 @;S %&

@D"?

J.% %(

8)'.5&)/6 (7 ()/8 &, &$. %5&* ,' ,()**),/* I$)5$ %'. 5%11.8 )/&, =:.*&),/?


12/62

"N

m:.*&),/O )* )& '.%*,/%01. &, '.=:)'. &$. B &, $%C. )/ 5,/&.(-1%&),/ &$. ')*Z ,E

-*75$)%&')5 )/9:'7 &, &$. -1%)/&)EE %/8 &, &%Z. '.%*,/%01. 5%'. &, 6:%'8 %6%)/*& *:5$ %/)/9:'72

U%*" X ,"Z T36$9 8%&"2L E##"$$2 X E62$)%&.%# T$%$.3#2 P$? J$0 @4CC4D (:E +I GI

T";$"*& I%* '.%*,/%017 E,'.*..%01. &$%& -%'./&* ,E /,'(%1 E,'&)&:8. I,:18 *:EE.' (./&%1 $%'( )/

&$. 5)'5:(*&%/5.*?


13/62

"3

#$%& )* &$. '.1.C%/5. ,E '.%*,/%01./.**2O R$. 5,/8:5& ,E &$. 8.E./8%/& n &$. 8.E./8%/&

/..8* &, &%Z. '.%*,/%01. 5%'.] &$. 5,:'&* (:*& %1*, 0. '.%*,/%01. )/ )(-,*)/6 % 8:&7 ,E

5%'. n &$. 5,:'& *$,:18 /,& .W&./8 % 8:&7 &, &$%& I$)5$ )* 5,/*)8.'.8 ,:&*)8. &$. -:01)5*

I%/&*

R$. -'.C),:* 5,/&',1 (.5$%/)*(* %'. /,& -'.5,/8)&),/* ,E % 8:&7 0.)/6 ,I.8 0:& %'. &,

0. 5,/*)8.'.8 )/ &$)* 5,/&.W&? & )* :/'.%*,/%01. &, .W-.5& ,&$.'* &, &%Z. -'.5%:&),/* I$.'. ,/17 -%'&)5:1%'17 C:1/.'%01.

-.,-1. %'. %& ')*Z?

L%(. ':1. %--1).* &, 8:&7 ,E 5%'. &, -'.C./& -$7*)5%1 )/9:'7?

JW5.-&),/*O "&"X%#/" 3V T600"# T93/[

cL:88./ *$,5Zi )* /,& % -'.5,/8)&),/ E,' '.5,C.'7?

#$.'. -',1,/6.8 *:EE.')/6 6)C.* ')*. &, 8)EE)5:1& =:.*&),/* ,E 5%:*%&),/ %/8 '.(,&./.**X &$.*.

)**:.* *$,:18 0. 8.%1& I)&$ )/ &$%& 5,/&.W&? f:((,I %/8 l)'07 bb %& gN"Vh?

agHh0*./& 5)'5:(*&%/5.* 6)C)/6 ')*. &, % *:88./ *$,5ZX &$. ')*Z ,E -*75$)%&')5 )/9:'7 I)11 /,& 0.

'.%*,/%017 E,'.*..%01. )/ (%/7 5%*.*e? f%:8',/ b %& gDDh

>"&"X%#/" 3V W.)"/$ P")/";$.3#

F%5Z ,E 8)'.5& -.'5.-&),/ 8,.* /,& -'.51:8. '.5,C.'7Oj:& a'.1.C%/& I$.'. &$. /%&:'. ,E &$.'.1%&),/*$)- )* /,& &$%& ,E -%'./& %/8 5$)18e f1..*,/ +b %& g"Gh?


14/62

";

aB)*&%/5. )/ &)(. %/8 *-%5. E',( % 8)*&'.**)/6 -$./,(./,/X %/8 (.%/* ,E 5,((:/)5%&),/

,' %5=:)*)&),/ ,E Z/,I1.86. 5,/5.'/)/6 &$%& -$./,(./,/X (%7 0. '.1.C%/& &, %**.**)/6

'.%*,/%01. E,'.*..%0)1)&7X 5%:*%&),/ %/8 '.(,&./.** ,E 8%(%6. )/ % 5,((,/ 1%I %5&),/ E,'

/.61)6./&17 )/E1)5&.8 -*75$)%&')5 )11/.**? j:& &$.7 %'. /,& &$.(*.1C.* 8.5)*)C. ,E 1)%0)1)&7?e

f:((,I %/8 l)'07 bb g%& NN@h

U9" (.-9 :36)$ 0"/.2.3# .# F*EE"?- . G%?)$B+ /)%?*5H G%+.+-"?+( ,%-I >"&"X%#/" 3V $9"

)"&%$.3#29.;


15/62

"@

P).*%)? X./$.*2

R$,*. I$, %'. )/C,1C.8 )/ &$. .C./& 5%:*)/6 -*75$)%&')5 )/9:'7 a(.8)%&.17 ,' )((.8)%&.17 %*

-%'&)5)-%/&*eY&7343


16/62

"D

>"2/6")2

K')6)/%117X 8.E./8%/& *..(.8 &, $%C. ,I.8 % 8:&7 ,E 5%'. &, '.*5:.'* 0.5%:*. ,E &$.)' -,*)&),/Y

M9"05/3< > ?+/(/)9 !+"')84+( M4##/))/4'O )/9:'7 %* % '.*:1& ,E a$,'',' ,E $)* .W-.')./5.e

M,IX '.*5:.'* 5%/ ,/17 '.5,C.' I$.'. &$.7 .W-,*. &$.(*.1C.* &, -$7*)5%1 8%/6.' ,' '.%*,/%017

0.1).C. &, 8, *, [0:& /, /..8 &$%& -.'5.-&),/ ,E 8%/6.' 5%:*. -*75$)%&')5 )/9:'7\ n I9/($ > M9/$;

M4')("17$

4.*5:.'* %'. /,& a)/ %/7 *-.5)%1 -,*)&),/ )/ '.1%&),/ &, 1)%0)1)&7 E,' -*75$)%&')5 )/9:'7e n I9/($ >

M9/$; M4')("17$&$)* 5%/ 0. 5,/&'%*&.8 &, &$. 8)**./&)/6 9:86(./& )/ &$. *%(. 5%*. I$)5$ *%)8

a)/C,1C.(./& )/ %E&.'(%&$ *:EE)5)./& &, (%Z. '.*5:.'i -')(%'7 C)5&)(i?e

H:*&'%1)%/ F%IO S4.'( @)" S/'$) > K.)$2O :/51.%' I$.&$.' -1%)/&)EE I%* ,I.8 % 8:&7 0.5%:*. $.

I%* .(-1,7.. ,E &$. 8.E./8%/& ,' '.*5:.' ,' 5,(0)/%&),/ ,E 0,&$?

E&/3/[ X :9."V :3#2$%


17/62

"P

CLA

& )* /,&

,/. ,E &$. 5')&.')% %(,/6 (%/7] )& )* &$. 0%*)* ,E &$. ./=:)'7? L,(. -.,-1. %'6:. &$%&

&$)* )* (,'. )/ 1)/. I)&$ &$. ()/,')&7 9:86(./& )/ !"#$%&''$(()C? >E &$. 8.E./8%/& Z/.IX

,' ,:6$& &, Z/,I &$. -1%)/&)EE 5%/& E%)1 ,/ &$)* E%5&,'?

89.$" X :9."V :3#2$%


18/62

"G

#$%& %0,:& &$. 8.E./8%/&* Z/,I1.86. ,E &$. -1%)/&)EE* E,'&)&:8. ,' ,&$.'I)*.2 +%/ 5,:'&

&%Z. )/&, %55,:/& &$%& .(-1,7.' Z/,I* &$%& ,/. ,E &$.)' .(-1,7..* )* -%'&)5:1%'17

-',/.2 L[;\ *%7* )& 5%/ 0. 5,/*)8.'.8X &$. 5,:'& )* /,& '.=:)'.8 &, 8)*'.6%'8 )&?

A,I 8,.* &$. *.5,/8 *:0*.5&),/ &). )/ I)&$ &$. E)'*&2 R$. E)'*& %*Z* I%* &$.'. % 8:&7 )/

1)6$& ,E &$. 5)'5:(*&%/5.*X %/8 *:0*.5&),/ N ,:&1)/.* *,(. 5)'5:(*&%/5.* &$%& ()6$& 0.

5,/*)8.'.8X 0:& (%7 /,& 0. % '.*&')5&)C. 1)*&? R$. $%'( &$%& (:*& 0. -',C.8 :/8.' &$. 1.6)*1%&),/ )* '.5,6/)*.8 %* ,--,*.8 &, +F

-,*)&),/ ,E '.5,6/)*%01.O I%* &$)* % -,1)57 *$)E& ,' % 8'%E&)/6 .'','2 B)EE.'./5.* )/

(.8)5%1 *5)./5.X &$.'. )* /, 5%*. 1%I ,/ &$. *:09.5&?

:3#2"Q6"#$.%& !"#$%& (%)*

:3#2"Q6"#$.%& !"#$%& (%)* TITG5HL G+H %#0 GMH

f./.'%1 / &$. 5)'5:(*&%/5.* ,E &$. 5%*.X )/51:8)/6 &$. -.'*,/%1 )/9:'7 *:EE.'.8 07 &$. -1%)/&)EE [/,&

.W$%:*&)C. 1)*&\

,3 0%*%-"2 V3) "/3#3*./ &322 V3) /3#2"Q6"#$.%& *"#$%& 9%)* 6#&"22 $9" 9%)* /3#2.2$2 3V

% )"/3-#.2"0 ;2?/9.%$)./ .&"22U9.2 &.*.$2 )"/3X")?


19/62

"S

P2?/9.%$)./ R#O6)? U9)36-9 \%0 ,"Z2

f./.'%1 K.)$2

j:& /,&O >/ !"#$ "'0 &''$(()l)'07 %/8 f:((,I bb /,&.8O

4.)&.'%&. &$%& a&$.'. 5%/ 0. /, 1.6%1 8:&7 &, 0'.%5$ 0%8 /.I* 6./&17eX %& gNNG\

1.%C. ,-./ I$.&$.' &$.'. 5%/ 0. 1)%0)1)&7 E,' 5%'.1.**17 )/%55:'%&. )/E,'(%&),/X %& gNNSh

8,:0& I$.&$.' &$.'. 5%/ 0. /, 1)%0)1)&7 %6%)/*& c-.'*,/ I$, 5'.%&.* 0%8 /.I*iX %& gN3Vh

P2?/9.%$)./ R#O6)? f3&&3Z.#- W%*%-" $3 P)3;")$?

83)[ 2$)"22 /%2"2

f./.'%1


20/62

NV

89")" $9" W"V"#0%#$ .2 $9" R**"0.%$" Y./$.*

f./.'%1 M4;;$2X ,0)&.'\

U&@ @').+"'3$ M4 L(0 > L.+/$ gNVVVh ML#+H 3;DX [NVVV\ @V ML#F4 ND"

A.18O R$. 8:&7 ,E 5%'. )/ &$)* 5%*. I%* 0%*.8 ,/ &$. )((.8)%57 ,E &$. -1%)/&)EEi* )/C,1C.(./&

)/ &$. %55)8./& [). &$. E%5& &$%& &$. -1%)/&)EE I%* %/ :/I)11)/6 -%'&)5)-%/& )/ &$. .C./& I$)5$

5%*.8 &$. 8.E./8%/&i* 8.%&$\?

]3"9&") X :")"


21/62

N"

!"#$%#"&'"

!"#

!"#$$#%&$

r H* % 6./.'%1 ':1. &$. 1%I 8,.* /,& )(-,*. 1)%0)1)&7 ,/ -.,-1. E,' E%)1)/6 &, %**)*& % -.'*,/ I$,

$%* *:*&%)/.8 %/ )/9:'7 ,' 1,** ,' &, &%Z. *&.-* &, -'.C./& % -.'*,/ E',( *:*&%)/)/6 %/ )/9:'7 ,'

1,**?

r H* f:((,I b *&%&.8 )/ D4"0) "'0 !+";;/3 &.(94+/(2 4; HFI > V$0$+$+ [NVVP\ N3G HF4 PD" s

PDP c I$%&.C.' )&* *5,-.X % BK+ )(-,*.* %/ ,01)6%&),/ &, .W.'5)*. '.%*,/%01. 5%'.] )& 8,.* /,&

)(-,*. % 8:&7 &, -'.C./& -,&./&)%117 $%'(E:1 5,/8:5&i?

r _,' % 8:&7 &, %5& &, %')*.X &$.'. /..8* &, 0. *,(. %88)&),/%1 E%5&,' -'.*./&X *:5$ %* &$. B

%5&:%117 )/E1)5&)/6 &$. )/9:'7 ,/ &$. I/)$g"SSDh H+ SN3 8)*5:**.8 &$. 6./.'%1 %0*./5. ,E % 8:&7 &, %5& &, -'.C./& )/9:'7

&, ,&$.'*] c&$. '.5,6/)*.8 1.6%1 -,*)&),/ )* &$%& &$. 07*&%/8.' 8,.* /,& ,I. &$. 8',I/)/6 5$)18

,' &$. $..81.** -.8.*&')%/ % 8:&7 &, &%Z. *&.-* &, *%C. $)(? L,(.&$)/6 (,'. )* '.=:)'. &$%/

0.)/6 % 07*&%/8.'? R$.'. (:*& 0. *,(. %88)&),/%1 '.%*,/ I$7 )& )* E%)' %/8 '.%*,/%01. &$%& ,/.

-.'*,/ *$,:18 0. '.6%'8.8 %* $)* 0',&$.'* Z..-.' %/8 $%C. 1.6%1 ,01)6%&),/* )/ &$%& '.6%'8?

!.2V"%2%#/"c


22/62

NN

,3#V"%2%#/" >6&"

S401.+2 !+/"'67$ F9488/'6 M$'(+$ K(2 L(0 > &'=/7

R$. :/-'.8)5&%0)1)&7 ,E 5')()/%1 0.$%C),:' )* ,/. ,E &$. '.%*,/* I$7X %* % 6./.'%1 ':1.X %/8 )/

&$. %0*./5. ,E *,(. *-.5)%1 '.1%&),/*$)-X &$. 1%I 8,.* /,& )(-,*. % 8:&7 ,E 5%'. &, -'.C./&

$%'( &, %/,&$.' E',( &$. 5')()/%1 5,/8:5& ,E % &$)'8 -%'&7 .C./ )E &$. ')*Z ,E *:5$ $%'( )*

E,'.*..%01.? d R$. -,**)0)1)&7 &$%& Z/,I1.86. ,E -'.C),:*X -'.C./&%01. 5')()/%1 5,/8:5&X ,'

.C./ &$'.%&* ,E *:5$ 5,/8:5&X

5,:18 %'6:%017 6)C. ')*. &, %/ .W5.-&),/%1 8:&7X %--.%'* &, $%C.

0../ *:66.*&.8 )/ F#/(9d >& *:EE)5.* &, *%7 &I, &$)/6*O E)'*&X %* % (%&&.' ,E 6./.'%1 -')/5)-1.X

*:5$ % '.*:1& I,:18 0. 8)EE)5:1& &, '.5,/5)1. I)&$ &$. 6./.'%1 ':1. &$%& ,/. -.'*,/ $%* /, 1.6%1

8:&7 &, '.*5:. %/,&$.'] %/8 *.5,/817X %* % (%&&.' ,E E%5&X &$. -'.*./& 5%*. )* /,I$.'. /.%' &$.

*)&:%&),/ -,*&:1%&.8

"#$%&'#() *&+ $,) "-()

W470#"'N ` (9$ 7"5 3")() '4( 0.(2 .84' " #"' 4 64 (4 (9$ "/0 4; "'4(9$+ 594 /) /' 8$+/7

4+ 0/)(+$))J '4( 3").$ 12 9/#C !9$ 3"77 4; 34##4' 9.#"'/(2 #"2 7$"0 9/# (4 (9$ +$3.$C !9/) (9$ 7"5

+$346'/)$) ;4+ /( 6/>$ (9$ +$)3.$+ /() 8+4($3(/4' 59$' 9$ "')5$+) (9"( 3"77C ?.( /( 04$) '4( +$-./+$(9"( 9$ 04 )4C !9$+$ /) '4 6$'$+"7 0.(2 (4 9$78 " '$/6914.+ 594)$ 94.)$ /) 4' ;/+$CTs DD

011-23$%&' &* ")13&'1%4%(%$5

j'.//%/ b )/ F.(9$+7"'0 F9/+$ > *$2#"''.E.''.8 &, 5)'5:(*&%/5.* I$.'. % 8:&7 &, %5& -,*)&)C.17

%')*.O

"\ :/8.'&%Z)/6 ,E *,(. &%*Z I$)5$ 1.%8* %/,&$.' &, '.17 ,/ )&* 0.)/6 -.'E,'(.'*

%? &.%5$.' I$, &%Z.* 5$)18 &, 0.%5$X :/8.' 8:&7 &, *%C.

0? 1)E.*%C.'O F5"/' > I">$+72 S.'3/8"7 [BK+ &, *I)((.'* /,& %/ )**:.X )**:.*0'.%5$ %/8 5%*:%&),/\


23/62

N3

5? -,1)5. ,EE)5.' I$, &%Z.* 5%'. ,E %/ %55)8./& *5./.X 5,:18 0. :/8.' %/

,01)6%&),/ &, *:-.'C)*. 5%'.E:117 .C./ I)&$,:& *-.5)E)5 '.1)%/5.O&')$((

!+"')84+( > F("($ 4; HFI["SSG\

8? -,1)5. 5,:18 0. 1)%01. I$./ I)&$ *&%&:&,'7 -,I.' &, 8.&%)/ :/8.' (./&%1

$.%1&$ 1.6)*1%&),/X &$.7 E%)1.8 &, -'.C./& *:)5)8. %E&.' &$.7 $%8 c./&.'.8 &$.

E).18i O Y/+ )(."+([NVVG\

")(%#'/) &* $,) 3(#%'$%** &' $,) 6 $& $#7) # 3&1%$%8) #/$%&'

"3" > HFI [NVV;\

[%\ f./.'%117X % -:01)5 %:&$,')&7X I$)5$ )* :/8.' /, *&%&:&,'7 ,01)6%&),/ &, .W.'5)*. %

-,I.'X ,I.* /, 5,((,/ 1%I 8:&7 ,E 5%'. &, 8, *,?

[0\ H/ %:&$,')&7 (%7 07 )&* 5,/8:5&X $,I.C.'X %&&'%5& % 8:&7 ,E 5%'. &$%& '.=:)'.* &$.

.W.'5)*. ,E &$. -,I.'?

[5\ R$'.. 5%&.6,').* %'. )8./&)E).8 )/ I$)5$ &$. 8:&7 ,E 5%'. (%7 *, 0. %&&'%5&.8?

[)\ #$.'. %/ %:&$,')&7X )/ &$. .W.'5)*. ,E )&* E:/5&),/*X $%* 5'.%&.8 % 8%/6.'?

[))\ #$.'. &$. -%'&)5:1%' 5)'5:(*&%/5.* ,E %/ %:&$,')&7i* ,55:-%&),/ ,E -'.()*.* ,'

)&* ,I/.'*$)- ,' 5,/&',1 ,E % *&':5&:'. %&&'%5&* &, )& % 8:&7 ,E 5%'.? >/ &$.*. 5%*.* &$.

*&%&:&. E%5)1)&%&.* &$. .W)*&./5. ,E % 8:&7 ,E 5%'.?

[)))\ #$.'. % -:01)5 %:&$,')&7 %5&* *, &$%& ,&$.'* '.17 ,/ )& &, &%Z. 5%'. E,' &$.)'

*%E.&7?

:)"%$.#- % W%#-")

F? > H$5 F4.(9 I"7$)[NVV;\ "3 p4 @NP] gNVV;h pL+ @";

H 8:&7 ,E 5%'. I)11 0. )(-,*.8 I$.'. %/ %:&$,')&7 $%C)/6 5'.%&.8 ,' )/5'.%*.8 &$. ')*Z ,E

E,'.*..%01. 8%(%6.X &$./ E%)1* &, .W.'5)*. )&* *&%&:&,'7 -,I.'* &, -'.C./& &$. 8%(%6.? #$.'.

&$. %:&$,')&7 $%* :*.8 -,I.'* )/ % E).18 ,E %5&)C)&7 %/8 $%* &$.'.07 )/5'.%*.8 &$. ')*Z ,E $%'(X %

8:&7 ,E 5%'. I)11 ,'8)/%')17 0. %&&'%5&.8

1//6;%$.3# 3V J%#0

U5A:6$ b *%)8 )/ M47$ > F4.(9 !5$$0 *$"0) D.12 M7.1O c 1)Z. .(-1,7.'*X &.%5$.'*X -',E.**),/

-.'*,/*X 6:%'8)%/X 5',I8 5,/&',11.'X *.5:')&7 6%:'8*X 9%)1.'* %/8 ,&$.'* I$, $%8 4>fARL K_

+KMR4KF KpJ4 *"+6+">$ ["SDD\ ""@ +F4 ;@G] ;V HFb4 "GN [AF\

H"67$ > D4(('$)( @)7"'0 &.(94+/(2["SS3\ "PP +F4 ;3N


24/62

N;

D4#$4 > M4')$+>"(/4' M4##/))/4' OH!X ["SSG\ "SN +F4 ;3"

B:&7 &, I%'/ I$.'. ')*Z )* /,& ,C0),:*? j:& %1*, 0%1%/5. %6%)/*& &$. E%5& &$%& &$.

')86. ,E ',5Z I%* ,C0),:*? +%/i& ':)/ &$. /%&:'%1 0.%:&7 ,E &$. -1%5. 07 -:&&)/6

*)6/* .C.'7I$.'.X

M7.1 @("7/" OX O@'3X > D/(39/$ [NVV"\ 3 p4 ;;PW$$74'6

B:&7 &, I%'/O 5,- I%* %**%:1&.8 07 8':/Z -%&',/?

>"&.%#/" 3# ;6 F4.(9 b")($+' c M9"(9"# D"/75"2 M4#8"'/$)d S"'"6/'6 M4##/(($$ g"SNNh N lj

@;S

T;"/.%& )"&%$.3#29.;2

J(-1,7.' T .(-1,7..

U& >*% U)/.* C L$.+) ["S;@\ PV +F4 N@D] g"S;@h HF4 3SN

>& )*X $,I.C.'X .W5.-&),/%1 &, E)/8 )/ &$. 1%I % 8:&7 &, 5,/&',1 %/,&$.'i* %5&),/* &, -'.C./& $%'(

&, *&'%/6.'*? R$. 6./.'%1 ':1. )* &$%& ,/. (%/ )* :/8.' /, 8:&7 ,E 5,/&',11)/6 %/,&$.' (%/ &,

-'.C./& $)* 8,)/6 8%(%6. &, % &$)'8? R$.'. %'.X $,I.C.'X *-.5)%1 '.1%&),/* I$)5$ %'. &$. *,:'5.

,E % 8:&7 ,E &$)* /%&:'.? >& %--.%'* /,I &, 0. '.5,6/)*.8 &$%& )& )* )/5:(0./& :-,/ % -%'./& I$,

(%)/&%)/* 5,/&',1 ,C.' % 7,:/6 5$)18 &, &%Z. '.%*,/%01. 5%'. *, &, .W.'5)*. &$%& 5,/&',1 %* &,

%C,)8 ,/ $)* -%'& .W-,*)/6 &$. -.'*,/ ,' -',-.'&7 ,E ,&$.'* &, :/'.%*,/%01. 8%/6.'?

:3#$)3& 3V $9" /3#06/$ 3V 3$9")2

S401.+2 !+/"'67$ F9488/'6 M$'(+$ > &'=/7

!)& )* '%'. E,' &$. 1%I &, E)/ % 8:&7 &, 5,/&',1 &$. 5,/8:5& ,E % &$)'8 -.'*,/* )/ &$. )/&.'.*& ,E

&$.


25/62

N@


26/62

ND

!"#$%&'(

T$)6/$6)" V3) %#2Z")2c

%H 893 .2 $9" PL 03 $9"? 9%X" $.$&" $3 26"=&i* /,& '.*&')5&.8 &, -$7*)5%1

)/&':*),/*X )/51:8.* .-$.(.'%1 *&:EE 1)Z. /,)*.X *(.11 %/8 C)0'%&),/*?

P6


27/62

NP

P).X%$" ,6.2%#/"

>* %/ :/'.%*,/%01. )/&.'E.'./5. I)&$ % /" */77 *4.)/'6 !+.)( > ?+.#12 e[\^\f bI*M ^g]a

+%/ )/51:8.O

r 1,:8 /,)*. E',( 5,/*&':5&),/ I,'Z $.%'8 )/ % &$. 5)'5:(*&%/5.*?

aH -:01)5 /:)*%/5. )* % /:)*%/5. I$)5$ )* *, I)8.*-'.%8 )/ )&* '%/6. ,' *, )/8)*5')()/%&. )/

)&* .EE.5& &$%& )& I,:18 /,& 0. '.%*,/%01. &, .W-.5& ,/. -.'*,/ &, &%Z. -',5..8)/6* ,/ $)* ,I/

'.*-,/*)0)1)&7 &, -:& % *&,- &, )&X 0:& &$%& )& *$,:18 0. &%Z./ ,/ &$. '.*-,/*)0)1)&7 ,E &$.

5,((:/)&7 %& 1%'6.e


28/62

NG

"\ &$.'. $%* 0../ :/'.%*,/%01. )/&.'E.'./5.]

N\ &$. )/&.'E.'./5. )* I)&$ -',-').&%'7 ')6$&]

3\ &$. -1%)/&)EE $%* &)&1. &, *:. &$. 8.E./8%/&] %/8

;\ &$. 8.E./8%/& )* 1)%01.?

9'+)#1&'#4() :'$)+*)+)'/)

RI, &7-.*O

"\ (%&.')%1 8%(%6. &, 1%/8]

N\ 8%(%6. &, &$. :&)1)&7T %(./)&7T ./9,7(./& ,E -',-.'&7

U.$&" $3 T6"

r < (:*& $%C. *:EE)5)./& )/&.'.*& )/ &$. 1%/8 I$)5$ )* 0.)/6 :/'.%*,/%017 )/&.'E.'.8 I)&$??

Y KI/.'* )/ .W51:*)C. -,**.**),/O 7.*X &)&1. .W)*&*O Q709"# > L"5)4'[/, "\ g"SPDh

Y M,/Y,I/.'* )/ .W51:*)C. -,**.**),/O qJLO S3L$40 > D.1B"B0.1 M"+ I")9[U%1C.'/\

**:.O 8)8 .%5$ < $%C. *:EE)5)./& &)&1. &, *:.2 L,(. I.'. ,I/.'* ,E &$. 1%/8X *,(.

$%8 .W51:*)C. -,**.**),/ ,E &$. 1%/8 07 /,& ,I/.'*$)- ')6$&* %/8 *,(. I.'. (.'.

1)5./*..*?

B.5)*),/O U%9,')&7 ,E 5,:'& $.18] (.'. 1)5./*.. u $%C. &)&1. &, *:.? F,'8 A,EE(%/O %&

PVNO c/:)*%/5. )* % &,'& %6%)/*& 1%/8X )/51:8)/6 )/&.'.*&* )/ 1%/8 *:5$ %* .%*.(./&*

%/8 -',E)&*? H -1%)/&)EE (:*& &$.'.E,'. $%C. %/8 )/&.'.*& )/ 1%/8 %EE.5&.8 07 /:)*%/5.?i


29/62

NS

M"'"+2 I9"+;)!$%* 0../ .W-'.**17 5)&.8 I)&$ E%C,:' 07O )(43 Z/3(4+/" gNVV"h p+L ;SP

%/8 D41)4' > L$/)39*,1%&.8 )/&.'E.'./5.O *)/61. .W-1,*),/ ,E 6%* )/ S/05440 > S"'39$)($+ M4+84+"(/4'? #)11 0.

/.5.**%'7 )E &$. -1%)/&)EE )* *..Z)/6 )/ 9:/5&)C. '.1).E K4 I$.'. *..Z)/6 &, .*&%01)*$ )/&.'E.'./5.

I)&$ ./9,7(./& '%&$.' &$./ -$7*)5%1 8%(%6.*] 0.5%:*. c)/E'.=:./& )/&.'E.'./5.* I)11 0. 1.**

1)Z.17 &, *:--,'& 8%(%6.* ,' %/ )/9:/5&),/i ?"#;4+0 > !.+'7$2X

893 *%?


30/62

3V

&$%& E%:1& )* % E%5& '.=:)'.8 E,' HFF (%/)E.*&%&),/* ,E /:)*%/5.X %1&$,:6$ )& *..(* *%E. &, *%7 &$%&

)& )* '.=:)'.8 E,' UKLR (%/)E.*&%&),/* ,E /:)*%/5.?

r&7-. ,E 5,/8:5& &$%& I)11 6)C. ')*. &, 1)%0)1)&7 E,' /:)*%/5. I)11 8.-./8 ,/ $,I &$. /:)*%/5. $%*5,(. %0,:&O

:)"%$3) 3V $9" #6.2%#/"

#$.'. % B $%* 5'.%&.8 &$. :/'.%*,/%01. )/&.'E.'./5. &$%& %EE.5&* :*.T./9,7(./&

,E **:.*O I%* &$. BX 0.)/6 % (.'. 1)5./*.. %/8 /,& &$. ,I/.'T,55:-).'

1)%01. E,' &$. /:)*%/5.2


31/62

3"

B I)11 0. 1)%01. I$.'. &$.7 $%C. /,& 5'.%&.8 &$. /:)*%/5.X 0:& )& .(%/%&.* E',( &$.)'

1%/8] I$./ &$.7 5,/&)/:. ,' %8,-& % /:)*%/5. %* )/O F$07$/69 V$';$/70[*.. *:((%'7

0.1,I\

"Z/,I1.86. ,/ 0.$%1E ,E &$. B )* %/ )(-,'&%/& .1.(./& &, &$. 5,/5.-& ,E 5,/&)/:)/6T

%8,-&)/6 &$. /:)*%/5.? #)&$,:& Z/,I1.86. u 0. *%)8 &, 5,/&)/:.T%8,-&O !4+$(($ *4.)$

K(2 L(0 > ?$++?H 7+B

_%5&*O B ,I/.8 -'.()*.* %89,)/)/6


32/62

3N

/:)*%/5.X .C./ )E )/.EE.5&)C. 8,.* /,& %(,:/& &, 5,/&)/:)/6 ,' %8,-&)/6 % /:)*%/5.O

*"+6+">$ > W470#"' ["SD3\ ""V +F4 ;V?

J.% K"2'$9"#0 c S"6/77 L406$) *"77 @'3 ["SG;\ 3D LHL4 ;SG? 4:1.8 &$%& % $%11 './&.8

,:& E,' E:/5&),/* $%8 % c*-.5)%1 8%/6.'i ,E 5'.%&)/6 /:)*%/5. 07 /,)*.? L, .C./ &$,:6$ &$.7 E)&&.8

% '.6:1%&,' &, *-.%Z.'* &$.7 I.'. *&)11 1)%01. E,' &$. %5&* ,E -.,-1. I$, './&.8 &$. $%11 %/8

I$.'. /,)*7?

,%$6)6%&&? 1//6)).#- (%m%)02 %#0 #6.2%#/"

>E 7,: %'.T,:6$& &, 0. %I%'.X 7,: /..8 &, &%Z. '.%*,/%01. *&.-*

(%)-)%X" X j3&0*%#c F.E& 1,6 0:'/)/6X /.)6$0,:')/6 -',-.'&).* ,/ E)'.*?

J"%["? X ,%$.3#%& U6)2$c L,)1 E%11)/6 E',( $)11 ,/&, %/,&$.' -',-.'&7


33/62

33

89%$ .2 6#)"%23#% 5MI

51.%'17 8)*&)/6:)*$.* 0.&I../ (%&.')%1 8%(%6.T ./9,7(./& ,E -',-.'&7

_%5&*O < 1)C. )/ _:1$%( '.*)8./&)%1 %'.%? B ,-.'%&.8 ,)1 8)*&')0:&),/ 8.-,& )/ -'.()*.* /.%'

&$.


34/62

3;

F$07$/69BV$';$/70 > QTM"77"69"' g"S;Vh H+ GGVX SV3O % 0%1%/5. )* &, 0. (%)/&%)/.8 0.&I../ &$.

')6$& ,E &$. ,55:-).' gBh &, 8, I$%& $. 1)Z.* I)&$ $)* ,I/ X %/8 &$. ')6$& ,E &$. /.)6$0,:'g


35/62

3@

W%*%-"l R#$")V")"#/"

RI, &7-.*O

"\ (%&.')%1 8%(%6. &, 1%/8]

N\ 8%(%6. &, &$. :&)1)&7T %(./)&7T ./9,7(./& ,E -',-.'&7

!%$").%&

JW%(-1.*O

Y %5)8 *(:& E',( E%5&,'7 8%(%6)/6 1%:8'7 %/8 I%*$)/6 O *"7)$2 > b))4 K$(+47$.#

Y I%&.' .*5%-)/6 E',( Bi* -',-.'&7 %/8 8%(%6)/6 ?$+ V4+$O *$,I &$.'. )* *:--,'& E,' &$. /..8 &, $%C.

r 4_ M"#1+/06$ I"($+ M4 > b")($+' M4.'(/$) L$"(9$+ KLM

r_%:1&O I"64' S4.'0 OH4 [X

!&$. %0%/8,/(./& ,E &$. ':1. )/ 471%/8* C _1.&5$.' (.%/* < (:*& .*&%01)*$ E%:1& ,/

0.$%1E ,E B I$, $%* )/&',8:5.8X '.&%)/.8 ,' 8,/. ,/ &$.)' 1%/8 *,(.&$)/6 8%/6.',:*!&$.'. )*

/, 1,/6.' *&')5& 1)%0)1)&7 E,' &$%& &$)/6* .*5%-)/6?

U%&.')%1 B%(%6.O #)11 %1I%7* %(,:/& &, %/ :/'.%*,/%01. )/&.'E.'./5.

[.W5.-&),/O :/8:17 *./*)&)C. :*.O D41/')4' > Y/7>$+( ["GGS\ ;" A B GG\


36/62

3D

R#$")V")"#/" Z.$9 "#O3?*"#$

U:*& 0. :/'.%*,/%01. %/8 *:0*&%/&)%1?O S.'+4 > F4.(9$+' V"/+/$)

+E] )/ &$. *%(. 5%*. )& *%)8 &$%& % *)/61. /)6$&* 1,** ,E *1..- 5,:18 %(,:/& &, *:0*&%/&)%1

)/&.'E.'./5.

?

5%/ 0. &$)/6* 1)Z.O

/.)6$0,:'* 8':/Z./ *)/6)/6 %/8 *I.%')/6 O Z/'3$'( > K$"343 !.+'7$2

p)0'%&),/ E',( % E%5&,'7O F(.+6$) > ?+/06$#"'

R$. ,-./)/6 ,E % *.W *$,-O L"5) > U74+/'BK7"3$g"SG"h

R$. *:0*&%/&)%1 )/&.'E.'./5. (:*& 0. I)&$ %% '.5,6/)*.8 -',-').&%'7 ')6$&? Yv Z..- )/ ()/8 &$%&

&$. 5,:'&* 5%/ '.5,6/)*. /.I ')6$&*

>/&.'E.'./5. ,55%*),/)/6 *:0*&%/&)%1 1,** ,E ./9,7(./& )* :/'.%*,/%01. n *&%'& %& % -'.()*. ,E

c6)C. t &%Z.i ?"#;4+0 > !.+'7$2O &')C)%1 )/&.'E.'./5.* %'. &'.%&.8 %* -%'& ,E &$. .C.'78%7

)/5)8./&* ,E 1)E.O F(4+#$+ > @'6+9"#


37/62

3P

P)3;)."$? >.-9$

M:)*%/5. )* 5,/5.'/.8 I)&$ % )/&.'E.'./5. I)&$ % W470#"'?

r ,55:-%&),/O

Y:*. %/8 ./9,7(./& ,E &$. 1%/8 &$',:6$ ,55:-%&),/ %* % $,(.O *"7)$2 > b))4 K$(+47$.#

M4 L(0i FR I$/+ L(0 > ?/:4 Y? *.(39$+)4' K(2 L!0

!-',-').&%'7 ')6$& I$)5$ 5%/ 0. -',&.5&.8 I)&$ %5&),/ )/ M:)*%/5.

r H55.** &, 1%/8O

Y :*. %/E ./9,7(./& ,E 1%/8 &$',:6$ E'.. %55.** &, &$%& 1%/8 )* % ')6$& I$)5$ 5%/ 0.

-',&.5&.8 &$',:6$ %/ %5&),/ )/ /:)*%/5.?

Y &'/#"7 L/1$+"(/4' OZ/3X @'3 > W"))$+g"SS"h " p4 @" O /:)*%/5. 5%*:.8 07 0.*.&&)/6

%/8 -)5Z.&)/6 ,E -,'&.*&,'& ,:&*)8. % 5)'5:*X (%Z)/6 )& )(-,**)01. E,' -%&',/* &,

./&.' &$. 5)'5:* I)&$,:& cI%1Z)/6 &$. 6%:/&1.&i

Y V$")$2 K(2 L(0 > S4'(+$)( K(2 L(0 [ jLSDV@S;P\O :*. ,E


38/62

3G

;$+-/$-+)1 &' #'< )2#'#$%&'1 *&+2 $,) 61 3+&3)+$5

r5,(-1.W %'.%

r I$)1*& C).I* K_ %'. /,& % MBA (:E

_%5&*O B .'.5&.8 % -1%&E,'( ,/ $)* 1%/8 &$%& ./%01.8 $)( &, *.. )/&, &$. **:.O #%* &$. 1,*& ./&'7 E..* %/ )/&.'E.'./5. I)&$ &$.


39/62

3S

0:)18)/6 &$,:6$ &$)* (%7 *.'),:*17 8.&'%5& E',( &$. ./9,7(./& ,E &$. 1%/8i!)/ '.1%&),/ &,

*-,)1)/6 C).IX %)' E1,I %/8 1)6$&?

rAK#JpJ4] &$.'. %'. % E.I 5%*.* I$.'. C).I* _4KU Bi* -',-.'&7 $%C. 0../ $.18 &, 0. %/)/&.'E.'./5. I)&$ &$. L$/)39 M"'"+2 I9"+;O )/&.'':-&),/ &, Rp *)6/%1 u /:)*%/5.\ )*

&$%& &$. < 5%//,& 5,(-1%)/ %0,:& &$. UJ4J


40/62

;V

=#$)+%#(

89%$ .2 i#)"%23#% !.+'7$2O &')C)%1 )/&.'E.'./5.* %'. &'.%&.8 %* -%'& ,E &$.

.C.'78%7 )/5)8./&* ,E 1)E.O F(4+#$+ > @'6+9"#

R$.'. %'. E%5&,'* &$%& %'. 5,/*)8.'.8O

"? 1,5%1)&7

N? B:'%&),/X &)(. %/8 E'.=:./57

3? JW&./& %/8 )/&./*)&7

;? U,&)C. n (%1)5.2

@? Q/8:. *./*)&)C)&7?

J3/%&.$?

M%&:'. t 5$%'%5&.' ,E % /.)6$0,:'$,,8 %'. &, 0. 5,/*)8.'.8 )/ 8.&.'()/)/6 '.%*,/%01./.** ,E

)/&.'E.'./5.] I$%& )* '.%*,/%01. )/ ,/. (%7 0. :/'.%*,/%01. )/ %/,&$.' O *"7)$2 > b))4

K$(+47$.#s "@"?

r Munro v Southern Dairies [1955] VLR 332: when dairy started was semi-rural, but when action

T$6)-"2 X \).0-*%# G5KBAH 55 :9 W KI4

_%5&*O < ,I/.8 % $,:*. )/ % E%*$),/%01. %'.%? R$. '.%' ,E Bi* $,:*. %0:&&.8 / "GP3 &$. < 0:)1& %

8,5&,'* 5,/*:1&)/6 ',,( )/ &$. 6%'8./X *, &$.'. I%* ,/17 % I%11 *.-%'%&)/6 &$. **:.O 8)8 &$. 1,5%&),/ ,E /:)*%/5. %EE.5& &$. C)%0)1)&7 ,E


41/62

;"

brought nature of location had changed so impact was increased. WHAT COUNTS IS THE

LOCALITY AT TIME OF LITIGATION, NOT HISTORICAL USE OF AREA.

g_$"#$ %#0 R#$"#2.$?H/,&$.' E%5&,' &, 0. 5,/*)8.'.8 )/ 8.&.'()/)/6 &$. '.%*,/%01./.** ,E &$. )/&.'E.'./5.?

r /,&.O &$. ,55%*),/%1 0%5Z6',:/8 *(.11 ,E ,)1 I%* /,& ./,:6$ &, %(,:/& &, /:)*%/5. )/ *"7)$2 >

b))4 K$(+47$.# MQ L(0X 0:& &$. )/&.'()&&./& /,)*. ,E &$. &':5Z* %/8 0,)1.'*[:- &, G3 8.5)0.1*\

%11,I.8 % E)/8)/6 ,E :/'.%*,/%01. )/&.'E.'./5.X %* )/ U$/'$+&$. c/%:*.,:*i %/8 c-:/6./&i *(.11

I%* $.18 &, 0. :/'.%*,/%01.X 8.*-)&. )& /,& 0.)/6 5,/&)/:,:*?

rWalter v Selfe(1851) 4 De G & SM 315, Haley v Esso Petroleum Co Ltdp1961] 2 All ER 14:considerable interference for a short period of time may be unreasonable, or a slight interference for a

considerable period of time.

Munroe v Dairy: ONE NIGHTS LOST SLEEP CAN BE ACTIONABLE

W6)%$.3#L $.*" %#0 V)"Q6"#/?

f".#") X W3*%/96[ G5AAMH+I ,T8J> MKI

_%5&*O B %/8 < I.'. /.)6$0,:'* I$, 1)C. )/ %/ %'.% `,/.8 *.()Y':'%1 I$.'. %11,&(./&* ,E 1%/8 I.'. %

()/)(:( ,E N $.5&%'.*? H6')5:1&:'%1 :*.* I.'. -.'()**)01. )/ &$. %'.% I)&$,:& &$. /..8 E,' *.-%'%&.

%--',C%1? R$. B 6'.I (:*$',,(* )/ 5,(-,*& I$)5$ I%* (%8. E',( I%*&. (%&.')%1 5,/&%)/)/6 *&%01.

*&'%I *%&:'%&. I)&$ :')/. %/8 E%.5.* E',( $,'*. %/8 ,&$.' %/)(%1*? R$. 5,(-,*& 6%C. ,EE % *(.11 &$%&

5%:*.8 /%:*.% %/8 %*&$(%Y1)Z. *7(-&,(*X %/8 I%* *, *&',/6 &$%& ,E&./ &$.


42/62

;N

r 6./.'%117 &$. 1,/6.' %/8 (,'. E'.=:./& %/ )/&.'E.'./5.] (,'. 1)Z.17 )& I)11 0. 5,/*)8.'.8

:/'.%*,/%01.O *"7)$2 > b))4 K$(+47$.# M4 L(0O 5,/&)/:,:* /,)*. ,E -:(-* %/8 0,)1.'*?

r%1*, &$.'. %'. *,(. &)(.* ,E 8%7 I$./ *,(. )/&.'E.'./5.* %'. 1.** '.%*,/%01.] *"7)$2 > b))4K$(+47$.# M4 L(0N &$. /)6$& *$)E& &':5Z &'%EE)5??

i#06" T"#2.$.X.$? 3V $9" ;&%.#$.VV2 6$.&.$?

#$.'. < :*.* 1%/8 ,' %/ :/8:17 *./*)&)C. -:'-,*.X %/ )/&.'E.'./5. I)&$ &$%& 1%/8 #>FF MKR jJ

QM4JHLKMHjFJ :/1.** )& I,:18 $%C. 0../ *, I)&$ ,'8)/%'7 :*. ,E &$. 1%/8? [)/ I$)5$ 5%*.

.66*$.11 *Z:11 I)11 0. %--1).8 %& 8%(%6.* *&%6. )E %5&),/ )* (%8. ,:&\

R$)* %--1).* .C./ I$./ &$.'. )* (%&.')%1 8%(%6.X /,& 9:*& 8%(%6. &, :&)1)&7 ,E &$. 1%/8?

89"))?X]\(6$/9.#23#P$?J$0["SGP\H:*&R,'&*4.-,'&*GVY"VP

_%5&*O"2")X/" U)62$j+S@V@@VP L+ ML#

_%5&*O H(:*.(./& -%'Z ,-.'%&)/6 I)&$ ',11.'5,%*&.'* .&5? _)'*& ,-./.8 %& U)1*,/*

-,)/& *)&. )/ L78/.7 )/ "S3@? / "SS@ % /.I ,/. ,-./.8 %/8 )& I%* -',-,*.8 &, ,-.'%&. 8:')/6

0:*)/.** %/8 .C./)/6 $,:'*?

R$. < [/.)6$0,:'*\ )/ /.%'07 5,((.'5)%1 %/8 '.*)8./&)%1 %'.%*?5,(-1%)/.8 %0,:& &$.

%(,:/& ,E /,)*. .(%/%&)/6 E',( &$. ')8.] 0,&$ (.5$%/)5%1 %/8 &$. *5'.%(*? M,)*. I%*

(.%*:'.8 &, 0. %0,:& @ 80 %0,C. 0%5Z6',:/8 /,)*. 1.C.1*? H/8 ,55:''.8 %0,:& NYD

&)(.* .C.'7 3 ()/:&.*? < %'6:.8 &$%& )& I%* /&, &$. &7-. ,E /,)*. &, I$)5$ /,'(%1

-.,-1. 0.5,(. %55:*&,(.8 ,C.' &)(.X )/*&.%8 &) &./8.8 &, 0.5,(. (,'. %//,7)/6 &$.

1,/6.' )& -.'*)*&.8? B %'6:.8 &$%& &$. 1,5%1)&7 I%* *:5$ &$%& &$)* *,'& ,E /,)*. *$,:18 0.

.W-.5&.8X *:5$ /,)*. $%8 0../ -'.*./& *)/5. &$. -%'Z $%8 ,-./.8 )/ "S3@ %/8 &$. %'.%

%1*, .W-.')./5.8 % 1%'6. %(,:/& ,E &'%EE)5 /,)*. 8:. &, -',W)()&7 ,E $%'0,:' 0')86.

%/8 &'%)/ 1)/.

>**:.O 8)8 &$. E'.=:./57X 8:'%&),/X &)(. %/8 .W&./5. ,E &$. /,)*. (%Z. &$. )/&.'E.'./5.

:/'.%*,/%01.2

A.18O A,86*,/ b E,:/8 &$.'. I%* :/'.%*,/%01. )/&.'E.'./5. %(,:/&)/6 &, /:)*%/5.?

A.18] .C./ I$./ '.6%'8 I%* $%8 E,' &$. 1,5%1)&7X %/8 /,)*. 1.C.1 &$%& 5,:18 '.%*,/%017


43/62

;3

=#(%

/)

JW)*&

./5.,E

U%1)5

. I)11

'./8

.' %/

,&$.'

I)*.

'.%*,

/%01.

%5&

!

:/'.

%*,/

%01.? L, )E B *.&* ,:& &,

5%:*. (%&.')%1

8%(%6.&, &$. _

RAJ QLJ K_ RAJ FHMB

>L QMBQFq LJML>R>pJ?

?

*+,-&.%

!0,'(% 1

2%$%#(%'

:3#2"#$

>E -1%)/&)EE 5,/*./&* &,

/:)*%/5. [.6 1%&. /)6$&

>3**:.O I%* &$. (%&.'%1 8%(%6. *:EE.'.8 07 &$. < ./,:6$ &, %(,:/& &, %/

:/'.%*,/%01. )/&.'E.'./5.X ,' I%* &$. < :/8:17 *./*)&)C.?

A.18O $.%& I%* MKR .W5.**)C.] )& 8)8 ,& )/&.'E.'. I)&$ &$. I,'Z.'* ,' I)&$ %/7 ,E &$.

,&$.' -%-.' )/ &$. LHM+J?

(3&&?Z330 T.&X") f3_ f%)* J$0 X g**"$$ @5A+7D 4 ]\ M7K

_%5&*O < ,-.'%&.8 % *)1C.' E,W E%'( ,/ -',-.'&7 %/8 .'.5&.8 % /,&)5.0,%'8 I$)5$

'.%8 c $,117I,,8 *)1C.' E,W E%'(i? R$)* 0,%'8 5,:18 0. *../ E',( &$. Bi* -',-.'&7?

B -',&.*&.8 %& &$. -'.*./5. ,E &$. 0,%'8 %* $. I%* %0,:& &, 8.C.1,- $)* 1%/8 )/&,

0:)18)/6 .*&%&. %/8 &$,:6$& )& I,:18 0. 8.&')(./&%1 &, &$. 8.C.1,-(./&? B

'.=:.*&.8 0,%'8 I%* '.(,C.8? < '.E:*.8? B '.=:.*&.8 %6%)/ % E.I 8%7* 1%&.'X %6%'.E:*.8? R$)* &)(. &$. B *%)8 &, &$. < &$%& )E &$. *)6/ I%* /,& '.(,C.' $. I,:18X

8:')/6 &$. 0'..8)/6 *.%*,/ *$,,& 01%5Z -,I8.' /.%' &$. 0'..8)/6 -./* %/8 c>

6:%'%/&.. 7,: I)11 /,& '%)*. % *)/61. 5:0i? [p)W./* 8:')/6 (%&)/6 *.%*,/ %'.

/.'C,:* %/8 1,:8 /,)*.* 5%/ (%Z. &$.( '.E:*. &, 0'..8T ()*5%''7T 8.C,:' &$.)'

7,:/6\

R$. < 8)8 /,& '.(,C. &$. *)6/ %/8 &$. B 5%'').8 ,:& $)* &$'.%& [ *$,& E',( $)* ,I

-',-.'&7 0:& /.%' &$. -./*\? R$. B 51%)(.8 &$. *$,,&)/6 I%* &, Z..- 8,I/ '%00)

/:(0.'*? #%* .*&%01)*$ &$. 5%'&')86.* :*.8 I.'. 0)'8 5%'&')86.*? K/. C)W./ 8)8

/,& (%&. %/,&$.' %&. ; 5:0*? < *:.8 B E,' /:)*%/5.?

>**:.*O I%* &$. Bi* %5& '.%*,/%01.X %/8 $,I 8)8 -'.*./5.X )E %/7X ,E (%1)5. %EE.5&

&$. '.%*,/%01./.**2

A.18O HEE)'(%&),/ ,E &$. 5,((./&* ,E F,'8 L.10,'/. )/ W".'( > U2''$2 O^kg[X L+

M9 k l ^[a )E I$%& $%8 &%Z./ -1%5. $%8 ,55:''.8 0.&I../ &I, *.&* ,E -.'*,/*

0,&$ -.'E.5&7 )//,5./&X > *$,:18 $%C. &%Z./ %/ ./&)'.17 8)EE.'./& C).I ,E &$. 5%*.?

j:& > %( -.'*:%8.8 &$%& I$%& I%* 8,/. 07 &$. B I%* 8,/. ,/17 E,' &$. -:'-,*. ,

%//,7%/5. %/8 )/ (7 ,-)/),/ )& I%* /,& % 1.6)&)(%&. :*. ,E &$. Bi* $,:*. &, :*. )&

E,' &$. -:'-,*. ,E C.W)/6 %/8 %//,7)/6 $)* /.)6$0,:'*i?

A.'. 5,:'& E,:/8 &$%& (%1)5. .W)*&.8 [0)'8 5%'&')86.*X &$'.%&\ *, &$%& ,&$.'I)*.

'.%*,/%01. %5& ,E *$,,&)/6 ,/ ,I/ 1%/8X I%* (%8. :/'.%*,/%01.?


44/62

;;

-%'&7\ 5%//,& *:. E,' )& 1%&.' [E%)'17 1)()&.8

T$%$6$3)? E6$93).$?

R$. (,*& *)6/)E)5%/& 8.E./5. )& 5%/ %')*. I$./O &$. H5& .W-'.**17 5'.%&.* % 8.E./5. E',( 1)%0)1)&7

)/ /:)*%/5. ,' &$. H5& 5'.%&.* % 8.E./5. 07 )(-1)5%&),/

T$%$6$3)? E6$93).$?


45/62

;@

>/ 5%*.* ,E -.'()**)C. *&%&:%'7 -',C)*),/*X &$. *5,-. ,E %:&$,')&7 8.-./8* ,/ &$. 5,/*&':5&),/

,E &$. H5&?

j"#")%& ;).#/.;&"2c

R$.'. )* % -'.*:(-&),/ &$%& &$. 1.6)*1%&:'. )/&./8.8 &$. %:&$,')*.8 %5&)C)&7 &, 0. 5,/8:5&.8

I)&$,:& 5'.%&)/6 % /:)*%/5.?

R$)* -'.*:(-&),/ 5%/ 0. '.0:&&.8 )E &$. a.EE.5& ,E &$. 1.6)*1%&),/ I%* &, 5,/E.' :-,/ &$.

%:&$,')&7 &$. 8)*5'.&),/ &, 8.&.'()/. gdh I$.&$.' %/8 &, I$%& .W&./& &$. )/&.'.*&* g,E &$.

-:01)5h I.'. &, 0. *.'C.8 )/ -'.E.'./5. &,X %/8 )E /.5.**%'7X %& &$. .W-./*. ,E &$. -1%)/&)EEe]

R$. 8.E./8%/& )* 1)%01. )E $. ,' *$. )* %5&)/6 ,:&*)8. &$. *5,-. ,E %:&$,')&7 &, )(-,*. ,/ %/

)/8)C)8:%1 &$. 8.&')(./& &$%& )* % 5,/*.=:./5. ,E % *,5)%117 0./.E)5)%1 %5&)C)&7? R$. 8.E./8%/&

(:*& *$,I &$%& &$.'. )* /, ,&$.' %1&.'/%&)C. -'%5&)5%1 (.%/* ,E 5%''7)/6 ,:& &$. I,'Z %C%)1%01.%& &$. &)(.?

R$. :/8.'17)/6 )**:. )* 8,.* &$. H5& 5,/E.' %:&$,')&7 ,/ &$. 8.E./8%/& &, )(-,*. ,/ %/

)/8)C)8:%1 &$. 8.&')(./& &$%& )* &$. 5,/*.=:./5. ,E % *,5)%117 0./.E)5)%1 %5&)C)&72

:3#$).


46/62

;D

+,((,/ 1%I *%7* &$%& +M )* 5,(-1.&. 8.E./5.? >_ &$. -1%)/&)EE 5,/&')0:&.* &$.7 5%//,& *:. &$.

8.E./8%/&? KC.'&)(. &$)* $%* 5,(. &, 0. 5,/*)8.'.8 :/E%)'?

>"%23#%E &$. /:)*%/5. 5%:*.* (%&.')%1 )/9:'7 &, &$. -1%)/&)EEi* -',-.'&7X &$. 8.E./8%/& )*8+/#" ;"3/$

1)%01. E,' &$)* 8%(%6. [*&')5& 1)%0)1)&7\?

A,I.C.'X &$. 8.E./8%/& 5%/ '.17 ,/ &$. 8.E./5. ,E '.%*,/%01. :*. )E &$. /:)*%/5. )* &$. '.*:1& ,E

% a/%&:'%1 :*.'e %/8 R$. )/9:'7 5,:18 /,& $%C. 0../ -'.C./&.8 07 &%Z)/6 '.%*,/%01.

-'.5%:&),/*X

R$. 0:'8./ *$)E&* &, &$. 8.E./8%/& &, *$,I '.%*,/%01. /:*.

Y+"$#$+) > &BW O!")Xg"SDDh R%* L4 ""3

A.18O

R$. ,/:* )* ,/ &$. -1%)/&)EE &, (%Z. % -')(% E%5). 5%*. &$%& 8%(%6. 5%:*. I%* % '.*:1& ,E &$.

8.E./8%/&i* %5&X 0:'8./ )* /,& ,/ -1%)/&)EE &, *$,I &$%& &$. %5& I%* :/'.%*,/%01. ,'

://%&:'%1X '%&$.' 0:'8./ )* ,/ &$. 8.E./8%/& [)E &$.7 I%/& &, '.17 ,/ &$)* 8.E./5.\X &, *$,I

&$%& &$)* )* &$. 5%*.?

>/ 8.&.'()/)/6 I$.&$.' &$. %5& I%* '.%*,/%01. &$. 5,:'& I)11 1,,Z %& %11 &$. 5)'5:(*&%/5.*

)/51:8)/6 &$. :*. ,E 1%/8 %/8 (%//.' )/ I$)5$ 8%(%6. 5%(. %0,:&? R$. 8.E./8%/& /..8* &,

*$,I &$%& &$. 8%(%6. I,:18 $%C. 0../ 5%:*. .C./ )E %11 '.%*,/%01. *&.-* $%8 0../ &%Z./?

>/ &$)* 5%*. )& I%* E,:/8 &$%& &$. I%&.' I%* % /:)*%/5. %* )& I%* /,& %/ %5&:%1 :*. ,E &$. 1%/8?


47/62

;P

R$. 8.E./8%/& 5%/ '.17 ,/ &$. 8.E./5. ,E '.%*,/%01. :*. )E &$. /:)*%/5. )* &$. '.*:1& ,E % a/%&:'%1

:*.e %/8 &$. )/9:'7 5,:18 /,& $%C. 0./ -'.C./&.8 07 &%Z)/6 '.%*,/%01. -'.5%:&),/*?


48/62

;G

F(.+6$) > ?+/06#"' ["GPS\ "" +$ B G@N

_%5&*O &$. 8.E./8%/& I%* % 5,/E.5&),/.' I$, $%8 :*.8 -.*&1.* %/8 (,'&%'* )/ &$. 0%5Z ,E $)*

-'.()*.* E,' %0,:& NV 7.%'*? R$.)' /,)*. %/8 C)0'%&),/ 8)8 /,&X )/ &$%& -.'),8X 0,&$.' &$.

-1%)/&)EEX I$, I%* % 8,5&,' I$,*. 5,/*:1&)/6 ',,(* I.'. )/ &$. %89%5./& 0:)18)/6? A,I.C.'X

I$./ &$. -1%)/&)EE 0:)1& %/ .W&'% 5,/*:1&)/6 ',,( %& &$. 0%5Z ,E $)* -'.()*.*X $. E,:/8 &$%&

&$. /,)*. %/8 C)0'%&),/ ,E &$. 8.E./8%/&i* -.*&1.* %/8 (,'&%'* 8)8 )/&.'E.'. I)&$ &$. :*. ,E

$)* /.I 5,/*:1&)/6 ',,(X %/8 $. *:.8 &$. 8.E./8%/& )/ /:)*%/5.?

A.18O_,:/8 )/ E%C,:' ,E &$. -1%)/&)EE

R$. -1%)/&)EE 5%(. &, &$. /:)*%/5. 07 .W&./8)/6 $)* 5,/*:1&)/6 ',,(* )/&, / %'.% I$.'. &$.

8.E./8%/&* %5&)C)&7 $%8 %1'.%87 5'.%&.8 %/ .W)*&)/6 )/&.'E.'./5.X 0:& &$%& E%5& I%* $.18 &, 0.

)''.1.C%/& &, &$. ,:&5,(. ,E &$. 5%*.?

R$. )(-,'&%/& E%5&,' I%* /,& I$, I%* &$.'. E)'*&X -1%)/&)EE ,' 8.E./8%/&X 0:& '%&$.' I$%& I%*

&$. /%&:'. ,E &$. %'.% %& &$. &)(. &$. -1%)/&)EE 5,(-1%)/.8?


49/62

;S

S/77$+ > R"3E &$.'. $%* 0../ %/ .*&%01)*$.8 :*. E,' % 1,/6 -.'),8 ,E &)(.X )& (%7 E,'( -%'& ,E &$.

5$%'%5&.' ,E &$. %'.%? >& (%7 %1*, *$,I I$%& )* % '.%*,/%01. :*. ,E &$. 1%/8?

R$. 8.E./8%/& I%* %01. &, *%7 &$.7 $%8 $%8 %1I%7* 8,/. I$%& &$.7 I.'. 8,)/6X )&* 0.5%:*.

*,(.,/. $%* (,C.8 )/ /.W& 8,,' &$%& )* $%* 0.5,(. % /:)*%/5.?

R$. 5,:'& $.18 &$%& 7,: 5,:18 '.17 ,/ )& %* % 8.E./5.?

H/8 > &$)* $. )(-1)5)&17 *%)8 )& I%* % /:)*%/5.X 0:& /,& % /:)*%/5. 7,: 5,:18 5,(-1%)/ %0,:&?

A,I.C.'X &$. /.)6$0,:'i* :*. I%* 5,(-',()*.8 &$,:6$?

R$. 8.E./5. I%* %C%)1%01.X 0:& 8)8 )& *:55..82

>& I,:18 /,& 0. ')6$& &$%& 9:*& 0.5%:*. ,/. -.'*,/ &%Z.* ,EE./5. E',( % 5')5Z.& 6',:/8

./9,7.8 07 &$. '.*& ,E &$. -:01)5 *$,:18 0. 51,*.8?

R$. (%9,')&7 *%)8 &$%& 7,: 1,,Z %& &$. 5%*. %& &$. &)(. &$%& &$. /:)*%/5. &%Z.* -1%5.?

R$. -1%)/&)EE *,:6$& % '.(.87 ,E %/ )/9:/5&),/!% 5,:'& ,'8.' &, /, 1,/6.' )/&.'E.'. I)&$ &$.

-1%)/&)EE* :*. ,E 1%/8?

R$. (%9,')&7 ,E &$. 5,:'& $.18 &$%& *$. $%8 .*&%01)*$.8 $.' 5%*. )/ /:)*%/5.X %/8 &$. 5')5Z.&

51:0 $%8 /,& -',C.8 &$.)' 8.E./5.?

L$. 8)8/i& 6.& &$. )/9:/5&),/X 0.5%:*. &$. 5,:'& *%)8 &$. -1%)/&)EE I%* *:55.**E:1 )/ -',C)/6

&$. 5%:*. ,E %5&),/? A,I.C.' .W5.-&),/%117 &$.7 I)11 .W.'5)*. &$.)' ')6$& /,& &, 6'%/& %/

)/9:/5&),/? R$.7 8)8 &$)* 0.5%:*. &$.'. I%* /,&$)/6 &$%& 5,:18 0. 8,/. &, -'.C./& &$.

/:)*%/5. ,/ &$. -1%)/&)EEi* -',-.'&7 ,&$.' &$%/ (,C)/6? R$)* I,:18 )/$)0)& ,/ &$. 8.E./8%/&*

:*. ,E 1%/8 %/8 I%* &,, :/'.%*,/%01.? R$.7 &,,Z )/&, %55,:/& &$. -:01)5 )/&.'.*& %/8 &$.

)/&.'.*&* ,E &$. 5')5Z.& 51:0?

B%(%6.* I.'. %I%'8.8 )/*&.%8X $,I.C.' &$.*. I.'. ,E % (%'6)/%1 %(,:/&?

J5,/,()5%117 I%* &$)* &$. %--',-')%&. '.*:1&2!>E *$. 6,& $)& 07 % 0%11 1%&.'X *$. I,:18

%1I%7* 0. %01. &, *:. )/ /.61)6./5. *&)11?


50/62

@V


51/62

@"

P).X%$" ,6.2%#/" N >"*"0."2

5S E


52/62

@N

R$. 5,:'& I)11 1,,Z %& &$. -:01)5 )/&.'.*& )/ &$. %5&)C)&7 %(,/6*& ,&$.' &$)/6* )/ 8.&.'()/)/6

I$.&$.' &, 6'%/& %/ )/9:/5&),/X I$.&$.' &$. 8.E./8%/&* 0.$%C),' .()/./& %/8 I)11 5%:*.

*:0*&%/&)%1 8%(%6. &, &$. -1%)/&)EE?

R$. 6'%/& ,E -.'(%/./& )/9:/5&),/]

R$. 6'%/& ,E )/&.'1,5:&,'7 %/8 =:)% &)(.& )/9:/5&),/*]

R$. %I%'8 ,E 8%(%6.* )/ 1).: ,E %/ )/9:/5&),/ [.=:)&%01. 8%(%6.*\

>/&.'1,5:&,'7 )/9:/5&),/

j.E,'. &$. &')%1 ,' 8:')/6 &$. &')%1 0.5%:*. 7,: 5%/i& 0.%' &, 1)C. I)&$ &$. /:)*%/5. E,' &$. I$,1.

-.'),8 ,E &$. &')%1?


53/62

@3

B%(%6.* E,' -.'*,/%1 )/9:'7 %'. ,/17 '.5,C.'%01. )/ /.61)6./5. [/:)*%/5. )* 5,/5.'/.8 I)&$

)/9:'7 &, 1%/8\

*.'($+ > M"'"+2 I9"+;g"SSPh QlAF ";] g"SSPh H+ D@@

>& )* :/51.%' I$.&$.' 8%(%6.* E,' 8%(%6. &, 5$%&&.1* [%/8 1)C.*&,5Z\ 0.5%:*. &$)* I%* %11,I.8

)/ *")7$2 > b))4 K$(+47$.# 0:& 5E /,I *.'($+ > M"'"+2 I9"+;

B%(%6.* E,' )/&.'E.'./5. I)&$ ./9,7(./& ,E 1%/8 I$)5$ 8,.* /,& %(,:/& &, -.'*,/%1 )/9:'7 %'.'.5,C.'%01. ,/17 %* E%' %* :&)1)&7 ,E 1%/8 )* %EE.5&.8 n *.'($+ > M"'"+2 I9"+;Y /, '.E.'./5. &,

/:(0.' ,E -.'*,/* ,/ &$. -',-.'&7 %/8 &$. .W&./& ,E &$.)' )/8)C)8:%1 8.&.'()/%/&? R$.

W%*%-"2c :3**3# &%Z 0%*%-"2 %)" %X%.&%


54/62

@;

8)*5:**),/ ,E I$.&$.' &$.'. I.'. %/7 8)EE)5:1&).* )/ $)* I%7? B)5&% *:66.*&* &$%& &$. 5,*&* ,E

%0%&.(./& %'. /,& '.5,C.'%01.O q,:/6 C #$..1.' ["SGP\ H:*& R,'&* 4.-* GVY"ND [ML# L+\?


55/62

@@

>"*"0."2

WE!EjgT

b:8)5)%1 4.(.8).*

R4040$A

&.)( ["SPN\

0.5%:*. &$. )**:. )* &$.,'.&)5%1O V+"8$+ > ?+/(/)9 Q8(/3"7 &))43/"(/4'g"S3Gh

0.5%:*. < $%* /, '.%1 5,//.5&),/ I)&$T)/&.'.*& )/ &$. (%&&.'O&'0$+)4' >

M4##4'5$"7(9["S3N\

j.5%:*. ,E &'%8)&),/%1 .=:)&%01. -')/5)-1.*O

o < (:*& %--',%5$ 5,:'& ,E .=:)&7 I)&$ 51.%/ $%/8*

j.5%:*. -:01)5 )/&.'.*& I.)6$* %6%)/* &$. .W.'5)*. ,E &$. 8)*5'.&),/*O S/77$+ > R"3& 5%/ 0. 6)C./ )/ 5)'5:(*&%/5.* I$.'. ,&$.' '.1).E ()6$& /,& 0. %C%)1%01.?

B)*%8C%/&%6.O

-',C)8.* /, 5,/*.=:./&)%1 '.1).E %/8 I)11 &$.'.E,'. /,& 0.% *%&)*E%5&,'7 '.(.87

I$.'. *:0*&%/&)%1 8%(%6. $%* ,55:''.8 [&$.7 /..8 5,(-./*%&),/\


56/62

@D

)& )* /,& %--',-')%&. E,' 5%*.* ,E /.61)6./5.X 0:& (%7 0. %--',-')%&. )/ *,(. 5%*.* ,E

8)*-:&.8 &)&1. &, 6,,8* ,' 1%/8 )/ '.*-.5& ,E /:)*%/5.?

E//36#$


57/62

@P

:3#$"*;$6362 W%*%-"2c this is where the court is satisfied that the parties to the litigation have misused

the court processes. frivolous or vexatious litigation.

g_"*;&%)? W%*%-"2can get these at common law but not under the defamation act of 2005. These are

intended to PUNISH the tortfeasor. Egregious/contumelious behaviour. This kind of conduct will not be

tolerated, will be severely punished. Cotogono v Lamb: the plaintiff was a process erver was trying to serve

process on the defendant. Didnt want to talk to the server/ be served. Hoped in his car and ran away. Ran over

him didnt stop. Such outrageious behaviour that it warranted an award of exemplary damages.

E--)%X%$"0 0%*%-"2typically awarded in defamation actions, this is where the defendants behaviour or

conduct has added to the plaintiffs injury. Or where the court has satisfied that the defendant has flagarantly

ignored the plaintiffs rights. The plaintiff willget a premium damages over and above what they would have

received for the defamation.

Eg: SA CASE Bob Gilbert case: used car salesman, channel 7 had a vendetta aginst him. In one of his programs

they sunk their boots inot bob and defamed him. He was incnsed. Disputed the allegatsion tried to contact

channel 7. They had not interest in hearing his side fo the story and had no interest hearing it. Info was false.

Court was satisfied that channel 7 had breached the rules of natural justice, by not listening to him.

:3*;"#2%$3)? W%*%-"2Resitutio in intergrum: principle of putting the plaintiff back where they would

have been court asks what level of damages would be award if the tortious conduct had not occurred or casued

injury

E I/'($+) g"SS3h 3 %11 J4 G;PY %0%&.(./&* )* 5,/E)/.8 &, 3 %'.%*O

"\ 51.%' %/8 *)(-1. 5%*.* [I%*&. ,E &)(. %/8 (,/.7 &, 6, &, 5,:'&\

%? .(.'6./57 *)&:%&),/O )E /.)6$0,:' 6,.* ,/ % $,1)8%7 %/8 &$.7 1.%C. &$.

,:&*)8. &%- ,/ %/8 7,:' -',-.'&7 )* 0.1,IX *, )E 7,: 8,/i& &:'/ ,EE &$.&%-

7,:' $,:*. I)11 0. E1,88.8? Y

0? .C.'7 8%7 )* % *)/61. 5%:*. ,E %5&),/? L, )E *.1E $.1- )*/i& $.1-)/6X /.W& 8%7 )* %

/.I 8%7 ,E %5&),/?

P).#/.;&"2 3V E22"22*"#$ 3V :3*;"#2%$3)? W%*%-"2


58/62

@G

@ E:/8%(./&%1 -')/5)-1.* %--17 &, &$. %**.**(./& ,E 5,(-./*%&,'7 8%(%6.* %& 5,((,/ 1%IO

5H g--29"&& T[6&&

R$. B (:*& &%Z. &$. -1%)/&)EE %* &$. E)/8 &$.(X I)&$ %11 ,E &$. I.%Z/.**.*X 0.1).E*X 5%-%5)&).*

%/8 %&&')0:&.*O H"0$+ > P!& ["SG@\ H* *,,/ %* 8%(%6. )* .*&%01)*$.8 %* '.%*,/%017

E,'.*..%01.X &$. -1%)/&)EE 5%/ '.5,C.' E,' &$. ./&)'. %(,:/& )/51:8)/6 &$.)' .66 *$.11 )**:.?

4H U9" .#0"*#.$? P).#/.;&"

B)5&%&.* &$%& % -1%)/&)EE '.5.)C. ,/17 /.&X '%&$.' &$./ 6',**X *:(* %/8 &$%& %8C%/&%6.*

E1,I)/6 &, &$. < 0. 0',:6$& &, %55,:/& %* *.&Y,EE*?

H5$).C)/6 &$. )/8.(/)&7 -')/5)-1.O

8)*5,:/& '%&.O 1.6)*1%&.8 %& DxB)*5,:/& 8.8:5&),/ )* 8,/. &, '.E1.5& &$. C%1:. ,E %1:(- *:( %/8 &$%& 7,: I)11 )/C.*& )& %/8 6%)/ E,'( &$. )/C.*&(./&!R,8,',C)5 C

#%11.' ["SG"\ "@V +F4 ;VN!I$)5$ *%)8 7,: $%8 &, 8.8:5& 3x 0:& )/ #H 7,: $%C.

&, 8.8:5& Dx I$)5$ $%* 0../ 1.6)*1%&.8? H1*, &$. C%1:. ,E &$. 8,11%' I)11 0. I,'&$

1.**

C)*5)**)&:8.*p)5)**)&:8. )* 8,/. &, '.E1.5& &$. cI.%' %/8 &.%'i ,E 1)E.?!/.6%&)C.

C)**)*5)&:8.*O %55)8./& X 5$',/)5 )11/.** %/8 8)*.%*.X 1,*)/6 7,:' 9,0? &$.'. %'. %1*,

-,*)&)C. C)**)5)&:8.*?

j,&$ -')/5)-1.* %'. 8.*)6/..8 &, ./*:'. &$%& -1%)/&)EE* %'. /,& ,C.' 5,(-./*%&.8?

R7-)5%117 I$./ 7,: '.5.)C. % 5,((,/ 1%I 1:(- *:( %I%'8? >& (%7 I.11 0. &$%& %

5,:'& I)11 8.8:5& ,/ &$. 0%*)* ,E "VY3V x ,E &$. 8%(%6.* ,E 7,:' I,'8?!5:''./&&'./8 )* &, ,/17 8)*5,:/& %0,:& "Vx? _17// C U)/)*&.' [ML#+H\ 8.8:5&.8 3Vx X

I./& &, A+X &$.7 0',:6$& )& 8,I/ &, "Nx?YYv 1.,/). #7//!I%* 7,:/6 I,(%/ $%'8

I,'Z)/6!I,'Z.8 )/ $.' E%C,:'?

+H 1#/" %#0 V3) %&& )6&"

L)/61. 5%:*. ,E %5&),/ (:*& 0. %**.**.8 %& +F ,/5. %/8 E,' %11O U/(($+ > Z$"7 ["PV"\? H/

%--.11%&. 5,:'& 5%/ ,/17 %8()& /.I .C)8./5. )/ .W5.-&),/%1 5%*. &, '.,-./ -'.C),:* %I%'8O

S.+892 > F(4'$ I"7754+ W4>( @').+"'3$ Q;;/3$[ML#\

MH J6*; T6* >6&"

U:*& 0. %I%'8.8 )/ 1:(- *:(? M,& -.'()**)01. %& 5,((,/ 1%I I)&$,:& *&%&:&,'7

%:&$,')*%&),/ &, ,'8.' &$. B &, -%7 -.'),8 *:(*O !404+4>/3 > I"77$+? M,&. &$%& *&':5&:'.8

L.&&1.(./&* %'. %11,I%01. /,&X 0:& /,&. &$)* I,/& %--17 I$.'. -%'&).* *.&&1. 0.E,'. 6,)/6 &,

5,:'&

#$./ )* &$. %(,:/& %**.**.82


59/62

@S

,/ &$. 8%7 ,E &$. C.'8)5&X )* &$. -',-.' 8%7 &, %**.** 8%(%6.*O QT?+/$') > S3Y$"'

["SDG\T %& &$. &)(. ,E &$. &,'&O 7$'#4'( @'>$)(#$'() > QTL4.697/'O 8.-./8* ,/ 5,:'&X

5:''./& %&&)&:8. )* E1.W)01.?

+,*&* I)11 6./.'%117 E,11,I &$. :/*:55.**E:1 -%'&7?

IH W6$? $3 *.$.-%$"

< $%* %/ ,01)6%&),/ &, ()&)6%&. 8%(%6.* %/8 (%7 0. 8./).8 5,(-./*%&),/ ,' % E)1%:'. &,

E:1E)1 &$)* ,01)6%&),/? R$. 0:'8./ 1%7* I)&$ &$. B &, -',C. &$%& < $%* /,& ()&)6%&.8?

R$.'. %'. -,1)57 5,/*)8.'%&),/* )/ &$)* '.=:)'.(./&? H/8 %/7 %88)&),/%1 1,** ,' .W-./*.

)/5:''.8 07 &$. < )/ %&&.(-&)/6 &, ()/)()*. &$. 8%(%6. 07 '.%*,/%01. (.%/* )/ ()&)6%&),/

(%7 0. '.5,C.'.8 07 &$%& -%'&7 %* -%'& E, &$. 5,(-./*%&),/ E,' &$. &,'&),:* %5&? J6 ?420 >C

FW@Q ["SPG\

E%)1:'. &, %6'.. &, % 01,,8 &'%/*E:*),/X 0.5%:*. ,E -%'./&* 0.1).E I%* :/'.%*,/%01. [*,'& ,E

5,/&'%8)5&* &$. .66*$.11 *Z:11 -')/5)-1.\?

0:'8./ ,E -',,E ,/ &$. 8.E./8%/&]

P)3;")$? W%*%-"

L)(-1.' &$./ E,' ?+45' O^]kmX

Y &$. 8)()/:%&),/ )/ C%1:. )/ &$. 5%*. ,E -%'&)%1 8.*&':5&),/O V">/0)4' > RF W/71$+(

U"1+/3"(/4')Y R,&%1 '.-1%5.(./& 5,*&* )/ &$. 5%*. ,E &,&%1 8.-')C%&),/ ,' 8.*&':5&),/O I9$$7$+ >

D/>$+)/0$ M4"7 !+"')84+(C

R#$")"2$

>* -%)8 ,/ (,/).* %I%'8.8 &, 8%&. ,E 9:86.(./&]

>/ m:../*1%/8O

&$. '%&. )* 8)*5'.&),/%'7 Y &$. L:-'.(. +,:& H5& "SS@ *?;P

E,' -.5:/)%'7 1,** &$. :*:%1 '%&. )* $%1E &$. 5,((.'5)%1 '%&. ). %0,:& Dx

E,' /,/Y-.5:/)%'7 1,** &$. :*:%1 '%&. )* ,/. =:%'&.' ,E &$. 5,((.'5)%1 '%&. ). %0,:& NY3x

T"$ 1VVd2

U,/).* -%)8 07 .(-1,7.' %* *)5Z -%7 %/8 I,'Z.'* 5,(-./*%&),/ -%7(.&/* I)11 0. *.& ,EE [).8.8:5&.8\ E',( &$. 8%(%6.* %I%'8?

L,5)%1 *.5:')&7 %/8 (.8)5%'. -%7(./&* (:*& 0. '.-%)8 &, 6,C.'/(./& %/8 *, I)11 /,& 0. *.& ,EE?

+$%')&7 )/&./8.8 &, 0./.E)& &$.


60/62

DV

+%15:1%&.8 07 '.E.'./5. &, I$%& I,:18 $%C. .%'/.8 /.&& %/8 %E&.' .W-./*.* 8.8:5&.8O

I2'' >C HFI @').+"'3$

*$,:18 E:&:'. 5$)185%'. %/8 $,:*.Z..-)/6 .W-./*.* 0. 8.8:5&.82

M, 0.5%:*. c.**./&)%117 -')C%&. ,' 8,(.*&)5 )/ 5$%'%5&.'i

>E I,:18 /,& $%C. I,'Z.8 &$./ /, %I%'8? p.'7 8)EE)5:1& &, %**.** E,' 7,:/6.' -.,-1.?

R$. &,&%1 )* 8)*5,:/&.8 &, &%Z. )/&, %55,:/& &$. E%5& &$%& )& )* '.5.)C.8 %* % 1:(- *:( %/8 5%/ 0.

)/C.*&.8 )((.8)%&.17?

>/ m:../*1%/8 &$. '%&. )* *.& 07 *"D L:-'.(. +,:'& H5& "SS@ %& @x?

R$. )/C.*&(./& ,-&),/ )* %1*, *:--,*.8 &, 5,(-./*%&. E,' E:&:'. )/E1%&),/?

R$. %(,:/& (%7 0. E:'&$.' '.8:5.8 &, &%Z. )/&, %55,:/& &$. C)5)**)&:8.* ,E 1.E.?

S"7$3 >C *.((4'

I2'' >C HFI @').+"'3$

(32;.$%&L *"0./%& %#0 /%)"

U.8)5%'. *:0*)8).* I)11 $%C. &, 0. '.-%)8 &, &$. 6,C.'/(./& E,' -%*& .W-./*.*?

R$.'. )* *,(. %:&$,')&7 &$%& )/E1%&),/ (%7 0. &%Z./ )/&, %55,:/& E,' E:&:'. .W-./*.* 0:& &,8%7 I,:18-',0%017 0. '.6%'8.8 %* &,, *-.5:1%&)C.?

:%)" g_;"#2"2

>/ '.5./& 7.%'* &$. (,*& 5,/&./&),:* %'.% $%* 0../ &$. W+/;;/(9) >C Y$+"' >C U$'(4' ^]][ *M

L2'39 >C L2'39 ^]]^ HFIM&

Y"+) >C Y"+) ^]]g

K)$ F+?.)$ .N O+$%"$


61/62

D"

+,((,/ 1%I ':1. &$%& 5,:18 /,& '.5,C.' 0.5%:*. &$./ &$. &,'&E.%*,' I,:18 0. -%7)/6 &I)5.X ,/5. )/Z)/8 %/8 ,/5. )/ (,/.7

0:& B I%* 5,(-:1*,')17 )/8.(/)E).8 07 &$. &$)'8 -%'&7 )/*:'.'?

P)?( .N P)?(

R$. *%(. *)&:%&),/ %',*. )/ m:../*%1/8 I)&$ < 0.)/6 &$. I)E. %/8 8 0.)/6 &$. 8')C.' )/ &$. UpH %/8

&$. 6'%&:)&),:* 5%'.'?

A+ :/%/)(,:*17 8)*()**.8 &$. %--.%1 07 B [)/*:'%/5. 5,(-%/7\?

H '.C).I ,E &$. '.1.C%/5. ,E )/*:'%/5. &, &$. 5,((,/ 1%I 8.C.1,-(./& ,E 1)%0)1)&7 )/ &,'& (%7 0.'.1.C%/& %/8 &)(.17?

R$. -',01.( E,' &$)* -')/5)-1. ,-.'%&)/6 ,:&*)8. &$. %'.% ,E 5,(-:1*,'7 )/*:'%/5. )* (,'. %--%'./&&$%& '.%1?

M..8 &, -',&.5& < %6%)/*& &$. C)5)**)&:8.* ,E 1)E. ). $:*0%/8 :/%01. &, 5%'. E,' $.'?

F?*EE*%@( .N P+?H+


62/62

T6//"22.3# E/$ 277

H5&),/* E,' ,' %6%)/*& &$. 8.5.%*.8 *:'C)C. E,' ,' %6%)/*& &$. .*&%&.?

B.5.%*.8 < 5%//,& '.5.)C.O

/,/Y-.5:/)%'7 8%(%6.*] E:&:'. -',0%01. .%'/)/6*]

5%15:1%&.8 I)&$,:& '.E.'./5. &, 1,** ,' 6%)/ &, &$. .*&%&.?

T6;)"*" :36)$ E/$

**"P Y NN 0%*)5%117 %5&),/ 5%/ 0. 0',:6$& E,' &$. 1,**.* *:EE.'.8 07 &$. 8.-./8%/&* [)/51:8)/6 8. E%5&,*-,:*.*\ ,E &$. 8.5.%*.8 C F39/;;#"'

%6.X %--.%'%/5.X )/51)/%&),/X .W-.')./5.X ,01)6%&),/* &, 5$)18'./ %/8 -%'./&* %/8 &$.

C%1:. ,E E'..8,( &, '.(%''7?

Documents

Torts B Study Notes