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Urban and Landscape Perspectives
Volume 11
Series Editor
Giovanni Maciocco
Editorial Board
Abdul Khakee, Faculty of Social Sciences, Umeå University
Norman Krumholz, Levin College of Urban Affairs,Cleveland State University, Ohio
Ali Madanipour, School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape,Newcastle University
Frederick Steiner, School of Architecture, University of Texas, Austin
Erik Swyngedouw, School of Environment and Development,University of Manchester
Rui Yang, School of Architecture, Department of Landscape Architecture,Tsinghua University, Peking
For further volumes:http://www.springer.com/series/7906
Editorial Committee
Isabelle DoucetPaola PittalugaSilvia Serreli
Project Assistants
Monica JohanssonLisa Meloni
Aims and Scope
Urban and Landscape Perspectives is a series which aims at nurturing theoretic reflection on thecity and the territory and working out and applying methods and techniques for improving ourphysical and social landscapes.
The main issue in the series is developed around the projectual dimension, with the objectiveof visualising both the city and the territory from a particular viewpoint, which singles out theterritorial dimension as the city’s space of communication and negotiation.
The series will face emerging problems that characterise the dynamics of city development, like thenew, fresh relations between urban societies and physical space, the right to the city, urban equity,the project for the physical city as a means to reveal civitas, signs of new social cohesiveness,the sense of contemporary public space and the sustainability of urban development.
Concerned with advancing theories on the city, the series resolves to welcome articles that featurea pluralism of disciplinary contributions studying formal and informal practices on the project forthe city and seeking conceptual and operative categories capable of understanding and facing theproblems inherent in the profound transformations of contemporary urban landscapes.
Transdisciplinary KnowledgeProduction in Architectureand UrbanismTowards Hybrid Modes of Inquiry
Isabelle Doucet · Nel JanssensEditors
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EditorsIsabelle DoucetSchool of Environment and DevelopmentManchester Architecture Research CentreUniversity of ManchesterHumanities Bridgeford StreetOxford RoadM13 9PL ManchesterUnited [email protected]
Nel JanssensDepartment of Architecture, Sint-LucasPaleizenstraat 65-671030 [email protected]
English language revision by Liam Heaphy (University of Manchester).
ISBN 978-94-007-0103-8 e-ISBN 978-94-007-0104-5DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-0104-5Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York
© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or byany means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without writtenpermission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purposeof being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Cover illustration: Kenny Cupers
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Foreword
In their Editorial Introduction to a special issue of the journal Futures ontransdisciplinarity (TD), Roderick Lawrence and Carole Després (2004) called ita word “à la mode”. Their declaration is all the more striking because the term onlycame into wide use after 1972, in a book containing a typology created for the firstinternational conference on interdisciplinary research and teaching in 1970. TD wasdefined as “a common system of axioms for a set of disciplines”, citing the exam-ple of anthropology conceived as the study of humans (OECD, 1972). Over theensuing decades, interdisciplinarity received more attention. Yet, transdisciplinar-ity began appearing in an increasing variety of areas, including futures research,team-based healthcare, and critical theory in humanities. It was also linked withnew comprehensive paradigms, such as general systems theory, feminist theory, andsociobiology. Additionally, the label appeared on websites associated with areasas diverse as learning assessment, arts education, special education, mental health,rehabilitation, engineering, ecological economics, human population biology, infor-matics, knowledge organisation, and teamwork and collaboration. The connectinglink is an effort to transcend existing disciplinary approaches with new theories,paradigms, or models.
Today, a number of organisations are advancing transdisciplinary approaches.The ideas of Basarab Nicolescu invoked in this book lie at the heart of the Paris-based Centre International de Recherches et Études Transdisciplinaires (CIRET),in a vision of knowledge, education, and culture informed by new worldviewsof complexity in science (http://perso.club-internet.fr/nicol/ciret/). The interna-tional Academy of Transdisciplinary Learning and Advanced Studies (ATLAS)is devoted to advancing TD education and research for sustainable develop-ment and solving complex global problems (http://theatlas.org/). The Scienceof Team Science initiative in the USA, which evolved from an earlier trans-disciplinarity initiative at the National Cancer Institute, is fostering collab-orative modes of research and frameworks for health and well-being. TheSwiss-based Network for Transdisciplinary Research (td-net) fosters researchin partnership with stakeholders in society focused on socially-relevant prob-lems (http://www.transdisciplinarity.ch/e/index.php). Comparably aligned withtrans-sector stakeholder participation, the Australian-based Integration and
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Implementation Sciences (I2S) network is working to create a new discipline pro-viding knowledge, concepts, and methods for conducting research on complex,real-world problems (http://i2 s.anu.edu.au/).
This volume adopts the definition of transdisciplinarity in td-net’s Handbook ofTransdisciplinary Research (Hirsch Hadorn et al., 2008). Its publication is signif-icant in two ways, signalled by the editors in their introduction to the book andindividual chapters. First, it situates TD within the domain of architecture and urban-ism. As interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity proliferated, special journal issuesand books began tracing their genealogies and sorted through theoretical positionsand practices within particular disciplines and professions. Like their counterpartsin architecture and design, they have identified new approaches that challenge olderparadigms of practice and internalist conceptions, enlarging and pluralising the sub-ject. In the case of architecture, the task is doubled, with its dual identity as bothdiscipline and profession. Like their counterparts focused on transdisciplinarity, theyare also seeking to foster greater inclusivity and reflexivity through new modes ofcollaboration and mutual learning.
The second distinguishing contribution the editors highlight is the theme ofhybridisation of knowledge production. Observing the increased number of hybridformations, Dogan and Pahre (1995) proposed a theory of hybridisation. The firststage of the process, they argued, is specialisation, and the second stage is contin-uous reintegration of fragments of specialities across disciplines. Dogan and Pahreidentified two types of hybrids. The first kind becomes institutionalised as a sub-field of a discipline or as a permanent cross-disciplinary committee or program. Thesecond kind remains informal. Hybrids often form in the gaps between subfields.Child development, for example, incorporates developmental psychology, develop-mental physiology, language acquisition, and socialisation. Hybrids may also begetother hybrids. Genetic epistemology is a hybridisation of epistemology and generalpsychology that has fostered new affiliations. Transdisciplinarity has heighted thehybridisation of knowledge by incorporating once excluded forms of knowledge,including the understandings of lay-people. It has also magnified the greater het-erogeneity and relationality of knowledge today, recognising cross-disciplinary andmulti-dimensional formations and affiliations at all levels, from the subdisciplinaryto the meta and the global.
The editors and the authors are emphatic that transdisciplinarity is not a newinstrumentality. It is a new mode of inquiry, practice, and learning that places ethics,aesthetics, and creativity inside, not outside, of disciplinary and professional work.It brings new objects into view, places practices into new configurations, contex-tualises and re-situates theory and learning, and incorporates social, political, andethical questions once deemed beyond the proper sphere of research and education.The boundary work of transdisciplinarity is decidedly plural. It is generative, for-mative, and interrogative, catalysing critique and transformations of our modes ofinquiry, practice, and education.
Wayne State University Julie Thompson KleinDetroit, Michigan
Foreword vii
References
Dogan, M., & Pahre, R. (Eds.). (1990). Creative marginality: Innovation at the intersections ofsocial sciences. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Hirsch Hadorn, G. et al. (Eds.). (2008). Handbook of transdisciplinary research. Heidelberg:Springer.
Lawrence, R., & Després, C. (2004). Futures of transdisciplinarity. In R. J. Lawrence & C. Després(Eds.), Transdisciplinarity in theory and practice. Futures, 36(4 Special issue), 397–405.
OECD (1972). Interdisciplinarity: Problems of teaching and research in universities. Paris:Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
Contributors
Michael BiggsSchool of Creative Arts, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, [email protected] Biggs is Professor of Aesthetics at the School of Creative Arts at the University ofHertfordshire, UK. He is also Visiting Professor in Arts-based Research in Architecture at theUniversity of Lund, Sweden. He was Senior Research Fellow in Philosophy at the University ofBergen, and had a long exhibiting career as a sculptor. He has published extensively on researchin the creative and performing arts, and recently edited The Routledge Companion to Research inthe Arts.
Daniela BüchlerSchool of Creative Arts, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, [email protected] Büchler is Senior Research Fellow at the School of Creative Arts at the University ofHertfordshire working within the Non-traditional Knowledge and Communication project andleader of the Academic Research in Areas of Design Practice network. She is also Visiting ResearchFellow at Mackenzie University, São Paulo, Brazil and Guest Scholar at Lund University, Sweden.Daniela has degrees and professional experience in architecture, urbanism and design.
Carole DesprésÉcole d’architecture, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, [email protected] Després is Professor of architecture at Laval University in Quebec, Canada. She wasthe head of graduate programs in architectural sciences from 1996 to 2006, before taking overthe direction of Laval University multidisciplinary Planning and Development Research Center(CRAD) until 2010. She is the co-founder of the Interdisciplinary Research Group on Suburbs(GIRBa) whose mission is to understand, imagine and act on aging suburbs in relationship withlimited demographic growth, ongoing urban sprawl, car dependency and the necessity of sus-tainable development. Her work favours back and forth between fundamental research, actionresearch, and design, with an interest for processes bridging the gap between knowledge, practiceand decision making.
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Isabelle DoucetSchool of Environment and Development (SED), Manchester ArchitectureResearch Centre (MARC), The University of Manchester, Manchester, [email protected] Doucet is a Lecturer in Architecture and Urbanism at the University of Manchester,School of Environment and Development (SED) and the Manchester Architecture Research Centre(MARC). She received her PhD from the Delft University of Technology, Architecture Theory, withProf. Arie Graafland. Her recent publications include, co-edited with Kenny Cupers, the fourthissue of Footprint Journal, on the theme ‘Agency in Architecture: Reframing Criticality in Theoryand Practice’.
Halina Dunin-WoysethOslo School of Architecture and Design, Oslo, [email protected] Dunin-Woyseth, architect, Professor at Oslo School of Architecture and Design (AHO).Since 1990 the founding head of the School’s Doctoral Programme with over 50 Scandinavian andinternational PhD students. Her professional experience originated in Urban Design and SpatialPlanning, and during the last decade she has focused on issues of knowledge in the design pro-fessions. She has lectured extensively at the doctoral level and has broad research practice fromScandinavia and other countries. She has frequently been commissioned as a research evaluatorby international research councils.
Andrée FortinDépartement de Sociologie, Pavillon Charles-De Koninck, Québec City, QC,[email protected]ée Fortin is professor at the department of sociology at Laval University, and co-founder of theGroupe interdisciplinaire de recherche sur les banlieues (GIRBa). Her work focuses particularlyon cities, culture, and social networks. Her publications include: Passage de la modernité (2006,PUL), Nouveaux territoires de l’art (Éditions Nota bene, 2000), La banlieue revisitée (Nota bene,2002, with Carole Després and Geneviève Vachon), and Espaces et identités en construction (Notabene, 2004, with Duncan Sanderson).
Tony FryDepartment of Design, Queensland College of Art, Griffith University, SouthBrisbane, QLD, [email protected] Fry is Professor, Design Futures Program, Griffith University, Queensland College of Art,a director of sustainability consultancy Team D/E/S, an independent scholar and a contributingeditor of the e-journal Design Philosophy Papers. He leads a Griffith University, AusAID fundedproject to create a college of creative industries in East Timor. Tony lives at Ravensbourne in theranges of South East Queensland, Australia. He is the author of eight books, the most recent –Design as Politics.
Contributors xi
Rolf HughesThe Experience Design Group, Konstfack University College of the Arts, Craftand Design, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Architecture, Sint-Lucas,Brussels, [email protected] Hughes is Professor in Design Theory and Practice-Based Research at Konstfack UniversityCollege of Arts, Crafts and Design (Stockholm), and Senior Professor in Research Designat the Sint-Lucas School of Architecture (Brussels & Ghent, Belgium), where he has helpedcreate a new practice-led Ph.D. programme. Current interests include design thinking, post-disciplinary research, improvisation, and the prose poem. Hughes is a faculty member for both theExperience Design Group (www.designingtime.se) and the Stockholm School of Entrepreneurship(www.sses.se), and is a member of the expert committee for artistic research at Vetenskapsrådet,Sweden’s National Research Council.
Nel JanssensDepartment of Architecture, Sint-Lucas, Brussels, [email protected] Janssens is an architect-spatial planner, teaching at the Sint-Lucas Department of ArchitectureBrussels and Ghent. She worked as an architect at T.O.P.office / Luc Deleu in Antwerp. Currentlyshe is carrying out doctoral research at Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg and theSint-Lucas School of Architecture, Brussels / Ghent. The topic of her thesis is ‘Projective Researchin Urbanism’.
Ronald JonesThe Experience Design Group, Konstfack University College of Art, Craftand Design, Stockholm, [email protected] Jones is Professor of Interdisciplinary Studies at Konstfack and leads The ExperienceDesign Group (www.designingtime.se). He is a guest professor in Experience Design at theNational Institute of Design, Ahmedabad, India. He has served at Art Center College of Design,Columbia University, where he was Professor of Visual Arts, and before joining the faculty atColumbia, Jones was Senior Critic at the School of Art, Yale University. Jones contributes regu-larly to Art Forum and frieze and writes frequently on contemporary art and design for variousinternational publications. A practicing artist Jones has exhibited internationally. His work is inthe permanent collections of the Museum of Modern Art, the Whitney Museum of American Art,the Guggenheim Museum, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Museum of Contemporary Art,Los Angeles, and the Moderna Museet, Stockholm, among others.
Julie Thompson KleinWayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, [email protected] Thompson Klein is Professor of Humanities in the English Department at Wayne StateUniversity. She has also held posts in Japan, New Zealand, and Nepal. Klein received the KennethBoulding Award for outstanding scholarship on interdisciplinarity and the Ramamoorthy and YehTransdisciplinary Distinguished Achievement Award. Her books include Interdisciplinarity (l990),Crossing Boundaries (1996), Mapping Interdisciplinary Studies (1999), Humanities, Culture, and
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Interdisciplinarity (2005), and Creating Interdisciplinary Campus Cultures (2010). Her co/editedbooks include, Interdisciplinary Studies Today (1994), Transdisciplinarity (2001), InterdisciplinaryEducation in K-12 and College (2002), Promoting Interdisciplinary Research (2005), and theOxford Handbook of Interdisciplinarity (2010). Klein was also Senior Fellow at the Association ofAmerican Colleges and Universities.
Fredrik NilssonDepartment of Architecture, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg,[email protected] Nilsson, architect SAR/MSA, Professor of Architectural Theory at Chalmers University ofTechnology, and Partner and Head of Research and Development at White Arkitekter AB, Sweden.He has taught and lectured widely, and has written especially on contemporary architecture,architectural theory and philosophy with a special interest in the interaction between conceptual,theoretical thinking and practical design work. Nilsson is author and editor of several books andfrequently publishes articles, architectural criticism and book reviews.
Tatjana SchneiderSchool of Architecture, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, [email protected] Schneider is a lecturer at the School of Architecture, University of Sheffield, where sheteaches design studio, history and theory. She is currently working on the research project ‘SpatialAgency’ which aims to shift the of focus of architectural discourse from one that is centred aroundthe design (= building) and making (= technology) of buildings to one where architecture is under-stood as a situated and embedded praxis conscious of and working with its social, economic andpolitical context.
Geneviève VachonÉcole d’architecture, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, [email protected]ève Vachon is architect and full professor of urban design and architecture at LavalUniversity in Quebec City, Canada. She is also the head of graduate programs in architectural sci-ences and urban design. She holds a PhD in Urban Studies and Planning from MIT. As co-directorof GIRBa, she contributes in the areas of urban morphology and collaborative design, with specificinterests in sustainable mobility, suburban regeneration, landscape design, and collective housing.She also sits on design review committees. Her recent publications include “Collaborative plan-ning and design for a sustainable neighborhood on Quebec City’s university campus” in UrbanSustainability through Environmental Design (Routledge, 2007).
Albena YanevaSchool of Environment and Development (SED), Manchester ArchitectureResearch Centre (MARC), University of Manchester, Manchester, [email protected] Yaneva is a Senior Lecturer in Architectural Studies at the University of Manchester, TheManchester Architecture Research Centre. She holds a doctoral degree in Sociology from Ecole desMines de Paris. She is the author of the books: The Making of a Building: A Pragmatist Approach toArchitecture, Oxford: Peter Lang (2009) and Made by the Office for Metropolitan Architecture: AnEthnography of Design, Rotterdam: 010 Publishers (2009), and the guest editor of Understanding
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Architecture, Accounting Society, 2008 (a special issue of Science Studies: An InterdisciplinaryJournal for Science and Technology Studies). [She has recently completed a project on the archi-tecture of controversies drawing on the new developments in parametric modeling and sciencestudies mapping: http://www.mappingcontroversies.co.uk/
Contents
1 Editorial: Transdisciplinarity, the Hybridisationof Knowledge Production and Space-Related Research . . . . . . . 1Isabelle Doucet and Nel Janssens
2 Getting over Architecture: Thinking, Surmountingand Redirecting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Tony Fry
3 Implementing Transdisciplinarity: Architecture and UrbanPlanning at Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Carole Després, Geneviève Vachon, and Andrée Fortin
4 MODERN 2.0 – Post-criticality and Transdisciplinarity . . . . . . 51Rolf Hughes and Ronald Jones
5 Transdisciplinarity and New Paradigm Research . . . . . . . . . . 63Michael Biggs and Daniela Büchler
6 Building (Trans)Disciplinary ArchitecturalResearch – Introducing Mode 1 and Mode 2to Design Practitioners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Halina Dunin-Woyseth and Fredrik Nilsson
7 Discard an Axiom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Tatjana Schneider
8 From Reflecting-in-Action Towards Mapping of the Real . . . . . . 117Albena Yaneva
Name Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
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