Trace Minerals and Phytochemicals Presentation

By:

Jennifer

Lindsey

Meagan

Kahelia

Trace Minerals– Iron– Zinc– Copper– Cromium– Selenium– Iodine

Phytochemical

Iron(Fe)

Iron Functions

Assistance in the transport of oxygen throughout body to tissues and muscles

Component of certain enzymes– Examples:

• Cytochromes• Part of the antioxidant enzyme system that

fights free radicals

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin transports oxygen through the blood stream to tissues.

Iron is a component of Hemoglobin Iron binds to the oxygen in our blood

stream Iron releases the oxygen to the tissues

Myoglobin

Similar to Hemoglobin but is found in the muscle cells

Iron is also a component of Myoglobin Iron binds to the oxygen and transports

it into the muscle cells

Cytochromes

This enzyme assists in energy production within the body

Cytochromes are an electron carrier within the metabolic pathways

Food Sources for Iron

Iron is not produced by the body so it must be consumed via food or supplementation

Good sources of Iron in foods are:– Red meat, fish, poultry, lentils, beans, leaf

vegetables, tofu, chickpeas, black eyed peas, potatoes with skin

Two Types of Iron Found in Foods

Heme Iron– This type of Iron is part of Hemoglobin and

Myoglobin– It is only found in animal based food products

Non-heme Iron– This type of Iron is not part of Hemoglobin

and Myoglobin– It is found in animal based foods and plant

based foods

Heme and Non-Heme Iron Cont.

Heme Iron is more absorbable than non-heme Iron

Heme Iron and Vitamin C increase the absorbability factor of non-heme foods

Recommended Dietary Intake Men 19 years and older 8 mg/day Women 19 to 50 18 mg/day Women 51 years and older 8 mg/day Iron consumption needs are high from ages

19 to 50 in women because of menstruation Pregnant Women 27 mg/day The Tolerable Upper Intake Level for 19

years and older is 45 mg/day for male and females

Iron Overdose

Symptoms:– Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness,

confusion and rapid heartbeat If Iron toxicity is not reduced quickly

significant damage can occur to the heart, central nervous system, liver, and kidneys. Death could even be a result.

Hereditary Disease Hemochromatosis

– The body absorbs excessive amounts of dietary iron

– Accumulation of iron results in cirrhosis of the liver, liver cancer, heart attack, diabetes and arthritis

– Men have a higher risk of the disease Treatment

– Reducing dietary intake of Iron, avoiding high intake of Vitamin C and withdrawing blood

Iron Deficiency

Anemia– The blood does not contain enough

Hemoglobin to transport oxygen to tissues in the body

– Symptoms:• Fatigue, pale skin, lowered immune system,

impaired cognitive and nerve function and impaired memory

Anemia Treatment Iron supplementation Increase intake of Vitamin C Consume goats milk instead of cows milk Certain foods inhibit absorption of Iron so

these foods should be either avoided or consumed infrequently– Examples: vegetable proteins, calcium,

tannins, legumes, rice, oregano, red wine

Facts

2/3rds of all Iron in body is in Hemoglobin

Iron deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency in the world

20% of all women of child rearing age are anemic

2% of men have anemia 75% of teenagers have anemia

Zinc(Zn)

Zinc Functions

Assists in the production of Hemoglobin Part of the antioxidant enzyme system

that fights against free radicals Assists in generating energy from

Carbohydrates, Fats and Proteins Assists in activating Vitamin A in the

retina of the eye

Zinc Functions Continued…

Also plays a role in facilitating the folding of proteins into biologically active molecules used in gene regulation

Critical for cell replication and normal growth Important for proper development and

functioning of the immune system Helps maintain sense of taste and smell Needed for DNA synthesis

Food Sources for Iron

Zinc is not produced by the body so it must be consumed via food or supplementation

Good Sources of Zinc in food are:– Red meat, some seafood, beans, nuts,

whole grains, pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds, whole grains

Recommended Dietary Intake

Men 19 and older 11 mg/day Women 19 and older 8 mg/day The Tolerable Upper Intake Level for 19

years and older is 40 mg/day for male and females

Zinc Toxicity

Does not occur from eating high amounts of dietary zinc

Toxicity occurs from consuming supplements and fortified foods

Symptoms:– Intestinal pain, cramps, nausea, vomiting,

loss of appetite, diarrhea, headache, lowered immune system, reduction in HDL and interferes with copper and iron absorption

Zinc Deficiency

Uncommon in the U.S. Common in countries that consume

mostly grain based foods Symptoms:

– Growth retardation, diarrhea, delayed sexual maturation and impotence, eye and skin lesions, hair loss, impaired appetite, increase in infections and illnesses and mental lethargy

Zinc Deficiency Treatment

Zinc Supplementation Consuming foods high in Zinc

Zinc Facts

30 to 50% of alcoholics are deficient in Zinc

You can purchase Zinc lozenges when sick which may reduce the length of a cold

Copper(Cu)

A trace mineral that functions as a cofactor in many physiological reactions

Copper functions in the body:

Cofactor in the metabolic pathways Increases production of collagen and

elasticity. Part of enzyme system that combats

free radicals. Regulates neurotransmitters important

to brain function

Dietary needs

Present in our bodies from conception, copper helps form a developing infant’s heart, skeletal and nervous systems, as well as arteries and blood vessels

Easy to obtain in a varied of diet Deficiency is rare Low dietary intakes of copper absorb

more copper than people with high dietary intakes

Food Sources for Copper

Beef liver Oysters Lobster Shitake mushrooms Trail Mix Pork and Beans Cashew nuts Garbanzo Beans Lentils

RDA

RDA for men and women– 900 ug/day

UL– 10 mg/day

Copper Deficiency

Occurs most commonly in infants Someone with a disorder that impairs

absorption of nutrients High intake of zinc or iron, can decrease

absorption of copper

Symptoms Fatigue Bleeding under

the skin Damage to blood

vessels Enlarged heart

Diagnosis Based on

symptoms Blood tests that

detect low levels

-Copper

-Ceruplasmin

Treatment of Deficiency

Copper works with potassium and calcium when patients do exhibit low copper levels, then calcium and potassium are frequently on the low side as well.  

Taking a 3mg copper pill for one or two months, or less, is all that is needed for an adult to normalize any copper deficiency.

Copper Excess

Any copper not bound to a protein is toxic

- Acidic food or beverages contaminated Consuming small amounts can cause -nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea Consuming large amounts can cause -damage to the kidneys, inhibit urine

production, cause anemia, and even death

Wilson’s disease

An inherited condition Causes the body to retain copper Copper is not excreted by the liver into

the bile If untreated, can lead to brain and liver

damage Studies find that those with mental

disorders have heightened levels of copper in their system

Chromium(Cr)

A mineral humans require in trace amounts

Chromium Functions in the Body:

Enhance the action of insulin Metabolism of glucose Thyroid function Hormonal balance Brain function

Dietary needs Chromium occurs naturally in the environment and

is an essential nutrient Widely distributed in food,

– most food supplies only 2mcg per serving To enhance the mineral’s absorption

– Vitamin C – Vitamin B

Once absorbed, it is stored in – Liver– soft tissue– spleen

Food Sources for Chromium

Broccoli Turkey Grape Juice English Muffin Potatoes Garlic Red Wine Basil

Dairy products are poor sources

RDA Dietary intakes cannot be reliably determined

because the content of the mineral in foods is substantially affected by agricultural and manufacturing processes

Women– 25 mcg per day

Men– 35 mcg per day

50 to 200 micrograms has been proposed by the National Academy of Sciences.

Chromium Deficiency

Causes1. Diets high in simple

sugars2. Infection3. Acute exercise4. Pregnancy and

lactation5. Stressful states

(physical trauma)

Results1. Inhibits the uptake

of glucose by the cells

2. Elevated blood lipid levels

To avoid deficiency

To Avoid Deficiency and Maintain a Good Intake of Chromium:

Avoid sugar and sugar products, soda pops, candy, and presweetened breakfast cereals.

Avoid refined, white flour products, such as white breads and crackers.

Use whole wheat products, wheat germ, and/or brewer's yeast.

Eat whole foods. Take a general supplement that contains

chromium, approximately 100-200mcg daily.

What are supplemental sources of chromium used for?

Type 2 diabetes and glucose intolerance

Lipid metabolism Body weight and composition

Fun Facts

Chromium & Copper:  These two elements are the most important nutrients next to calcium and magnesium for their anti-inflammatory properties.  They are considered essential to human health.

Chronically elevated copper levels in most patients may result from one-sided diets that lack co-factors, or from the fact that many copper-rich foods are somewhat addictive, such as cocoa/chocolate, coffee or tea

Tissue concentrations of chromium vary considerably in people from different parts of the world, people living in Asia for example being up to five times higher compared to those in people living in the United States.  

-These higher chromium levels may be one reason for a lower incidence of diabetes or bone loss in these regions or countries.

Selenium

Function in Our Bodies Trace element nutrient Functions as a cofactor for antioxidant enzymes

called glutathione peroxidases and thioredoxin reductase

Helps regulate thyroid function Essential to good health Helps protect body from poisonous effects of heavy

metals Assists in making antioxidant enzymes, which

prevent cell damage Shown to improve production of sperm

Cont’d Functions

Works with Vitamin E as an antioxidant to help prevent cancer and heart disease

Helps maintain elasticity in tissue Protects against cataracts and macular

degeneration Fights viral infections Helps in treatment and prevention of dandruff

Is it Synthesized?

No, our bodies do not produce selenium We must obtain selenium in our diets

Food Sources Plant foods are the richest dietary source The content in foods depends on the content of the

soil where the plants or animals were raised Animals that eat grains or plants grown in selenium

rich soil will have more selenium in their muscles Can be found in meats, seafood, nuts, cereals, fish,

eggs, bread, broccoli, dairy, fruit

Cont’d Food Sources

Daily Requirement

Age Males and Females

1-3y 20 micrograms/day

4-8y 30 micrograms/day

9-13y 40 micrograms/day

14-18y 55 micrograms/day

19+y 55 micrograms/day

DeficiencyThe following have been associated with selenium

deficiency: Keshan Disease, resulting in an enlarged heart and

poor heart functions Kashin-Beck Disease, resulting in osteoarthropathy Myxedematous Endemic Cretinism, which could

posentially result in mental retardation

Fun Facts Selenium was discovered by Jons Jacob

Berzelius in 1817 in Stockholm, Sweeden Selenium is used in TV, cameras, and

photographic equipment From the Greek work “selene” which means

“moon”

Iodine

Functions in Our Bodies

Protein allows body to stabilize sugars Needed for metabolism of cells Maintain thyroid function Production of thyroid hormones The hormones regulate body

temperature, maintain resting metabolic rate and support production and growth

Is it Synthesized?

No, our bodies do not produce iodine Even though we only require small

amounts, we must obtain it in our diet

Food Sources

Saltwater foods have higher amounts of iodine, such as: kelp, saltwater fish, and shrimp

Iodized salt, white and whole-wheat breads made with iodized salt, milk, and dairy products

Daily Requirement

Age

1-3y

4-6y

7-10y

11+y

Males and Females

70 micrograms/day90 micrograms/day120 micrograms/day150 micrograms/day

RDA Cont’d A ¼ Tsp. of iodized table salt provides

95 micrograms of iodine A 6-ounce portion of ocean fish contains 650

micrograms of iodine Most People are able to meet the RDA by

eating seafood, iodized salt, and plants grown in iodine-rich soil

Deficiency

Goiter, an enlargement of the thyroid gland. Slows down production of thyroid hormones, which leads to hypothyroidism. Some symptoms are:

-Decrease in body temperature

-Increase in weight

-Fatigue

-If pregnant, child is at risk of being born with cretinism

Cretinism, which is preventable mental retardation, will have stunted growth, deafness, and muteness

Fun Facts

Originates from the Greek word “Iodes” meaning “violet”

There isn’t enough salt in the world to cover the continents 500 feet deep!

In the 1920’s iodine was added to American table salt to help prevent hypothyroidism

75% of the iodine we consume is in processed foods

Bibliography

Thompson, Janice and Manore, Melinda; “Nutirition: An Applied Approach”; San Francisco, CA; Pearson Education Inc.; 2006

“Iron Deficiency Anemia”, Wikpedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron-Deficiency_Anemia

“Iron”, Wikpedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron “Iron Deficiency”; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;

August 26, 2006; http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/nutrition/nutrition_for_everyone/iron_deficiency/

“Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Iron”; Office of Dietary Supplements; July 26, 2005; http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/iron.asp

Bibliography Continued

“Zinc”, Wikpedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc “Zinc”; Office of Dietary Supplements; December 9, 2002;

http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/cc/zinc.html

Bibliography

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper http://www.healthscout.com/ency/68/402/main.html Thompson, Janice and Manore, Melinda; “Nutirition: An Applied

Approach”; San Francisco, CA; Pearson Education Inc.; 2006 http://www.copper.org/health/homepage.html http://www.diagnose-me.com/cond/C595519.html