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Managed by UT-Battellefor the Department of Energy
Transformative Research Opportunities in Energy Technology
Presented toSymposium on Critical National Needs
in New Technologies
Board on Science, Technology,and Economic Policy
The National Academies
James B. RobertoDeputy for Science and Technology
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Washington, D.C.April 24, 2008
2 Managed by UT-Battellefor the Department of Energy
Outline
• The energy challenge• Energy R&D at ORNL• Grand challenges in energy technology• Transformative research impacts
3 Managed by UT-Battellefor the Department of Energy
Energy is the defining challenge of our time
• The major driver for– Climate change– National security– Economic competitiveness– Quality of life
• Incremental changes to existing technologies cannot meet this challenge – Transformational advances
in energy technologiesare needed
3 Managed by UT-Battellefor the Department of Energy
Global energy consumptionwill increase 50% by 2030
4 Managed by UT-Battellefor the Department of Energy
World energy consumption is projected to increase 50% by 2030
Source: International Energy Outlook 2007, DOE/EIA-0484(2007), Energy Information Administration, May 2007
308.6 347.3 365.6 399.6 446.7 511.1 559.4 607 653.6 701.6
1985 1990 1995 2000 2004 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Qua
drill
ion
Btu
4 Managed by UT-Battellefor the Department of Energy
5 Managed by UT-Battellefor the Department of Energy
United StatesAustralia
IrelandUnited Kingdom
Russia(1992–2005)
MalaysiaChina
IndiaBrazil
Mexico
Greece
FranceJapan
South Korea
Thailand
Emissions and energy (1980–2005)
Today’s technology
New scienceand technology
Technologyimprovement
Courtesy of DOE Energy Information Administration
6 Managed by UT-Battellefor the Department of Energy
Fossil fuels provide most of the nation’s energyTotal U.S. energy consumption, 2006 ~100 quadsNonfossil sources ~15 quads
Source: Annual Energy Review 2006, Energy Information Administration
Quadrillion Btu
Solar, 0.07
Wind, 0.258
Geothermal,0.349
Hydroelectric,2.889
Biomass,3.227
Coal,23%
Nuclearelectric power, 8%
Natural gas,22%
Renewable energy, 7%
Crude oil, 40%
7 Managed by UT-Battellefor the Department of Energy
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100
CO2
emiss
ions
(GtC
y-1)
5
10
15
20
25
30Actual emissions: CDIAC450ppm stabilisation650ppm stabilisationA1FI A1B A1T A2 B1 B2
Human activity is affecting global climate
Raupach et al., PNAS 104, 10288 (2007)
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
6
7
8
9
10Actual emissions: CDIACActual emissions: EIA450ppm stabilisation650ppm stabilisationA1FI A1B A1T A2 B1 B2
CO2
emiss
ions
(GtC
y-1)
• Growth rate of atmospheric CO2 is increasing rapidly– 1990s: 1.3% per year – 2000–2006: 3.3% per year
• Three processes are contributing to this increase: – Growth in world economy– Increase in carbon intensity– Decline in efficiency
of CO2 sinks on landand in oceans
• Climate forcingis both strongerand soonerthan expected
8 Managed by UT-Battellefor the Department of Energy
Meeting the energy challenge: DOE perspective
Energy diversity Increase our energy optionsand reduce dependence on oil
Environmental impacts of energy
Improve environmental qualityby reducing greenhouse gasemissions and environmentalimpacts to land, water, and airfrom energy production and use
Energy infrastructure
Create a more flexible, morereliable, and higher capacityU.S. energy infrastructure
Energy productivityCost-effectively improvethe energy efficiencyof the U.S. economy
We need transformational discoveries and truly disruptive technologies
9 Managed by UT-Battellefor the Department of Energy
• World’s most powerful complex for open scientific computing
• Nation’s largest concentrationof open source materials research
ORNL is DOE’s largest scienceand energy laboratoryORNL is DOE’s largest scienceand energy laboratory
• $1.1B budget• 4,200 employees• 3,900 research
guests annually• $350 million invested
in modernization
• Nation’s most diverse energy portfolio
• Bringing the $1.4B Spallation Neutron Source into operation
• Managing the billion-dollar U.S. ITER project
10 Managed by UT-Battellefor the Department of Energy
Addressing the energy challenges of today . . . and tomorrowFusion and fission Energy efficiencyBiofuels• Managing the
billion-dollarU.S. contributionto ITER
• Advanced nuclearfuel cycle R&D
• $135M centerfor cellulosic ethanol research
• DOE’s leading lab in transportation, industrial, and superconductor technologies
11 Managed by UT-Battellefor the Department of Energy
Grand challenges in energy technology
• Electrical energy storage• Carbon sequestration• Next-generation nuclear• High-efficiency, low-cost solar• High-efficiency, low-cost solid-state lighting• Cellulosic-based biofuels• Fuel cells• Materials for extreme conditions (enabling)• Hydrogen (long term)• Fusion (long term)• Energy efficiency
12 Managed by UT-Battellefor the Department of Energy
Meeting world energy needs will require efficient electrical energy storage
• Today’s electrical energy storage (EES) technologies fall far short of requirements for efficient use of electrical energy
• Revolutionary improvements are needed– To level the cyclic nature
of intermittent renewable sources– To progress from today’s hybrid
electric vehicles to plug-in hybridsor all-electric vehicles
– To enhance safety and reliability
• This will require transformational advances in materials,chemical processes, and batteryand capacitor technology
13 Managed by UT-Battellefor the Department of Energy
Anode Cathode
Electrolyte
GrapheneCu current collector Li+
Al currentcollectorSolvent
moleculeLiMO2 layer
structure
• Batteries are dynamic systems that changewith every charge/discharge cycle
• The apparently simple interface between electrode and electrolyteis in fact a complex set of phases that change with time
Chemical energy storage
• Store more energyper unit volume
• Tolerate thousandsof charge/discharge cycles
• Long lifetimes• Safety• Low cost• Need a factor of >3 in energy
density and 100 in recharge time
14 Managed by UT-Battellefor the Department of Energy
Negative electrode
Electrolyte/separator
Present-day electrochemicalcell structure
Positive electrode
Chemical energy storage:Novel designs and strategies
3-D battery: Self-assembled electrochemical cell structures containing
multifunctional componentsCourtesy of H. Feil, Philips Research Laboratories, Eindhoven
15 Managed by UT-Battellefor the Department of Energy
ECs bridge between batteries and conventional capacitors
Adapted from M.S. Halpe and J.C. Ellenbogen, MITRE Nanosystems Group, 2006
Capacitive storage
• Store energy as charge,no chemical reactions,fast charge/discharge cycle,sub-second response time
• High power density,but need a factor of 100in energy density
• Advances will require:– Understanding of charge
storage mechanisms– Tailored multifunctional
materials– New electrolytes
16 Managed by UT-Battellefor the Department of Energy
Solar energy has extraordinary potentialSolar
1.2 x 105 TW at Earth surface>> 600 TW practical
Biomass5–7 TW grossAll cultivatable
land not used for food
Wind2–4 TW extractable
Hydroelectric4.6 TW gross
1.6 TW technically feasible0.9 TW economically feasible
0.6 TW installed capacity
Energy gap~ 14 TW by 2050~ 33 TW by 2100Courtesy of Nathan Lewis, Cal Tech
Tide/ocean currents2 TW gross
Geothermal12 TW gross over land
Small fraction recoverable
17 Managed by UT-Battellefor the Department of Energy
Cost $/m2 (module cost; double for balance of system)
$0.10/Wp $0.20/Wp $0.50/Wp
Effic
iency
%
20
40
60
80
100
100 200 300 400 500
$1.00/Wp
$3.50/Wp
Thermodynamic limit at 1 sun
Shockley-Queisser limit: single junction
Courtesy of Nathan Lewis, Cal Tech
Cost of solar electric power
I. Bulk SiII. Thin film,
dye-sensitized, organic
III. Next generation
Competitive electric power
0.40/Wp($0.02/kWh)
Competitive primary power
0.20/Wp($0.01/kWh)
(assuming no cost for storage)
18 Managed by UT-Battellefor the Department of Energy
Technology needs for solar energy
• Lower cost and higher efficiency
• Multi-junction, multiple exciton technologies
• Organic photovoltaics
• Artificial photosynthesis
• Catalysts for solar-powered fuel formation
18 Managed by UT-Battellefor the Department of Energy
19 Managed by UT-Battellefor the Department of Energy
Solid state lighting
• Lighting consumes 22% of U.S. electrical energy (8% of total U.S. energy) and produces 7% of CO2
• Current technology is extremely inefficient:– Incandescent 5%– Fluorescent 20%
• Solid state lighting has potential efficiency of 50% and higher
• Technology needs:– Improved efficiency, lower cost– Improved approaches for white light– Synthesis of solid state lighting materials– Organic LEDs– Hybrid systems
20 Managed by UT-Battellefor the Department of Energy
Transforming the new biologyinto bioenergy
• Potential to replace 30% of U.S. transportation fuels without impacting food crops
• Technology advances in cellulosic-based biofuels are needed– Crops optimized for enzyme degradation– Enzymes that reduce thermochemical
pretreatments and improve efficiencyand thermal tolerance
– Consolidated bioprocessing technologies– Production of diverse biofuels
from diverse feedstocks– Overcoming plant cell
wall recalcitrance
21 Managed by UT-Battellefor the Department of Energy
Research to overcomebiomass recalcitrance
Biomass formationand modification
Biomass deconstruction and conversion
Optimized crops
Consolidatedprocesses
Improved enzymes and microbes
22 Managed by UT-Battellefor the Department of Energy
Current status Challenges
• Engineering investments have been a success
• Limits to performance are materials, which have not changed muchin 15 years
• Membranes– Operation in lower humidity, strength,
and durability– Higher ionic conductivity
• Cathodes – Materials with lower overpotential
and resistance to impurities– Low temperature operation needs
cheaper (non- Pt) materials– Tolerance to impurities:
CO, S, hydrocarbons• Reformers
– Need low temperature and inexpensive reformer catalysts
2 2 2
hpower.com
membrane conducts protons from anode to cathodeProtonExchangeMembrane (PEM)Membrane conducts protons from anode to
cathodeproton exchange membrane(PEM)
2 2 2
hpower.com
membrane conducts protons from anode to cathodeProtonExchangeMembrane (PEM)
2 2 2
hpower.com
membrane conducts protons from anode to cathodeProtonExchangeMembrane (PEM)
2 2 2
hpower.comProtonExchangeMembrane (PEM)Membrane conducts protons from anode to cathodeproton exchange membrane (PEM)
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O + electrical power + heat
Fuel cells
23 Managed by UT-Battellefor the Department of Energy
Hydrogen storageCurrent technology Target applications System requirements
• Tanks for gaseous or liquid H2 storage
• Progress demonstrated in solid state storage materials
• Transportation: On-board vehicle storage
• Non-transportation: applications for hydrogen production/delivery
• Compact, light-weight, affordable storage
• No current storage system or material meets all targets
Gravimetric Energy DensityMJ/kg system
Volu
met
ric E
nerg
y Den
sity
MJ / L
syst
em
0
10
20
30
0 10 20 30 40
Energy Density of Fuels
Proposed DOE goal
Gasoline
Liquid H2
Chemicalhydrides
Complexhydrides
Compressedgas H2
24 Managed by UT-Battellefor the Department of Energy
http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/hydrogen.pdf
Technology needsfor the hydrogen economy
• Enormous gap between present state-of-the-art and requirements for a competitivehydrogen economy– Production: 9M tons → 150M tons (vehicles)– Storage: 4.4 MJ/L (10K psi gas) → 9.72 MJ/L– Fuel cells: $3000/kW → $30/kW (gasoline engine)
• Significant R&D efforts are required– Simple improvements of today’s technologies
will not meet requirements– Technical barriers can be overcome
only with high-risk/high-payoff research– Fundamental challenge: New storage materials
(complex hydrides, nanoscale architectures)
25 Managed by UT-Battellefor the Department of Energy
Radiation-induced damage (displacements per atom)
Materials under extreme conditions are a limiting factor for many energy technologies
Courtesy S.J. Zinkle ,ORNL
VHTR
GFR
LFR
Fusion
LFR
MSR
SCWR
Current (Gen II) fission reactors
ITER fusion reactor
1200°C
1000°C
800°C
600°C
400°C
200°C
0°C0 50 100 150 200
Materials requirements for advanced nuclear energy systems
26 Managed by UT-Battellefor the Department of Energy
Materials under extreme conditions: We must do better• Improving materials performance
and reducing development times offer transformative opportunities
• Key research areas– Nanostructured
materials– Lightweight materials– High-temperature
applications– High-radiation environments
Advanced Materials & Processes (2006)
40 years to achievea 55°C improvementin upper operating temperature!
40 years to achievea 55°C improvementin upper operating temperature!
27 Managed by UT-Battellefor the Department of Energy
Energy efficiency savings have been essential to the stabilization of U.S. energy consumption
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1850 1880 1910 1940 1970 1990 2002
Wood
HydroNuclear
Non-hydro Renewables
Qua
drill
ion
Btu
Natural Gas
Petroleum
Coal
140
160
180
Energy Efficiency Savings
Key research areas• Technology for zero energy
buildings• Combined cooling, heating,
and power• High-efficiency appliances• High-efficiency industrial
processes• Smart grid technologies• Low-emissions, high-
efficiency engine technologies
• Materials for transportation: lightweight, high temperature, power electronics
28 Managed by UT-Battellefor the Department of Energy
Carbon sequestration Huge potential to expand the use of coal with acceptable CO2 releases
Electrical energy storage Enables electric vehicles and greater reliance on solarand wind power
Solar energy Huge potential when combined with electrical energy storage
Nuclear Huge potential with advanced fuel cyclesFusion Huge long-term potential
Biomass Potential carbon-neutral renewable resourcefor up to 30% of transportation fuels
Solid state lighting Reduce U.S. electrical energy consumption by up to 15%
Fuel cells Clean stationary and transportation powerHydrogen Clean fuel for transportation and fuel cellsMaterials Enabling for many energy technologiesEnergy efficiency Highest potential near-term energy “source”
Transformative research impacts
29 Managed by UT-Battellefor the Department of Energy
DOE’s “Basic Research Needs …” workshopsInformation resource for research and technology needs for energy-related applications
Basic Research Needs for a Secure Energy Future• Basic Research Needs for the Hydrogen Economy• Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy Utilization• Basic Research Needs for Superconductivity• Basic Research Needs for Solid State Lighting• Basic Research Needs for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems• Basic Research Needs for the Clean and Efficient Combustion
of 21st Century Systems Transportation Fuels• Basic Research Needs for Geosciences: Facilitating 21st Century Energy Systems• Basic Research Needs for Electrical Energy Storage• Basic Research Needs for Catalysis for Energy Applications• Basic Research Needs for Materials under Extreme Environments
www.science.doe.gov/bes/reports/list.html