Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
1
Abstract Book
Toward Next Generation Technologies
Sungkyun International Solar Forum 2011 www.skku-solar.org
Samsung Library Auditorium, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
June 26-28, 2011
Sungkyun International Solar Forum
SISF
2
Toward Next Generation Technologies
Sungkyun International Solar Forum 2011 www.skku-solar.org
Samsung Library Auditorium, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
June 26-28, 2011
Book of Abstracts
3
Welcome to SISF 2011
It is our great pleasure to initiate the 1st Sungkyun International Solar Forum (SISF) that is held at Samsun Library Auditorium in Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea, during 26-28, 2011.On behalf of the organizing committee, we are very happy and honored to welcome all the participants to SISF2011. As the global efforts toward green-growth and low-carbon society increase, zero-carbon-emission renewable energy becomes more and more important. The increasing demand for renewable energy has made the photovoltaic (PV) technology as one of the most significant research and development areas of today. The 1st generation solar cell based on silicon wafer is the dominant PV products at the present time. Recently, research on the 2nd generation solar cell has been active worldwide to develop more efficient thin film PV products. CIGS, dye-sensitized nanocrystals and organic polymers are typical materials for the 2nd generation PV technology. Moreover, super high efficiency attracts interests from scientist, which is based on the 3rd generation PV technology including muti exciton generation and intermediate band structure. SISF 2011 has been organized to search and discuss highly efficient next generation PV technologies with PV experts. One of aims from SISF is to make bridge between Korean PV industries and the advanced PV technologies, which is believed to promote PV market, industry and researchers. We will do our best to keep continuing SISF and we hope that SISF contributes to need from PV industries and make big progress in PV technology. Finally, we would like to express our deepest gratitude to all the organizing committee members, sponsors and those who made this international forum possible. We hope SISF will be enriching experience for all of us. Thank you very much. SISF 2011 Chairs Jibeom Yoo, Nam-Gyu Park, Junsin Yi, Duk-Young Jung
4
Committee
Chairs Jibeom Yoo (School Adv. Mater. Sci., SKKU, Korea) Nam-Gyu Park (School Chem. Eng., SKKU, Korea) Junsin Yi (Dept. Electronic Electrical Eng., SKKU, Korea) Duk-Young Jung (Dept. Chem., SKKU, Korea) Program Committee Jong Hyeok Park (School Chem. Eng., SKKU, Korea) Sang-Woo Kim (School Adv. Mater. Sci., SKKU, Korea) Jin-Hyo Boo (Dept. Chem., SKKU, Korea) Heeyeop Chae (School Chem. Eng. SKKU, Korea)
Organized by Sungkyunkwan University
Center for Human Interface Nanotechnology (NCRC)
Department of Energy Science
The Institute of Science and Technology, SKKU
SKKU HUNIC
The Korean Electrochemical Society
5
Sponsored by Samsung Electronics, Shinsung Solar Energy, Dongjin
Semichem, KANC, GyeongGi Province, Korea
Photovoltaic Industry Association
6
Venue:
Samsung Library Auditorium
Sungkyunkwan University, Natural Sciences Campus, Suwon, Korea
(www.skku.edu)
7
Lodging: Ramada Plaza (http://www.ramadaplazasuwon.com/eng/)
How to access
From Airport, Airport limousine bus 1) Incheon Airport Place of boarding : Exit 7A on first floor Departing time : Departing at an interval of 25 minutes from 05:30 am ~ 10:40 pm Travel time : One hour and 10 minutes (subject to traffic condition) Fare : Adult \12,000, Children of 6 or under in age \7,000 Route : Incheon International Airport - Buk-Suwon (Hanil Town) - Ramada Plaza Suwon Hotel - Dong-Suwon(Terminal) 2) Gimpo Airport Place of boarding : Exit #1 at international terminal, exit #7 at domestic terminal Departing time : Departing at an interval of 25 minutes from 07:20 am ~ 10:40 pm Travel time : One hour and 20 minutes (subject to traffic condition) Fare : Adult \6,000, Children of 6 or under in age \3,000 Route : Gimpo Airport - Anyang (Beomgye) - Buk-Suwon (Hanil Town) - Dong-Suwon (Terminal) 2 minutes by taxi from the terminal
8
Program
June 26 (Sunday)
18:00-21:00: Welcoming Party with Invited Speakers Ramada Plaza, Suwon, Korea June 27 (Monday)
09:00-09:40 Registration
Presider: Jibeom Yoo 09:40-09:50 Welcoming Address
Jun Young Kim (President, Sungkyunkwan University)
09:50-10:10 Coffee Break
Presider: Nam-Gyu Park
K01, (10:10-10:40 Key Note) Chang Sik Choi (vice CEO, Samsung Electronics)
Sustainable Future of PV Business
IL01, (10:40-11:10 Invited Speaker – DSSC) Anders Hagfeldt (Prof. Uppsala Univ., Sweden)
Research and Development of Dye-sensitized Solar Cells at the
Center for Molecular Devices
IL02, (11:10-11:40 Invited Speaker – Silicon) Abasifreke Ebong (Prof. Univ. North Carolina, USA) Crystalline Silicon Solar Technology Near, Medium and Long Term Sustainability
IL03, (11:40-12:10 Invited Speaker – OPV) Ching. W. Tang (Prof. Univ. Rochester, USA)
Organic Solar Cells – Prospects and Challenges
12:10-13:30 Lunch
9
Presider: Junsin Yi
IL04, (13:30-14:00 Invited Speaker – Silicon) Kris Baert (Dr. Imec, Belgium)
Si-PV: Technology and Outlook
IL05, (14:00-14:30 Invited Speaker – PV Market and Policy)
Osamu Ikki (CEO, RTS, Japan) History and Future Prospects of the Global PV Market - New waves coming for the PV system
IL06, (14:30-15:00 Invited Speaker – DSSC) David L. Officer (Prof. Univ. Wollongong, Australia) Porphyrin-sensitised Titanium Dioxide Solar Cells
IL07, (15:00-15:30 Invited Speaker – GaAs) Masafumi Yamaguchi (Prof. Toyota Tech., Japan) High Efficiency Multi-junction and Concentrator Solar Cells
15:30-15:50 Coffee Break
Presider: Heeyeop Chae
IL08, (15:50-16:20 Invited Speaker – OPV) Jao van de Lagemaat (Dr. Team Leader, NREL, USA) Studies of Exciton and Charge Dynamics in Organic Photovoltaic Materials
IL09, (16:20-16:50 Invited Speaker – DSSC Industry) Jun Hyuk Lee (CEO, Dongjin Semichem, Korea) Dye Sensitized Solar Cell in Dongjin Semichem
(Current Status and the Strategy of Commercialization)
IL10, (16:50-17:20 Invited Speaker – DSSC) Prashant V. Kamat (Prof. Univ. Notre Dame, USA) Mechanistic Insights into the Operation of Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cells
IL11, (17:20-17:50 Invited Speaker – CIGS & Silicon Industry)
Dong Seop Kim (Dr. Samsung Electronics, Korea) Overview of PV activities in Samsung
10
Official Banquet
Monday Evening, June 27, 2011 (1
st FL, Department of Chemistry Building, 6:00pm~8:00pm)
11
June 28 (Tuesday)
Presider: Duk-Young Jung
K02, (09:00-09:30 Key Note) Jinsoo Song (Dr. Emeritus Researcher, KIER, Korea)
Photovoltaics Toward ‘Low Carbon & Green Growth’
IL12, (09:30-10:00 Invited Speaker – Silicon (Thin Film))
Makoto Konagai (Prof. Tokyo Tech., Japan) Technological Opportunities toward High Efficiency Silicon Thin-film Solar Cells
IL13, (10:00-10:30 Invited Speaker – CIGS) Doo Young Yang (Dr. LG Innotek, Korea)
The Technology and Market Trend of The CIGS Thin Film Solar
Module
10:30-10:50 Coffee Break
Presider: Sang-Woo Kim
IL14, (10:50-11:20 Invited Speaker – CIGS) Tokio Nakada (Prof. Aoyama Univ., Japan)
CIGS Thin Film Solar Cells and Modules
–Development and Future Prospect in Japan –
IL15, (11:20-11:50 Invited Speaker – Silicon PV Industry) Hae-Seok Lee (Dr. Shinsung Solar Energy, Korea) Recent Progress in High Efficiency Selective Emitter Silicon Solar Cells (SESC) and Shinsung’s Strategy
IL16, (11:50-12:20 Invited Speaker – Silicon & CIGS PV Industry)
Won-jae Lee (Dr. Hyundai Heavy Ind., Korea) Solar Power R&D Strategies of Hyundai Heavy Industries
12:20-13:30 Lunch
12
Presider: Jong Hyeok Park - Special Session: PV Activities in SungKyunKwan University (SKKU)-
IL17, (13:30-14:00 Invited Speaker – Silicon) Junsin Yi (Prof. SKKU, Korea) High Efficiency Efforts in Korea PV Industry
IL18, (14:00-14:30 Invited Speaker – CIGS) Duk-Young Jung (Prof. SKKU, Korea) Solution-based Process of Cu-In-Ga-Se Photovoltaic Cells
IL19, (14:30-15:00 Invited Speaker – DSSC) Nam-Gyu Park (Prof. SKKU, Korea) High Efficiency Perovskite Quantum-Dot-Sensitized Solar Cell
13
Abstracts
Sungkyun International Solar Forum 2011
14
K01
SUSTAINABLE FUTURE OF PV BUSINESS
Chang Sik Choi
Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd
Numerous makers radically expand the solar cell and module production capacity as the PV
industry's potential is magnified after undergoing difficult times. Currently, the globally
leading solar cell makers' production capacity reaches 1GW and there are over 10 makers that
possess 500MW~1GW production capacity.
Solar business is one of the future growth engines of Samsung. Samsung has been delivering
high quality solar modules to the market and will continue to improve both quality and
performance. On top of this, Samsung will be able to supply inverter by year 2013 and ESS
by year 2015 for independent and stable energy supply for homes and businesses.
15
Name Choi, Chang Sik
Date of Birth Jan 6, 1954
Title Executive Vice President
Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
Education North Carolina State University
Ph.D., Electrical Engineering, 1991
Career Record
Jan. 2009 ~ Present Executive Vice President LCD Business Solar Energy Business Team
Feb. 2006~ Dec. 2009 Executive Vice President S.LSI Manufacturing Center
Semiconductor Business, Samsung Electronics
Jan. 2004 ~ Jan. 2006 Senior Vice President LSI PE & DDI Development Team
Semiconductor Business, Samsung Electronics
Mar. 2001 ~ Dec. 2003 Vice President LSI PE Team
Semiconductor Business, Samsung Electronics
May. 2000 ~ Feb. 2001 Vice President SOC PE & PA Team Semiconductor Business,
Samsung Electronics
Jan. 1998 ~ Apr. 2000 Vice President LSI TD, ASIC PA Team & MDL120 T/F
Semiconductor Business, Samsung Electronics
Jan. 1996 ~ Dec. 1997 Principal Engineer LSI Product Engineering (PE) Team
Semiconductor Business, Samsung Electronics
Sep. 1992 ~ Dec. 1995 Senior Engineer Technical Development (TD) Team
Semiconductor Business, Samsung Electronics
Sep. 1991 ~ Aug. 1992 Engineer Process Architecture (PA) Team Semiconductor Business,
Samsung Electronics
Aug. 1985 ~ Aug. 1991 Study and Training North Carolina State University.
Mar. 1979 Joined Samsung Electronics
16
K02
PHOTOVOLTAICS TOWARD ‘LOW CARBON & GREEN
GROWTH’
Jinsoo Song
Korean Society for New & Renewable Energy
635-4 Yeoksam-dong, Gangnam-gu, KOFST Rm.# 908, Seoul 135-703, Korea
Recently Korean Government has promulgated ‘Act on Low Carbon, Green Growth’
which means our strong will to reach low carbon society, energy independence, and
sustainable economic growth. It has determine the direction of national energy policy with
a long-term strategy until 2030 and has also chosen 22 fields to be the focus of future growth
engine projects, which can be categorized into 6 industrial sectors. Among them, the energy-
environmental sector as a core technology is including next generation solar cells, clean coal
energy, ocean biofuel, carbon capture & storage, fuel cell power plant system and nuclear
power plant. Especially the next generation solar cells such as Si thin film, CI(G)S, dye-
sensitize, organic and quantum dot solar cells will be mainly developed and invested.
In this paper, the role and importance of environment-friendly renewable energy will be
explained in detail. Moreover, status and prospect of photovoltaics in Korea including
historical background will be reviewed. Some additional requirements such as
standardization, cultivation of human resource and international cooperation should be met
for successful achievement. International networking with neighboring countries will play an
important role for cooperation and collaboration. To share knowledge and experience in the
area of renewable energy, especially photovoltaics, Korea-Japan-China Joint Workshop will
be held in coming September and the Asia-Pacific Forum on Renewable Energy in November
of this year.
17
Jinsoo Song is a special research fellow of Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER) and a
visiting professor in the school of Information & Communication Engineering at
Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Korea. He graduated in electrical engineering in 1971
and received his Ph.D in 1985 from Korea University.
He has worked in KIER from 1979, while he joined Argonne National Lab in 1979 as a
visiting researcher and University of Minnesota as a visiting scholar in 1986. He is author and
co-author of 110 papers and 8 patents in the area of photovoltaics.
He was in charge of General Chair for PVSEC-12 and honorary chair for PVSEC-19.
Presently he is a member of IEA-PVPS, IEC-TC82, advisory committee of IEEE PVPS, EU-
PVSEC, Int’l PVSEC and apresident of Korean Society for New & Renewable Energy
(KSNRE).
18
IL01
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR
CELLS AT THE CENTER FOR MOLECULAR DEVICES
Anders Hagfeldt
Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala,
Sweden, and
Center for Molecular Devices, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
With the development of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSC), conventional solid-state
photovoltaic technologies are challenged by devices functioning at a molecular and nano-
level. DSC is relatively better compared to other solar cell technologies under diffuse light
conditions and at higher temperatures. The possibilities to design solar cells with respect to
shape, color and transparency and to integrate them into different products open up new
commercial opportunities.
Besides the exciting possibilities of using DSC for solar energy application the fundamental
science of the device is as thrilling. With time the chemical complexity of the DSC device
has become more and more evident. DSC is a good example of a molecular system where the
function of the overall device is better than predicted from the sum of the properties of its
components. There are complex interactions between the device components, in particular at
the oxide/dye/electrolyte interface. Also inherent in the device are multi-scaling properties,
both in time and length, which need to be characterized and handled for the optimization of
the overall device performance.
This talk summarizes our research and development in DSC, covering fundamental studies of
the internal dynamics of complete devices using ‘tool-box’ techniques, materials
development and up-scaling. A series of organic polyene-diphenylaniline type dyes has been
developed. Best efficiencies, above 7% for liquid cells and more than 4% for solid-state
DSCs, were obtained.
Last year we initialized the breakthrough of using new electrolyte systems for DSC, which is
now an exploding activity worldwide. We discovered that the so called 35 dye, with bulky
alkoxy donor groups to prevent recombination losses, gives high efficiencies (6.7%) with
Co-complex based redox couples. This was at that time the world record for alternative redox
systems. During the last month Grätzel’s group has now taken the DSC world record of
12.3% using our Co-based electrolytes.
19
Anders Hagfeldt is Professor in Physical Chemistry and the Dean of Chemistry at Uppsala
University, as well as Director of the Center for Molecular Devices (CMD). He obtained his
Ph.D. at Uppsala University in 1993 and was a post-doc with Prof. Michael Grätzel
(1993-1994) at EPFL, Switzerland. His research focuses on the field of mesoporous
dye-sensitized solar cells, specifically physical chemical characterization of mesoporous
electrodes for different types of opto-electronic devices. He has published more than 200
scientific papers that have received over 12,000 citations (with an h-index of 55), and has 8
patent applications. He was ranked number 46 on a list of the top 100 material scientists of
the past decade by Times Higher Education. He is a member of the Royal Society of Sciences
in Uppsala (founded 1710), and the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences in
Stockholm. He is a visiting professor at Dalian University of Technology, China, and the
Institute for Materials Research and Engineering in Singapore.
20
IL02
CRYSTALLINE SILICON SOLAR TECHNOLOGY
NEAR, MEDIUM AND LONG TERM SUSTAINABILITY
Abasifreke Ebong
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of North Carolina at
Charlotte,
9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223-0001, USA
The cost of silicon photovoltaic electricity relies on the silicon material, cell and module
fabrication. For photovoltaic industry to be sustained, the cost of photovoltaic electricity must
be competitive without the government incentives. This demands low materials, cell and
module fabrication costs through innovative technology developments for energy conversion
efficiency enhancement. Today there have been several methods of providing very high
quality silicon wafers, however because of the high demand worldwide the price of silicon
wafer is still high. In order to compensate for this high wafer cost, the solar cells must be
fabricated at low-cost and high-throughput with high efficiency. The resulting high efficiency
will lower the module fabrication and ultimately the balance of systems cost will be reduced
because fewer modules will be required to generate the same amount of power. Screen-
printed technology has been accepted widely because of low-cost and high throughput but the
efficiency is lower because of poor contacts. In this talk I will review the various solar cell
technologies that are investigated to improve the energy conversion efficiency of silicon. I
will put these technologies according to timeline in the manufacturing arena, which I tagged,
near, medium and long term.
21
Abasifreke Ebong received a Ph.D in Electrical and Computer Engineering from the
University of New South Wales, Australia in 1995. His Ph.D dissertation dealt with low-cost
and double-sided buried contact silicon solar cells. In 1995, after finishing his Ph.D, Dr
Ebong served as a Postdoctoral Fellow at Samsung Electronics, South Korea, where he
worked on training and implementation of the buried contact technology transferred from the
University of New South Wales. In September 1997, he joined the University Center of
Excellence for Photovoltaic Research and Education, Georgia Tech., Atlanta, as a Research
Faculty, where he worked on the development, design, modeling, fabrication, and
characterization of low-cost, high-efficiency belt line multicrystalline, Cz, and Fz silicon
solar cells. In 2001 he joined GE Global Research as Electrical Engineer, working on Solid
State Lighting (LED-light emitting diodes) based on III-V semiconductors. While at GE, he
developed current spreading model for light emitting diodes, which enhanced the evaluations
of several conceptual designs without actually fabricating them. In 2004 he returned to the
University Center of Excellence at Georgia Tech as the Assistant Director of the center,
responsible for sponsored research in crystalline and amorphous silicon solar cells. Dr Ebong
joined the Faculty of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte as a Professor in February
2011. Having worked in close collaboration with several companies including; equipment,
front silver screen-printed pastes, dielectric and silicon wafers to develop belt machine for
contact co-firing, inline diffusion, and high quality front silver pastes, Dr Ebong brings more
than 20 years experience to his current position. He has published over 100 papers in the field
of Photovoltaics. His current research interest include: high throughput, low-cost and high
efficiency silicon solar cells based on comprehension of screen-printed contacts formation to
homogeneous emitters with high sheet resistances; Development of low-cost manufacturable
high efficiency solar cells with alternative to screen-printed contacts; Electrochemistry and
Device Physics. He is also interested in solid state lighting “sunlight to light”, an area where
solar cell and LED can be merged.
22
IL03
ORGANIC SOLAR CELLS – PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES
Ching W. Tang
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester
Since the advent of the organic heterojunction architecture 25 years ago, and later the bulk-
heterojunction, the power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells is rapidly approaching
the much coveted threshold of 10% and the prospect for practical applications is becoming
more attractive. However, a great deal of challenges remains in the development of organic
solar cells as a robust and low-cost technology. Although the efficiency of organic solar
cells has been much improved, it is still the lowest among the solar cell technologies and at
least a factor of two lower than the emerging thin-film CdTe and CIGS. The lifetime is
another critical issue and little is known about the long-term reliability of organic solar cells
under outdoor environments and daily solar irradiation. The prospect of achieving a 25-year
lifetime, a common standard for solar cells, is at best uncertain given the current material
technology. One of the potential advantages of organic solar cells over the inorganic
counterparts is lower cost of manufacturing. However, at this stage of the development,
because of the continuous evolution of materials and devices and variations in fabrication
processes, it would be difficult to chart the pathway of achieving the manufacturing cost
target of below $1/peak Watt, a widely accepted economic viability threshold.
The prospects and challenges of developing a practical organic solar cell technology will be
discussed in this talk, particularly in reference to the successful development of its
companion technology – the organic light emitting diode.
23
Ching W. Tang, PhD
Ching Tang received his BS degree from the University of British Columbia in1970 and Ph.D.
from Cornell University in 1975, both in chemistry. From 1975 to 2006, he was a
researcher at the Kodak Research Laboratories, where he made several important discoveries
that formed the basis of a field known as organic electronics. He is best known for the
invention of the organic light emitting diode (OLED) as well as his pioneering work on the
heterojunction organic solar cells. N 2006 he joined the faculty of the University of
Rochester, where he is the Doris Johns Cherry Professor of Chemical Engineering. He is a
member of the National Academy of Engineering, a fellow of the American Physical Society
and the Society for Information Display.
Honors and Awards
� Wolf Prize, Wolf Foundation, Israel (2010)
� Daniel E. Noble Award, IEEE (2007)
� Humboldt Research Award, Humboldt Foundation, Germany (2005)
� American Chemical Society Award for Team Innovation (2003)
� Inventor of the Year Award, Rochester Intellectual Property Law Association (2002)
� Jan Rajchman Prize, Society for Information Display (2001)
� Carothers Award, American Chemical Society (2001)
� Northeast Regional Industrial Innovation Award, American Chemical Society (2001)
� Eastman Innovation Award, Eastman Kodak Company (2000)
24
IL04
Si-PV: TECHNOLOGY AND OUTLOOK
Kris Baert
Photovoltaics Department, Imec, Leuven, Belgium
The Si-PV industry has to systematically reduce its manufacturing cost in order to reach grid
parity for the main markets in the coming decade. Increasing cell efficiencies is a prominent
pathway in view of the strong leverage on costs of materials in the module fabrication
sequence. In order to further reduce Euro/Wp costs, eventually down to the 0.5 Euro/Wp
level, it seems inevitable to reduce the amount of Si used per Wp, and substitute expensive
and non-sustainable materials such as Ag.
The mainstream manufacturing approach today is to process solar cells in bulk Si wafers of
about 180 m thick, with a Ag metal gri d at the front side and an Al-BSF fully covering the
back side. As a next step, we expect locally-contacted cell concepts like PERC and PERL
style concepts to enter the market. These could lead to industrial efficiencies of 20 % for
wafers down to 120 m. Once thin wafer processing becomes the industrial standard, BC
cells might overtake front-side cells in terms of market share. Back Contact (BC) cells have a
number of inherent advantages in terms of efficiency and process integration. Recent road
mapping exercises lead to the conclusion that BC cells may reach a 50 % market share by
2020. We envisage that the industry will gradually move to back contact solar cells which
may become as thin as 80 m and maybe even thinner (as low as 40 m). Such thin cells
can be handled only by module-level processing such as proposed in the i-module concept, in
which the processing of cell and module will eventually merge.
The dominant position of crystalline Si solar cells in the market is partially achieved thanks
to the existing knowledge and equipment base within the context of micro(nano)-electronics.
In order to achieve the ambitious goals stated higher, the process and analysis toolbox
available in the microelectronics area can be used at the benefit of the further development of
crystalline Si-based photovoltaic devices. Several new approaches are being pursued to allow
simplification and up scaling of PERC, PERL, PERT and IBC-types of cells:
Ion implantation as a possible alternative to diffusion
Improved surfac e passivation layers by Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD)
High lifetime processing requiring very efficient cleaning and handling methods.
Cu metallization as a serious option to avoid the use of Ag in the metallization
Cells featuring more precise patte rning methods and sub-wavelength optical features
Detailed analysis techniques, such as C-V measurements that allow discriminating between
interfacial and bulk charges at Al2O3-passivated surfaces, will also be instrumental for
understanding and improving the behavior of high efficiency cells.
25
Dr. Ir. Kris Baert obtained his PhD from Leuven University, Belgium, in 1990, on PECVD
of thin film c-Si. From 1990 till 1992 he worked on TFT-LCD’s with Mitsubishi Electric
(Japan). In 1992 he joined IMEC (Belgium) where he managed R&D projects in MEMS and
Integrated Microsystems. Since 2008 he is program manager of the wafer-based Silicon PV
Industrial Affiliation Program. He (co)authored over 200 technical papers.
26
IL05
HISTORY AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF THE GLOBAL PV
MARKET
- New waves coming for the PV system -
Osamu Ikki
President, RTS Corporation
Technological development and introduction of PV system have significantly advanced since
2000s and 2010s is expected to be the era of full-scale dissemination of PV systems. Annual
production volume of solar cell exceeded 20 GW in 2010 and the global PV system market h
as been rapidly growing. On the other hand, the PV industry has been significantly developin
g as a new industry with the demand growth of the PV systems. As shown in Figure 1, this le
cture analyses the 30-year history of the PV system from the aspects of policy and measures,
market, technology of the PV cell/modules, manufacturing of PV cell/modules, formulation o
f the PV industry structure and environment for deployment and give the outlook of the comi
ng decade of the global PV market.
27
Osamu IKKI is President and the founder of RTS Corporation based in Tokyo Japan. He is
an expert of general consultation on PV power generation covering all the value chain; from
silicon feedstock to policy and measures of PV systems. He has been conducting a large
number of researches on PV system for the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI),
New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) and private
corporations such as PV manufacturers, raw material manufacturers and PV system
integrators in Japan and overseas. He was a member Subcommittee of international
cooperation of New energy/energy-saving under Advisory Committee for Natural Resources
and Energy of METI from 2000 to 2001 and has been working for other various committees
related to PV systems. Since 2001, he has been a Japanese representative member of IEA
PVPS TASK1 (International Energy Agency, Photovoltaic Power Systems Program,
Information-exchange and communication work group).
28
IL06
PORPHYRIN-SENSITISED TITANIUM DIOXIDE SOLAR CELLS
David L. Officer
ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research
Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong NSW 2500,
Australia.
The potential of organic light harvesting materials for the efficient
and sustainable capture and utilisation of solar energy is beautifully
demonstrated on a daily basis by photosynthesis, the harvesting of
light by chlorophyll and the use of the resulting captured energy to
split water or convert carbon dioxide into a chemical feedstock.
While the emulation of photosynthesis itself remains one of the great
scientific challenges of the 21st Century, light harvesting by aromatic
molecules such as porphyrins is well established in a number of
photovoltaic devices. For example, the sensitization of high surface
area semiconductor substrates by porphyrins has led to highly
efficient photoelectrochemical (PEC) or heterojunction solid-state solar cells.
For over ten years, we have been synthesising porphyrins and investigating their potential as
light harvesting dyes in the titanium dioxide-based dye sensitised solar cell (DSSC). The
syntheses of porphyrins that we have developed have allowed us to systematically vary the
porphyrin chromophore by substitution (R), metallation (M) or array formation, as well as the
linker and binding group. Consequent attachment of these light harvesting dyes to titanium
dioxide photoanodes and their incorporation into photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells has led to
the design of one of the highest efficiency porphyrin dyes (7%) used in a DSSC as well as the
evaluation of the reasons why such porphyrin dyes perform differently from ruthenium
polypyridyl dyes.
Our synthetic methodology has also allowed us to readily form porphyrin dimers and larger
arrays and this has opened up the possibility of "3-dimensional" light harvesting on a
semiconductor surface rather than the light harvesting currently achieved by a single dye
"2-dimensional" layer. Consequent incorporation of these light harvesting single porphyrin
and porphyrin array dyes into titanium dioxide solar cells has led to both high efficiency
devices as well as the potential for new light harvesting structures.
Here, we will discuss the progress that we have made in understanding the design parameters
for porphyrins dyes and how these have been successfully translated to the use of porphyrin
arrays in the DSSC.
N
N
N
N
R
RR
R
M
Linker
Binding Group
PorphyrinChromophore
29
Professor David Officer is Professor of Organic Chemistry in the Intelligent Polymer
Research Institute and Professorial Fellow in the ARC Centre of Excellence in
Electromaterials Science at the University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia. He
obtained his PhD in Chemistry at Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New
Zealand in 1982. He joined the lecturing staff at Massey University, New Zealand in 1986
after three years research work in organic chemistry with Professor Ron Warrener at The
Australian National University in Canberra, Australia and as an Alexander von Humboldt
Fellow with Professor Emanuel Vogel at the University of Cologne in Germany. During his
20 years at Massey University, he became founding Director of the Nanomaterials Research
Centre (NRC) (in 2001) and Professor in Chemistry in the Institute of Fundamental Sciences
at Massey University (MU), New Zealand. Officer has published more than a 120 papers in
the areas of porphyrin and conducting polymer chemistry, nanomaterials and solar cells. In
2004, he was awarded the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry HortResearch Prize for
Excellence in the Chemical Sciences. He is a Fellow of the New Zealand Institute of
Chemistry.
30
IL07
HIGH EFFICIENCY MULTI-JUNCTION AND
CONCENTRATOR SOLAR CELLS
Masafumi Yamaguchi
Toyota Technological Institute, Nagoya 468-8511, Japan
The photovoltaic (PV) solar energy conversion is expected to become the major clean energy
source because further installation of nuclear energy in the world is presumed to be very
difficult as a result of the most recent crisis of the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan.
Really, solar electricity including solar PV is expected to contribute as the main energy with a
share of about 20% and 70% in 2050 and 2010, respectively in total energy of the world,
according to the recommendation (World Energy Vision 2100) by the German Advisory
Council on Global Change. In addition, Mr. Hatoyama, our former Prime Minister, has
announced to reduce CO2 emission with 25% compared to that in 1990 by 2020.
To this end, further development of PV science and technology and further deployment of PV
power generation systems are very important in addition to international, national and
regional government dissemination programs. Especially, very large-scale installation of PV
power systems is needed and thus development of ultra high performance, low cost and
highly reliable solar cells is very important.
Multi-junction (MJ, Tandem) III-V compound semiconductor solar cells appear capable of
realistic efficiencies of more than 50% and are promising for space and terrestrial
applications. This paper reviews Japanese R&D activities of III-V compound MJ,
concentrator and space solar cells. Conversion efficiency of InGaP-based 3-junction solar
cells has been improved by the following technologies: (1) selection and high quality growth
of InGaP as a top cell material, (2) proposal of double-hetero structure and wide-band gap
tunnel junction for cell interconnection, (3) precise lattice matching of InGaP top cell and
InGaAs middle cell with Ge substrate, (4) proposal of AlInP as a back surface field layer for
the InGaP top cell, (5) proposal of InGaP-Ge heteroface structure bottom cell. As a result of
advanced technologies development for high efficiency cells and discovery of superior
radiation-resistance of InGaP based materials, InGaP-based MJ solar cells have been
commercialized for space use even in Japan. A new world-record efficiency of 35.8% has
been achieved with InGaP/GaAs/InGaAs 3-junction solar cell.
Most recently, 42.1% under 230-suns has been demonstrated with InGaP/GaAs/InGaAs 3
junction cells by Sharp. The concentrator InGaP/InGaAs/Ge 3-junction solar cell modules
were also developed and the peak uncorrected efficiency for the 7,056 cm2 400 X and 5,445
cm2 550 X module with 36 and 20 solar cells connected in series was 26.6 % and 28.9%,
respectively, measured in house. The concentrator modules have been demonstrated to
produce roughly 1.7 to 2.6 times more energy per area per annum than the 14 % multi
31
crystalline silicon module in most cities in Japan.
Now, we have approached 40% efficiency by developing concentrator MJ solar cells.
Concentrator 4-junction or 5-junction solar cells have great potential for realizing super high
efficiency of over 50%. Since concentrator MJ solar cells are expected to contribute to
electricity cost reduction for widespread PV applications we would like to contribute to
commercialization of concentrator PV technologies as the 3rd PV technologies in addition to
the first crystalline Si PV and the 2nd thin-film PV technologies.
32
Masafumi Yamaguchi is a Principal Professor at the Toyota Technological Institute
(TTI), Nagoya, Japan. He received his Ph.D degree from the Hokkaido University, Ja
pan in 1978. He has studied blue light emitting diodes and space solar cells as the S
ection Head and Group Leader at the NTT Electrical Communications Laboratories. H
e has joined TTI in 1994. His research focuses on III-V compound multi-junction sol
ar cells and materials, space and concentrator cells, crystalline Si solar cells and mate
rials, and analysis of defects and impurities in semiconductor materials and devices. H
e has received several awards such as the William Cherry Award from the IEEE in 2
008 and the Becquerel Prize from the European Commission in 2004. Currently, he is
the Director of Solar Cells and Modules Division, International Solar Energy Society
(ISES), the Research Supervisor in the field of the Creative Research for Clean Ener
gy using Solar Energy, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), and the Project
Leader of the Next Generation High Performance PV R&D Project, New Energy and
Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO).
33
IL08
STUDIES OF EXCITON AND CHARGE DYNAMICS IN ORGANIC
PHOTOVOLTAIC MATERIALS
Jao van de Lagemaat
Chemical and Materials Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
Golden, Colorado, USA
Organic photovoltaics promise low-cost photoconversion of solar photons into electricity.
The efficiency of these photoconversion devices, while rapidly increasing, remains lower
than its ultimate limit because of generally low carrier mobilities as well as insufficient light
absorption in layers that are thin enough to avoid excessive recombination. To fulfil the
promise of OPV, several advances will have to be made in fundamental understanding of the
photophysics and carrier dynamics of the organic semiconductors used in these systems. This
presentation discusses basic research into the exciton and charge carrier dynamics carried out
at NREL that is aimed at precipitating deeper insight into the necessary approaches to
increase the device efficiencies. For example, by studying plasmon/exciton interaction we
show how one can derive the exciton diffusion length in these systems – a property that
determines the efficiency of charge separation. I will also discuss results of dynamic
measurements of time-of-flight and microwave absorption signals as well as electrical
impedance that elucidate the interplay between carrier generation, transport and
recombination. These measurements also illustrate the strong impact of adventitious doping
in these systems – an often-underappreciated issue. Next, I will show how one can use
surface plasmon-active electrodes to increase optical absorption and cell efficiency. This is
accomplished by including silver nanoparticles and other nanostructures in the cell concept.
Theory has shown that waveguiding structures that employ metal gratings can be
extraordinarily effective in limiting the amount of active layer material that is necessary or by
limiting the distance that carriers have to be transported and therefore limiting the carrier
recombination probability. Finally, I will briefly discuss some third-generation concepts
employing plasmon/exciton hybrid states, singlet fission processes as well as multiple exciton
generation that can be integrated into organic photovoltaic devices and that can potentially
push the efficiency into much higher regions, even breaking the Shockley-Queisser limit for
single-junction photovoltaics.
34
Jao van de Lagemaat is a senior scientist and group manager in the Chemical and Materials
Sciences Center of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in Golden, Colorado.
He received his PhD in 1998 from the University of Utrecht, The Netherlands. From 1998 to
2001, he worked as a postdoctoral researcher at NREL focusing on charge transport and
recombination in dye-sensitized solar cells. From 2001 to the present, he has worked as a
scientist at NREL on the energetics and transport properties of single semiconductor
nanoparticles (quantum dots) and arrays of nanoparticles. He is currently a Senior Scientist
and group manager at NREL and is researching tunneling-induced luminescence and
plasmon-resonance imaging of individual quantum dots, the interaction between carbon
nanotubes and organic semiconductors, and the use of plasmonic-enhancement effects in
solar energy conversion systems. Dr. van de Lagemaat is also a fellow of the Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Institute at the University of Colorado in Boulder.
35
IL09
DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL IN DONGJIN SEMICHEM
(Current Status and the Strategy of Commercialization)
Jun Hyuk Lee
Dongjin Semichem Co., Ltd.
It is dye sensitized solar cell (DSC) that could express various colours with changing
absorbers, which are dyes and show gorgeous images with non-vacuum process such as
screen printing, and achieve the economy of scale and cost innovation easily with less limited
material sources.
Dongjin Semichem Co., Ltd. which has had a long experience in the electronic materials
industry for display, semiconductor, and solar cell has focus on the development of DSC
especially in the respect of industrialization.
The results from Dongjin Semichem Co., Ltd. have shown 11.01% for a unit cell and 8.2%
(aperture) for 200cm2 module unofficially, Additionally, official record shows
7.64%(aperture) with the same size module.
It is said that 10% module efficiency needs to compete with other PV technologies. To
achieve 10% module, the studies for core technologies such as 15% unit cell efficiency, the
optimization of cell structure, and the development of high performance core materials have
been doing and will be as well. In addition to this, for the target of pilot production in 2013
with accessible applications using current status of technologies, we are focusing on
development of technology for various applications and production with lower cost.
36
Jun Hyuk Lee is an CEO of Dongjin Semichem Co., Ltd. from 2009. He received his Ph. D
in chemical engineering from MIT, USA in May 1994. Then, he continued his research until
Aug. as a postdoctoral researcher. From 1994, he has worked for Dongjin Semichem Co., Ltd.
and joined several commercialization projects such as electronic materials and components
for display and energy. He also participates in the development project for novel process of
foaming agent. He is also in the charge of the introduction of information system,
establishment of management innovation, and strategy planning for R&D. In addition to these,
he has been in the charge of a vice president in KDIA (Korea Display Industry Association)
and a director in KSIA (Korea Semiconductor Industry Association) from 2009.
37
IL10
MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS INTO THE OPERATION OF
QUANTUM DOT SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS
Prashant V. Kamat
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Radiation Laboratory, University of
Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
Quantum dot solar cells designed using a chemical approach have the potential to develop
transformative solar cell technology. The size dependent electronic structure enables the
design of photovoltaic devices with tailored electronic properties. We have now exploited
this aspect in solar cells by assembling different size CdSe quantum dots on mesoscopic TiO2
films either by direct adsorption or with the aid of molecular linkers. Upon bandgap
excitation, CdSe quantum dots inject electrons into TiO2 nanoparticles and nanotubes, thus
enabling the generation of photocurrent in a photoelectrochemical solar cell. The interfacial
processes that dictate the photoelectrochemical performance of these solar cells are evaluated
by comparing photoelectrochemical behavior with charge transfer dynamics between
different size CdSe quantum dots and various oxide substrates. The primary photochemical
event in these solar cells viz., the charge injection from excited CdSe quantum dots into
nanostructured metal oxide films can be modulated by varying the particle size of CdSe
quantum dots or the conduction band of the acceptor oxide. The difference in the conduction
band energy of two semiconductors serves as a driving force for the interparticle electron
transfer. The dependence of electron transfer rate constant on the energy gap and its
implication in photoconversion efficiency of quantum dot solar cells will be discussed. Ways
to improve power conversion efficiency and maximize the light harvesting capability through
the construction of a rainbow solar cell and carbon nanostructure-semiconductor hybrid
assemblies will also be presented.
38
Prashant V. Kamat is a Rev. John A. Zahm, C.S.C., Professor of Science in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Radiation Laboratory at Notre Dame and Concurrent Professor in the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. He earned his doctoral degree (1979) in Physical Chemistry from the Bombay University, and postdoctoral research at Boston University (1979-1981) and University of Texas at Austin (1981-1983). He joined Notre Dame in 1983. Professor Kamat has for nearly three decades worked to build bridges between physical chemistry and material science to develop advanced nanomaterials that promise cleaner and more efficient light energy conversion. Professor Kamat’s research has made significant contributions to four areas: (1) Photoinduced
catalytic processes using semiconductor and metal nanoparticles, nanostructures and
nanocomposites, (2) Development of light energy harvesting assemblies (e.g., quantum dots and
inorganic-organic hybrid assemblies) for next generation solar cells, (3) Utilization of carbon
nanostructures (SWCNT and graphene) as conducting scaffolds to collect and transport charge
carriers in solar cells and fuel cells, and (4) Environmental remediation using advanced oxidation
processes and chemical sensors.
He has directed DOE funded solar photochemistry research for the past 20 years. In addition
to large multidisciplinary interdepartmental and research center programs, he has actively
worked with industry-sponsored research. He has served on many national panels on
nanotechnology and energy conversion processes. He has published more than 400
scientific papers that have been well received by the scientific community (21000+ citations).
He is cited by Science Watch (ISI) as one of the Top 100 Chemists of the last decade.
In 2010, Kamat was named by the American Chemical Society as the deputy editor of a new
publication, the Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. He is a member of the advisory
board of scientific journals, Langmuir, Research on Chemical Intermediates,
Electrochemistry and Solid State Letters, Applied Electrochemistry and Interface. He was
awarded Honda-Fujishima Lectureship award by the Japanese Photochemical Society in 2006
and CRSI medal by the Chemical Research Society of India in 2011. He is a Fellow of the
Electrochemical Society and American Academy of Science (AAAS).
39
IL11
OVERVIEW OF PV ACTIVITIES IN SAMSUNG
DongSeop Kim
Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd
Photovoltaic production has been increasing by an average of more than 20 percent each year
since 2002, making it the world’s fastest-growing energy technology. A review of recent
progress in crystalline Si, amorphous Si and CIGS solar cells are provided since they are
expected to dominate PV market in the future.
Samsung has focused on the development of those three technologies and the latest results are
introduced at the forum.
40
Education and Qualifications
• Jan. 1998 – Dec. 1998 : Postdoctorial Fellow in Material Science and Engineering,
University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
Polycrystalline Thin Silicon Film on Glass for a Solar Cell and a Thin Film Transistor
• Feb. 1995 – Aug. 1995 : Technology training
High-Efficiency Silicon Solar Cell over 20% (PERL, BCSC) at UNSW
• Mar. 1990 – Feb. 1994 : Ph.D. in Electronic Materials Engineering, KAIST
Thesis: Photovoltaic Properties of Sintered CdS/CdTe and ITO/CdS/CdTe Solar Cells
Fabricated by Using Cd and Te Powders
• Mar. 1988 – Feb. 1990 : Master of Electronic Materials Engineering, Korea Advanced
Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
Thesis: Effects of Morphology of Cadmium and Tellurium Powders on the Photovoltaic
Properties of Sintered CdS/CdTe Solar Cells
• Mar. 1984 – Feb. 1988 : Bachelor of Metallurgical Engineering, Seoul National
University
Awards and Prizes
• Young Scientist Awards at PVSEC-19, Jeju, Korea, 2009.
• Best Paper Award at IEEE PVSC, San Diego, CA, 2008.
• Best Paper Award at International PVSEC-15, Shanghai, China, 2005.
• Best Paper Award at International PVSEC-14, Bangkok, Thailand, 2004.
• Best Paper Award at Third World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (IEEE
PVSC, EPVSC, PVSEC), Osaka, Japan, 2003.
• Best Paper Award at International PVSEC-12, Jeju, Korea, 2001.
• Received chair person award for outstanding achievement in technology development at
Samsung Corporation, 2001.
• Received prize for best scientific paper in Samsung Company, 1994.
41
IL12
TECHNOLOGICAL OPPORTUNITIES TOWARD HIGH
EFFICIENCY SILICON THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS
Makoto Konagai
Department of Physical Electronics, Tokyo Institute of Technology,
At present, a-Si:H and c-Si:H are employed as materials for tandem cells, and an initial
efficiency of about 14% has been reported for small area cells. However, the conversion
efficiency is still low compared to the efficiency targeted in “PV2030 Plus” roadmap. A
triple junction structure has to be utilized to achieve the efficiency goal of 20% for small area
cells and 18% for modules. Toward 2020 and 2030, we should strengthen the development of
Si-based thin-film solar cells to continuously lead the world in this field. In this presentation,
the technological opportunities in this field will be addressed in detail.
In the triple-junction approach, the band gap and thickness matching among top, middle,
and bottom cells are indispensable. Since there are various band gap combinations that may
be selected for each sub-cell, a numerical analysis of multi-junction solar cells is needed to
find the most preferred band gap combination. The theoretical analysis was performed to
investigate the most preferred band gap combination.
A high open-circuit voltage (Voc) is another important issue in the development high-
efficiency multijunction solar cells. By developing a sub-cell with a high Voc, we can expect
multijunction solar cells with a high conversion efficiency. Meanwhile, the performance of a
multijunction solar cell is mainly governed by the properties of its top cell. Thus, wide-gap
a-SiO:H solar cells with a high Voc were developed for use as the top cell in the multijunction
structure. Up until now, a very high Voc of 1.06V was achieved for a-SiO:H single junction
solar cells.
The light trapping in multijunction solar cells is also an important issue to obtain a high
efficiency. We can enhance the light trapping of multijunction solar cells for example by
introducing a W-textured TCO. Very recently, we developed a technique to prepare very high
haze W-textured ZnO by MOCVD. The initial Si thin-film solar cell performances with W-
textured ZnO will be presented.
Finally, a very challenging project named “Thin Film Full Spectrum Solar Cells” conducted by the author’s group is introduced. In development of next generation solar cells, we have been promoting research and development of solar cells utilizing the quantum effect and novel absorber materials. We have achieved an open circuit voltage of 518 mV with Si quantum dotsolar cells for the first time in the world, demonstrating the high potential of the solar cells and the effectiveness of the quantum effect. Utilizing these element technologies, we will grasp the direction of developing full spectrum solar cells that efficiently absorb solar light at all wavelengths and have a conversion efficiency of 40% or higher.
42
Makoto Konagai is Professor of Physical Electronics at Tokyo Institute of Technology. He
received the B.E., M.E. and D.E. degrees in Electronic Engineering from Tokyo Institute of
Technology in 1972, 1974 and 1977, respectively. Since 1977, he has been with Tokyo
Institute of Technology, where he has been engaged in the development of solar cell materials
and devices. He is currently working on amorphous Si, microcrystalline Si, Cu(InGa)Se2
and bulk Si solar cells. He has authored over 400 publications in international journals and
over 500 international presentations.
In addition to scientific activities, Dr.Konagai has made many key contributions to the promo
tion of photovoltaic research and development, especially in Asian countries. He organized
PVSEC-9 in 1996. He is currently the chairman of the International Advisory Committee of t
he Internation PVSEC and also the chairman of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Scien
ce, The 175th Committee on Innovative Photovoltaic Power Generation Systems.
Dr.Konagai has received a number of awards including the PVSEC Award (PVSEC 11, 1999), Best Paper Award (PVSEC-12, 2001) , Pioneers Award (World Renewable Energy Network,2002), The Commendation for Science and Technology by the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Prizes for Science and Technology (2009). He is currently Vice-President, Japan Society of Applied Physics.
43
IL13
THE TECHNOLOGY AND MARKET TREND OF THE CIGS THIN
FILM SOLAR MODULE
Doo Young Yang
Solar Cell Business Team, LG Innotek
For grid parity everywhere, less than a dollar per watt for module price was expected and
now further cost reduction is being exercised. From both absorption coefficient and Lab.
demonstrated conversion efficiency point of view, CIGS does have the most possibility of
reaching grid parity earlier than other technologies.
For the fabrication of CIGS absorber layer, there are largely two main streams. One is co-
evaporation and the other is sputtering and selenization. The pros and cons of the fabrication
technologies will be reviewed. And the competitiveness of CIGS over other thin film sola
cells in the three different markets such as residential, commercial and utility area will be
reviewed.
44
D.Y. Yang is the leader of the Solar Cell Business Team in LG Innotek.
His Ph.D thesis was about "The gettering mechanism in Czochralski-grown silicon wafer" at
YonSei University, He joined NCSU(North Carolina State University) material science
department as a post doctoral researcher. And, since 1984, he has served 14 years as a
semiconductor process specialist in LG Semiconductor. And since 1998, he joined JUSUNG,
the solar cell equipment company in Korea and got involved in the development of high
efficiency crystalline hetero junction solar cell process and its equipment and multi junction
a-Si large size thin film process and its turnkey solution equipment. D.Y. Yang, as the senior
vice president of the solar cell business group of JUSUNG has sold multiple a-Si thin film
solar cell turnkey equipments which are operational worldwide. Authored and co-authored
more than 50 papers in Semiconductor/LCD/Solar Cell related conferences and journals.
After acquiring NABCEP(North America Board of Certified Energy Practitioner)solar
installation training in Canada, teamed up with Toronto based solar installation company and
got involved in residential, commercial and utility scale solar power plant construction in
Canada.
45
IL14
CIGS THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS AND MODULES
–DEVELOPEMENT AND FUTURE PROSPECT IN JAPAN–
Tokio Nakada
Dept of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Aoyama Gakuin University
The commercial based large scale manufacturing of CIGS modules has started in past several years. The world wide production capacity will increase to the order of GW/year in this year. In particular the manufacturing plants with a total production capacity of more than several hundreds MW are already in operation in Japan. The conversion efficiency of 30cm x 30cm CIGS module improved to 17.2 %, but there is still room as compared to 20.3% efficiency of the small-area cell. Therefore, large-scale manufacturing of CIGS modules still needs a reliable technological background. Further improvement of the conversion efficiency is one of the most important issues to reduce the module cost. A variety of deposition methods for the fabrication of CIGS absorber layers are developed. The main techniques are co-evaporation and selenization/sulfurization of metal precursor layers. There are several reasons why CIGS solar modules have high efficiency. They include a junction formation mechanism by chemical bath deposition of buffer layer, the formation of a double graded band gap, and improved cell performance by sodium incorporation. Concerning the small-area cell with a band gap of 1.4eV which is an ideal band gap matched solar spectrum, the cell efficiency is still insufficient. The technology may have a great potential to lead the low-cost modules in near future. Therefore, it is also necessary to promote the fundamental research and development in the present time when the commercialization began. In Japan, the research and development of CIGS technologies are supported continuously by R&D programs by NEDO to allow for long term perspectives of this type of solar cells. This paper presents an overview of the present status of the research and development and future prospect of CIGS technology in Japan.
46
Ever since in 1985, Dr. Tokio Nakada has pursued research in a field of high efficiency
CIGS-based thin-film solar cells and related materials including transparent conducting oxide
films. He received the Ph.D. from Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1983. He is currently a
head professor of the Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Aoyama Gakuin
University.
47
IL15
RECENT PROGRESS IN HIGH EFFICIENCY SELECTIVE
EMITTER SILICON SOLAR CELLS (SESC) AND SHINSUNG’s
STRATEGY
Hae-Seok Lee
R&D Center, Solar Cell Division, Shinsung Solar Energy Co., Ltd.
404-1 Baekhyun-dong, Bundang-gu, Sungnam-si, Kyunggi-do, 463-420, Republic of
Korea
Reducing manufacturing cost of solar cells is the main objective of the PV industry. This goal
can be achieved using higher efficiency solar cell concepts and thinner wafers. Screen
printing of crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells is the most widely used technology in
industrial scale due to its simplicity and low cost. However, to improve cell efficiencies, new
concepts for c-Si solar cells have been proposed as follows, HIT cell (η~23.0%, Sanyo), IBC
cell (η~24.2%, Sunpower), PERL cell (η~24.7%, UNSW) and so on. In this talk, of those
concepts, the selective emitter structure for c-Si solar cells (SESC) which has led to a
substantial efficiency increase in the R&D as well as in mass production is mainly presented.
Some representative concepts and recent progress for high efficiency SESC are described
here. We, Shinsung Solar Energy, have been providing screen printed c-Si solar cells to the
market since 2008. Shinsung Solar Energy has been moving successfully in PV industry, and
at present is providing c-Si solar cells in the mass production of 300MW/yr with average cell
efficiency exceeded 18.2% (mono-Si) and 16.5% (multi-Si), respectively. Moreover, to meet
the market demand for high efficiency and low cost solar cells, we have made great efforts
not only to raise the conversion efficiency exceeded 19% of Shinsung’s solar cell, but also to
supply them at low process cost. In this talk, we describe our recent efforts to raise the
conversion efficiency (η=19.56%, certificated by Fraunhofer ISE) related to the SESC. In
addition, the R&D road-map of Shinsung Solar Energy is introduced briefly.
48
Hae-Seok LEE is a managing director in R&D center of Shinsung Solar Energy Co., Ltd.,
Republic of Korea. He received his Ph.D in electronic engineering from TUT, Japan in 2003
as a scholarship student supported by MEXT, Japan, and his research focused on solar cells.
During the Ph.D degree he served as a research fellow of Japan Space Forum, and led a
project with Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency and Japan Atomic Energy Research
Institute for the crystal growth of CuInSe2 (CIS) related chalcopyrite materials and high-
energy radiation damages in CIS thin film solar cells. From 2003 to 2006, Dr Hae-Seok LEE
served as a research fellow at Semiconductor Lab. of Toyota Technological Institute (TTI),
Japan. His research interests cover the super high efficiency InGaP/InGaAs/Ge multi-junction
solar cells and radiation-induced defects in new space AlInGaP solar cells and their
correlation with solar cell properties. He also developed a new material, InGaAsN, for high
efficiency multi-junction solar cells with conversion efficiency over 40%. In addition, he
joined a project team for developing the high-efficiency concentrator system (η~38.9)
consisted of InGaP/InGaAs/Ge triple junction solar cell. In March 2006, Dr Hae-Seok LEE
joined the Solar Energy Group, Devices & Materials Lab., LG Electronics Institute of
Technology, Korea, as a chief researcher, where he worked on the development of high
efficiency large area hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) and a-Si:H / µc-Si:H tandem
thin film solar cells. In July 2008, Dr Hae-Seok LEE joined the R&D Center, Solar Cell
Division, Shinsung Solar Energy Co., Ltd, Korea, as a managing director. Until present, he
has been working on the mass production of crystalline Si solar cells (Capa. 300MW/yr), and
is a director for the development of high efficiency c-Si solar cells as a national project
supported by MKE of Korea during 2009-2012. In addition, he has instructed PV in
electronic engineering, Cheongju University and electronic engineering, Sejong University as
a visiting professor from 2009. He has published over 20 original papers and 90 proceedings
in the field of PV. In addition, he is author over 20 patents for PV. Dr Hae-Seok LEE received
the Best Poster Award at 20th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition
(Barcelona, 2005), IEEE 4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (Hawaii,
2007), 19th International Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Conference and Exhibition
(Jeju, 2009) and Paper Award of 15th International Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
Conference and Exhibition (Shanghai, 2005). He also received an award of minister, Ministry
of Knowledge Economy, Korea, 2009, and an award of Prime minister, Korea, 2010 as R&D
results of high-efficiency c-Si solar cells.
49
IL16
SOLAR POWER R&D STRATEGIES OF HYUNDAI HEAVY
INDUSTRIES
Won-jae Lee
Hyundai Electro-Mechanical Research Institute (HEMRI), Hyundai Heavy Industries Co. LTD
Hyundai Heavy Industries (HHI) has maintained a leading position in the world shipbuilding
market, and now is a leading integrated heavy industries company with Shipbuilding,
Offshore, Industrial Plant, Engine & Machinery, Electro-Electric Systems, and Construction
Equipment. HHI is one of the rare companies manufacturing both advanced Solar Power
and Wind Turbine system products. HHI is South Korea’s sole company which can produce
entire solar value chain products ranging from polysilicon, solar cell, solar module to power
conditioning system. In this keynote speech, it will be revealed the Hyundai Heavy
Industries’ solar power R&D strategies.
50
Won Jae Lee is a principal researcher in the photovoltaic technology research department of
electro-mechanical research institute at Hyundai Heavy Industries co. LTD., (HHI), Republic
of Korea. He received his Ph.D in material science from Michigan State University, USA in
Jun 1991. Then, he joined in the material research department of industrial research institute
at HHI. From August 2008, he worked in photovoltaic technology research department. His
research focuses on crystalline silicon solar cells.
51
IL17
HIGH EFFICIENCY EFFORTS IN KOREA PV INDUSTRY
Junsin Yi
School of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University
Conversion of light energy to electrical energy by using a solar cell has long been considered
as one of the few sustainable energy sources. Recently, the major application of the solar cells
directed to become generation of residential electricity in urban areas where the electricity is
already supplied by the conventional grid. In the market crystalline silicon(c-Si, mc-Si) wafer
based solar cells are predominant Korean PV market. However, we also initiated research
work on thin film solar cells and new types of solar cells. This talk discusses high efficiency
approach in silicon solar cells, a cost effective approach in silicon solar cells and finally
covers future prospects of various solar cells. PV Communities in Korea composed of R & D,
Infra-structure construction, and PV system dissemination. My talk will mainly focus on high
efficiency efforts in Korea PV Industry.
52
Junsin Yi is a professor in the department of Information and Communication Engineering
of Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU). Junsin Yi received the B.S. degree in electrical
engineering from Sungkyunkwan University, Korea in 1989 and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees
from State University of New York at Buffalo, USA in 1991 and 1994, respectively. He
joined Sungkyunkwan University in the capacity of Assistant Professor in the department of
Information and Communication Engineering in March 1995. He became Associate Professor
in 1999 and chaired the Department of Renewable Energy Engineering of Sungkyunkwan
University from March 2000 to February 2002. He became Professor in the department of
Information and Communication Engineering of the University in 2004. He has many
national and international patents. He has more than 50 international publications in SCI
journals and contributed more than 200 papers in the proceedings of international conferences
/ symposia. His research interest lies in areas of Thin-Film – Transistor for display
application, Organic Light Emitting Diodes, Non-volatile memory, Organic light emitting
diode, Nano-floating Gate memory device and Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells.
53
IL18
SOLUTION-BASED PROCESS OF CU-IN-GA-SE
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
Duk-Young Jung
Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
Nanoparticles of the I-III-VI compound semiconductor, Cu(InGa)Se2 (CIGS), were
synthesized by ultrasound irradiation under ambient pressure below 100oC and characterized
by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, optical absorption spectroscopy
and energy-dispersive X-ray analyses. The samples have single phase chalcopyrite structure
and the particle sizes less than 50 nm. Synthetic conditions were determined for the
crystallized CIGS nanoparticles formation to prevent from Cu2Se,Cu2-xSe, and CuSe etc. The
nano-ink of the single phase CIGS nanoparticles were applied for spin-casting to produce
CIGS thin films photovoltaic cells. The electrochemical deposition of CIGS thin films will be
also presented. In aqueous solutions, the different chemical compositions of CIGS thin films
were obtained, depending on pH, concentration of starting materials and deposition potentials.
The surface morphology of the prepared CIGS thin films was also influenced by applying
ligands to the solutions during the electrochemical deposition.
54
Duk-Young Jung is a professor in the Department of Chemistry at Sungkyunkwan
University (SKKU), Republic of Korea. He received his Ph.D in inorganic chemistry from
University of Bordeaux I, France in July 1995. Then, he had worked in the University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA as a postdoctoral researcher from 1995 to 1998. Since
March 1998, he has worked as professor of Chemistry in SKKU. He is author and co-author
of 92 papers. His research focuses on CIGS solar cells, inorganic and organic-inorganic
hybrid materials.
55
IL19
HIGH EFFICIENCY PEROVSKITE QUANTUM-DOT-
SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL
Nam-Gyu Park
School of Chemical Engineering and Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan
Univeristy, Suwon 440-746, Korea
Highly efficient quantum-dot-sensitized solar cell is fabricated using ca. 2.5-nm sized
perovskite (CH3NH3)PbI3 nanocrystal. Spin-coating of the equimolar mixture of CH3NH3I
and PbI2 in γ-butyrolactone solution (perovskite precursor solution) leads to (CH3NH3)PbI3
quantum dot (QD) on nanocrystalline TiO2 surface. By electrochemical junction with lithium
iodide based redox electrolyte, perovskite QD-sensitized 3.6 µm-thick TiO2 film shows
maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 76.4% at 540 nm, approaching almost 100%
after correction with light reflection, and such high EQE values are extended to longer
wavelength (61.3% at 700 nm). Compared to the conventional N719 dye, perovskite QD
sensitizer exhibits nearly two times higher EQE at the same TiO2 thickness due to one order
of magnitude higher absorption coefficient. The best efficiency of 6.54% (JSC = 15.8 mA/cm2,
VOC = 706 mV, and FF = 0.58) is achieved at AM 1.5G 1 sun intensity (100 mW/cm2), which
is by far the highest efficiency among the reported inorganic quantum dot sensitized solar
cells
56
Nam-Gyu Park received his Ph.D. in Inorganic Chemistry from Seoul National University,
Korea, in 1995. Before joining School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University,
Suwon, Korea, as a full professor in 2009, he worked at Korea Institute of Science and
Technology (KIST), Seoul, Korea, as director of solar cell research center from 2005 to 2009,
and at Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Dajeon, Korea, as a
Principal Scientist form 2000 to 2005. He performed postdoctoral researches at National
Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in Golden CO, USA from 1997 to 1999 and at
ICMCB-CNRS in Bordeaux, France, from 1996 to 1997. He has been working on material
synthesis, device fabrication and photovoltaic characterization for dye-sensitized solar cells
since 1997. He awarded Scientist Award of the Month in 2008, KIST Award of the Month in
2008, Kyunhyang Electricity and Energy Award in 2008, KIST Highest Award of the Year in
2009 and Dupont Science and Technology Award in 2010. He published over 120 peer-
reviewed papers, including Nature Materials, Advanced Materials, Journal of Physical
Chemistry and Applied Physics Letters. He is currently professor at school of chemical
engineering and adjunct professor at department of energy science, Sungkyunkwan
University and manages next generation photovoltaics laboratory (NGPL,
http://ngplab.skku.edu).
57
Chairs
Jibeom Yoo (School Adv. Mater. Sci., SKKU, Korea)
Nam-Gyu Park (School Chem. Eng., SKKU, Korea)
Junsin Yi (Dept. Electronic Electrical Eng., SKKU, Korea)
Duk-Young Jung (Dept. Chem., SKKU, Korea)
Program Committee
Jong Hyeok Park (School Chem. Eng., SKKU, Korea)
Sang-Woo Kim (School Adv. Mater. Sci., SKKU, Korea)
Jin-Hyo Boo (Dept. Chem., SKKU, Korea)
Heeyeop Chae (School Chem. Eng. SKKU, Korea)
SKKU Advisory Board
Hyun Soo Kim (Vice President, SKKU, Korea)
Youngkwan Lee (Dept. Chem. Eng., SKKU, Korea)
Byung Woo Kim (Dept. Chem. Eng., SKKU, Korea)
Young Hee Lee (Dept. Energy Sci., SKKU, Korea)
Jae-Do Nam (Dept. Polymer Sci. Eng., SKKU, Korea)
Industrial Advisory Board
Samsung
LG Innotek
Hyundai Heavy Industry
Shinsung Solar Energy
Dongjin Semichem
Co-organizers
Center for Human Interface Nanotechnology (NCRC)
Department of Energy Science
The Institute of Science and Technology, SKKU
SKKU HUNIC
The Korean Electrochemical Society
