Tourism Models

You will learn:•Britton’s Core-Periphery Enclave Model•Butler’s Life Cycle Model •How areas progress through Butler’s model

Core Periphery Enclave Model

• Explains social influences of tourism on developing nations and the role of tourism in economic development

• Developed by Britton (1981)

The model• States:– Flow of tourists from developed countries (CORE)

into developing countries (PERIPHERY)– Tour operators / airlines / hotel owners tend to be

located in the CORE hence developed countries control the tourism industry

– ENCLAVES• Model states there are enclaves (area within a

developing country designated for tourism)• These ensure tourists have minimal contact with local

residents and hence little experience of the reality of these people’s lives

Butler• Based on MEDC tourism• Life Cycle of a Resort• Tourism viewed as a resource• 6 Stages– Exploration– Involvement– Development– Consolidation– Stagnation– Decline OR Rejuvenation

The Butler Model

Exploration

• Small number of tourist attracted by culture / natural beauty

• Limited numbers• Few facilities exist

Involvement

• Some involvement by locals to provide tourists with facilities

• Recognisable tourist season• Developing tourism market

Development

• Large numbers of tourists• Control of market moves from locals to

external bodies e.g. TNC’s• Conflict between residents and tourists

Consolidation

• Tourism constitutes major part of economy• Tourist numbers plateau• Older facilities seen as “second rate”

Stagnation

• Peak tourist numbers reached• Resort no longer fashionable

Decline OR Rejuvenation

• Attractiveness continues to decline• Visitors lost to other resorts / destinations• Resort becomes dependant on day / weekend

visitors from limited geographical area• Unless efforts made to modernise and

rejuvenate resort will continue to decline

Case Study Spain - Costa del Sol

• Exploration– 1960’s only 0.4 million tourists to the Costa del Sol,

visiting for the beach holidays

• Involvement – 1970's numbers rose to 3 million. – Farmland built on, infrastructure improved. – Transition from resource based to demand based

• Development & Consolidation– 1980’s numbers rocketed to 7 million (carrying

capacity reached)– Clubs, bars, restaurants and more hotels were built,

leading to environmental degradation.

• Stagnation– Late 1980’s area began to stagnate, and was no

longer fashionable. – Attractive mountainous area blocked by large

hotel developments,– Beaches dirty from litter left by tourists– Polluted from excessive sewage. – Strain on resources e.g. water• It takes 60 000 gallons to run a luxury hotel for a day.

• Decline OR Rejuvenation??

– 1990s Costa del Sol began rejuvenation.– Beaches tidied &achieved EU Blue Flag – VAT cut to 6% to encourage tourists and businesses – Tourism began to diversify to eco tourism and

heritage tourism. • Development of Coto Donana national park to 'Costa

Donana’ abandoned• Wetland area popular with rare birds• Previous development had seen a drop in the water table

and the death of 30 000 wild birds form pesticide contamination

• Spanish Tourism Today– Tourism spread

more inland to Madrid and Barcelona

– Historical & City based tourism gains popularity

– Culturally diverse areas such as Almeria have also gained popularity

– Spain has not seen a decline in tourism, but a spatial change moving inland

Costa Del Sol

Task!! • Using an A3 copy of the Butler Model create a “living graph” showing the full life cycle of the Costa del Sol Tourist area

• You must add detail about specific issues in the area: e.g. changes in tourism, local employment, holiday accommodation, infrastructure, landscape and environment including waste and resource management, prices, impacts of “globalisation” or more specifically “Anglicanisation”, changing type of tourists on the Costa, etc, etc