Trade Union Wiki

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Trade union

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"Labour union" redirects here. For the Polish political party, see Labour Union(Poland). For the Canadian political party, see Union Labour.

Demonstrators surrounded by soldiers during the Lawrence textile strike in 1912.

A trade union (British English) or labor union (American English) is an organizationof workers that have banded together to achieve common goals such as betterworking conditions. The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the

employer on behalf of union members (rank and file[1] members) and negotiateslabour contracts (collective bargaining) with employers. This may include thenegotiation ofwages, work rules, complaint procedures, rules governing hiring,firing and promotion of workers, benefits, workplace safety and policies. Theagreements negotiated by the union leaders are binding on the rank and filemembers and the employer and in some cases on other non-member workers.
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Originating in Europe, trade unions became popular in many countries during theIndustrial Revolution, when the lack of skill necessary to perform most jobs shiftedemployment bargaining power almost completely to the employers' side, causingmany workers to be mistreated and underpaid. Trade union organizations may becomposed of individual workers, professionals, past workers, or the unemployed.

The most common, but by no means only, purpose of these organizations is"maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment".[2]

Over the last three hundred years, many trade unions have developed into anumber of forms, influenced by differing political objectives. Activities of tradeunions vary, but may include:

Provision of benefits to members: Early trade unions, like Friendly Societies, oftenprovided a range of benefits to insure members against unemployment, ill health,old age and funeral expenses. In many developed countries, these functions havebeen assumed by the state; however, the provision of professional training, legal

advice and representation for members is still an important benefit of trade unionmembership.

Collective bargaining: Where trade unions are able to operate openly and arerecognized by employers, they may negotiate with employers over wages andworking conditions.

Industrial action: Trade unions may enforce strikes or resistance to lockouts infurtherance of particular goals.

Political activity: Trade unions may promote legislation favorable to the interests oftheir members or workers as a whole. To this end they may pursue campaigns,undertake lobbying, or financially support individual candidates or parties (such asthe Labour Party in Britain) for public office.

Contents[hide]1 History1.1 Origins and early history1.2 Europe1.3 Unions in the United States1.3.1 19th Century American

Unionism1.3.2 Knights of Labor1.3.3 Congress of IndustrialOrganizations1.3.4 AFL-CIO1.4 Mexico1.5 Australia2 Structure and politics
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3 Shop types4 Diversity of international unions5 Criticism6 Worldwide Union and by Region andCountry

6.1 Worldwide and InternationalCooperation7 Union publications8 See also9 References10 Further materials10.1 Books10.2 Articles10.3 Films11 References

12 External links[edit] History

The examples and perspective in this article or section might have anextensive bias or disproportional coverage towards USA. Please improve thisarticle or discuss the issue on the talk page.

The origins of unions' existence can be traced from the 18th century, where therapid expansion of industrial society drew women, children, rural workers, andimmigrants to the work force in numbers and in new roles. This pool of unskilled andsemi-skilled labour spontaneously organized in fits and starts throughout itsbeginnings,[2] and would later be an important arena for the development of trade

unions. Trade unions as such were endorsed by the Catholic Church towards theend of the 19th Century. Pope Leo XIII in his "Magna Carta"Rerum Novarumspoke against the atrocities workers faced and demanded that workers should begranted certain rights and safety regulations.[3]

[edit] Origins and early history

Trade unions have sometimes been seen as successors to the guilds of medievalEurope, though the relationship between the two is disputed.[4] Medieval guildsexisted to protect and enhance their members' livelihoods through controlling theinstructional capital ofartisanship and the progression of members from apprentice

to craftsman,journeyman, and eventually to master and grandmaster of their craft.A trade union might include workers from only one trade or craft, or might combineseveral or all the workers in one company or industry.

Trade unions and/or collective bargaining were outlawed from no later than themiddle of the 14th century when the Ordinance of Labourers was enacted in theKingdom of England. Union organizing would eventually be outlawed everywhereand remain so until the middle of the 19th century.
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Since the publication of the History of Trade Unionism (1894) by Sidney andBeatrice Webb, the predominant historical view is that a trade union "is acontinuous association of wage earners for the purpose of maintaining or improvingthe conditions of their employment."[2] A modern definition by the AustralianBureau of Statistics states that a trade union is "an organization consisting

predominantly of employees, the principal activities of which include the negotiationof rates of pay and conditions of employment for its members."[5]

Yet historian R.A. Leeson, in United we Stand (1971), said:

Two conflicting views of the trade-union movement strove for ascendancy in thenineteenth century: one the defensive-restrictive guild-craft tradition passed downthrough journeymen's clubs and friendly societies, ... the other the aggressive-expansionist drive to unite all 'laboring men and women' for a 'different order ofthings'.

Recent historical research by Bob James in Craft, Trade or Mystery (2001) putsforward the view that trade unions are part of a broader movement ofbenefitsocieties, which includes medieval guilds, Freemasons, Oddfellows, friendlysocieties, and other fraternal organizations.

The 18th century economistAdam Smith noted the imbalance in the rights ofworkers in regards to owners (or "masters"). InThe Wealth of Nations, Book I,chapter 8, Smith wrote:

We rarely hear, it has been said, of the combination of masters, though frequentlyof those of workmen. But whoever imagines, upon this account, that masters rarelycombine, is as ignorant of the world as of the subject. Masters are always andeverywhere in a sort of tacit, but constant and uniform combination, not to raise thewages of labor above their actual rate[.]

When workers combine, masters ... never cease to call aloud for the assistance ofthe civil magistrate, and the rigorous execution of those laws which have beenenacted with so much severity against the combination of servants, laborers, and

journeymen.

As Smith noted, unions were illegal for many years in most countries, althoughSmith argued that it should remain illegal to fix wages or prices by employees oremployers. There were severe penalties for attempting to organize unions, up toand including execution. Despite this, unions were formed and began to acquirepolitical power, eventually resulting in a body of labor law that not only legalizedorganizing efforts, but codified the relationship between employers and thoseemployees organized into unions. Even after the legitimization of trade unions therewas opposition, as the case of theTolpuddle Martyrs shows.
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The right to join a trade union is mentioned in article 23, subsection 4 of theUniversal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), which also states in article 20,subsection 2 that "No one may be compelled to belong to an association".Prohibiting a person from joining or forming a union, as well as forcing a person todo the same (e.g. "closed shops" or "union shops", see below), whether by a

government or by a business, is generally considered a human rights abuse. Similarallegations can be leveled if an employer discriminates based on trade unionmembership. Attempts by an employer, often with the help of outside agencies, toprevent union membership amongst their staff is known as union busting.

[edit] Europe

In France, Germany, and other European countries, socialist parties and democratsplayed a prominent role in forming and building up trade unions, especially from the1870s onwards. This stood in contrast to the British experience, where moderateNew Model Unions dominated the union movement from the mid-19th century and

where trade unionism was stronger than the political labor movement until theformation and growth of the Labour Party in the early years of the 20th century.

[edit] Unions in the United States

Main article: Labor unions in the United States

[edit] 19th Century American Unionism

In the early 19th century, many men from large cities put together the organizationwhich we now call the Trade Union Movement. Individuals who were members ofunions at this time were skilled, experienced, and knew how to get the job done.

Their main reasoning for starting this movement was to put on strikes. However,they did not have enough men to fulfill their needs and the unions which began thistrendy movement, collapsed quickly. The Mechanics Union Trade Association wasthe next approach to bring workers together. In 1827, this union was the first U.S.labor organization which brought together workers of divergent occupations. Thiswas the first city-wide federation of American workers, which recognized that alllabor, regardless of trades, had common problems that could be solved only byunited effort as a class.[6] This organization took off when carpentry workers fromPhiladelphia went on strike to protest their pay wages and working hours. This unionstrike was only a premonition of what was to come in the future.

According to history.com:[7]

Workers realized what unionism was all about through the configuration ofmechanics association and many people followed in their footsteps. The strike gaveothers hope that they could get their concerns out by word of mouth. Before thistime many people did not speak about their concerns because of the lack of bodies.
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However, with more people comes more confidence. Strikes were a new way ofspeaking your mind and getting things accomplished.

The next established union which made an impact on the trade movement was theGrand National Consolidated Trade Union. This union was founded in 1834 as thefirst domestic association. However, this union was short lived due to the panic of

1837. [Andrew] Jackson thought the Bank of the United States hurt ordinarycitizens by exercising too much control over credit and economic opportunity, andhe succeeded in shutting it down. But the state banks' reckless credit policies led tomassive speculation in Western lands. By 1837, after Van Buren had becomepresident, banks were clearly in trouble. Some began to close, businesses began tofail, and thousands of people lost their land. [8] This collapse of financial supportand businesses left workers unemployed. Many of these workers, who becameaffected by the 1837 disaster, were members of a union. It was very hard for themto stay together in an economic hardship and the trade union movement came to abump in the road. But the economy was restored by the early 1840s and tradeunions started doing better. National labor unions were forming, different than onesin the past, consisting now of members of the same occupation.

"Labor is prior to, and independent of, capital. Capital is only the fruit of labor, andcould never have existed if labor had not first existed. Labor is the superior ofcapital, and deserves much the higher consideration."

U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, December 3, 1861 [9]

The work force was drastically impacted by the Civil War and the economy wasthriving. Many workers gained employment because of this economic boom andunions increased greatly. More than 30 national craft unions were established

during the 1860s and early '70s.[7] One of the significant national craft unions tobe formed during this time was the National Labor Union (NLU). It was created in1866 and included many types of workers.[10] Although relatively short-lived, theNLU paved the way for future American unions. Following the decline of the NLU,the Knights of Labor became the leading countrywide union in the 1860s. This uniondid not include Chinese, and partially included black people and women.[11]

[edit] Knights of Labor

Main article: Knights of Labor

The Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor (KOL) was founded in Philadelphiain 1869 by Uriah Stephens and six other men. The union was formed for thepurpose of organizing, educating and directing the power of the industrial masses,according to their Constitution of 1878.[12] The Knights gathered people to join theOrder who believed in creating the greatest good to the greatest amount ofpeople. The Knights took their set goals very seriously. Some of which consisted ofproductive work, civic responsibility, education, a wholesome family life,temperance, and self-improvement.[13]
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The Knights of Labor worked as a secret fraternal society until 1881. The union grewslowly until the economic depression of the 1870s, when large numbers of workers

joined the organization.[14] The Knights only permitted certain groups of individualsinto their Order which promoted social division amongst the people around them.Bankers, speculators, lawyers, liquor dealers, gamblers, and teachers were all

excluded from the union. These workers were known as the non-producersbecause their jobs did not entail physical labor. Factory workers and business menwere known as the producers because their job constructed a physical product.

The working force producers were welcomed into the Order. Women were alsowelcome to join the Knights, as well as black workers by the year 1883.[15]However, Asians were excluded. In November 1885, the Knights of a Washingtoncity pushed to get rid of their Asian population. The knights were strongly for theChinese Exclusion Act of 1882 because it greatly helped them deteriorate the Asiancommunity. The Act required the few non-laborers who sought entry to obtaincertification from the Chinese government that they were qualified to immigrate.But this group found it increasingly difficult to prove that they were not laborersbecause the 1882 act defined excludables as skilled and unskilled laborers andChinese employed in mining. Thus very few Chinese could enter the country underthe 1882 law. [16]

The act also stated that if an Asian left the country, they needed a certificate to re-enter.

Although Asians were not welcomed in the union, black workers who joined theunion brought a large number of blacks into the white labor movement. In 1886, theUnion exceeded 700,000 members, 60,000 of them black. The Knights were toldthat they broke the walls of prejudice; the color line had been broken and blackand white were found working in the same cause. The American Federation of Labor(AFL),founded by Samuel Gompers, was established due to the vexation of manyKnights who parted from the KOL. Many Knights joined the AFL because they setthemselves apart from the KOL. They tried to teach the American wage-earner thathe was a wage-earner first and a bricklayer, carpenter, miner [...] after. This meantthat the Order was teaching something that was not so in the hope that sometime itwould be. But the AFL affiliates organized carpenters as carpenters, bricklayers asbricklayers, and so forth, teaching them all to place their own craft interests beforethose of other workers. [17] The AFL also differed from the KOL because it onlyallowed associations to be formed from workers and workers were the only people

permitted to join them. Unlike the AFL, the knights also allowed small businesses tojoin. A small business is An independently owned and operated business that is notdominant in its field of operation and conforms to standards set by the SmallBusiness Administration or by state law regarding number of employees and yearlyincome called also small business concern.[18] Since the knights allowed an arrayof members into their association, they ended up getting rid of many because theydid not fit the title. However, the AFL was right behind them picking up their pieces.
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This was another way in which the AFL helped to destroy the Knights. Once anassociate was no longer a knight, and they fit the description of an AFL member,they hunted them down and offered them a spot. Many times spots were offered tomen who were still Knights. This allowed the AFL to grow very strong with a diverseset of members.

The diversity in the AFL faltered when many of the black members were excluded.Gompers only wanted skilled workers representing his union and many black peoplewere not considered skilled. The AFL claimed to not exclude the black membersbecause of their race but because they were not qualified for the part. So as longas wages rose, and they did, hours fell, and they did, security increased, and itappeared to, the AFL could grow fat while neglecting millions of laborers doomed tolives of misery and want.[19] Even black workers considered skilled enough to fitthe part were generally excluded from the Union. The AFL conducted literacy testswhich had the effect of excluding immigrants and blacks. Regardless of blackmembers being excluded, the AFL was the most prevalent union federation in

America before the mid 1940s. The union was composed of over 10 millionmembers before it combined with the Congress of Industrial Organization (CIO).

[edit] Congress of Industrial Organizations

Main article: Congress of Industrial Organizations

The CIO was put forth by John L. Lewis when troubles with the AFL persisted, afterthe death of Gompers in 1924. Many members of the union requested that theyswitch the rules which were laid out by Gompers. They wanted to supportinexperienced workmen rather than only focusing on experienced workers of one

occupation. John L. Lewis was the first member of the AFL to act upon this issue in1935. He was the founder of the Committee for the Industrial Organization whichwas an original union branched from the AFL. The Committee for the IndustrialOrganization transformed into the Congress of Industrial Organization. TheCongress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) encompassed the largest sustained surgeof worker organization in American history.[20] In the 1930s, the CIO grabbedmany of their members attention through victorious strikes. In the 1935,employees of Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company formed their own union calledthe United Rubber Workers. The Rubber Workers went on strike in 1936 to protestan increase in product with lower pay wages. There were forty-eight strikes in 1936in which the strikers remained at their jobs for at least one day; in twenty-two ofthese work stoppages, involving 34,565 workers, the strikers stayed inside theplants for more than twenty-four hours.[21] This tactic was called a sit-downstrike which entailed workers to stop doing their job and sit in their place ofemployment. During these strikes, business owners were unable to bring in newworkers to replace the ones who were on strike because they were still in theirseats at the factory. This was unlike any strikes in the past. Before this time,workers showed their fury by leaving their factory and standing in picket lines.
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Walter Reuther was in control of the union at this time and moved forward to higherroles during 1955.

[edit] AFL-CIO

Main article: American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations

On May 5, 1955, labor delegates gathered in NY on behalf of 16 million workers, towitness and support the merger of The American Federation of Labor and TheCongress of Industrial Organization. The merger is a result of 20 years of effort putforth by both the AFL and CIO presidents, George Meany and Walter Reuther. Thegathered delegates applauded loudly when the time came to nominate officers forthe new AFL-CIO. Reuther who was named one of the 37 vice presidents of theunion, nominated Meany for President. After Meanys retirement in 1979, LaneKirkland took over his position. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who was elected in1952, was the first to publicly address and congratulate the new union, which was

now the largest in the world.In Eisenhowers telephone broadcast to the United States he acknowledged theimpact union members had made to better the nation and one of these impacts wasthe development of the American philosophy of labor.[22] Eisenhower statesthree principles which he feels apply to the philosophy of labor. The first principlesstates that: the ultimate values of mankind are spiritual; these values includeliberty, human dignity, opportunity and equal rights and justice.[22] Eisenhowerwas stating that every individual deserves a job with decent compensation,practical hours, and good working conditions that leave them feeling fulfilled. Hissecond principle speaks of the economic interest of the employer and employee

being a mutual prosperity.[22] The employers and employees must work together inorder for there to be the greatest amount of wealth for all. Workers have a right tostrike when they feel their boundaries are being crossed and the best way for theemployer to fix the employees unhappiness is to come to a mutual agreement. Hislast principle which he preached stated: labor relations will be managed best whenworked out in honest negotiation between employers and unions, withoutGovernments unwarranted interference.[22] Eisenhower was saying that whenboth parties cooperate and act in mature fashion, it will be easier to work outsituations and a better outcome will result because of it. Once he was donedelivering the speech, everyone across the U.S. knew of the new AFL-CIO whosemission was to bring social and economic justice to our nation by enabling workingpeople to have a voice on the job, in government, in a changing global economyand in their communities. [23]

This new alliance is made up of 56 nationwide and intercontinental labor unions.The unions which are a part of this alliance are composed of 2.5 million workingAmericans and 8.5 million other affiliated members. These members do not fallunder one job title but they are very diversely spread out among the working area.

Their jobs go from doctors to truck drivers and painters to bankers. The mission of
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these workers and the AFL-CIO is to improve the lives of working familiesto bringeconomic justice to the workplace and social justice to our nation. To accomplishthis mission we will build and change the American labor movement.[24] The AFL-CIO also has many goals which coincide with their mission:

We will build a broad movement of American workers by organizing workers intounions. We will build a strong political voice for workers in our nation. We willchange our unions to provide a new voice to workers in a changing economy. Wewill change our labor movement by creating a new voice for workers in ourcommunities.[24]

The association was willing to go to any extent to help out their employers which iswhy the membership was so high. Members started to slowly disappear after 25successful years of a steady membership. Starting out with 16 million members in1955 and dropping down to 13 million by 1984 is a significant loss. This loss ofmembers is in large part due to the 1957 removal of the Teamsters Union who

were long time members of the AFL. The Teamsters were involved in organizedcrime and manipulating employers with strong force. The Teamsters philosophywas to

Let each member do his duty as he sees fit. Let each put his shoulder to the wheeland work together to bring about better results. Let no member sow seeds ofdiscord within our ranks, and let our enemies see that the Teamsters of this countryare determined to get their just rewards and to make their organization as it shouldbe one of the largest and strongest trade unions in the country now andbeyond."[25]

This philosophy did not work well for Teamster presidents Beck, Hoffa, and Williamswho were all accused of criminal acts and sent to prison. In 1987 the AFL-CIOmembership grew to 14 million members when the Teamsters Union was restoredto the association.

The AFL-CIO also lost many members due to financial struggles in the United States.During the late 20th century the U.S. dollar began to oscillate due to rivalry withforeign countries and their currencies. This affects global trafficking and results in

job loss for American citizens. The issues between the United States and foreigncountries cannot be resolved by Eisenhowers third principle, which entailed honestnegotiations. Consequently, the association has been dynamically supportive in

administration policies which deal with global trafficking, the production of goods,and many other issues, which are optimistic policies that will add to an establishedfinancial system.

The AFL-CIO is now governed by a gathering of delegates who are present on behalfof association members who meet every four years. The delegates who are thespokespeople of the federation members are chosen by union members. While thedelegates vote for new representatives every four years, they also lay down the


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goals and policies for the union. The most recent representatives for theorganization along with 45 vice presidents are President John J. Sweeny, Secretary-treasurer Richard Trumka, and executive vice president Arlene Holt Baker

In the United States there are a total of 15.4 million union members, 11 million of

whom belong to unions affiliated with the AFL-CIO.[26] This number has grownrapidly since the beginning of the union movement because today, all individualswith different occupations are welcomed to join unions. Today's unions includemanufacturing and construction workers, teachers, technicians and doctorsandevery type of worker in between. No matter what you do for a living, there's a unionthat has members who do the same thing.[26] Educating union members aboutissues that shape lives of functioning families on a daily basis is one of the AFL-CIOs policies. They give them confidence to have their voices heard for politicalpurposes. They also prioritize in

creating family-supporting jobs by investing tax dollars in schools, roads, bridges

and airports; improving the lives of workers through education, job training andraising the minimum wage; keeping good jobs at home by reforming trade rules,reindustrializing the U.S. economy and redoubling efforts at worker protections inthe global economy; strengthening Social Security and private pensions; makinghigh-quality, affordable health care available to everyone; and holding corporationsmore accountable for their actions.[26]

The AFL-CIO is very supportive of political issues and they show their concern bygiving out information about existing political issues to families. This information isspread by volunteers and activists and includes where all the candidates stand onthe issues.

[edit] Mexico

Before the 1990s, unions in Mexico have been historically part of a stateinstitutional system. In the 19401980 period, between the end of the Mexicanrevolution in 1940, till the 1980s worldwide spread ofneo-liberalism through theWashington Consensus, the Mexican unions have not operated independently, buthave been instead part of a state institutional system, largely controlled by theruling party.[27]

During this 40 years, the primary aim of the labor unions was not to benefit the

workers, but to carry out the state economic policy, under their cozy relationshipwith the ruling party. This economic policy, which peaked in the 1950-60s with theso called Mexican Miracle, saw rising incomes and rising standards of living, butonly a minor part went to the workers, while the primary beneficiaries had been thewealthy.[27]

When in the 1980s Mexico began to follow Washington Consensus, and sell off stateindustries (railroad, telecommunication) to private industries, the new owners had
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an antagonist attitude towards unions, and the unions, used to the cozy relationshipwith the state, were not prepared to fight back. A movement of new unions beganto emerge, with a more independent model, while the old institutionalized unionshad become very corrupt, violent and gangsterized. From the 1990s the new modelof independent unions prevailed, and a number of them were represented by the

National Union of Workers.[27]

[edit] Australia

A 1919 strike leader addressing a crowd in Gary, Indiana.

Supporters of Unions, such as the ACTU or Australian Labor Party, often credit tradeunions with leading the labor movement in the early 20th century, which generallysought to end child labor practices, improve worker safety, increase wages for bothunion workers and non union workers, raise the entire society's standard of living,reduce the hours in a work week, provide public education for children, and bringother benefits to working class families.[28]

[edit] Structure and politics

Union structures, politics, and legal status vary greatly from country to country. Forspecific country details see List of trade unions.
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A rally of the trade union UNISON in Oxford during a strike on 2006-03-28.

Unions may organize a particular section of skilled workers (craft unionism), a cross-section of workers from various trades (general unionism), or attempt to organizeall workers within a particular industry (industrial unionism). These unions are often

divided into "locals", and united in national federations. These federationsthemselves will affiliate with Internationals, such as the International Trade UnionConfederation.

A union may acquire the status of a "juristic person" (an artificial legal entity), witha mandate to negotiate with employers for the workers it represents. In such cases,unions have certain legal rights, most importantly the right to engage in collectivebargaining with the employer (or employers) over wages, working hours, and otherterms and conditions of employment. The inability of the parties to reach anagreement may lead to industrial action, culminating in either strike action ormanagement lockout, or binding arbitration. In extreme cases, violent or illegal

activities may develop around these events.

In other circumstances, unions may not have the legal right to represent workers, orthe right may be in question. This lack of status can range from non-recognition of aunion to political or criminal prosecution of union activists and members, with manycases of violence and deaths having been recorded both historically andcontemporarily.[29] [30]

Unions may also engage in broader political or social struggle. Social Unionismencompasses many unions that use their organizational strength to advocate forsocial policies and legislation favorable to their members or to workers in general.

As well, unions in some countries are closely aligned with political parties.

Unions are also delineated by the service model and the organizing model. Theservice model union focuses more on maintaining worker rights, providing services,and resolving disputes. Alternately, the organizing model typically involves full-timeunion organizers, who work by building up confidence, strong networks, and leaderswithin the workforce; and confrontational campaigns involving large numbers ofunion members. Many unions are a blend of these two philosophies, and thedefinitions of the models themselves are still debated.

Although their political structure and autonomy varies widely, union leaderships are

usually formed through democratic elections.Some research, such as that conducted by the ACIRRT,[31] argues that unionizedworkers enjoy better conditions and wages than those who are not unionized.

In Britain, the perceived left-leaning nature of trade unions has resulted in theformation of a reactionary right-wing trade union called Solidarity which issupported by the far-right BNP.
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[edit] Shop types

Companies that employ workers with a union generally operate on one of severalmodels:

A closed shop (US) or a "pre-entry closed shop" (UK) employs only people who are

already union members. The compulsory hiring hall is an example of a closedshop in this case the employer must recruit directly from the union, as well as theemployee working strictly for unionized employers.

A union shop (US) or a "post-entry closed shop" (UK) employs non-union workers aswell, but sets a time limit within which new employees must join a union.

An agency shop requires non-union workers to pay a fee to the union for its servicesin negotiating their contract. This is sometimes called the Rand formula. In certainsituations involving state public employees in the United States, such as California,"fair share laws" make it easy to require these sorts of payments.

An open shop does not require union membership in employing or keeping workers.Where a union is active, workers who do not contribute to a union still benefit fromthe collective bargaining process. In the United States, state level right-to-work lawsmandate the open shop in some states.

[edit] Diversity of international unions

Labor law varies from country to country, as does the function of unions. Forexample, in Germany only open shops are legal; that is, all discrimination based onunion membership is forbidden. This affects the function and services of the union.

In addition, German unions have played a greater role in management decisionsthrough participation in corporate boards and co-determination than have unions inthe United States. (newsletter/files/BTS012EN_12-15.pdf).

In Britain, a series of laws introduced during the 1980s by Margaret Thatcher'sgovernment restricted closed and union shops. All agreements requiring a worker to

join a union are now illegal. In the United States, theTaft-Hartley Act of 1947outlawed the closed shop, but permitted the union shop unless the stategovernment chose to prohibit it.

In addition, unions' relations with political parties vary. In many countries unions are

tightly bonded, or even share leadership, with a political party intended to representthe interests of working people. Typically this is a left-wing, socialist, or socialdemocratic party, but many exceptions exist. In the United States, by contrast,although it is historically aligned with the Democratic Party, the labor movement isby no means monolithic on that point; this is especially true among the individual"rank and file" members. For example, the International Brotherhood of Teamstershas supported Republican Party candidates on a number of occasions and theProfessional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO) endorsed Ronald Reagan in
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1980. (However, when PATCO went on strike in violation of their "no strike"contract, President Reagan ordered them back to work. Those who didn't return tothe job were fired and replaced, effectively destroying PATCO.) In Britain the labormovement's relationship with the Labour Party is fraying as party leadershipembarks on privatization plans at odds with what unions see as the worker's

interests. On top of this in the past there as been a group known as theConservative Trade Unionists or CTU. A group formed of people who sympathizedwith right wing Tory policy but were Trade Unionists.

In Western Europe, professional associations often carry out the functions of a tradeunion. In these cases, they may be negotiating for white-collar workers, such asphysicians, engineers, or teachers. Typically such trade unions refrain from politicsor pursue a more ordoliberal politics than their blue-collar counterparts[citationneeded].

In Germany the relation between individual employees and employers is considered

to be asymmetrical. In consequence, many working conditions are not negotiabledue to a strong legal protection of individuals. However, the German flavor or workslegislation has as its main objective to create a balance of power betweenemployees organized in unions and employers organized in employers associations.

This allows much wider legal boundaries for collective bargaining, compared to thenarrow boundaries for individual negotiations. As a condition to obtain the legalstatus of a trade union, employee associations need to prove that their leverage isstrong enough to serve as a counterforce in negotiations with employers. If such anemployees association is competing against another union, its leverage may bequestioned by unions and then evaluated in a court trial. In Germany only very fewprofessional associations obtained the right to negotiate salaries and workingconditions for their members, notably the medical doctors association MarburgerBund and the pilots association Vereinigung Cockpit. The engineers associationVerein Deutscher Ingenieure does not strive to act as a union, as it also representsthe interests of engineering businesses.

Finally, the structure of employment laws affects unions' roles and how they carryout their business. In many western European countries wages and benefits arelargely set by governmental action. The United States takes a more laissez-faireapproach, setting some minimum standards but leaving most workers' wages andbenefits to collective bargaining and market forces. Historically, the Republic of

Korea has regulated collective bargaining by requiring employers to participate butcollective bargaining has been legal only if held in sessions before the lunar newyear. In totalitarian regimes such as Nazi Germany, Trade Unions were outlawed. Inthe Soviet Union and China, unions have typically been de facto governmentagencies devoted to smooth and efficient operation of government enterprises.

[edit] Criticism
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Many union members were illegally fired during the 80s in the United States due togovernment opposition to unions.[32]

Main article: Opposition to trade unions

Trade unions have been accused of benefiting insider workers, those having securejobs, at the cost of outsider workers, consumers of the goods or services produced,and the shareholders of the unionized business.[33]

In the United States, the outsourcing of labor to Asia, Latin America, and Africa hasbeen partially driven by increasing costs of union partnership, which gives othercountries a comparative advantage in labor, making it more efficient to performlabor-intensive work there.[34]Milton Friedman, Nobeleconomist an advocate oflaissez-fairecapitalism sought to show that unionization produces higher wages (forthe union members) at the expense of fewer jobs, and that, if some industries areunionized while others are not, wages will tend to decline in non-unionizedindustries.[35]

Trade unions have been said to have ineffective policies on racism and sexism, suchthat a union is justified in not supporting a member taking action against anothermember. This was demonstrated by the 1987 judgment in the Weaver v NATFHEcase in the UK, in which a black, Muslim woman brought a complaint of workplace,racist harassment against a co-trade unionist. The court found that the union, had itoffered assistance to the plaintiff, would be in violation of its duty to protect thetenure of the accused member, and this judgment remains the precedent for casesin which union members who make complaints to the employer of racist or sexist

harassment against member(s) of the same union cannot obtain union advice orassistance; this applies irrespective of the merit of the complaint.[36]

[edit] Worldwide Union and by Region and Country

[edit] Worldwide and International Cooperation

The largest organization in the world is the Brussels-based International TradeUnion Confederation, which today has approximately 309 affiliated organizations in
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156 countries and territories, with a combined membership of 166 million. Otherglobal trade union organizations include the World Federation of Trade Unions.

National and regional trade unions organizing in specific industry sectors oroccupational groups also form global union federations, such as Union Network

International, the International Federation of Journalists or the International Arts andEntertainment Alliance.

[show]v d e

Trade unions in Africa

Sovereignstates

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of theCongo Cte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) Djibouti Egypt1

Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda So Tom and Prncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo

Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe

States withlimited

recognition

Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland

Dependencies,autonomies,otherterritories

Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla / Plazas de soberana (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Runion (France) Puntland(Somalia) Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha(United Kingdom) Southern Sudan (Sudan) Western Sahara Zanzibar (Tanzania)

1Transcontinental country.

[show]v d e

Trade unions in Asia

Sovereign Afghanistan Armenia1 Azerbaijan1 Bahrain Bangladesh
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_union_federationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Network_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Network_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Journalistshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Arts_and_Entertainment_Alliance&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Arts_and_Entertainment_Alliance&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Africa_topichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Africa_topic&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Algeriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Angolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Beninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Botswanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Burkina_Fasohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Burundi&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Cameroon&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Cape_Verde&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_Central_African_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Comoros&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Djibouti&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Equatorial_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Eritrea&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Ethiopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Gabon&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_The_Gambia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Ghanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Guineahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Guinea-Bissau&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Kenya&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Lesotho&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Liberia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Libya&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Madagascar&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Malawi&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Mauritania&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Mauritius&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Namibia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Nigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Nigeria&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Rwanda&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Senegalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Sierra_Leone&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Somalia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Swaziland&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Tanzaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Tunisia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Uganda&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Zambia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Zimbabwe&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Somaliland&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_R%C3%A9union&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Puntland&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Southern_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Western_Sahara&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Zanzibar&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_spanning_more_than_one_continenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Asia_topichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Asia_topic&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Armeniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Azerbaijanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_union_federationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Network_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Network_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Journalistshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Arts_and_Entertainment_Alliance&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Arts_and_Entertainment_Alliance&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Africa_topichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Africa_topic&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Algeriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Angolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Beninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Botswanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Burkina_Fasohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Burundi&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Cameroon&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Cape_Verde&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_Central_African_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Comoros&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Djibouti&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Equatorial_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Eritrea&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Ethiopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Gabon&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_The_Gambia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Ghanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Guineahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Guinea-Bissau&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Kenya&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Lesotho&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Liberia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Libya&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Madagascar&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Malawi&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Mauritania&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Mauritius&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Namibia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Nigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Nigeria&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Rwanda&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Senegalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Sierra_Leone&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Somalia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Swaziland&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Tanzaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Tunisia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Uganda&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Zambia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Zimbabwe&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Somaliland&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_R%C3%A9union&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Puntland&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Southern_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Western_Sahara&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Zanzibar&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_spanning_more_than_one_continenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Asia_topichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Asia_topic&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Armeniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Azerbaijanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&redlink=1


18/34

states

Bhutan Brunei Burma2 Cambodia People's Republic ofChina Cyprus1 East Timor3 Egypt4 Georgia4 India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan4 North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia4 Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey4

Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen

States withlimitedrecognition

Abkhazia1 Nagorno-Karabakh Northern Cyprus Palestine Republic of China5 South Ossetia1

Dependencies,autonomies,otherterritories

Aceh Adjara1 Akrotiri and Dhekelia Altai British IndianOcean Territory Buryatia Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling)Islands Guangxi Hong Kong Inner Mongolia Iraqi Kurdistan Khakassia Macau Nakhchivan Ningxia Papua SakhaRepublic Tibet Tuva West Papua Xinjiang

1 Sometimes included in Europe, depending on the border definitions. 2 Officiallyknown as Myanmar. 3 Sometimes included in Oceania, and also known asTimor-Leste. 4Transcontinental country. 5 Commonly known asTaiwan.

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Trade unions in the Caribbean

Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Barbados British VirginIslands Cayman Islands Cuba Curaao Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Guadeloupe Haiti Jamaica Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico St.Barthlemy St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Maarten St. Martin St. Vincentand the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands U.S. VirginIslands

Belize Bermuda Colombia Costa Rica French Guiana Guatemala Guyana Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Suriname Venezuela

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