Transformations Around the Globe

Ch.12

1. Opium Wars

Wars between Britain and China over the Opium trade Frist Opium War 1839-1842 Second Opium War 1856-1860

2. Extraterritorial rights

Rights of foreign residents to follow the laws of their own government rather than that of the host country

3. Taiping Rebellion

Rebellion against the Qing Dynasty in China which lasted from 1850-1864

4. Open Door Policy (1899)

Policy proposed by the United States giving all nations equal opportunities to trade in China

5. Boxer Rebellion (1900)

Rebellion aimed at ending foreign influence in China

6. Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)

Treaty between the U.S. and Japan that opened trade between the two nations

7. Meiji Era (1868-1912)

Period of rule led by Japanese Emperor Mutsuhito

8. Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

War between Russia and Japan that first established the Japanese empire

9. annexation

Adding of territory

10. Monroe Doctrine (1823)

U.S. statement of opposition to European influence in the Americas

11. Jose Marti

Cuban writer in exile in New York who fought for Cuba’s independence from Spain

12. Spanish-American War (1898)

War between Spain and the U.S. over Cuba’s independence

13. Panama Canal

Man-made waterway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans

14. Roosevelt Corollary (1904)

Addition to the Monroe Doctrine that the U.S. had the right to exercise “police power” in the Western Hemisphere.

15. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Leader in Mexico's fight for independence

16. Benito Juarez

Leader of La Reforma President of Mexico

17. La Reforma

Movement in Mexico aimed at achieving land reform, better education, and other goals for the poor

18. Porfirio Diaz

Dictator who came to power after Juarez and held it from 1877 until 1911

19. Francisco Madero

Enemy of Diaz who believed in democracy and overthrew the Diaz government

20. Francisco “Pancho” Villa

Popular leader o the Mexican revolution who also attacked U.S. citizens in Mexico and crossed the border into New Mexico

21. Emiliano Zapata

Leader of a powerful revolutionary army in Mexico against the Carranza government

China Resists Outside InfluenceCh.12 section 1

China and the West Because of pride in their own culture, the Chinese looked down on all

foreigners In 1793, the Chinese agreed to meet with an ambassador from England. However, they were unimpressed with what he had to offer and rejected

their trade offers.

China and the West China was self-sufficient and didn’t need to trade with the western

nations. They had rice, corn, sweet potatoes, and peanuts to feed their large

population. They also had mining and manufacturing industries in salt, tin, silver,

and iron. They also produced high quality cotton, silk, and porcelain.

The Opium War (1839) Western nations were determined to find a product that the Chinese

would buy in large quantities. Though the Chinese already had opium, Europeans started smuggling it

into the country for non-medical use. Opium is a habit forming narcotic made from a poppy plant. By 1835 as many as 12 million Chinese were addicted to smoking

opium.

The Opium War (1839) The Qing emperor wrote a letter to Queen Victoria of England protesting

the trade of opium in China. He argued that since the drug was illegal in England, they should not be

allowed to sell it in China. The Queen never replied and the British refused to stop selling opium.

The Opium War (1839) War broke out in 1839. The war was fought mostly on sea. The Chinese navy was not nearly as advanced as Britain’s so the

Chinese suffered a humiliating defeat. The British won the island of Hong Kong and won the right for their

citizens to not have to follow Chinese law.

Taiping Rebellion During the 1830s, Hong Xiuquan began recruiting followers to help build

a “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace” Taiping = “great peace” in Chinese His idea was that all would share in China’s wealth and no one would

live in poverty.

Taiping RebellionBy 1864, Hong controlled a vast area in southern China.Chinese imperial troops, British, and French all fought against and defeated Hong’s forces.As many as 20 million died in the rebellion.

Boxer Rebellion Poor peasants and workers in China resented the special privileges given

to foreigners. They hated Chinese Christians for adopting a foreign faith. The peasants and workers formed a secret organization called the

Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists. (Boxers)

Boxer Rebellion In 1900, Boxers marched on Beijing and surrounded the European

section of the city. They kept the city under siege until August when 19k foreign troops

defeated them. Even though the rebellion failed, the Chinese people recognized that

they somehow needed to rid their country of foreign influence.

Beginnings of Reform In 1905, members of the royal court took a world tour to study different

governments. They recommended that China restructure its government. The changes were slow and China continued to experience civil unrest

for the next four decades.

MODERNIZATION IN JAPAN

Ch.12 Section 2

Japan Ends its Isolation Like China, the Japanese were isolated and resisted foreign contact and

trade. In 1853, U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry sailed four ships into Tokyo

Harbor. These large steamships and their guns shocked and impressed the

Japanese.

The U.S. Opens Japan Perry carried a letter from President Millard Fillmore asking the Japanese

to open their ports. In 1854, Japan opened two ports to U.S. ships with the Treaty of

Kanagawa. Soon other powers traded with Japan and even had extraterritorial

rights.

• Commodore Matthew Perry

• Emperor Mutsuhito

Meiji Reform and Modernization In 1867 Emperor Mutsuhito took power. He chose the name Meiji for his reign, which means “enlightened rule” He felt the best way to counter Western influence was to modernize. Mutsuhito adopted what he felt were the best parts of Western

civilization. Japan also industrialized and became competitive with Western nations.

Imperial Japan As Japan gained military, political, and economic strength, it sought to

eliminate extraterritorial rights for foreigners. In 1894, the foreign powers had their extraterritorial rights abolished. The Japanese assured them that their citizens would be treated fairly.

Japan Attacks China Both China and Japan considered Korea an important trading partner. In 1885, both countries signed an agreement to not send their armies

into Korea. In June 1894, rebellions broke out in Korea and the Korean king asked

the Chinese for help.

Sino-Japanese War Japan, feeling its interests were threatened, sent troops to go fight the

Chinese. Japan destroyed the Chinese navy in just a few months. In 1895, Japan and China signed a peace treaty.

Japan gained territory in Manchuria from the Chinese and the Pescadores Islands.

Russo-Japanese War After Japan’s victory over China, Japan and Russia emerged as the

powers in East Asia. In 1903, Japan offered to recognize Russia’s rights in Manchuria if Russia

agreed to stay out of Korea. Russia refused and in 1904 the Japanese launched a surprise attack on

the Russian navy.

Russo-Japanese War Japan destroyed both Russia’s Pacific fleet and its Baltic fleet. Japanese troops also forced the Russians out of Korea and Manchuria. Their 1905 peace treaty gave all the captured territory to Japan.

Japanese Occupation of Korea In 1905, Japan made Korea a protectorate. In 1907, Japan officially annexed Korea. The Japanese were harsh rulers. Korean newspapers were shut down and their schools were taken over. Study of the Korean language and history was replaced with study of

Japanese subjects.

U.S. Economic Imperialism

Ch.12 Section 3

Colonial Legacy in Latin America Pre and post-independence Latin America operated under a system

called peonage. Under this system, wealthy landowners paid their workers in vouchers

which were only good at the landowners stores. Wages remained low and prices for goods high so many workers went

into debt and stayed there.

Post Independence LA Newly formed governments confiscated lands from natives and the

Catholic Church. To raise money, they sold these lands to the only people who could

afford them; the already wealthy landowners.

Political Instability After independence many military dictators (caudillos) ruled these new

countries unopposed. They were backed by the military and supported by landowners who

feared losing their wealth and status.

Latin American Economies Dependent on one or two products, LA was dependent upon Europe and

the U.S. to import manufactured goods into their countries. With the invention of steamships, railroads, and refrigeration, LA, began

to export more. LA also used little of their export money to build roads, schools, or

hospitals. They didn’t fund anything that would make them self-sufficient. Instead, they received high percentage loans from Euro and the U.S.

The Monroe Doctrine In 1823 U.S. President James

Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine

It states that “the American continents…are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.”

Cuba Declares Independence Cuba first declared independence in 1868 and fought a ten-year war,

which they lost. In 1895, Cuban writer Jose Marti, returned to Cuba to launch a second

war. Because of economic interests and Spanish brutality, the Americans

joined the war on the Cuban’s side in 1898. The Spanish-American War lasted about four months.

The Spanish-American War The U.S. launched its first attack on the Philippine Islands. The Spanish were not prepared to fight a two front war and quickly lost. Spain lost the last of its colonies to the U.S. (Puerto Rico, Guam, and the

Philippines) In 1901, Cuba became independent, but was still under control of a U.S.

military government.

The Panama Canal The U.S. became interested in building a canal b/c the cost of traveling

from coast to coast was too expensive. President Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) offered Colombia $10 million

to build a canal in Panama. Colombia demanded more money so the U.S. responded by encouraging

a revolution in Panama.

The Panama Canal In 1903, with help from the U.S. Navy, Panama won its independence. Construction lasted from 1904 to 1914 and the canal quickly became a

crossroads for world trade.

The Roosevelt Corollary To protect its economic interests in Central and South America, President

Roosevelt issued an extension (corollary) to the Monroe Doctrine. The Roosevelt Corollary gave the U.S. the right to be “an international

police power” in the Western Hemisphere.

TURMOIL AND CHANGE IN MEXICO

Section 4

Mexico’s Post-Colonial Problems Mexico experienced the long-term political instability as other former

Spanish colonies. They also had to deal with an emerging power in the United States,

which wanted to expand its territory from coast to coast. All over Latin America, the U.S. was known as the “Colossus of the

North”

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Fought against the Spanish for Mexican

independence in 1821 and again in 1829 when they tried to retake Mexico.

In 1833, he became Mexico’s president and one of the most powerful caudillos in Latin America .

Between 1833 and 1855 he was president four times.

The Texas Revolt In the 1820s Mexico encouraged American

citizens to move to Mexico to populate the country.

Tension mounted between the Anglo population and the Mexicans on several issues, including slavery and religion.

The Mexicans wouldn’t give the Texans more self-government.

Stephen Austin encouraged a revolt against Mexico in 1835.

Texas gets Independence Santa Anna won a few early battles including a

bitter one at the Alamo in San Antonio. His troops were defeated and he was captured. Texas leader Sam Houston let Santa Anna go if he

recognized Texan independence. Santa Anna returned to Mexico in 1836 and was

ousted from power.

Republic of Texas

The Fall of Santa Anna The U.S. annexed Texas in 1845 and Mexico considered it an act of

aggression. In a dispute over the border, the U.S. invaded and defeated Mexico in

two years. In the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo the U.S. gained the upper 1/3 Mexico. Santa Anna went into exile in 1855 for 20 years and returned to Mexico

forgotten.

Benito Juarez Ancestry and racial background were important

elements of political power in Mexico. Benito Juarez was a native Indian. He received a law degree in 1831 and opened a

law office in Oaxaca. Juarez quickly gained a reputation for honesty,

integrity, hard work, and good judgment.

La Reforma

In 1848, Juarez started a political movement called La Reforma. Its goals were redistribution of land, separation of church and state, and

increased educational opportunities for the poor. After a period of exile and civil war, Juarez was elected president of

Mexico in 1861.

Porfirio Diaz: “Order and Progress” Diaz became popular as a general during the civil war and the fight

against French occupation. He became a powerful caudillo who offered land, power, or political

favors to anyone who supported him. Those who refused to support him were beaten or put in jail.

Porfirio Diaz: “Order and Progress”

Using his harsh methods he stayed in power from 1876 to 1911, and oversaw a period of stability and progress.

However, landowners continued to gain more wealth and the poor grew poorer.

Porfirio Diaz