ANSANS -- 1818 11

Traditional AquacultureTraditional Aquaculture

Prehistoric origins of both agriculturePrehistoric origins of both agricultureand aquaculture as craftsand aquaculture as crafts

•• Oxbow lakesOxbow lakes–– Neolithic hunterNeolithic hunter--gatherers in the Nilegatherers in the Nile ––

seasonal collection of catfish from oxbowseasonal collection of catfish from oxbowlakeslakes

•• Egyptian basEgyptian bas--relief in one of the pharaoh tombsrelief in one of the pharaoh tombsshows tilapia being removed from a pondshows tilapia being removed from a pond ––religious connotation?religious connotation?

ANSANS -- 1818 22

Traditional Aquaculture

Prehistoric origins of both terracultue andaquaculture as crafts

• Neolithic hunter-gatherers in the Nile – seasonalcollection of catfish from oxbow lakes

• South America – Landscape fisheries in theBolivian Amazon http://www.http://www.sassas..upennupenn..eduedu/~/~cericksocerickso/applied2.html/applied2.html

click onclick on -- AN ARTIFICIAL LANDSCAPE SCALE FISHERY IN THE BOLIVIAN AMAZONAN ARTIFICIAL LANDSCAPE SCALE FISHERY IN THE BOLIVIAN AMAZON

• Egyptian bas-relief in one of the pharaoh’s tombs(2,500 B.C.) tilapia being removed from a pondreligious connotation?

• Hawaiian fish ponds

• Stew ponds in Europe

ANSANS -- 1818 33

Traditional Aquaculture (cont.)Traditional Aquaculture (cont.)

Prehistoric origins of bothPrehistoric origins of bothagriculture and aquaculture asagriculture and aquaculture ascraftscrafts

•• ChinaChina–– ““Oracle bonesOracle bones”” before invention ofbefore invention of

paper ~ 4000 years agopaper ~ 4000 years ago–– Fan Lee 475 B.C. first aquaculture textFan Lee 475 B.C. first aquaculture text–– China continuous its tradition ofChina continuous its tradition of

freshwater aquaculture to this dayfreshwater aquaculture to this day

ANSANS -- 1818 44

Aquatic Food ChainsAquatic Food Chains

Traditional Aquaculture

10 – 20 microns

0.5 – 5 mm

ANSANS -- 1818 55

Herbivorous Fish = Filter FeedersHerbivorous Fish = Filter Feederssilver carpsilver carp

ANSANS -- 1818 66

Omnivorous fishOmnivorous fish -- common carpcommon carp

ANSANS -- 1818 77

The HistoryThe Historyofof

AquacultureAquaculture

ANSANS -- 1818 88

Carp AquacultureCarp Aquaculture

Carp

30%

Other fish

19%Mollusk

22%

Crustaceans

6%

Seaweeds

23%Carp 61% of fish

(39% animalaquaculture)

TOTAL AQUACULTURE

Total fish = 49%

ANSANS -- 1818 99

KoiKoi •• KoiKoi (domestic carp) is the(domestic carp) is themost popular fish in Japanmost popular fish in Japanbecause of its gorgeous,because of its gorgeous,magnificent, and colorfulmagnificent, and colorfulstyle. In Japanese culture,style. In Japanese culture,thethe KoiKoi representsrepresentsstrength, courage andstrength, courage andsuccess in life.success in life.

•• On Children's Day in May,On Children's Day in May,Carp windsocks are flownCarp windsocks are flownfrom each home. This isfrom each home. This isthe parents wishingthe parents wishingsuccess for their children'ssuccess for their children'slives in the future.lives in the future.

ANSANS -- 1818 1010

KoiKoi

•• Grand ChampionGrand ChampionKohakuKohaku, 22nd &, 22nd &24th All Japan24th All JapanShow, presently inShow, presently inservice as aservice as a ““studstud””at Sakai Fish Farmsat Sakai Fish Farmsin Hiroshimain Hiroshima

ANSANS -- 1818 1111

Common carp =Common carp = Cyprinus carpioCyprinus carpio

•• Temperature optimum; 20Temperature optimum; 20 -- 3333ooC and willC and willsurvive down to 4survive down to 4ooCC

•• While carp will tolerate low oxygen levels,While carp will tolerate low oxygen levels,optimum growth is achieved is > 3optimum growth is achieved is > 3 ppmppmOO22. Algal crashes and resulting complete. Algal crashes and resulting completeoxygen depuration are a common cause ofoxygen depuration are a common cause ofcarp mortalities.carp mortalities.

ANSANS -- 1818 1212

Carp reproductionCarp reproduction

•• Collection of eggsCollection of eggs

•• Natural spawningNatural spawning

•• DubischDubisch methodmethod -- small (120small (120 -- 300 m2)300 m2)shallow (30shallow (30 -- 60 cm deep) kept grass60 cm deep) kept grass--covered and dry when not used.covered and dry when not used.Temperature warms to 18Temperature warms to 18 -- 20oC; ponds20oC; pondsare flooded 25are flooded 25 -- 30 cm deep;30 cm deep; spawnersspawnersstocked, 2stocked, 2 -- 3 females and 43 females and 4 -- 5 males;5 males;spawning occurs within 1spawning occurs within 1 -- 2 days.2 days.

•• Dry striping ofDry striping of spawnersspawners --

ANSANS -- 1818 1313

Pineal glandDaylight/temp

Pituitary gland

Gonadotropinhormones

Ovary

1960’s

or

human chorionicgonadotrophin

ANSANS -- 1818 1414

Spawning maturation in carpSpawning maturation in carp

•• HormoneHormone--treatmenttreatment

–– Original method, females sutured; 3.5Original method, females sutured; 3.5 -- 4.04.0mg dry pituitary/per kilogram of fish into themg dry pituitary/per kilogram of fish into themuscle on the back (2 X)muscle on the back (2 X)

–– Presently hormone injections are usedPresently hormone injections are used

•• 2222 -- 2424 ooCC the ripening process isthe ripening process iscomplete in 11complete in 11 -- 12 hours after the second12 hours after the secondtreatment.treatment.

ANSANS -- 1818 1515

FertilizationFertilization•• FertilizationFertilization -- ~ 1 part sperm:100 parts~ 1 part sperm:100 parts

eggseggs

•• Urea 0.3% plus sodium chloride 0.4% isUrea 0.3% plus sodium chloride 0.4% isused as a saline solution for multipleused as a saline solution for multiplewashes, 1 part solution:10 parts fertilizedwashes, 1 part solution:10 parts fertilizedeggs, over a period of 1.5 hours toeggs, over a period of 1.5 hours toremove the "stickiness" from eggs. A finalremove the "stickiness" from eggs. A finalrinse uses tannin to complete the "derinse uses tannin to complete the "de--sticking" process.sticking" process.

ANSANS -- 1818 1616

Larval rearingLarval rearing

•• Egg IncubationEgg Incubation --Upwelling jars.Upwelling jars.

33 -- 3.5 days at 243.5 days at 24ooC.C.

•• Larval rearingLarval rearing --Upwelling tanks (200Upwelling tanks (200l) 3l) 3 -- 4 days at 204 days at 20 --2424ooC; inflation of airC; inflation of airbladder andbladder andswimmingswimmingcommences.commences.

ANSANS -- 1818 1717

Fry rearing = small ponds ~ 0.1 haFry rearing = small ponds ~ 0.1 ha

•• Predator removalPredator removal

–– QuicklimeQuicklime

–– CaOCaO + H2O+ H2O Ca (OH) phCa (OH) ph > 11> 11

–– BleachBleach

–– TeaseedTeaseed cakecake –– saponinsaponin (hemolytic toxin)(hemolytic toxin)

•• Ponds fertilizedPonds fertilized -- 2 weeks preparation2 weeks preparation

combination organic and inorganiccombination organic and inorganic fertfert..

nitrogen/phosphorus ratio = 3:1 to 6:1nitrogen/phosphorus ratio = 3:1 to 6:1

•• stocked at 200stocked at 200 -- 400 larvae/m2; 30 days400 larvae/m2; 30 daysto fingerling size.to fingerling size.

ANSANS -- 1818 1818

Intensification of carp monocultureIntensification of carp monoculture

•• Natural productionNatural production -- 150150 -- 300 kg/ha/yr300 kg/ha/yr

•• FertilizationFertilization -- 500500 -- 800 kg/ha/yr800 kg/ha/yr

•• Supplementary feedingSupplementary feeding -- 11 -- 44 mtmt/ha/yr/ha/yr

(soaked grains)(soaked grains)

•• Complete feedsComplete feeds -- 55 -- 1010 mtmt/ha/yr/ha/yr

•• Complete feeds + aeratorsComplete feeds + aerators -- 2020 -- 3030 mtmt/ha/yr/ha/yr

ANSANS -- 1818 1919

POLYCULTUREPOLYCULTURE –– Tang dynasty (618Tang dynasty (618--907 A.D.)907 A.D.)

ANSANS -- 1818 2020

20,593,000 mt (39% of animal aquaculture and

61 % of fish)

Chinese Carp production - 2008

Silver Carp

7%

Grass Carp

9%

Common Carp

6%

Indian Carps

5%

Bighead Carp

5%Other Carps

7%

Other Fish

39%

Mollusks & Crustaceans

35%

ANSANS -- 1818 2121

Grass carp = grassGrass carp = grass ““juicejuice”” carpcarp•• Fry feed on planktonFry feed on plankton

change tochange tovegetation at ~ 6vegetation at ~ 6 ““

•• > 20> 20ooC grass carpC grass carpfeed continuouslyfeed continuouslyeating several timeseating several timestheir body weight intheir body weight inplant material daily.plant material daily.

•• Rapid growth; liveRapid growth; livefor as long as 10 yrs.for as long as 10 yrs.

•• Meat qualityMeat qualitypreferredpreferred

ANSANS -- 1818 2222

Silver carp = phytoplanktonSilver carp = phytoplankton

ANSANS -- 1818 2323

Bighead carpBighead carpfeed onfeed onphytoplanktonphytoplanktonand zooplanktonand zooplanktonand/or pellets;and/or pellets;fourth mostfourth mostimportant carpimportant carpspeciesspecies

ANSANS -- 1818 2424

Black carp feeds onBlack carp feeds on molluscsmolluscs

ANSANS -- 1818 2525

Grass carp modelGrass carp model -- ~ 9000 kg/ha~ 9000 kg/ha

SpeciesSpecies StockingStocking##

SurvivalSurvival

%%

Net yieldNet yield

(kg/ha)(kg/ha)

Grass carpGrass carp 7,5007,500 ~ 90*~ 90* 5,0005,000

Silver carpSilver carp 6,7006,700 ~ 90*~ 90* 2,0002,000

Bighead carpBighead carp 1,8001,800 ~ 90~ 90 700700

Common carpCommon carp 3,7003,700 ~ 90~ 90 1,0001,000

TilapiaTilapia 3,0003,000 ~ 80~ 80 400400

ANSANS -- 1818 2626

RiceRice--fish aquaculturefish aquaculture

•• AdvantagesAdvantages ––

–– rice production improvedrice production improved

–– additional source of protein and/or revenueadditional source of protein and/or revenue

•• DisadvantagesDisadvantages –––– Not useful with highNot useful with high--yielding, short stem rice varietiesyielding, short stem rice varieties

calling for thin water sheetscalling for thin water sheets

–– Not useful with rice multiple cropping; fish growthNot useful with rice multiple cropping; fish growthlimitedlimited

–– Need to provide refuges during rice field drainageNeed to provide refuges during rice field drainage

–– Limits use of common insecticides and herbicidesLimits use of common insecticides and herbicides

–– fish production food limitedfish production food limited

ANSANS -- 1818 2727

Integrated fish farmingIntegrated fish farmingIntegration with animal husbandryIntegration with animal husbandry

TerracultureTerraculture speciesspecies Fish/yrFish/yr

1 egg1 egg--laying hen/yrlaying hen/yr 2 kg2 kg

1 duck/yr1 duck/yr 3 kg3 kg

1 goose1 goose 4 kg4 kg

1 fattening pig (01 fattening pig (0 –– 8 months old)8 months old) 40 kg40 kg

1 milk cow1 milk cow 450 kg450 kg

ANSANS -- 1818 2828

ANSANS -- 1818 2929

Integrated fish farmingIntegrated fish farming

•• Pig wastePig waste vegetablesvegetables vegetable wastesvegetable wastes fishfish

•• FishFish--sericulturesericulture

Pond siltPond silt mulberry treesmulberry trees silkworm productionsilkworm production silkworm pupaesilkworm pupae fishfish

•• Cow wasteCow waste mushroommushroom earthwormearthworm fishfish

•• ““You name itYou name it””

Multi-level integration