Torts Cases for August 13

8/14/2019 Torts Cases for August 13

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EN BANC

[G.R. No. L-8328. May 18, 1956.]

MANILA ELECTRIC COMPANY,petitioner, vs.SOTERO REMOQUILLO, in his own behalf and asga!dian of "he #ino!s MANUEL, $EN%AMIN,NESTOR, MILA&ROS, CORA'ON, CLEMENTE andAURORA, all s!na#ed MA&NO, SALU( MA&NO,and "he COURT O) APPEALS *Se+ond (iision-,respondents.

Ross, Selph, Carrascoso & Janda for petitioer.

Angel S. Gamboaa!Felix B. Ramirez for re"po!et".

SYLLA$US

1.#AMAGE$% NEGL&GENCE% #EA'( )R&MAR&L* CA+$E#B* #ECEA$E#$ NEGL&GENCE. /ere it i" "/o0 t/at t/e !eat/of t/e !eea"e! 0a" priariy a4"e! y /i" o0 eiee, t/eopay o4! ot e /e! 4ity of eiee or a" a7i i !4e!iiee. 'o /o! t/e atter iae i !aae" for t/e !eat/ of t/e!eea"e!, "4/ "4ppo"e! eiee of t/e opay 4"t /ae eet/e proiate a! priipa a4"e of t/e ai!et. B4t i t/e a"e atar, t/e at of t/e !eea"e! i t4ri aro4! a! "0ii t/eaai:e! iro "/eet 0it/ /i" /a!" 0a" t/e proiate a! priipaa4"e of t/e eetro4tio, t/erefore /i" /eir" aot reoer.

2..% .% .% '(E R+LE ;N REM;'E AN# )R;


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/o!i /appee! to oe i otat 0it/ t/e "ae0ire, pro!4i "oe "par7". '/e o0er of t/e /o4"efort/0it/ opaie! to !efe!at ao4t t/e !aer0/i/ t/e 0ire pre"ete!, a! a" a re"4t !efe!atoe! oe e! of t/e 0ire fart/er fro t/e /o4"e yea" of a rae, 4t eft t/e ot/er e! 0/ere it 0a".

At ay rate, a" reeae! y t/e o4ari"petio of t/e prei"e" or!ere! y t/e tria o4rt, t/e!i"tae fro t/e eetri 0ire to t/e e!e of t/e e!iaa4a o 0/i/ t/e !eea"e! 0a" a7i repair" 0a"oy 3 i/e" or 2 1F2 feet. Re4atio" of t/e City ofMaia reH4ire! t/at a 0ire" e 7ept t/ree feet fro t/e4i!i. Appeat ote!" t/at i appyi "ai!re4atio" to t/e a"e at ar t/e re7oi "/o4! ote fro t/e e!e of t/e e!ia a4a 4t fro t/e "i!eof t/e /o4"e a! t/at, t/4" ea"4re!, t/e !i"tae 0a"ao"t feet, or ore t/e t/e ii4 pre"rie!.'/i" otetio i" aife"ty ro4!e"", for ot oy i"

a e!ia a4a a itera part of t/e 4i!i to 0/i/ iti" atta/e! 4t to e4!e it i ea"4ri t/e !i"tae0o4! !efeat t/e p4rpo"e of t/e re4atio. Appeatpoit" o4t, eert/ee"", t/at ee a""4i t/at t/e!i"tae, 0it/i t/e eai of t/e ity re4atio","/o4! e ea"4re! fro t/e e!e of t/e e!ia a4a,t/e fat t/at i t/e a"e of t/e /o4"e ioe! /erei"4/ !i"tae 0a" at4ay e"" t/a 3 feet 0a" !4e tot/e fa4t of t/e o0er of "ai! /o4"e, ea4"e t/e itya4t/oritie" ae /i a perit to o"tr4t a e!iaa4a oy oe eter or 39 1F2 i/e" 0i!e, 4t i"tea!/e 4it oe /ai a 0i!t/ of 65 3F? i/e", 1 3F8i/e" ore t/a t/e 0i!t/ peritte! y t/e a4t/oritie",

t/erey re!4i t/e !i"tae to t/e eetri 0ire to e""t/a t/e pre"rie! ii4 of 3 feet.

&t i" a fat t/at t/e o0er of t/e /o4"eeee!e! t/e iit fie! i t/e perit ie to /i y t/eity a4t/oritie" for t/e o"tr4tio of t/e e!ia a4a,a! t/at if /e /a! ot !oe "o appeat" 0ire 0o4!/ae ee 11 3F8 >i/e" ore t/a t/e reH4ire!!i"tae of t/ree feet fro t/e e!e of t/e e!ia a4a.&t i" a"o a fat, /o0eer, t/at after t/e e!ia a4a 0a"o"tr4te! t/e o0er 0a" ie a fia perit ofo4pay of t/e /o4"e. . . .

. . . '/e 0ire 0a" a epo"e!, /i/ te"io0ire arryi a oa! of 3,6 ot". '/ere 0a",aor!i to appeat, o i"4atio t/at o4! /aere!ere! it "afe, fir"t, ea4"e t/ere i" o i"4atioateria i oeria 4"e for "4/ 7i! of 0ire% a!"eo!y, ea4"e t/e oy i"4atio ateria t/at ay

e effetie i" "ti i t/e eperieta "tae of!eeopet a!, ay0ay, it" o"t" 0o4! epro/iitie. . . .

'/e t/eory foo0e! y t/e appeate o4rt i fi!i for t/e paitiff i"t/at at/o4/ t/e o0er of t/e /o4"e i o"tr4ti t/e e!ia a4a iH4e"tio eee!e! t/e iit" fie! i t/e perit, "ti, after a7i t/ate!ia a4a, it" o"tr4tio t/o4/ iea, 0a" fiay approe!ea4"e /e 0a" ie a fia perit to o4py t/e /o4"e% t/at it 0a" t/eopay t/at 0a" at fa4t a! 0a" 4ity of eiee ea4"eat/o4/ t/e eetri 0ire i H4e"tio /a! ee i"tae! o efore t/eo"tr4tio of t/e /o4"e a! i aor!ae 0it/ t/e or!iae fii aii4 of 3 feet, ere opiae 0it/ t/e re4atio" !oe" ot

"ati"fy t/e reH4ireet of !4e !iiee or aoi! t/e ee! for a!opti"4/ ot/er prea4tioary ea"4re" a" ay e 0arrate!% t/ateiee aot e !eterie! y a "ipe atter of i/e"% t/at at/at t/e ity !i! 0a" to pre"rie ertai ii4 o!itio" a! t/at=4"t ea4"e t/e or!iae reH4ire! t/at priary eetri 0ire" "/o4!e ot e"" t/a 3 feet fro ay /o4"e, t/e oiatio of !4e !iiee i"ot f4fie! y pai "4/ 0ire" at a !i"tae of 3 feet a! oe i/,rear!e"" of ot/er fator". '/e appeate o4rt, /o0eer, refraie! fro"tati or "4e"ti 0/at ot/er prea4tioary ea"4re" o4! a!"/o4! /ae ee a!opte!.

After a aref4 "t4!y a! !i"4""io of t/e a"e a! t/eir4"tae" "4rro4!i t/e "ae, 0e are iie! to aree to t/e

otetio of petitioer Copay t/at t/e !eat/ of Mao 0a" priariya4"e! y /i" o0 eiee a! i "oe ea"4re y t/e too o"eproiity of t/e e!ia a4a or rat/er it" e!e to t/e eetri 0ire of t/eopay y rea"o of t/e ioatio of t/e oriia perit ie y t/eity a! t/e "4"eH4et approa of "ai! iea o"tr4tio of t/ee!ia a4a. e fai to "ee /o0 t/e Copay o4! e /e! 4ity ofeiee or a" a7i i !4e !iiee. At/o4/ t/e ity or!iaeae! for a !i"tae of 3 feet of it" 0ire" fro ay 4i!i, t/ere 0a"at4ay a !i"tae of feet a! 2 3F? i/e" of t/e 0ire" fro t/e "i!eof t/e /o4"e of )eDao:a. Ee o"i!eri "ai! re4atio !i"tae of3 feet a" referri ot to t/e "i!e of a 4i!i, 4t to ay pro=eti partt/ereof, "4/ a" a e!ia a4a, /a! t/e /o4"e o0er foo0e! t/e


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ter" of t/e perit ie /i y t/e ity for t/e o"tr4tio of /i"e!ia a4a, aey, oe eter or 39 3F8 i/e" 0i!e, t/e !i"taefro t/e 0ire" to t/e e!e of "ai! e!ia a4a 0o4! /ae ee 3 feeta! 11 3F8 i/e". & f ii "ai! oe eter 0i!t/ for t/e e!ia a4at/e ity a4t/oritie" 4"t /ae 0ate! to pre"ere t/e !i"tae of atea"t 3 feet et0ee t/e 0ire" a! ay portio of a 4i!i.

+fort4atey, /o0eer, t/e /o4"e o0er !i"rear!i t/e perit,eee!e! t/e oe eter fie! y t/e "ae y 1 3F8 i/e" a! eaioy a !i"tae of 2 1F2 feet et0ee t/e Me!ia a4a a" ieayo"tr4te! a! t/e eetri 0ire". A! a!!e! to t/i" ioatio of t/eperit y t/e /o4"e o0er, 0a" it" approa y t/e ity t/ro4/ it"aet, po""iy a i"petor. $4rey 0e aot ay t/e"e "erio4"ioatio" of a ity or!iae a! perit at t/e !oor of t/e Copay,4ite"" of rea/ of ay or!iae or re4atio. '/e Copay aote epete! to e a0ay" o t/e oo7o4t for ay iea o"tr4tio0/i/ re!4e" t/e !i"tae et0ee it" 0ire" a! "ai! o"tr4tio, a!after fi!i t/at "ai! !i"tae of 3 feet /a! ee re!4e!, to /aet/e "trii or i"taatio of it" 0ire" "o a" to pre"ere "ai! !i"tae. &t0o4! e 4/ ea"ier for t/e City, or rat/er it i" it" !4ty, to e eer o

t/e aert a! to "ee to it t/at it" or!iae" are "trity foo0e! y /o4"eo0er" a! to o!e or !i"approe a iea o"tr4tio". ;fo4r"e, i t/e pre"et a"e, t/e ioatio of t/e perit for t/eo"tr4tio of t/e e!ia a4a 0a" ot t/e !iret a4"e of t/eai!et. &t erey otri4te! to it. (a! "ai! e!ia a4a ee oyoe eter 0i!e a" ao0e! y t/e perit, Mao "ta!i o it, 0o4!i"titiey /ae "taye! o"er to or /4e! t/e "i!e of t/e /o4"e ior!er to 7eep a "afe ari et0ee t/e e!e of t/e e!ia a4a a!t/e ya0i 2-"tory !i"tae or /ei/t fro t/e ro4!, a! po""iy ifot proay aoi!e! t/e fata otat et0ee t/e o0er e! of t/e iro"/eet a! t/e 0ire".

e reai:e t/at t/e pre"ee of t/e 0ire" i H4e"tio H4iteo"e to t/e /o4"e or it" e!ia a4a 0a" a0ay" a "o4re of !aero"i!eri t/eir /i/ otae a! 4i"4ate! a" t/ey 0ere, 4t t/eai of t/e opay a! t/e rea"o" ie y it for ot i"4ati "ai!0ire" 0ere 4ref4te! a" 0e at/er fro t/e fi!i" of t/e Co4rt ofAppea", a! "o 0e /ae to aept t/e a" "ati"fatory. Co"eH4ety,0e ay ot /o! "ai! opay a" 4ity of eiee or 0ati i !4e!iiee i faii to i"4ate "ai! 0ire". A" to t/eir proiity to t/e/o4"e it i" to e "4ppo"e! t/at !i"tae of 3 feet 0a" o"i!ere!"4ffiiety "afe y t/e te/ia e of t/e ity "4/ a" it" eetriia oreieer. ;f o4r"e, a reater !i"tae of "ay 6 feet or 12 feet 0o4!

/ae irea"e! t/e ari of "afety 4t ot/er fator" /a! to eo"i!ere! "4/ a" t/at t/e 0ire" o4! ot e "tr4 or t/e po"t""4pporti t/e o4! ot e oate! too far to0ar! t/e i!!e of t/e"treet. '/4", t/e rea a4"e of t/e ai!et or !eat/ 0a" t/e re7e"" oreiet at of Mao /i"ef. /e /e 0a" ae! y /i" "teprot/erto repair t/e e!ia a4a =4"t eo0 t/e t/ir! "tory 0i!o0, it i" to e

pre"4e! t/at !4e to /i" ae a! eperiee /e 0a" H4aifie! to !o "o.)er/ap" /e 0a" a ti"it/ or arpeter a! /a! t raii a! eperieefor t/e =o. $o, /e o4! ot /ae ee etirey a "traer to eetri0ire" a! t/e !aer 4r7i i t/e. B4t 4fort4atey, i t/e i"tatare, /i" traii a! eperiee faie! /i, a! foretti 0/ere /e0a" "ta!i, /o!i t/e 6-feet iro "/eet 0it/ ot/ /a!" a! at ar"et/, ei!ety 0it/o4t oo7i, a! t/ro0i a pr4!ee a!!i"retio to t/e 0i!", /e t4re! aro4! "0ii /i" ar" 0it/ t/eotio of /i" o!y, t/erey a4"i /i" o0 eetro4tio.

& "4pport of it" t/eory a! /o!i t/at !efe!at-appeat0a" iae for !aae" t/e Co4rt of Appea" ite" t/e a"e of A"t4!io". Maia Eetri Co., 55 )/i., ?2. e !o ot t/i7 t/e a"e i" eaty

appiae. '/ere, t/e prei"e" ioe! 0a" t/at eeate! portio ortop of t/e 0a" of &tra4ro", Maia, =4"t aoe t/e $ta. L4ia Gate. &t/e 0or!" of t/e Co4rt, it 0a" a p4i pae 0/ere per"o" oe to"tro, to re"t a! to e=oy t/e"ee". '/e eetri opay 0a"eary eiet i pai it" 0ire" "o ear t/e pae t/at 0it/o4t 4/!iffi4ty or eertio, a per"o y "tret/i /i" /a! o4t o4! to4/t/e. A oy ae! A"t4!io, pai oe foot o a pro=etio, rea/e!o4t a! at4ay ra"pe! t/e eetri 0ire a! 0a" eetro4te!. '/eper"o eetro4te! i "ai! a"e 0a" a oy 0/o 0a" i o po"itio toreai:e t/e !aer. & t/e pre"et a"e, /o0eer, t/e 0ire" 0ere 0e/i/ oer t/e "treet 0/ere t/ere 0a" o po""ie !aer to pe!e"tria".'/e oy po""ie !aer 0a" to per"o" "ta!i o t/e e!ia a4a,4t a e!ia a4a a /ar!y e o"i!ere! a p4i pae 0/ereper"o" 4"4ay at/er. Moreoer, a per"o "ta!i o t/e e!iaa4a o4! ot /ae rea/e! t/e 0ire" 0it/ /i" /a!" aoe. &t 0a"ee""ary a" 0a" !oe y Mao to /o! "oet/i o eo4/ torea/ t/e 0ire. I4rt/erore, Mao 0a" ot a oy or a per"oiat4re 4t t/e fat/er of a faiy, "4ppo"e!y a ti"it/ traie! a!eperiee! i t/e repair of aai:e! iro roof" a! e!ia a4a.Moreoer, i t/at ery a"e of A"t4!io vs. Maia Eetri Co., spra,t/e o4rt "ai! t/at at/o4/ it i" a 0e- e"tai"/e! r4e t/at t/e iaiityof eetri opaie" for !aae" or per"oa i=4rie" i" oere! yt/e r4e" of eiee, eert/ee"" "4/ opaie" are ot i"4rer"of t/e "afety of t/e p4i.


4/20

B4t ee a""4i for a oet t/at 4!er t/e fat" of t/epre"et a"e t/e !efe!at eetri opay o4! e o"i!ere!eiet i i"tai it" eetri 0ire" "o o"e to t/e /o4"e a! e!iaa4a i H4e"tio, a! i faii to propery i"4ate t/o"e 0ire">at/o4/ aor!i to t/e 4ref4te! ai of "ai! opay it 0a"ipo""ie to a7e t/e i"4atio of t/at 7i! of 0ire, eert/ee"" to

/o! t/e !efe!at iae i !aae" for t/e !eat/ of Mao, "4/"4ppo"e! eiee of t/e opay 4"t /ae ee t/e proiatea! priipa a4"e of t/e ai!et, ea4"e if t/e at of Mao it4ri aro4! a! "0ii t/e aai:e! iro "/eet 0it/ /i" /a!"0a" t/e proiate a! priipa a4"e of t/e eetro4tio, t/e /i"/eir" ay ot reoer. $4/ 0a" t/e /o!i of t/i" Co4rt i t/e a"e of'ayor vs. Maia Eetri Rairoa! a! Li/t Copay, 16 )/i., 8. &t/at a"e, t/e eetri opay 0a" fo4! eiet i eai "attere!o it" prei"e" f4iati ap" 0/i/ 'ayor, a 15- year o! oy fo4!a! arrie! /oe. & t/e o4r"e of eperieti 0it/ "ai! f4iatiap", /e opee! oe of t/e, /e! it o4t 0it/ /i" /a!" 0/ie aot/eroy appie! a i/te! at/ to it, a4"i it to epo!e a! i=4re oe of/i" eye" eet4ay a4"i i!e"" i "ai! eye. $ai! t/i" 'ri4a i

!eyi reoery for t/e i=4ry

. . ., "o t/at 0/ie it ay e tr4e t/at t/e"ei=4rie" 0o4! ot /ae ee i4rre! 4t for t/eeiet at of t/e !efe!at i eai t/e ap"epo"e! o it" prei"e", eert/ee"" paitiff" o0 at0a" t/e proiate a! priipa a4"e of t/e ai!et0/i/ ifite! t/e i=4ry.

'o 4" it i" ear t/at t/e priipa a! proiate a4"e of t/eeetro4tio 0a" ot t/e eetri 0ire, ei!ety a reote a4"e, 4trat/er t/e re7e"" a! eiet at of Mao i t4ri aro4! a!"0ii t/e aai:e! iro "/eet 0it/o4t ta7i ay prea4tio, "4/

a" oo7i a7 to0ar! t/e "treet a! at t/e 0ire to aoi! it" otati"ai! iro "/eet, o"i!eri t/e atter" et/ of 6 feet. Ior a etter4!er"ta!i of t/e r4e o reote a! proiate a4"e 0it/ re"petto i=4rie", 0e fi! t/e foo0i itatio /epf4

A prior a! reote a4"e aot e a!e t/ea"i" of a atio if "4/ reote a4"e !i! ot/iore t/a f4ri"/ t/e o!itio or ie ri"e to t/eoa"io y 0/i/ t/e i=4ry 0a" a!e po""ie, if t/ereiteree! et0ee "4/ prior or reote a4"e a! t/ei=4ry a !i"tit, "4e""ie, 4reate!, a! effiieta4"e of t/e i=4ry, ee t/o4/ "4/ i=4ry 0o4! ot

/ae /appee! 4t for "4/ o!itio or oa"io. &f o!aer ei"te! i t/e o!itio eept ea4"e of t/ei!epe!et a4"e, "4/ o!itio 0a" ot t/eproiate a4"e. A! if a i!epe!et eiet at or!efetie o!itio "et" ito operatio t/eir4"tae" 0/i/ re"4t i i=4ry ea4"e of t/e prior

!efetie o!itio, "4/ "4"eH4et at or o!itio i"t/e proiate a4"e. >?5 C. @. pp. 931-332..

e reai:e t/at t/e "trii of 0ire" of "4/ /i/ otae>3,6 ot", 4i"4ate! a! "o o"e to /o4"e" i" a o"tat "o4re of!aer, ee !eat/, e"peiay to per"o" 0/o /ai oa"io to eear "ai! 0ire", !o ot a!opt t/e ee""ary prea4tio". B4t ay e,t/e City of Maia a4t/oritie" a! t/e eetri opay o4! ettoet/er a! !ei"e ea" of iii:i t/i" !aer to t/e p4i. @4"ta" t/e e"tai"/et of pe!e"tria ae" i ity t/oro4/fare" ayreaty iii:e !aer to pe!e"tria" ea4"e !rier" of otore/ie" ay epet !aer a! "o0 !o0 or ee "top a! ta7e ot/eree""ary prea4tio 4po approa/i "ai! ae", "o, a "iiar 0ay

ay po""iy e fo4!. $ie t/e"e /i/ otae 0ire" aot epropery i"4ate! a! at rea"oae o"t, t/ey i/t per/ap" e "tr4oy 4p to t/e o4t"7irt" of t/e ity 0/ere t/ere are fe0 /o4"e" a! fe0pe!e"tria" a! t/ere "tep-!o0 to a otae 0/ere t/e 0ire" arryit/e "ae to t/e ity o4! e propery i"4ate! for t/e etter protetioof t/e p4i.

& ie0 of a t/e foreoi, t/e appeae! !ei"io of t/e Co4rtof Appea" i" /erey reer"e! a! t/e opait fie! aai"t t/eCopay i" /erey !i"i""e!. No o"t".

!aras, C.J., Bengzon, !adilla, Re"es, A., Jgo, BatistaAngelo, #abrador, Concepcion, Re"es, J.B.#.,a!$ndencia, JJ.,

o4r.


5/20

[G.R. No. 59. $epteer 29, 1989.]

PILIPPINE LON& (ISTANCE TELEPONE CO.,INC.petitioner,vs.COURT O) APPEALS andSPOUSES ANTONIO ESTE$AN and &LORIAESTE$AN,respondents.

SYLLA$US

1.REME#&AL LA% AC'&;N$ M;'&;N I;R REC;N$ERA'&;N%$EC;N# M;'&;N I;R REC;N$ERA'&;N M+$' BE I&LE# &'(&N'(E I&I'EEN >15 #A* )ER&;# #E#+C'&NG '(EREIR;M '(E '&ME&N (&C( '(E I&R$' M;'&;N A$ )EN#&NG. $etio 1, R4e 52 oft/e R4e" of Co4rt, 0/i/ /a! proe!4ra oerae at t/e tie, proi!e!t/at a "eo! otio for reo"i!eratio ay e pre"ete! 0it/i fiftee

>15 !ay" fro otie of t/e or!er or =4!et !e!4ti t/e tie i 0/i/t/e fir"t otio /a" ee pe!i. )riate re"po!et" /ai fie! t/eir fir"totio for reo"i!eratio o t/e a"t !ay of t/e reeetary perio! offiftee >15 !ay" 0it/i 0/i/ to !o "o, t/ey /a! oy oe >1 !ay froreeipt of t/e or!er !eyi "ai! otio to fie, 0it/ eae of o4rt, a "eo!otio for reo"i!eratio.

2..% .% .% ;)'&;N$ ;I )AR'* (ERE (&$ M;'&;N I;RREC;N$ERA'&;N A$ #EN&E#% CA$E A' BAR. & t/e pre"eta"e, after t/eir reeipt o Ier4ary 22, 198 of t/e re"o4tio !eyi t/eirfir"t otio for reo"i!eratio, priate re"po!et" /a! t0o ree!ia

optio". ; Ier4ary 23, 198, t/e reaii oe >1 !ay of t/e afore"ai!reeetary perio!, t/ey o4! /ae fie! a otio for eae of o4rt to fie a"eo! otio for reo"i!eratio, oeiay 0it/ a prayer for t/eete"io of t/e perio! 0it/i 0/i/ to !o "o. ; t/e ot/er /a!, t/ey o4!/ae appeae! t/ro4/ a petitio for reie0 o ertiorari to t/i" Co4rt 0it/ififtee >15 !ay" fro Ier4ary 23, 198. &"tea!, t/ey fie! a otio for

eae to fie a "eo! otio for reo"i!eratio o Ier4ary 29, 198, a!"ai! "eo! otio for reo"i!eratio o Mar/ , 198, ot/ of 0/i/otio" 0ere y t/e tie-arre!.

3..% .% E15 !ay perio!, t/e r4i of 0/i/ 0a" "4"pe!e! !4ri t/epe!ey of t/e fir"t otio for reo"i!eratio, t/e Co4rt of Appea" o4!o oer ai!y ta7e f4rt/er proee!i" o t/e erit" of t/e a"e, 4/e"" to ater, o!ify or reo"i!er it" afore"ai! !ei"io a! or re"o4tio.'/e fii of t/e otio for eae to fie a "eo! otio for reo"i!eratioy /erei re"po!et" o Ier4ary 29, 198 a! t/e "4"eH4et fii of t/e

otio it"ef o Mar/ , 198, after t/e epiratio of t/e reeetaryperio! to fie t/e "ae, pro!4e! o ea effet". ;y a otio for re-/eari or reo"i!eratio fie! i tie "/a "tay t/e fia or!er or =4!et"o4/t to e re-eaie!.

?..% .% M;'&;N I;R E


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..% EJENCE% I&N#&NG$ ;I IAC' ;I '(E C;+R' ;I A))EAL$C;N'RAR* '; '(A' ;I '(E 'R&AL C;+R', +)(EL# ;N A))EAL. e fi! o error i t/e fi!i" of t/e re"po!et o4rt i it" oriia !ei"iot/at t/e ai!et 0/i/ efe priate re"po!et" 0a" !4e to t/e a7 of!iiee of re"po!et Atoio E"tea a! 0a" ot ip4tae to eietoi""io o t/e part of petitioer )L#'. $4/ fi!i" 0ere rea/e! after a

e/a4"tie a""e""et a! ea4atio of t/e ei!ee o reor!, a"ei!ee! y t/e re"po!et o4rt" re"o4tio of @a4ary 2?, 198.

8.C&J&L LA% ;BL&GA'&;N$ AN# C;N'RAC'$% EBarte, for "/ort, a i!epe!et otrator 0/i/ 4!ertoo7t/e o"tr4tio of t/e a/oe a! t/e o!4it "y"te. 3Aor!iy,)L#' fie! a t/ir!-party opait aai"t Barte aei t/at, 4!er t/eter" of t/eir areeet, )L#' "/o4! i o aer e a"0erae for ayai!et or i=4rie" ari"i fro t/e eiee or aree""e"" of Barte oray of it" epoyee". ?& a"0er t/ereto, Barte aie! t/at it 0a" ota0are or 0a" it otifie! of t/e ai!et ioi re"po!et "po4"e" a!t/at it /a! opie! 0it/ t/e ter" of it" otrat 0it/ )L#' y i"tai t/eee""ary a! appropriate "ta!ar! "i" i t/e iiity of t/e 0or7 "ite, 0it/arria!e" at ot/ e!" of t/e eaatio a! 0it/ re! i/t" at i/t aot/e eaate! area to 0ar t/e traei p4i of t/e pre"ee ofeaatio".5

; ;toer 1, 19?, t/e tria o4rt re!ere! a !ei"io i faor of priatere"po!et", t/e !ereta part of 0/i/ rea!"

&N J&E ;I '(E I;REG;&NG o"i!eratio" t/e!efe!at )/iippie Lo #i"tae 'eep/oeCopay i" /erey or!ere! >A to pay t/e paitiffGoria E"tea t/e "4 of )2,. a" ora!aae" a! )5,. eepary !aae"% topaitiff Atoio E"tea t/e "4 of )2,. a" ora!aae" a! )5. a" eepary !aae", 0it/ea rate of itere"t fro t/e !ate of t/e fii of t/e
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opait 4ti f4y pai!. '/e !efe!at i" /ereyor!ere! to pay t/e paitiff t/e "4 of )3,. a"attorey" fee".

>B'/e t/ir!-party !efe!at i" /erey or!ere! torei4r"e 0/ateer ao4t t/e !efe!at-t/ir! partypaitiff /a" pai! to t/e paitiff. it/ o"t" aai"t t/e!efe!at.6

Iro t/i" !ei"io ot/ )L#' a! priate re"po!et" appeae!, t/e atterappeai oy a" to t/e ao4t of !aae". '/ir!-party !efe!at Barte!i! ot appea.

; $epteer 25, 199, t/e $peia $eo! #ii"io of t/e Co4rt ofAppea" re!ere! a !ei"io i "ai! appeae! a"e, 0it/ @4"tie Cora:o@4iao Araa a"ponente,reer"i t/e !ei"io of t/e o0er o4rt a!!i"i""i t/e opait of re"po!et "po4"e". &t /e! t/at re"po!etE"tea "po4"e" 0ere eiet a! o"eH4ety a"oe! petitioer

)L#' fro t/e ai for !aae".A opy of t/i" !ei"io 0a" reeie! ypriate re"po!et" o ;toer 1, 199, 8; ;toer 25, 199, "ai!re"po!et" fie! a otio for reo"i!eratio !ate! ;toer 2?, 199. 9;@a4ary 2?, 198, t/e $peia Nit/ #ii"io of t/e Co4rt of Appea" !eie!"ai! otio for reo"i!eratio. 1'/i" re"o4tio 0a" reeie! yre"po!et "po4"e" o Ier4ary 22, 198. 11

; Ier4ary 29, 198, re"po!et Co4rt of Appea" reeie! priatere"po!et" otio for eae of o4rt to f ie a "eo! otio forreo"i!eratio, !ate! Ier4ary 2, 198.12 ; Mar/ 11, 198,re"po!et o4rt, i a re"o4tio i7e0i"e pee! y @4"tie Araa, ao0e!

re"po!et" to fie a "eo! otio for reo"i!eratio, 0it/i te >1 !ay"fro otie t/ereof. 13$ai! re"o4tio 0a" reeie! y priate re"po!et"o Apri 1, 198 4t prior t/ereto, priate re"po!et" /a! area!y fie! t/eir"eo! otio for reo"i!eratio o Mar/ , 198.1?

; Apri 3, 198 petitioer )L#' fie! a oppo"itio to a! or otio to!i"i"" "ai! "eo! otio for reo"i!eratio.15 '/e Co4rt of Appea", iie0 of t/e !ieret opiio" o t/e re"o4tio of t/e "eo! otio forreo"i!eratio, !e"iate! t0o a!!itioa =4"tie" to for a !ii"io of fie.16; $epteer 3, 198, "ai! !ii"io of fie pro4ate! it" re"o4tio,pee! y @4"tie Mariao A. o"a, "etti a"i!e t/e !ei"io !ate!

$epteer 25, 199, a" 0e a" t/e re"o4tio !ate! @a4ary 2?, 198, a!affiri in totot/e !ei"io of t/e o0er o4rt. 1

; $epteer 19, 198, petitioer )L#' fie! a otio to "et a"i!e a!Forfor reo"i!eratio of t/e re"o4tio of $epteer 3, 198, ote!i t/att/e "eo! otio for reo"i!eratio of priate re"po!et "po4"e" 0a"fie! o4t of tie a! t/at t/e !ei"io of $epteer 25, 199 pee! y@4"tie Araa 0a" area!y fia. &t f4rt/er "4itte! t/erei t/at t/ereatio"/ip of Barte a! petitioer )L#' "/o4! e ie0e! i t/e i/t of t/eotrat et0ee t/e a!, 4!er t/e i!epe!et otrator r4e, )L#' i"ot iae for t/e at" of a i!epe!et otrator. 18 ; May 11, 1981,re"po!et Co4rt of Appea" pro4ate! it" re"o4tio !eyi "ai! otioto "et a"i!e a!For for reo"i!eratio a! affiri in totot/e !ei"io oft/e o0er o4rt !ate! ;toer 1, 19?.19

Coi to t/i" Co4rt o a petitio for reie0 o ertiorari, petitioer a""i"t/e foo0i error"

1.Re"po!et Co4rt of Appea" erre! i ot !eyi priate re"po!et""eo! otio for reo"i!eratio o t/e ro4! t/at t/e !ei"io of t/e$peia $eo! #ii"io, !ate! $epteer 25, 199, a! t/e re"o4tio oft/e $peia Nit/ #ii"io, !ate! @a4ary 2?, 198, are area!y fia, a! ot/e a!!itioa ro4! t/at "ai! "eo! otio for reo"i!eratio i"pro%orma.

2.Re"po!et o4rt erre! i reer"i t/e afore"ai! !ei"io a! re"o4tioa! i i"appyi t/e i!epe!et otrator r4e i /o!i )L#' iae tore"po!et E"tea "po4"e".

A oeiet re"4e of t/e reeat proee!i" i t/e re"po!et o4rt, a""/o0 y t/e reor!" a! a!itte! y ot/ partie", ay e rap/iay

pre"ete! a" foo0"

>a$epteer 25, 199, a !ei"io 0a" re!ere! y t/eCo4rt of Appea" 0it/ @4"tie Araa a" poete%

>;toer 1, 199, a opy of "ai! !ei"io 0a"reeie! y priate re"po!et"%

>;toer 25, 199, a otio for reo"i!eratio 0a"fie! y priate re"po!et"%
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>!@a4ary 2?, 198, a re"o4tio 0a" i""4e! !eyi"ai! otio for reo"i!eratio%

>eIer4ary 22, 198, a opy of "ai! !eia re"o4tio0a" reeie! y priate re"po!et"%

>fIer4ary 29, 198, a otio for eae to fie a "eo!otio for reo"i!eratio 0a" fie! y priatere"po!et"%

>Mar/ , 198, a "eo! otio for reo"i!eratio0a" fie! y priate re"po!et"%

>/Mar/ 11, 198, a re"o4tio 0a" i""4e! ao0ire"po!et" to fie a "eo! otio for reo"i!eratio0it/i te >1 !ay" fro reeipt% a!

>i$epteer 3, 198, a re"o4tio 0a" i""4e!, pee!

y @4"tie o"a, reer"i t/e oriia !ei"io !ate!$epteer 25, 199 a! "etti a"i!e t/e re"o4tio!ate! @a4ary 2?, 198.

Iro t/e foreoi /roooy, 0e are oie! t/at ot/ t/e otiofor eae to fie a "eo! otio for reo"i!eratio a!, o"eH4ety,"ai! "eo! otio for reo"i!eratio it"ef 0ere fie! o4t of tie.

$etio 1, R4e 52 of t/e R4e" of Co4rt, 0/i/ /a! proe!4ra oeraeat t/e tie, proi!e! t/at a "eo! otio for reo"i!eratio ay epre"ete! 0it/i fiftee >15 !ay" fro otie of t/e or!er or =4!et!e!4ti t/e tie i 0/i/ t/e fir"t otio /a" ee pe!i.2 )riate

re"po!et" /ai fie! t/eir fir"t otio for reo"i!eratio o t/e a"t !ayof t/e reeetary perio! of fiftee >15 !ay" 0it/i 0/i/ to !o "o, t/ey/a! oy oe >1 !ay fro reeipt of t/e or!er !eyi "ai! otio to fie,0it/ eae of o4rt, a "eo! otio for reo"i!eratio. 21& t/e pre"eta"e, after t/eir reeipt o Ier4ary 22, 198 of t/e re"o4tio !eyi t/eirfir"t otio for reo"i!eratio, priate re"po!et" /a! t0o ree!iaoptio". ; Ier4ary 23, 198, t/e reaii oe >1 !ay of t/e afore"ai!reeetary perio!, t/ey o4! /ae fie! a otio for eae of o4rt to fie a"eo! otio for reo"i!eratio, oeiay 0it/ a prayer for t/eete"io of t/e perio! 0it/i 0/i/ to !o "o. ; t/e ot/er /a!, t/ey o4!/ae appeae! t/ro4/ a petitio for reie0 o ertiorari to t/i" Co4rt 0it/ififtee >15 !ay" fro Ier4ary 23, 198. 22 &"tea!, t/ey fie! a otio for

eae to fie a "eo! otio for reo"i!eratio o Ier4ary 29, 198, a!"ai! "eo! otio for reo"i!eratio o Mar/ , 198, ot/ of 0/i/otio" 0ere y t/e tie-arre!.

Co"eH4ety, after t/e epiratio o Ier4ary 2?, 198 of t/e oriiafiftee >15 !ay perio!, t/e r4i of 0/i/ 0a" "4"pe!e! !4ri t/epe!ey of t/e fir"t otio for reo"i!eratio, t/e Co4rt of Appea" o4!o oer ai!y ta7e f4rt/er proee!i" o t/e erit" of t/e a"e, 4/e"" to ater, o!ify or reo"i!er it" afore"ai! !ei"io a! or re"o4tio.'/e fii of t/e otio for eae to fie a "eo! otio for reo"i!eratioy /erei re"po!et" o Ier4ary 29, 198 a! t/e "4"eH4et fii of t/eotio it"ef o Mar/ , 198, after t/e epiratio of t/e reeetaryperio! to fie t/e "ae, pro!4e! o ea effet". ;y a otio for re-/eari or reo"i!eratio fie! i tie "/a "tay t/e fia or!er or =4!et"o4/t to e re-eaie!. 23

'/e o"eH4etia re"4t i" t/at t/e re"o4tio of re"po!et o4rt of Mar/11, 198 rati priate re"po!et" afore"ai! otio for eae a!, iit/e a ete"io ofte >1 !ay" to fie a "eo! otio for

reo"i!eratio, i" 4 a! oi!. '/e perio! for fii a "eo! otio forreo"i!eratio /a! area!y epire! 0/e priate re"po!et" "o4/t eaeto fie t/e "ae, a! re"po!et o4rt o oer /a! t/e po0er to etertaior rat t/e "ai! otio. '/e afore"ai! ete"io of te >1 !ay" for priatere"po!et" to fie t/eir "eo! otio for reo"i!eratio 0a" of o eao"eH4ee "ie it 0a" ie 0/e t/ere 0a" o ore perio! to ete!. &ti" a eeetary r4e t/at a appiatio for ete"io of tie 4"t e fie!prior to t/e epiratio of t/e perio! "o4/t to e ete!e!. 2?Nee""ariy,t/e !i"retio of re"po!et o4rt to rat "ai! ete"io for fii a "eo!otio for reo"i!eratio i" o!itioe! 4po t/e tieie"" of t/e otio"ee7i t/e "ae.

No appea /ai ee ta7e "ea"oay, t/e re"po!et o4rt" !ei"io,

!ate! $epteer 25, 199, eae fia a! ee4tory o Mar/ 9, 198.'/e "4"eH4et re"o4tio" of re"po!et o4rt, !ate! Mar/ 11, 198 a!$epteer 3, 198, ao0i priate re"po!et" to fie a "eo! otio forreo"i!eratio a! reer"i t/e oriia !ei"io are 4 a! oi! a!aot !i"t4r t/e fiaity of t/e =4!et or re"tore =4ri"!itio tore"po!et o4rt. '/i" i" 4t i ie 0it/ t/e aepte! r4e t/at oe a!ei"io /a" eoe fia a! ee4tory it i" reoe! fro t/e po0er a!=4ri"!itio of t/e o4rt 0/i/ re!ere! it to f4rt/er ater or ae!, 4/ e""reo7e it. 25'/e !ei"io re!ere! ae0 i" 4 a! oi!.26 '/e o4rt"i/eret po0er to orret it" o0 error" "/o4! e eeri"e! efore t/efiaity of t/e !ei"io or or!er "o4/t to e orrete!, ot/er0i"e itiatio0i e e!e"" a! o H4e"tio o4! e o"i!ere! fiay "ette!. At/o4/
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t/e rati or !eia of a otio for reo"i!eratio ioe" t/e eeri"e of!i"retio,2 t/e "ae "/o4! ot e eeri"e! 0/i"iay, apriio4"y oraritrariy, 4t pr4!ety i ofority 0it/ a0, =4"tie, rea"o a! eH4ity.28

)re"i!i fro t/e afore"ai! proe!4ra ap"e" ito t/e "4"tatie erit"of t/e a"e, 0e fi! o error i t/e f i!i" of t/e re"po!et o4rt i it"

oriia !ei"io t/at t/e ai!et 0/i/ efe priate re"po!et" 0a" !4eto t/e a7 of !iiee of re"po!et Atoio E"tea a! 0a" otip4tae to eiet oi""io o t/e part of petitioer )L#'. $4/ fi!i"0ere rea/e! after a e/a4"tie a""e""et a! ea4atio of t/eei!ee o reor!, a" ei!ee! y t/e re"po!et o4rt" re"o4tio of@a4ary 2?, 198 0/i/ 0e H4ote 0it/ approa

First. )aitiff" =eep 0a" r4i ao t/e i"i!e aeof La"o $treet. &f it /a! reaie! o t/at i"i!e ae,it 0o4! ot /ae /it t/e ACCEN' M;+N#.

E/iit B "/o0", t/ro4/ t/e tirear7", t/at t/e

ACCEN' M;+N# 0a" /it y t/e =eep "0eri frot/e eft t/at i", "0eri fro t/e i"i!e ae. /ata4"e! t/e "0eri i" ot !i"o"e!% 4t, a" t/e a4"eof t/e ai!et, !efe!at aot e a!e iae for t/e!aae" "4ffere! y paitiff". '/e ai!et 0a" ot!4e to t/e a"ee of 0ari "i", 4t to t/e4epaie! ar4pt "0eri of t/e =eep fro t/e i"i!eae. '/at ay epai paitiff-/4"a!" i"i"teet/at /e !i! ot "ee t/e ACCEN' M;+N# for 0/i/rea"o /e ra ito it.

Second. '/at paitiff" @eep 0a" o t/e i"i!e aeefore it "0ere! to /it t/e ACCEN' M;+N# o4!/ae ee orroorate! y a pit4re "/o0i La"o$treet to t/e "o4t/ of t/e ACCEN' M;+N#.

&t /a" ee "tate! t/at t/e !it/e" ao La"o $treet/a! area!y ee oere! eept t/e 3 or ? eter"0/ere t/e ACCEN' M;+N# 0a" oate!. E/iit B-1"/o0" t/at t/e !it/e" o La"o $treet ort/ of t/eACCEN' M;+N# /a! area!y ee oere!, 4t oti "4/ a 0ay a" to ao0 t/e o4ter ae to e freey a!oeiety pa""ae to e/ie". '/e "it4atio o4!/ae ee 0or"e to t/e "o4t/ of t/e ACCEN'

M;+N# for 0/i/ rea"o o pit4re of t/e ACCEN'M;+N# fai "o4t/ 0a" ta7e.

hird. )aitiff" =eep 0a" ot r4i at 25 7ioeter"a /o4r a" paitiff-/4"a! aie!. At t/at "pee!, /eo4! /ae ra7e! t/e e/ie t/e oet it "tr47 t/eACCEN' M;+N#. '/e =eep 0o4! ot /ae ie!t/e ACCEN' M;+N# "eera feet a" i!iate! y t/etirear7" i E/iit B. '/e =eep 4"t /ae ee r4iH4ite fa"t. &f t/e =eep /a! ee ra7e! at 25 7ioeter"a /o4r, paitiff" 0o4! ot /ae ee t/ro0 aai"tt/e 0i!"/ie! a! t/ey 0o4! ot /ae "4ffere! t/eiri=4rie".

Forth. &f t/e ai!et !i! ot /appe ea4"e t/e =eep0a" r4i H4ite fa"t o t/e i"i!e ae a! for "oe

rea"o or ot/er it /a! to "0ere "4!!ey to t/e ri/ta! /a! to i oer t/e ACCEN' M;+N#, t/epaitiff-/4"a! /a! ot eeri"e! t/e !iiee of aoo! fat/er of a faiy to aoi! t/e ai!et. it/ t/e!ri::e, /e "/o4! ot /ae r4 o !i i/t", 4t "/o4!/ae p4t o /i" re4ar i/t" 0/i/ "/o4! /ae a!e/i "ee t/e ACCEN' M;+N# i tie. &f /e 0a"r4i o t/e o4t"i!e ae at 25 7ioeter" a /o4r,ee o !i i/t", /i" fai4re to "ee t/e ACCEN'M;+N# i tie to ra7e t/e ar 0a" eiee o /i"part. '/e ACCEN' M;+N# 0a" reatiey i a!i"ie, ei 2 to 3 feet /i/ a! 1-1F2 feet 0i!e. &f /e!i! ot "ee t/e ACCEN' M;+N# i tie, /e 0o4!ot /ae "ee ay 0ari "i eit/er. (e 7e0 of t/e

ei"tee a! oatio of t/e ACCEN' M;+N#,/ai "ee it ay preio4" tie". it/ or!iaryprea4tio, /e "/o4! /ae !rie /i" =eep o t/e i/tof t/e ai!et "o a" to aoi! /itti t/e ACCEN'M;+N#.29

'/e aoe fi!i" eary "/o0 t/at t/e eiee of re"po!et AtoioE"tea 0a" ot oy otri4tory to /i" i=4rie" a! t/o"e of /i" 0ife 4toe" to t/e ery a4"e of t/e o4rree of t/e ai!et, a" oe of it"!eterii fator", a! t/erey pre4!e" t/eir ri/t to reoer !aae".3'/e peri" of t/e roa! 0ere 7o0 to, /ee appreiate! a! a""4e!
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y, priate re"po!et". By eeri"i rea"oae are a! pr4!ee,re"po!et Atoio E"tea o4! /ae aoi!e! t/e i=4rio4" o"eH4ee"of /i" at, ee a""4i argendot/at t/ere 0a" "oe aee! eieeo t/e part of petitioer.

'/e pre"ee of 0ari "i" o4! ot /ae opetey preete! t/e

ai!et% t/e oy p4rpo"e of "ai! "i" 0a" to ifor a! 0ar t/e p4i oft/e pre"ee of eaatio" o t/e "ite. '/e priate re"po!et" area!y7e0 of t/e pre"ee of "ai! eaatio". &t 0a" ot t/e a7 of 7o0e!eof t/e"e eaatio" 0/i/ a4"e! t/e =eep of re"po!et" to fa ito t/eeaatio 4t t/e 4epaie! "4!!e "0eri of t/e =eep fro t/e i"i!eae to0ar!" t/e ai!et o4!. A" opie! i "oe H4arter", t/e oi""ioto perfor a !4ty, "4/ a" t/e pai of 0ari "i" o t/e "ite of t/eeaatio, o"tit4te" t/e proiate a4"e oy 0/e t/e !oi of t/e "ai!oitte! at 0o4! /ae preete! t/e i=4ry. 31&t i" a"i t/at priatere"po!et" aot /are )L#' for t/eir i=4rie" 0/ere t/eir o0 fai4re toeeri"e !4e a! rea"oae are 0a" t/e a4"e t/ereof. &t i" ot/ a "oietaor a! ee""ity t/at oe "/o4! eeri"e a rea"oae !eree of a4tiofor /i" o0 protetio. I4rt/erore, re"po!et Atoio E"tea /a! t/e

a"t ear /ae or opport4ity to aoi! t/e ai!et, ot0it/"ta!i t/eeiee /e ip4te" to petitioer )L#'. A" a re"i!et of La"o $treet, /epa""e! o t/at "treet ao"t eery!ay a! /a! 7o0e!e of t/e pre"eea! oatio of t/e eaatio" t/ere. &t 0a" /i" eiee t/at epo"e!/i a! /i" 0ife to !aer, /ee /e i" "oey re"po"ie for t/eo"eH4ee" of /i" ipr4!ee. LiLe

Moreoer, 0e a"o "4"tai t/e fi!i" of re"po!et Co4rt of Appea" i it"oriia !ei"io t/at t/ere 0a" i"4ffiiet ei!ee to proe ay eieeo t/e part of )L#'. e /ae for o"i!eratio oy t/e "ef-"erite"tioy of re"po!et Atoio E"tea a! t/e 4erifie! p/otorap/ oferey a portio of t/e "ee of t/e ai!et. '/e a"ee of a poie reportof t/e ii!et a! t/e o-"4i""io of a e!ia report fro t/e /o"pita

0/ere priate re"po!et" 0ere aee!y treate! /ae ot ee ee"ati"fatoriy epaie!.

A" apty o"ere! y re"po!et o4rt i it" aforeite! ete!e! re"o4tioof @a4ary 2?, 198

>a'/ere 0a" o t/ir! party eye0ite"" of t/e ai!et.A" to /o0 t/e ai!et o4rre!, t/e Co4rt a oy reyo t/e te"tioia ei!ee of paitiff" t/e"ee", a!"4/ ei!ee "/o4! e ery aref4y ea4ate!, 0it/!efe!at, a" t/e party ei /are!, ei ie t/e

eefit of ay !o4t. #efiitey 0it/o4t a"rii t/e"ae otiatio to paitiff", aot/er per"o o4! /ae!eieratey eieere! a "iiar ai!et i t/e /opea! epetatio t/at t/e Co4rt a rat /i "4"tatiaora a! eepary !aae" fro t/e i orporatiot/at !efe!at i". '/e "tateet i" a!e oy to "tre""

t/e !i"a!ataeo4" po"itio of !efe!at 0/i/ 0o4!/ae etree !iffi4ty i ote"ti "4/ per"o"ai. &f t/ere 0ere o 0ite"" or reor! aaiae frot/e poie !epartet of Baoo!, !efe!at 0o4! ote ae to !eterie for it"ef 0/i/ of t/e ofitite"tioie" of paitiff" i" orret a" to t/e report or o-report of t/e ai!et to t/e poie !epartet. 32

A per"o aii !aae" for t/e eiee of aot/er /a" t/e 4r!e ofproi t/e ei"tee of "4/ fa4t or eiee a4"atie t/ereof '/e fat"o"tit4tie of eiee 4"t e affiratiey e"tai"/e! y opetetei!ee. 33/o"oeer reie" o eiee for /i" a4"e of atio /a" t/e4r!e i t/e fir"t i"tae of proi t/e ei"tee of t/e "ae if ote"te!,

ot/er0i"e /i" atio 4"t fai. LLpr

(EREI;RE, t/e re"o4tio" of re"po!et Co4rt of Appea", !ate! Mar/11, 198 a! $epteer 3, 198, are /erey $E' A$E. &t" oriia!ei"io, pro4ate! o $epteer 25, 199, i" /erey RE&N$'A'E# a!AII&RME#.

$; ;R#ERE#.
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G.R. No. L-??52. ;toer 12, 1989.]

&RE&ORIO &ENO$IA&ON,petitioner,vs.COURT O)APPEALS and PEOPLE O) TE PILIPPINES,respondents.

'ario (. )rtizfor petitioer.

SYLLA$US

1.EJENCE% IAC'+AL I&N#&NG$ ;I '(E 'R&AL C;+R' AN# C;+R';I A))EAL$% B&N#&NG +);N '(E $+)REME C;+R'. e-etre/e! i o4r =4ri"pr4!ee i" t/e r4e t/at fi!i" of fat of t/e triao4rt a! t/e Co4rt of Appea" are i!i 4po 4" >Berar!o ". Berar!o,

11 $CRA 351% J!a. #e Roa" ". &AC, 1?3 $CRA % Rep4i ". &AC,1?? $CRA 5.

2.CR&M&NAL LA% C;N'R&B+';R* NEGL&GENCE% #EIEN$E+NAJA&L&NG &N CR&M&NAL CA$E$ C;MM&''E# '(R;+G( RECKLE$$&M)R+#ENCE. '/e !efe"e of otri4tor eiee !oe" ot appy iriia a"e" oitte! t/ro4/ re7e"" ipr4!ee, "ie oe aotaee t/e eiee of aot/er to ea!e t/e effet" of /i" o0 eiee>)eope ". ;reta, CA-G.R. No. 321, Mar/ 29, 19?. >)eope ".4iDoe", ?? ;.G. 152.

3..% #EA'( &N (;M&CE ;R M+R#ER% )REJA&L&NG@+R&$)R+#ENCE ;N &N#EMN&'*. '/e preaii =4ri"pr4!ee i fatproi!e" t/at i!eity for !eat/ i /oii!e or 4r!er i" )3, >)eope". #e a I4ete, [1983] 126 $CRA 518% )eope ". Ceteo, 13 $CRA198.

( E C I S I O N

&RI/O0AQUINO, J p

'/i" i" a petitio for reie0 of t/e Co4rt of Appea" !ei"io i CA-G.R. No.99?9-CR, !ate! ;toer 1, 19?, affiri t/e oitio of t/e petitioerof t/e rie of /oii!e t/r4 re7e"" ipr4!ee. LL=4r

A" fo4! y t/e Co4rt of Appea", t/e fat" of t/i" a"e are

; #eeer 31, 1959, at ao4t 3 oo7 i t/eeei, a ri !rie y appeat 4pe! a o!0oa 0/o 0a" ro""i '. )a!ia $t., Ce4 City, att/e ri/t "i!e of '. )a!ia Mar7et. '/e appeat" ri0a" foo0i aot/er at a !i"tae of t0o eter". '/eo! 0oa "tarte! to ro"" 0/e t/e fir"t ri 0a"approa/i /er, 4t a" appeat" e/ie 0a" oi"o fa"t ot oy ea4"e of t/e "teep !o0-ra!e of t/eroa!, 4t a"o ea4"e /e 0a" tryi to oerta7e t/e ria/ea! of /i, t/e appeat" ri 4pe! t/e o!0oa, 0/o a" a o"eH4ee, fe at t/e i!!e of t/eroa!. '/e appeat oti4e! to !rie o, 4t a y-

"ta!er, oe Jiete Mayao, 0/o /a! =4"t o"e! /i""tore i t/e ar7et i or!er to eerate t/e oi oft/e Ne0 *ear, a! 0/o "a0 t/e ii!et ri/t efore/i, "/o4te! at t/e appeat to "top. (e ra afterappeat 0/e t/e atter ref4"e! to "top. ;erta7i t/eappeat, Mayao a"7e! /i 0/y /e 4pe! t/e o!0oa a! /i" a"0er 0a", it 0a" t/e o! 0oa t/at4pe! /i. '/e appeat 0et a7 to t/e pae0/ere t/e o! 0oa 0a" "tr47 y /i" ri. '/e o!0oa 0a" 4o"io4", a! t/e foo! a! ia!" "/e0a" arryi 0ere "attere! o /er o!y. '/e iti


12/20

0a" t/e oa!e! i a =eep a! ro4/t to t/e /o"pita0/ere "/e !ie! t/ree /o4r" ater >E/. C. '/e fi!i"after a a4top"y are a" foo0"

Cot4"io 0it/ (eatoa Left,Irota a! ;ipito )arieta Reioa"

Irat4re ;ipito )arieta Boe Cerera(eorr/ae.

'/e !eea"e! 0a" a ei/ty-oe-year o! 0oaae! Rita B. Carera. >pp. 31-32, Roo.

)etitioer 0a" /are! 0it/ /oii!e t/r4 re7e"" ipr4!ee i t/e Co4rtof Iir"t &"tae of Ce4 >Cri. Ca"e No. J-855. '/e tria o4rt fo4!petitioer 4ity of t/e feoy /are! a! "etee! /i to "4ffer ai!eteriate peaty of t/ree >3 ot/" of arresto ma"ora" ii4 tooe >1 year, oe >1 ot/ a! eee >11 !ay" ofprision correccionala"ai4, to i!eify t/e /eir" of Rita Ba:o Carera t/e "4 of )6,0it/ "4"i!iary ipri"oet i a"e of i"oey, ot to eee! 1F3 of t/epriipa peaty a! to pay t/e o"t" >p. 3, Appeat" Brief, p. 56, Roo.

'/e petitioer appeae! to t/e Co4rt of Appea" >CA-G.R. 99?9-CR 0/i/,o ;toer 1, 19?, affire! t/e oitio of t/e a4"e! 4t irea"e!/i" ii iaiity to )12,. '/e !i"po"itie portio of it" !ei"io rea!"

(EREI;RE, fi!i o error i t/e =4!etappeae! fro eept i t/e ao4t of i!eity to epai! to t/e /eir" of t/e !eea"e!, Rita B. Carera,0/i/ i" t/e "4 of )6,. 0it/ "4"i!iaryipri"oet i a"e of i"oey, 0/i/ "/o4! erai"e! to )12,. >)eope ". )ato=a, G.R. No. L-

1893, ;toer 11, 1968, 25 $CRA ?68 4t 0it/o4t"4"i!iary ipri"oet i a"e of i"oey, t/e "ae"/o4! e, a" it i" /erey affire! i a ot/er re"pet"0it/ o"t". >p. 3, Roo.

After /i" otio for reo"i!eratio of t/e Co4rt of Appea" !ei"io 0a"!eie!, /e fie! a petitio for reie0 i t/i" Co4rt, aei t/at t/e Co4rt ofAppea" erre!

1.i ot fi!i t/at t/e re7e"" eiee of t/e iti 0a" t/e proiatea4"e of t/e ai!et 0/i/ e! to /er !eat/%

2.i ot aH4itti t/e petitioer o t/e ro4! of rea"oae !o4t% a!

3.i 4=4"ty irea"i t/e ii iaiity of t/e petitioer fro )6,. to)12,., at/o4/ t/e ir4"tae" of t/e iti a! t/e a4"e!>petitioer !o ot 0arrat "4/ irea"e.

&t i" H4ite ei!et t/at a t/e i""4e" rai"e! i t/e petitio for reie0 arefat4a. e-etre/e! i o4r =4ri"pr4!ee i" t/e r4e t/at fi!i" of fatof t/e tria o4rt a! t/e Co4rt of Appea" are i!i 4po 4" >Berar!o ".Berar!o, 11 $CRA 351% J!a. #e Roa" ". &AC, 1?3 $CRA % Rep4i". &AC, 1?? $CRA 5.

'/e aee! otri4tory eiee of t/e iti, if ay, !oe" ot eoeratet/e a4"e!. '/e !efe"e of otri4tor eiee !oe" ot appy iriia a"e" oitte! t/ro4/ re7e"" ipr4!ee, "ie oe aotaee t/e eiee of aot/er to ea!e t/e effet" of /i" o0 eiee>)eope ". ;reta, CA-G.R. No. 321, Mar/ 29, 19?. >)eope ".4iDoe", ?? ;.G. 152.

'/e petitioer" otetio t/at t/e Co4rt of Appea" 4=4"ty irea"e! /i"ii iaiity to )12,, i" !eoi! of erit. '/e preaii =4ri"pr4!ee ifat proi!e" t/at i!eity for !eat/ i /oii!e or 4r!er i" )3,>)eope ". #e a I4ete, [1983] 126 $CRA 518% )eope ". Ceteo, 13$CRA 198. Aor!iy, t/e ii iaiity of t/e petitioer i" irea"e! to)3,.

(EREI;RE, t/e appeae! !ei"io i" affire! 0it/ o!ifiatio a" to t/eii iaiity of t/e petitioer 0/i/ i" /erey irea"e! to )3,. Co"t"aai"t petitioer. !p/i

$; ;R#ERE#.


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[G.R. No. 9626. Mar/ 1?, 199.]

PILIPPINE $AN1 O) COMMERCE, now abso!bedb2 PILIPPINE COMMERCIAL INTERNATIONAL$AN1, RO&ELIO LACSON, (I&NA (E LEON, MARIAAN&ELITA PASCUAL, e" al.,petitioners, vs. TE

COURT O) APPEALS, ROMMEL3S MAR1ETIN&CORP., !e4!esen"ed b2 ROMEO LIPANA, i"sP!esiden" 5 &ene!al Manage!,respondents.

Carpio *illaraza & Crz for petitioer".

Roberto C .Berme+o for priate re"po!et".

SYLLA$US

1.C&J&L LA% ELEMEN'$ ;I +A$&-#EL&C'. '/ere are t/ree eeet"of a H4a"i-!eit >a !aae" "4ffere! y t/e paitiff% > fa4t or eieeof t/e !efe!at, or "oe ot/er per"o for 0/o"e at" /e 4"t re"po!% a!> t/e oetio of a4"e a! effet et0ee t/e fa4t or eiee of t/e!efe!at a! t/e !aae" i4rre! y t/e paitiff.

2.,% .% NEGL&GENCE% #EI&NE# AN# C;N$'R+E#. Neiee i"t/e oi""io to !o "oet/i 0/i/ a rea"oae a, 4i!e! y t/o"eo"i!eratio" 0/i/ or!iariy re4ate t/e o!4t of /4a affair", 0o4!!o, or t/e !oi of "oet/i 0/i/ a pr4!et a! rea"oae a 0o4!!o. '/e "eety-ei/t >8-year-o!, yet "ti reeat, a"e of !icart v.Smith,

3 )/i. 89 [1918], proi!e" t/e te"t y 0/i/ to !eterie t/e ei"tee ofeiee i a parti4ar a"e 0/i/ ay e "tate! a" foo0" #i! t/e!efe!at i !oi t/e aee! eiet at 4"e t/at rea"oae are a!a4tio 0/i/ a or!iariy pr4!et per"o 0o4! /ae 4"e! i t/e "ae"it4atio &f ot, t/e /e i" 4ity of eiee. '/e a0 /ere i effet a!opt"t/e "ta!ar! "4ppo"e! to e "4ppie! y t/e iaiary o!4t of t/e

!i"reetpater%amiliasof t/e Roa a0. '/e ei"tee of eiee i aie a"e i" ot !eterie! y referee to t/e per"oa =4!et of t/eator i t/e "it4atio efore /i. '/e a0 o"i!er" 0/at 0o4! e re7e"",ae0ort/y, or eiet i t/e a of or!iary iteiee a! pr4!eea! !eterie" iaiity y t/at.

3..% .% .% (EN )RE$EN'% CA$E A' BAR. '/e fat t/at t/e!4piate "ip 0a" ot op4"oriy reH4ire! y t/e a7 i aepti!epo"it" "/o4! ot reiee t/e petitioer a7 of re"po"iiity. '/e o!!ir4"tae aoe t/at "4/ !4piate opy a7e! oe ita iforatio t/at of t/e ae of t/e ao4t /o!er "/o4! /ae area!y p4t M".Maaya! o 4ar!. Rat/er t/a rea!iy ai!ati t/e iopete !4piateopy, "/e "/o4! /ae proee!e! ore a4tio4"y y ei ore proi a"

to t/e tr4e rea"o 0/y t/e ae of t/e ao4t /o!er i t/e !4piate "ip0a" eft a7 0/ie t/at i t/e oriia 0a" fie! 4p. $/e "/o4! ot /aeee "o aie i aepti /oo7, ie a! "i7er t/e too "/ao0 e4"e ofM". &ree *a4t to t/e effet t/at "ie t/e !4piate opy 0a" oy for /erper"oa reor!, "/e 0o4! "ipy fi 4p t/e a7 "pae ater o. Area"oae a of or!iary pr4!ee 0o4! ot /ae ie re!ee to"4/ epaatio a! 0o4! /ae i"i"te! t/at t/e "pae eft a7 e fie!4p a" a o!itio for ai!atio. &t 0a" t/i" eiee of M". A:4eaMaaya!, o4pe! y t/e eiee of t/e petitioer a7 i t/e "eetioa! "4peri"io of it" a7 teer, 0/i/ 0a" t/e proiate a4"e of t/e o"""4ffere! y t/e priate re"po!et, a! ot t/e atter" at of etr4"ti a"/to a !i"/oe"t epoyee, a" i"i"te! y t/e petitioer".

?..% #AMAGE$% )R;


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15/20

C/aee! i t/i" petitio for reie0 i" t/e #ei"io !ate! Ier4ary 28,19911 re!ere! y p4i re"po!et Co4rt of Appea" 0/i/ affire! t/e#ei"io !ate! Noeer 15, 1985 of t/e Reioa 'ria Co4rt, NatioaCapita @4!iia Reio, Bra/ CL< >16, )a"i City, i Cii Ca"e No.2288 etite! Rommel1s 'areting Corporation, etc.v.!hilippine Ban o%Commerce, no0 absorbed b" !hilippine Commercial and -ndstrial Ban.

'/e a"e "tee! fro a opait fie! y t/e priate re"po!etRoe" Mar7eti Corporatio >RMC for reity, repre"ete! y it")re"i!et a! Geera Maaer Roeo Lipaa, to reoer f ro t/e forer)/iippie Ba7 of Coere >)BC for reity, o0 a"ore! y t/e)/iippie Coeria &teratioa Ba7, t/e "4 of )3?,99.?repre"eti ario4" !epo"it" it /a! a!e i it" 4rret ao4t 0it/ "ai!a7 4t 0/i/ 0ere ot re!ite! to it" ao4t, a! 0ere i"tea! !epo"ite!to t/e ao4t of oe Bieei!o Cota", aee!y !4e to t/e ro"" a!ie4"ae eiee of t/e petitioer a7.

RMC aitaie! t0o >2 "eparate 4rret ao4t", C4rret Ao4t No".53-198-3 a! 53-1?8-, 0it/ t/e )a"i Bra/ of )BC i oetio0it/ it" 4"ie"" of "ei appiae".

& t/e or!iary a! 4"4a o4r"e of a7i operatio", 4rret ao4t!epo"it" are aepte! y t/e a7 o t/e a"i" of !epo"it "ip" prepare!a! "ie! y t/e !epo"itor, or t/e atter" aet or repre"etatie, 0/oi!iate" t/erei t/e 4rret ao4t 4er to 0/i/ t/e !epo"it i" to ere!ite!, t/e ae of t/e !epo"itor or 4rret ao4t /o!er, t/e !ate of t/e!epo"it, a! t/e ao4t of t/e !epo"it eit/er i a"/ or /e7". '/e !epo"it"ip /a" a 4pper portio or "t4, 0/i/ i" !eta/e! a! ie to t/e!epo"itor or /i" aet% t/e o0er portio i" retaie! y t/e a7. & "oei"tae", /o0eer, t/e !epo"it "ip" are prepare! i !4piate y t/e!epo"itor. '/e oriia of t/e !epo"it "ip i" retaie! y t/e a7, 0/ie t/e,!4piate opy i" ret4re! or ie to t/e !epo"itor.

Iro May 5, 195 to @4y 16, 196, petitioer Roeo Lipaa ai" to /aeetr4"te! RMC f4!" i t/e for of a"/ totai )3?,99.? to /i""eretary, &ree *a4t, for t/e p4rpo"e of !epo"iti "ai! f4!" i t/e4rret ao4t" of RMC 0it/ )BC. &t t4re! o4t, /o0eer, t/at t/e"e!epo"it", o a oa"io", 0ere ot re!ite! to RMC" ao4t 4t 0erei"tea! !epo"ite! to Ao4t No. 53-13?- of *a4t" /4"a!,Bieei!o Cota" 0/o i7e0i"e aitai" a ao4t 0it/ t/e "ae a7.#4ri t/i" perio!, petitioer a7 /a!, /o0eer, ee re4ary f4ri"/i

priate re"po!et 0it/ ot/y "tateet" "/o0i it" 4rret ao4t"aae". +fort4atey, it /a! eer ee t/e pratie of Roeo Lipaa to/e7 t/e"e ot/y "tateet" of ao4t repo"i opete tr4"t a!ofi!ee o petitioer a7.

&ree *a4t" mods operandii" far fro opiate!. $/e 0o4!

aopi"/ t0o >2 opie" of t/e !epo"it "ip, a oriia a! a !4piate.'/e oriia "/o0e! t/e ae of /er /4"a! a" !epo"itor a! /i" 4rretao4t 4er. ; t/e !4piate opy 0a" 0ritte t/e ao4t 4er of/er /4"a! 4t t/e ae of t/e ao4t /o!er 0a" eft a7. )BC" teer,A:4ea Maaya!, 0o4!, /o0eer, ai!ate a! "tap ot/ t/e oriiaa! t/e !4piate of t/e"e !epo"it "ip" retaii oy t/e oriia opy!e"pite t/e a7 of iforatio o t/e !4piate "ip. '/e "eo! opy 0a"7ept y &ree *a4t aee!y for reor! p4rpo"e". After ai!atio, *a4t0o4! t/e fi 4p t/e ae of RMC i t/e "pae eft a7 i t/e !4piateopy a! /ae t/e ao4t 4er 0ritte t/ereo, 0/i/ i" t/at of /er/4"a!", a! a7e it appear to e RMC" ao4t 4er, i.e., C.A. No.53-198-3. it/ t/e !aiy reittae reor!" a"o prepare! y M". *a4ta! "4itte! to priate re"po!et RMC toet/er 0it/ t/e ai!ate!

!4piate "ip" 0it/ t/e atter" ae a! ao4t 4er, "/e a!e /eropay eiee t/at a t/e 0/ie t/e ao4t" "/e !epo"ite! 0ere eire!ite! to it" ao4t 0/e, i tr4t/ a! i fat, t/ey 0ere ei !epo"ite!y /er a! re!ite! y t/e petitioer a7 i t/e ao4t of Cota". '/i" 0eto i a "pa of ore t/a oe >1 year 0it/o4t priate re"po!et"7o0e!e.

+po !i"oery of t/e o"" of it" f4!", RMC !ea!e! fro petitioer a7t/e ret4r of it" oey, 4t a" it" !ea! 0et 4/ee!e!, it fie! a oetio"4it efore t/e Reioa 'ria Co4rt of )a"i, Bra/ 16. '/e tria o4rtfo4! petitioer a7 eiet a! r4e! a" foo0"

(EREI;RE, =4!et i" /erey re!ere!

"etei !efe!at )/iippie Ba7 of Coere,o0 a"ore! y !efe!at )/iippie Coeria P&!4"tria Ba7, a! !efe!at A:4ea Maaya! topay t/e paitiff, =oity a! "eeray, a! 0it/o4tpre=4!ie to ay riia atio 0/i/ ay e i"tit4te!if fo4! 0arrate!

1.'/e "4 of )3?,99.2, repre"eti paitiff" o"t!epo"it, p4" itere"t t/ereo at t/e ea rate fro t/efii of t/e opait%
http://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/12898?search=date%3A%5B1997-03-14+1997-03-14%5D#footnoteshttp://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/12898?search=date%3A%5B1997-03-14+1997-03-14%5D#footnotes


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2.A "4 eH4iaet to 1?O t/ereof, a" eepary!aae"%

3.A "4 eH4iaet to 25O of t/e tota ao4t !4e, a"a! for attorey" fee"% a!

?.Co"t".

#efe!at" o4terai i" /erey !i"i""e! for a7 oferit.2

; appea, t/e appeate o4rt affire! t/e foreoi !ei"io 0it/o!ifiatio", viz

(EREI;RE, t/e !ei"io appeae! fro /erei i"M;#&I&E# i t/e "e"e t/at t/e a0ar!" of eepary!aae" a! attorey" fee" "peifie! t/erei areeiiate! a! i"tea!, appeat" are or!ere! to pay

paitiff, i a!!itio to t/e priipa "4 of )3?,99.?repre"eti paitiff" o"t !epo"it p4" ea itere"tt/ereo fro t/e fii of t/e opait, )25,.attorey" fee" a! o"t" i t/e o0er o4rt a" 0e a" it/i" Co4rt. 3

(ee, t/i" petitio a/ore! o t/e foo0i ro4!"

1'/e proiate a4"e of t/e o"" i" t/e eiee ofre"po!et Roe Mar7eti Corporatioa! Roeo Lipaa i etr4"ti a"/ to a!i"/oe"t epoyee.

2'/e fai4re of re"po!et Roe Mar7etiCorporatio to ro""-/e7 t/e a7""tateet" of ao4t 0it/ it" o0 reor!"!4ri t/e etire perio! of ore t/a oe >1year i" t/e proiate a4"e of t/e oi""ioof "4"eH4et fra4!" a! i"appropriatiooitte! y M". &ree *a4t.

3'/e !4piate opie" of t/e !epo"it "ip" pre"ete! yre"po!et Roe Mar7eti Corporatio arefa"ifie! a! are ot proof t/at t/e ao4t"

appeari t/ereo 0ere !epo"ite! tore"po!et Roe Mar7eti Corporatio"ao4t 0it/ t/e a7.

?'/e !4piate opie" of t/e !epo"it "ip" 0ere 4"e! yM". &ree *a4t to oer 4p /er fra4!4et at"

aai"t re"po!et Roe Mar7etiCorporatio, a! ot a" reor!" of !epo"it""/e a!e 0it/ t/e a7. ?

'/e petitio /a" o erit.

$ipy p4t, t/e ai i""4e po"ite! efore 4" i" /at i" t/e proiate a4"eof t/e o"", to t/e t4e of )3?,99.?, "4ffere! y t/e priate re"po!etRMC petitioer a7" eiee or t/at of priate re"po!et"

)etitioer" "4it t/at t/e proiate a4"e of t/e o"" i" t/e eiee ofre"po!et RMC a! Roeo Lipaa i etr4"ti a"/ to a !i"/oe"t

epoyee i t/e per"o of M". &ree *a4t. 5Aor!i to t/e, it 0a"ipo""ie for t/e a7 to 7o0 t/at t/e oey !epo"ite! y M". &ree*a4t eo to RMC% eit/er 0a" t/e a7 fore0are! y RMC t/at *a4t0i e !epo"iti a"/ to it" ao4t. '/4", it 0a" ipo""ie for t/e a7 to7o0 t/e fra4!4et !e"i of *a4t o"i!eri t/at /er /4"a!,Bieei!o Cota", a"o aitaie! a ao4t 0it/ t/e a7 Ior t/e a7 toiH4ire ito t/e o0er"/ip of t/e a"/ !epo"ite! y M". &ree *a4t 0o4!e irre4ar. ;t/er0i"e "tate!, it 0a" RMC" eiee i etr4"ti a"/ toa !i"/oe"t epoyee 0/i/ proi!e! M". &ree *a4t t/e opport4ity to!efra4! RMC.6

)riate re"po!et, o t/e ot/er /a!, aitai" t/at t/e proiate a4"e oft/e o"" 0a" t/e eiet at of t/e a7, t/r4 it" teer M". A:4ea

Maaya!, i ai!ati t/e !epo"it "ip", ot/ oriia a! !4piate,pre"ete! y M". *a4t to M". Maaya!, ot0it/"ta!i t/e fat t/at oeof t/e !epo"it "ip" 0a" ot opetey aopi"/e!.

e "4"tai t/e priate re"po!et.

;4r a0 o H4a"i-!eit" "tate"

Art. 216./oeer y at or oi""io a4"e" !aaeto aot/er, t/ere ei fa4t or eiee, i" oie! topay for t/e !aae !oe. $4/ fa4t or eiee if
http://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/12898?search=date%3A%5B1997-03-14+1997-03-14%5D#footnoteshttp://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/12898?search=date%3A%5B1997-03-14+1997-03-14%5D#footnoteshttp://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/12898?search=date%3A%5B1997-03-14+1997-03-14%5D#footnoteshttp://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/12898?search=date%3A%5B1997-03-14+1997-03-14%5D#footnoteshttp://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/12898?search=date%3A%5B1997-03-14+1997-03-14%5D#footnoteshttp://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/12898?search=date%3A%5B1997-03-14+1997-03-14%5D#footnoteshttp://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/12898?search=date%3A%5B1997-03-14+1997-03-14%5D#footnoteshttp://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/12898?search=date%3A%5B1997-03-14+1997-03-14%5D#footnoteshttp://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/12898?search=date%3A%5B1997-03-14+1997-03-14%5D#footnoteshttp://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/12898?search=date%3A%5B1997-03-14+1997-03-14%5D#footnotes


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t/ere i" o pre-ei"ti otrat4a reatio et0ee t/epartie", i" ae! a 2asi3delicta! i" oere! y t/eproi"io" of t/i" C/apter.

'/ere are t/ree eeet" of a H4a"i-!eit >a !aae" "4ffere! y t/epaitiff% > fa4t or eiee of t/e !efe!at, or "oe ot/er per"o for

0/o"e at" /e 4"t re"po!% a! > t/e oetio of a4"e a! effetet0ee t/e fa4t or eiee of t/e !efe!at a! t/e !aae" i4rre!y t/e paitiff.

& t/e a"e at e/, t/ere i" o !i"p4te a" to t/e !aae "4ffere! y t/epriate re"po!et >paitiff i t/e tria o4rt RMC i t/e ao4t of)3?,99.?. &t i" i a"rii fa4t or eiee 0/i/ a4"e! t/e !aae0/ere t/e partie" poit to ea/ ot/er a" t/e 4prit.

Neiee i" t/e oi""io to !o "oet/i 0/i/ a rea"oae a, 4i!e!y t/o"e o"i!eratio" 0/i/ or!iariy re4ate t/e o!4t of /4aaffair", 0o4! !o, or t/e !oi of "oet/i 0/i/ a pr4!et a! rea"oaea 0o4! !o. '/e "eety-ei/t >8-year-o!, yet "ti reeat, a"e of!icart v.Smith,4proi!e" t/e te"t y 0/i/ to !eterie t/e ei"tee ofeiee i a parti4ar a"e 0/i/ ay e "tate! a" foo0" #i! t/e!efe!at i !oi t/e aee! eiet at 4"e t/at rea"oae are a!a4tio 0/i/ a or!iariy pr4!et per"o 0o4! /ae 4"e! i t/e "ae"it4atio &f ot, t/e /e i" 4ity of eiee. '/e a0 /ere i effet a!opt"t/e "ta!ar! "4ppo"e! to e "4ppie! y t/e iaiary o!4t of t/e!i"reetpater%amiliasof t/e Roa a0. '/e ei"tee of eiee i aie a"e i" ot !eterie! y referee to t/e per"oa =4!et of t/eator i t/e "it4atio efore /i. '/e a0 o"i!er" 0/at 0o4! e re7e"",ae0ort/y, or eiet i t/e a of or!iary iteiee a! pr4!eea! !eterie" iaiity y t/at.

Appyi t/e aoe te"t, it appear" t/at t/e a7" teer, M". A:4eaMaaya!, 0a" eiet i ai!ati, offiiay "tapi a! "ii a t/e!epo"it "ip" prepare! a! pre"ete! y M". *a4t, !e"pite t/e ari fatt/at t/e !4piate opy 0a" ot opetey aopi"/e! otrary to t/e"ef-ipo"e! proe!4re of t/e a7 0it/ re"pet to t/e proper ai!atio of!epo"it "ip", oriia or !4piate, a" te"tifie! to y M". Maaya! /er"ef,t/4"

No0, a" teer of )C&B, )a"i Bra/, 0i yo4 pea"ete 4" Mr". Maaya! yo4r iportat !4tie" a!f4tio"

A& aept 4rret a! "ai" !epo"it" fro !epo"itor"a! ea"/et".

No0 i t/e /a!i of 4rret ao4t !epo"it" ofa7 iet", o4! yo4 te 4" t/e proe!4reyo4 foo0

Ahe client or depositor or the athorizedrepresentative prepares a deposit slip b" %illingp the deposit slip 0ith the name, the accontnmber, the date, the cash breado0n, i% it isdeposited %or cash, and the chec nmber, theamont and then he signs the deposit slip.

No0, /o0 ay !epo"it "ip" !o yo4 oray reH4irei aopi"/i 4rret ao4t !epo"it, Mr".

Maaya!

A'/e a7 reH4ire" oy oe opy of t/e !epo"italthogh some o% or clients prepare thedeposit slip in dplicate.

No0 i aopi"/i 4rret ao4t !epo"it" froyo4r iet", 0/at !o yo4 i""4e to t/e !epo"itorto ei!ee t/e !epo"it a!e

Ae i""4e or 0e ie to t/e iet" t/e !epo"itor" "t4a" a reeipt of t/e !epo"it.

A! 0/o prepare" t/e !epo"it "ip

A'/e !epo"itor or t/e a4t/ori:e! repre"etatie "ir.

/ere !oe" t/e !epo"itor" "t4 oe" >"i froMr". Maaya!, i" it 0it/ t/e !epo"it "ip

A'/e !epo"itor" "t4 i" oete! 0it/ t/e !epo"it "ipor t/e a7" opy. & a !epo"it "ip, t/e 4pperportio i" t/e !epo"itor" "t4 a! t/e o0er
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portio i" t/e a7" opy, a! yo4 a !eta/t/e a7" opy fro t/e !epo"itor" "t4 yteari it "ir.

No0 0/at !o yo4 !o 4po pre"etet of t/e !epo"it"ip y t/e !epo"itor or t/e !epo"itor"

a4t/ori:e! repre"etatie

A5e see to it that the deposit slip9 is properl"accomplished and then 0e cont the mone"and then 0e tall" it 0ith the deposit slip sir.

6o0 is the depositor1s stb 0hich "o issed to "orclients validated

A7es,sir. 1 [Ep/a"i" o4r".]

Ceary, M". Maaya! faie! to o"ere t/i" ery iportat proe!4re. '/e

fat t/at t/e !4piate "ip 0a" ot op4"oriy reH4ire! y t/e a7 iaepti !epo"it" "/o4! ot reiee t/e petitioer a7 of re"po"iiity.'/e o!! ir4"tae aoe t/at "4/ !4piate opy a7e! oe itaiforatio t/at of t/e ae of t/e ao4t /o!er "/o4! /ae area!yp4t M". Maaya! o 4ar!. Rat/er t/a rea!iy ai!ati t/e iopete!4piate opy, "/e "/o4! /ae proee!e! ore a4tio4"y y ei oreproi a" to t/e tr4e rea"o 0/y t/e ae of t/e ao4t /o!er i t/e!4piate "ip 0a" eft a7 0/ie t/at i t/e oriia 0a" fie! 4p. $/e"/o4! ot /ae ee "o aie i aepti /oo7, ie a! "i7er t/e too"/ao0 e4"e of M". &ree *a4t to t/e effet t/at "ie t/e !4piate opy0a" oy for /er per"oa reor!, "/e 0o4! "ipy fi 4p t/e a7 "paeater o. 11A rea"oae a of or!iary pr4!ee12 0o4! ot /aeie re!ee to "4/ epaatio a! 0o4! /ae i"i"te! t/at t/e "pae

eft a7 e fie! 4p a" a o!itio for ai!atio. +fort4atey, t/i" 0a" ot/o0 a7 teer Maaya! proee!e! t/4" re"4ti i /4e o""e" to t/epriate re"po!et.

Neiee /ere ie" ot oy o t/e part of M". Maaya! 4t a"o o t/epart of t/e a7 it"ef i it" a7a!ai"ia "eetio a! "4peri"io of M".Maaya!. '/i" 0a" eepifie! i t/e te"tioy of Mr. Roeo Boifaio,t/e Maaer of t/e )a"i Bra/ of t/e petitioer a7 a! o0 it" Jie-)re"i!et, to t/e effet t/at, 0/ie /e or!ere! t/e ie"tiatio of t/eii!et, /e eer ae to 7o0 t/at a7 !epo"it "ip" 0ere ai!ate! itota !i"rear! of t/e a7" ai!atio proe!4re", viz

#i! /e eer te yo4 t/at oe of yo4r a"/ier" affie!t/e "tap ar7 of t/e a7 o t/e !epo"it "ip"a! t/ey ai!ate! t/e "ae 0it/ t/e a/ie,t/e fat t/at t/o"e !epo"it "ip" 0ere 4fie!4p, i" t/ere ay report "iiar to t/at

ANo, it 0a" ot t/e a"/ier 4t t/e teer.

'/e teer ai!ate! t/e a7 !epo"it "ip

ANo it 0a" ot reporte!.

7o did not no0 that an" one in the ban tellers orcashiers validated the blan deposit slip

A- am not a0are o% that.

-t is onl" no0 that "o are a0are o% that

A7es, sir.

)re"i!i fro t/e aoe, p4i re"po!et Co4rt of Appea" aptyo"ere!

&t 0a" i fat oy 0/e /e te"tifie! i t/i" a"e iIer4ary, 1983, or after t/e ap"e of ore t/a "ee> year" o4te! fro t/e perio! 0/e t/e f4!" iH4e"tio 0ere !epo"ite! i paitiff" ao4t" >May,195 to @4y, 196 t/at a7 aaer Boifaioa!itte!y eae a0are of t/e pratie of /i" teerMaaya! of ai!ati a7 !epo"it "ip". +!o4te!y,t/i" i" ro"", 0ato, a! ie4"ae eiee i t/eappeat a7" "4peri"io of it" epoyee".

&t 0a" t/i" eiee of M". A:4ea Maaya!, o4pe! y t/e eieeof t/e petitioer a7 i t/e "eetio a! "4peri"io of it" a7 teer, 0/i/0a" t/e proiate a4"e of t/e o"" "4ffere! y t/e priate re"po!et, a!ot t/e atter" at of etr4"ti a"/ to a !i"/oe"t epoyee, a" i"i"te! yt/e petitioer".
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)roiate a4"e i" !eterie! o t/e fat" of ea/ a"e 4po ie!o"i!eratio" of oi, oo "e"e, poiy a! pree!et. *da.deBataclan v.'edina, reiterate! i t/e a"e of Ban o% the !hil.-slands v.Cort o% Appeals, !efie" proiate a4"e a" t/at a4"e, 0/i/, i at4raa! oti4o4" "eH4ee, 4ro7e y ay effiiet iterei a4"e,pro!4e" t/e i=4ry, a! 0it/o4t 0/i/ t/e re"4t 0o4! ot /ae o4rre!. . .

. & t/i" a"e, a"et t/e at of M". Maaya! i eiety ai!ati t/eiopete !4piate opy of t/e !epo"it "ip, M". &ree *a4t 0o4! ot/ae t/e faiity 0it/ 0/i/ to perpetrate /er fra4!4et "/ee 0it/ip4ity. Apropo", oe aai, i" t/e proo4eet a!e y t/ere"po!et appeate o4rt, to 0it

. . . Ee if *a4t /a! t/e fra4!4et itetio toi"appropriate t/e f4!" etr4"te! to /er y paitiff,"/e 0o4! ot /ae ee ae to !epo"it t/o"e f4!" i/er /4"a!" 4rret ao4t, a! t/e a7e paitiffeiee t/at it 0a" i t/e atter" ao4t" 0/erei "/e/a! !epo"ite! t/e, /a! it ot ee for a7 teerMaaya!" afore"ai! ro"" a! re7e"" eiee.

'/e atter" eiee 0a" t/4" t/e proiate,ie!iate a! effiiet a4"e t/at ro4/t ao4t t/eo"" aie! y paitiff i t/i" a"e, a! t/e fai4re ofpaitiff to !i"oer t/e "ae "oo eo4/ y faii to"r4tii:e t/e ot/y "tateet" of ao4t ei "etto it y appeat a7 o4! ot /ae preete! t/efra4! a! i"appropriatio 0/i/ &ree *a4t /a!area!y opete! 0/e "/e !epo"ite! paitiff" oeyto t/e ao4t of /er /4"a! i"tea! of to t/e atter".ao4t".

I4rt/erore, 4!er t/e !otrie of a"t ear /ae >a"o referre! to, attie" a" "4perei eiee or a" !i"oere! peri, petitioer a7

0a" i!ee! t/e 4pae party. '/i" !otrie, i e""ee, "tate" t/at 0/ereot/ partie" are eiet, 4t t/e eiet at of oe i" appreiay ater itie t/a t/at of t/e ot/er, or 0/e it i" ipo""ie to !eterie 0/o"e fa4tor eiee "/o4! e attri4te! to t/e ii!et, t/e oe 0/o /a! t/e a"tear opport4ity to aoi! t/e ipe!i /ar a! faie! to !o "o i"/areae 0it/ t/e o"eH4ee" t/ereof.19 $tate! !ifferety, t/e r4e0o4! a"o ea t/at a atee!et eiee of a per"o !oe" otpre4!e t/e reoery of !aae" for t/e "4perei eiee of, or ara !efe"e aai"t iaiity "o4/t y aot/er, if t/e atter, 0/o /a! t/e last%air chance, o4! /ae aoi!e! t/e ipe!i /ar y t/e eeri"e of !4e!iiee.2 (ere, a""4i t/at priate re"po!et RMC 0a" eiet ietr4"ti a"/ to a !i"/oe"t epoyee, t/4" proi!i t/e atter 0it/ t/e

opport4ity to !efra4! t/e opay, a" a!ae! y t/e petitioer, yet itaot e !eie! t/at t/e petitioer a7, t/r4 it" teer, /a! t/e a"t earopport4ity to aert t/e i=4ry i4rre! y it" iet, "ipy y fait/f4yo"eri t/eir "ef-ipo"e! ai!atio proe!4re.

At t/i" =4t4re, it i" 0ort/ to !i"4"" t/e !eree of !iiee o4/t to e

eeri"e! y a7" i !eai 0it/ t/eir iet".

'/e Ne0 Cii Co!e proi!e"

AR'. 113.'/e fa4t or eiee of t/e oioro"i"t" i t/e oi""io of t/at !iiee 0/i/ i"reH4ire! y t/e at4re of t/e oiatio a! orre"po!"0it/ t/e ir4"tae" of t/e per"o", of t/e tie a!of t/e pae. /e eiee "/o0" a! fait/, t/eproi"io" of artie" 111 a! 221, pararap/ 2, "/aappy.

&f t/e a0 or otrat !oe" ot "tate t/e !iiee 0/i/i" to e o"ere! i t/e perforae, t/at 0/i/ i"epete! of a good %ather o% a %amil""/a e reH4ire!.>11?a

& t/e a"e of a7", /o0eer, t/e !eree of !iiee reH4ire! i" ore t/at/at of a good %ather o% a %amil". Co"i!eri t/e fi!4iary at4re of t/eirreatio"/ip 0it/ t/eir !epo"itor", a7" are !4ty o4! to treat t/e ao4t"of t/eir iet" 0it/ t/e highest degree o% care.

A" e4i!ate! i Simex -nternational 'anila/, -nc.v.Cort o% Appeals, ieery a"e, t/e !epo"itor epet" t/e a7 to t reat /i" ao4t 0it/ t/e4to"t fi!eity, 0/et/er "4/ ao4t o"i"t" oy of a fe0 /4!re! pe"o"

or of iio". '/e a7 4"t reor! eery "ie tra"atio a4ratey,!o0 to t/e a"t etao, a! a" propty a" po""ie. '/i" /a" to e !oe ift/e ao4t i" to refet at ay ie tie t/e ao4t of oey t/e !epo"itora !i"po"e a" /e "ee" fit, ofi!et t/at t/e a7 0i !eier it a" a! to0/oeer /e !iret". A 4!er o t/e part of t/e a7, "4/ a" t/e fai4reto !4y re!it /i /i" !epo"it" a" "oo a" t/ey are a!e, a a4"e t/e!epo"itor ot a itte earra""et if ot fiaia o"" a! per/ap" eeii a! riia itiatio.

'/e poit i" t/at a" a 4"ie"" affete! 0it/ p4i itere"t a! ea4"e oft/e at4re of it" f4tio", t/e a7 i" 4!er oiatio to treat t/e ao4t"
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of it" !epo"itor" 0it/ eti4o4" are, a0ay" /ai i i! t/e fi!4iaryat4re of t/eir reatio"/ip. & t/e a"e efore 4", it i" apparet t/at t/epetitioer a7 0a" rei"" i t/at !4ty a! ioate! t/at reatio"/ip. LeLi

)etitioer" eert/ee"" aer t/at t/e fai4re of re"po!et RMC to ro""-/e7 t/e a7" "tateet" of ao4t 0it/ it" o0 reor!" !4ri t/e

etire perio! of ore t/a oe >1 year i" t/e proiate a4"e of t/eoi""io of "4"eH4et fra4!" a! i"appropriatio oitte! y M".&ree *a4t.

e !o ot aree.

/ie it i" tr4e t/at /a! priate re"po!et /e7e! t/e ot/y "tateet"of ao4t "et y t/e petitioer a7 to RMC, t/e atter 0o4! /ae!i"oere! t/e o"" eary o, "4/ aot e 4"e! y t/e petitioer" toe"ape iaiity. '/i" oi""io o t/e part of t/e priate re"po!et !oe" ot

/ae t/e fat t/at 0ere it ot for t/e 0ato a! re7e"" eiee oft/e petitioer" epoyee i ai!ati t/e iopete !4piate !epo"it "ip"pre"ete! y M". &ree *a4t, t/e o"" 0o4! ot /ae o4rre!.Co"i!eri, /o0eer, t/at t/e f ra4! 0a" oitte! i a "pa of ore t/aoe >1 year oeri ario4" !epo"it", oo /4a eperiee !itate"t/at t/e "ae 0o4! ot /ae ee po""ie 0it/o4t ay for of o4"ioet0ee M". *a4t a! a7 teer Maaya!. M". Maaya! 0a" eiet it/e perforae of /er !4tie" a" a7 teer oet/ee"". '/4", t/epetitioer" are etite! to ai rei4r"eet fro /er for 0/ateer t/ey"/a e or!ere! to pay i t/i" a"e.

'/e foreoi ot0it/"ta!i, it aot e !eie! t/at, i!ee!, priatere"po!et 0a" i7e0i"e eiet i ot /e7i it" ot/y "tateet" of

ao4t. (a! it !oe "o, t/e opay 0o4! /ae ee aerte! to t/e "erie"of fra4!" ei oitte! aai"t RMC y it" "eretary. '/e !aae 0o4!!efiitey ot /ae aooe! to "4/ a ao4t if oy RMC, parti4aryRoeo Lipaa, /a! eeri"e! ee a itte iiae i t/eir fiaia affair".'/i" oi""io y RMC ao4t" to otri4tory eiee 0/i/ "/aitiate t/e !aae" t/at ay e a0ar!e! to t/e priate re"po!et234!er Artie 219 of t/e Ne0 Cii Co!e, to 0it

. . . /e t/e paitiff" o0 eiee 0a" t/eie!iate a! proiate a4"e of /i" i=4ry, /e aotreoer !aae".Bt i% his negligence 0as onl"contribtor", t/e ie!iate a! proiate a4"e of t/e

i=4ry ei t/e !efe!at" a7 of !4e are, theplainti%% ma" recover damages, bt the corts shallmitigate the damages to be a0arded.

& ie0 of t/i", 0e eiee t/at t/e !ea!" of "4"tatia =4"tie are"ati"fie! y aoati t/e !aae o a 6-? ratio. '/4", ?O of t/e

!aae a0ar!e! y t/e re"po!et appeate o4rt, eept t/e a0ar! of)25,. attorey" fee", "/a e ore y priate re"po!et RMC% oyt/e aae of 6O ee!" to e pai! y t/e petitioer". '/e a0ar! ofattorey" fee" "/a e ore e4"iey y t/e petitioer".

(EREI;RE, t/e !ei"io of t/e re"po!et Co4rt of Appea" i" o!ifie!y re!4i t/e ao4t of at4a !aae" priate re"po!et i" etite! toy ?O. )etitioer" ay reoer fro M". A:4ea Maaya! t/e ao4tt/ey 0o4! pay t/e priate re"po!et. )riate re"po!et "/a /aereo4r"e aai"t M". &ree *a4t. & a ot/er re"pet", t/e appeate o4rt"!ei"io i" AII&RME#.
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Torts Cases for August 13