TOWARD AN URBAN TOWARD AN URBAN SOCIETY, 1877-1900SOCIETY, 1877-1900

America: Past and PresentAmerica: Past and Present

Chapter 19Chapter 19

A Time of ChangeA Time of Change

1870 – 19001870 – 1900– IndustrializationIndustrialization– UrbanizationUrbanization– ImmigrationImmigration– Growth of CitiesGrowth of Cities

Resulting Issues?Resulting Issues?– FamiliesFamilies– SocietySociety– PoliticsPolitics

I got to Kansas City on a Frid'y I got to Kansas City on a Frid'y By Sattidy I larned a thing or two By Sattidy I larned a thing or two For up to then I didn't have an idy For up to then I didn't have an idy Of whut the modren world was comin' to! Of whut the modren world was comin' to! I counted twenty gas buggies goin' by theirsel's I counted twenty gas buggies goin' by theirsel's Almost ev'ry time I tuk a walk. Almost ev'ry time I tuk a walk. 'Nen I put my ear to a Bell Telephone and a 'Nen I put my ear to a Bell Telephone and a strange womern started in to talk! strange womern started in to talk!

Ev'rythin's up to date in Kansas City Ev'rythin's up to date in Kansas City They've gone about as fur as they c'n go! They've gone about as fur as they c'n go! They went and built a skyscraper seven stories high, They went and built a skyscraper seven stories high, About as high as a buildin' orta grow. About as high as a buildin' orta grow. Ev'rythin's like a dream in Kansas City, Ev'rythin's like a dream in Kansas City, It's better than a magic lantern show! It's better than a magic lantern show! Y' c'n turn the radiator on whenever you want some heat. Y' c'n turn the radiator on whenever you want some heat. With ev'ry kind o' comfort ev'ry house is all complete. With ev'ry kind o' comfort ev'ry house is all complete. You c'n walk to privies in the rain and never wet your feet! You c'n walk to privies in the rain and never wet your feet! They've gone about as fur as they c'n go, They've gone about as fur as they c'n go,

The Lure of the CityThe Lure of the City

Symbols of New AmericaSymbols of New America– RailroadRailroad– FactoryFactory– CityCity

Explosive Urban GrowthExplosive Urban Growth– Cities of 8000 + Cities of 8000 +

Civil War – 1/6 of PopulationCivil War – 1/6 of Population1900 – 1/3 of Population1900 – 1/3 of Population1920 – 1/2 of Population1920 – 1/2 of Population

– 1900 6 Cities over 500,0001900 6 Cities over 500,000

Skyscrapers and SuburbsSkyscrapers and Suburbs

Great Chicago Fire – 1871Great Chicago Fire – 1871 Electric Elevators –1871Electric Elevators –1871 Age of Steel & GlassAge of Steel & Glass

– SkyscraperSkyscraper– Home Insurance Building Home Insurance Building

John Root & Louis SullivanJohn Root & Louis SullivanChicago, 1885Chicago, 1885

StreetcarsStreetcars– Suburban GrowthSuburban Growth

Tenements and Tenements and OvercrowdingOvercrowding

TenementsTenements– Working ClassWorking Class– Dumbbell Floor PlanDumbbell Floor Plan

Tenement ProblemsTenement Problems– Poor SanitationPoor Sanitation– Poor VentilationPoor Ventilation– Polluted Water Polluted Water

Urban problemsUrban problems– Poor Public HealthPoor Public Health– Juvenile Crime Juvenile Crime

Jacob RiisJacob Riis“How the Other Half “How the Other Half

Lives”Lives”

Strangers in a New LandStrangers in a New Land

Urban Dwellers – 1900Urban Dwellers – 1900– Movement from FarmsMovement from Farms– ImmigrantsImmigrants

Unemployment, Shortages, WarUnemployment, Shortages, War 1877-1890 6.3 Million People1877-1890 6.3 Million People 1890 15% Population Foreign Born1890 15% Population Foreign Born 1880s Eastern, Southern Europe1880s Eastern, Southern Europe

Resurgent NativismResurgent Nativism– New ImmigrantsNew Immigrants

Catholic and JewishCatholic and Jewish Assimilation: Marriage, ChildrenAssimilation: Marriage, Children

– Seek to Limit ImmigrationSeek to Limit Immigration

Immigration to the Immigration to the United States, 1870-United States, 1870-

19001900

Foreign-born Population, Foreign-born Population, 18901890

Ellis IslandEllis Island1892 - 19541892 - 1954

http://www.ellisisland.org/

Immigrants and the City:Immigrants and the City:InstitutionsInstitutions

Immigrant Associations Immigrant Associations – Jobs and Housing Jobs and Housing – InsuranceInsurance

Irish Benevolent SocietyIrish Benevolent SocietyDeutsch Amerikanischer Deutsch Amerikanischer

NationalbundNationalbundPolish National AlliancePolish National Alliance

Immigrant InstitutionsImmigrant Institutions– Churches Churches – SchoolsSchools– NewspapersNewspapers

Rise of Political Machines Rise of Political Machines

Demand for Urban ServiceDemand for Urban Service– Political “Boss”Political “Boss”– Services for VotesServices for Votes– CorruptionCorruption

Tammany Hall – New YorkTammany Hall – New York Tweed Ring – New YorkTweed Ring – New York House that Tweed BuiltHouse that Tweed Built

Bosses Improve ConditionsBosses Improve Conditions– Power, Water, SewerPower, Water, Sewer– Parks, Playgrounds, StreetsParks, Playgrounds, Streets– ““Honest Graft”Honest Graft”

Social and Cultural Social and Cultural Change 1877-1900Change 1877-1900

Population GrowthPopulation Growth– 1877--47 million1877--47 million– 1900--76 million1900--76 million

Life ExpectancyLife Expectancy– 43 Years in 188043 Years in 1880– 47 Years in 190047 Years in 1900

HealthHealth– Canned FoodCanned Food– Louis Pasteur – GermsLouis Pasteur – Germs– Disease – TuberculosisDisease – Tuberculosis– Anesthetics & AntisepticsAnesthetics & Antiseptics– Behavior Psychology – William JamesBehavior Psychology – William James

Urban and Rural Urban and Rural Population, 1870-1900 Population, 1870-1900

(in millions)(in millions)

Manners and MoresManners and Mores

Victorian MoralityVictorian Morality– Queen VictoriaQueen Victoria– Dictates Dress & MannersDictates Dress & Manners– Propriety & VirtuePropriety & Virtue

Religious RevivalReligious Revival– ProtestantismProtestantism– Moody & SankeyMoody & Sankey

ReformsReforms– MugwumpsMugwumps– Liquor – “WCTU”Liquor – “WCTU”– Vice – Comstock Law Vice – Comstock Law

Family LifeFamily Life

Leisure and Leisure and EntertainmentEntertainment

Leisure at HomeLeisure at Home– Cards, Music, Yard GamesCards, Music, Yard Games– Ballads, Ragtime (Joplin)Ballads, Ragtime (Joplin)

Public EntertainmentPublic Entertainment– Circus (Barnum & Bailey)Circus (Barnum & Bailey)– Baseball, Football, Basketball Baseball, Football, Basketball

Advent of EveningsAdvent of Evenings– Street Lights Street Lights – StreetcarsStreetcars

Changing Views of Changing Views of WomenWomen

"New Women”"New Women”– 1890 4 Million Working1890 4 Million Working– Growth of Legal RightsGrowth of Legal Rights

Property & DivorceProperty & Divorce

Women’s CausesWomen’s Causes– Voting (Susan B. Anthony)Voting (Susan B. Anthony)– Suffrage MovementsSuffrage Movements– Equal PayEqual Pay

A New OpennessA New Openness– Health IssuesHealth Issues– SexualitySexuality

Changes in EducationChanges in Education

Education in 1900Education in 1900– Compulsory in 39 States & TerritoriesCompulsory in 39 States & Territories– Illiteracy at 10% Illiteracy at 10% – Average Adult 5 Years of SchoolingAverage Adult 5 Years of Schooling– KindergartenKindergarten– Passive – Rote LearningPassive – Rote Learning– Teacher TrainingTeacher Training

SegregationSegregation– Separation of RacesSeparation of Races

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)– ““Separate but Equal" Schools Separate but Equal" Schools

Higher EducationHigher Education

New CollegesNew Colleges– 150 from 1880-1900150 from 1880-1900– Morrill Land Grant Act 1862Morrill Land Grant Act 1862– Stanford, Rockefeller, VanderbiltStanford, Rockefeller, Vanderbilt

WomenWomen– Study Clubs and CollegesStudy Clubs and Colleges– Vassar, Wellesly . . . Vassar, Wellesly . . . – 40% of Students by 190040% of Students by 1900

Black Colleges Black Colleges – Tuskegee Institute in AlabamaTuskegee Institute in Alabama– Booker T. Washington – Practical EducationBooker T. Washington – Practical Education– W.E.B. DuBois – Professional Education, IntegratedW.E.B. DuBois – Professional Education, Integrated

The Stirrings of ReformThe Stirrings of Reform

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism Hebert Spencer Hebert Spencer

– ““Social Selection”Social Selection”– ““Survival of the Fittest”Survival of the Fittest”– Opposed to Government ActionOpposed to Government Action

ReformersReformers– Progress & PovertyProgress & Poverty

Henry GeorgeHenry George

– Division of WealthDivision of Wealth– ““Single Tax” – Unearned WealthSingle Tax” – Unearned Wealth– Equalize WealthEqualize Wealth

Change in Social Change in Social ThoughtThought

Clarence Darrow Clarence Darrow – Rejects Social Darwinism Rejects Social Darwinism – Poverty as Root of CrimePoverty as Root of Crime

Government and the EconomyGovernment and the Economy– ““New Economics”New Economics”

Richard T. ElyRichard T. Ely

– ““History of Labor in the U.S.”History of Labor in the U.S.” John CommonsJohn Commons

– Promote InterventionPromote Intervention Social GospelSocial Gospel

– Reform Industrial Society Reform Industrial Society – Christian StandardsChristian Standards

The Settlement HousesThe Settlement Houses

Famous HousesFamous Houses– Stanton Coit’s Neighborhood GuildStanton Coit’s Neighborhood Guild

1886 New York 1886 New York

– Jane Addams' Hull HouseJane Addams' Hull House 1889 Chicago1889 Chicago

– Robert A. Woods’ South End HouseRobert A. Woods’ South End House 1892 Boston1892 Boston

– Lillian Wald’s Henry Street SettlementLillian Wald’s Henry Street Settlement 1893 New York1893 New York

Child LaborChild Labor– Florence KelleyFlorence Kelley

A Crisis in Social WelfareA Crisis in Social Welfare

Depression of 1893 Depression of 1893 – Inadequacy of Private Charity Inadequacy of Private Charity

Growth in Social WorkGrowth in Social Work– Poverty’s SourcesPoverty’s Sources– Government InterventionGovernment Intervention– National Civic FederationNational Civic Federation

Human WelfareHuman Welfare– State & Federal GovernmentState & Federal Government– Government ResistanceGovernment Resistance– ““Have” and “Have Not”Have” and “Have Not”