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Research ArticleTransforming Triple Cropping System to Four Crops Pattern AnApproach of Enhancing SystemProductivity through IntensifyingLand Use System in Bangladesh
Md Aminul Islam 1 Md Jahedul Islam2 M Akkas Ali3
A S M Mahbubur Rahman Khan3 Md Faruque Hossain3 and Md Moniruzzaman4
1On-Farm Research Division BARI Masterpara Gaibandha Bangladesh2Regional Wheat Research Center BARI Shyampur Rajshahi Bangladesh3On-Farm Research Division BARI Joydebpur Gazipur Bangladesh4On-Farm Research Division BARI Pabna Bangladesh
Correspondence should be addressed to Md Aminul Islam aminagrongmailcom
Received 17 December 2017 Accepted 23 April 2018 Published 21 May 2018
Academic Editor David Clay
Copyright copy 2018 Md Aminul Islam et al ampis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work isproperly cited
Changing three crops pattern to four crops can play a potential role for achieving countries food security With this view toincrease crop productivity production efficiency land use efficiency and economic return through intensifying croppingintensity as well as crop diversity by transforming three crops pattern to four crops the experiment was conducted in HighGanges River Floodplain Soils under the Agro-Ecological Zone (AEZ) 11 at Pali Durgapur under the Multilocation TestingSite Puthia Rajshahi for two consecutive years 2014-15 and 2015-16 Four crops pattern mustard-onionmaize-T Aman ricewas tested at on-farm condition over the existing three crops pattern mustard-onion-T Aman rice Maize was introduced hereas a relay crop with onion to fit it in the four crops pattern ampe experiment was laid out in RCB design with six dispersedreplications Two-year crop cycles were completed and data regarding component crops yield were considered for assessingthe performance of the two cropping patterns for making a sense of comparing productivity Although there was no significantdifference in component crops yield between four crops and three crops pattern as an additional crop maize tremendouslyincreased the system productivity and economic return of the four crops pattern Higher rice equivalent yield 2896 tmiddothaminus1 in2013-14 and 3095 tmiddothaminus1 in 2014-15 was recorded from the four crops pattern with a mean rice equivalent yield (REY)2995 tmiddothaminus1 over the existing pattern with a mean value 2176 tmiddothaminus1 However four crops pattern resulted in higher cultivationcost due to growing maize as an additional crop nevertheless it gave the higher gross return marginal return marginal benefitcost ratio and production efficiency ampe four crops pattern resulted averagely 3763 higher production (REY) compared tothe existing three crops pattern Production as well as land use efficiency were increased by 933 and 1918 respectivelyfrom the intensified alternate pattern
1 Introduction
Trend of available agricultural land over the time is de-creasing with an amount to 133 lac ha in 1976 (9183 oftotal land area) that is decreased to 127 ha in 2000 withyearly loss of 23391 ha ampe area is further dropped to 121lac ha in 2010 with yearly loss of 56537 ha A sum of 113 lacha land has been lost during the past 34 years from 1976 to
2010 Rate of cropland shifting to nonagricultural land(housing industry etc) is alarming as it is associated withthe food security of the country Total cropland was esti-mated to be 9761450 ha 9439541 ha and 8751937 ha in1976 2000 and 2010 with an average decrease of 014during 1976 to 2000 and 073 during 2000ndash2010 re-spectively Hasan et al reported the rate of change over the34 years is 030 which is still declining [1]
HindawiInternational Journal of AgronomyVolume 2018 Article ID 7149835 6 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520187149835
As per Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) [2] around3795 and 1688 thousand ha of land remain under double andtriple cropped area respectively which means that 4841and 2153 of the countryrsquos net cropped area has avenuespartly or a major portion to be brought under quadruplecropping system ampe area of cropland is decreasing that iswhy there is no option of horizontal expansion but in-tensifying land use system through multiple cropping or bygrowing more and more crops on the same piece of land ina calendar year However the agriculture is heading towardsa new paradigm to address the countryrsquos food securitya concerned issue of Bangladesh Alauddin and Tisdell [3]investigated that food production has been increased to 367folds over the period of time from an estimated amount of101m ton in 1971 during the independence of Bangladeshto 371m ton in 2016 as recorded in BBS [2] Cultivation ofmodern crop varieties improvising cultural operations andcrop protection measures as well as increasing crop intensity(Figure 1) collectively contributed to such achievement
Mustard-onion-T Aman rice is a popular croppingpattern in Durgapur Upazilla of Rajshahi district under HighGanges River Floodplain Upazila agricultural office of DAEclaims that there are 2000 hectare of land in the upazila inwhich the pattern mustard-onion-T Aman rice is beingpracticed during 2012 cropping year Mustard is usuallygrown in Rabi season Sowing is started in the last week ofOctober to 1st or 2nd week of November and the crop isharvested in the end of January to mid-February followed by
cultivation of onion planted at 2nd week to end of FebruaryAfter harvest of onion in April farmers go for T Aman ricecultivation in the end of July to 2nd or 3rd week of Augustampus after harvest of onion the land remains fallow fromlast week of April to July until T Aman rice being trans-planted Some commercial maize hybrids grown in Kharifseason mature in 95 to 105 days amperefore there is a chanceof developing four crops pattern as maize can easily begrown as relay crop with onion in between the fallow periodas shown in Figure 2 Tanveer et al [4] reviewed the benefitsof relay cropping that enhanced sustainable system pro-ductivity through efficient use of available resources likemicroclimate nutrients dynamics [5ndash8] Inclusion of fourthcrop in the sequence will increase system productivity as wellas improve farmerrsquos economic condition Keeping that in thepoint of view the study was undertaken to increase di-versification and intensification of existing Mustard-onion-T Aman rice cropping pattern in terms of productivityproduction efficiency land use efficiency and economicreturn
2 Materials and Methods
21 Site Selection ampe experiment was conducted at thefarmersrsquo field of Pali Durgapur under the MultilocationTesting Site (MLT) Shibpur Puthia Rajshahi during 2014-15to 2015-16 to assess the performance of alternate four cropspattern against existing three crops pattern (mustard-onion-T
1980
ndash81
1981
ndash82
1982
ndash83
1983
ndash84
1984
ndash85
1985
ndash86
1986
ndash87
1987
ndash88
1988
ndash89
1989
ndash90
1990
ndash91
1991
ndash92
1992
ndash93
1993
ndash94
1994
ndash95
1995
ndash96
1996
ndash97
1997
ndash98
1998
ndash99
1999
ndash00
2000
ndash01
2001
ndash02
2002
ndash03
2003
ndash04
2004
ndash05
2005
ndash06
2006
ndash07
2007
ndash08
2008
ndash09
2009
ndash10
2010
ndash11
2011
ndash12
2012
ndash13
2013
ndash14
2014
ndash15
2015
ndash16
Cropping intensity ()
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
Figure 1 Trend of cropping intensity () in Bangladesh since 1980-81 to 2015-16 (BBS)
January February March April May June July August September October November December
MustardRelay maize T Aman riceMustard Onion
4ndash6 days
Turnaround
time
4ndash6 days
Turnaround
time
4ndash7 days
Turnaround
time
70 daysof onion
Relaymaize
Figure 2 Calendar year of four crops pattern
2 International Journal of Agronomy
Aman rice) in High Ganges River Floodplain soils Geo-graphically the experimental field is located at 20deg02449Nlatitude and 88deg4720E longitude with the elevation of 20mabove the sea level ampe land was selected based on the dis-cussion with local farmers DAE personnel and availablesecondary information
22 Information Related to AEZ-11 ampere is an overallpattern of olive-brown silt loams and silty clay loams on theupper parts of floodplain ridges and dark grey mottledbrown mainly clay soils on ridge sites and in basins Mostridge soils are calcareous throughout General soil typespredominantly include calcareous dark grey floodplain soilsand calcareous brown floodplain soils Organic mattercontent in brown ridge soils is low and higher in dark greysoils Soils are slightly alkaline in reaction General fertilitylevel is low
23 Nutrient Status ampe experimental soil was slightly al-kaline (84) having low organic matter (178) ampe soilcontained 008 total N (very low) 2585 ppm available P(optimum) 016me exchangeable K (low) 1585 ppmavailable S (medium) 050 ppm available B (high) and020 ppm available Zn (very low) ampe rates of the fertilizersfor different crops were calculated using soil test valuesbased (STB) on high yield goal as per Fertilizer Recom-mendation Guidersquo 2012 [9]
24 Experimental Procedure ampe experiment was designedwith two cropping patterns following randomized complete
block design with six dispersed replications ampe unit plotsize was 8mtimes 4m ampe treatments were C1 mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice and C2 mustard-onion-TAman rice ampe sources of nutrients were urea for N TSPfor P MOP for K gypsum for S zinc sulphate for Zn andBoric acid for Bampe details of the varieties used and culturaloperations adopted in different crop sequences are given inTable 1 For mustard half of urea and all other inorganicfertilizers were applied according to individual plot andmixed with soil at the time of final land preparationampe restof urea was top dressed before flowering just one day afterfirst irrigation In case of onion half of urea and all otherinorganic fertilizers were applied to individual plot andmixed with soil at the time of final land preparationampe restof urea was top dressed 30 days after planting Maize wasplanted 70 days after planting of onion For maize half ofurea and all other inorganic fertilizers were appliedaccording to individual plot after harvesting of onion at 6-leaf stage of maize as side dressing followed by earthing upampe rest urea was top dressed at 10-leaf stage In case of TAman rice all the fertilizers except urea were applied asbasal Urea was applied as top dress in three equal splits at15 30 and 45 days after transplanting All the crops wereharvested at maturity from an area of central 50m2 Data onyield of component crops in sequences were recorded andconverted to ton per hectare Total system productivity wascalculated as summation of individual crop yield of eachcropping cycle ampe productivity of different crop sequenceswas compared by calculating their economic rice equivalentyield (REY) using formula given by Ahlawat and Sharma[10] where
REY Yield of each crop t middot haminus11113872 1113873 times economic value of respective crop Tk middot tminus1( 1113857
Price of rice grain Tk middot tminus1( ) (1)
241 Land Use Efficiency Land use efficiency (LUE) wasestimated by the total duration of crops in the sequencedivided by 365 days and expressed in as outlined byJamwal [11]
LUE 1113936Dc365
times 100 (2)
where Dc duration of crops in the sequence
242 Production Efficiency Production efficiency (PE) wascalculated by taking total economic yield of the sequence on
wheat equivalent basis divided duration of crops using performula by Jamwal [11]
PE REY1113936Dc
(3)
where REY rice equivalent yield in a sequence andDc duration of crops in that sequence
243 Marginal Benefit Cost Ratio (MBCR) ampe economicanalysis was done following the method suggested byCIMMYT [12] ampeMBCR can be computed as the marginal
Table 1 Details of cultural practices adopted for different crops in field experiments
Crop Cultivar Seed rate(kgmiddothaminus1) Spacing (cm2) Date of
sowingDate of
harvestingRate of fertilizer application (kgmiddothaminus1)N P K S Zn B
Mustard BARI Sarisha-14 07 30 cm solid row 01ndash05 Nov 01ndash05 Feb 78 15 42 10 2 15Onion BARI Piaz-2 08 15times10 05ndash10 Feb 10ndash15 May 93 29 85 19 2 mdashMaize NK-40 21 60times 20 10ndash15 Apr 15ndash20 Jul 250 53 100 40 mdash mdashT Aman rice BRRI dhan33 30 20times15 20ndash25 Jul 25ndash31 Oct 62 6 19 7 2 mdash
International Journal of Agronomy 3
value product (MVP) over the marginal value cost (MVC) Itcan be computed as
MBCR MVP(over control)MVP(over control)
(4)
All the data were statistically analyzed following theF-test and the mean comparisons were made by DMRT at5 level as per the outline by Gomez and Gomez [13]
3 Results and Discussion
31 Yield ofMustard Mustard was the first crop in both thecropping patterns ampere was no significant difference ofmustard yield in between the cropping patterns Howevernumerically higher yield (156 tmiddothaminus1 in 2013-14 and161 tmiddothaminus1 in 2014-15) was observed in the improved patternfollowed the existing one (Table 2)
32 Yield of Onion Onion was the second crop in both thesequences and planted in the late Rabi season (February)ampere was no significant difference between the croppingpatterns on the bulb yield of onion However from the 1styear observation numerically higher bulb yield was recor-ded in the existing cropping pattern (mustard-onion-TAman rice) than four crops pattern ampe 2nd year trendwas contrary to the first year result though the difference wasstatistically nonsignificant (Table 2)
33 Yield of Maize Maize was the included crop in theimproved pattern and grown as a relay crop with onion inKharif-I season (April) whereas in the existing pattern thisperiod remained fallow From the two yearsrsquo observation itwas clear that maize can effectively be grown as relay withonion to fit it in the four crops pattern by saving timeInclusion of maize in the fallow period characteristically
increased the systemrsquos equivalent yield Generally farmersuse excess amount of fertilizers for preceding crop onionamperefore maize can be grown with a minimum supportregarding input cost However maize produced 765 tongrain and 843 ton stover haminus1 in 2013-14 and 839 ton grainand 913 ton stover haminus1 in 2014-15 which contributed toa higher REY of 2995 tmiddothaminus1 in four crop-based pattern(Tables 3ndash5) Correia et al [14] observed 20957 higheryield from maize as intercroppedrelayed with mucuna
34 Yield of T Aman Rice T Aman rice is the commoncrop in the Kharif-II (JulyndashOctober) season in bothcropping patterns Grain yield of T Aman rice is a complexcharacter depending on a large number of environmentalmorphological and physiological characters Grain yieldsalso depend upon their yield components However therewas no significant difference on grain yield of rice in be-tween the cropping patterns but numerically higher (225in 2013-14 and 647 in 2014-15) grain yield observed inthe imposed pattern might be due to the residual effect offertilizers applied to the preceding maize crop (Table 3)Jabbar et al [15] observed the positive impact on residualsoil fertility when crops are grown as interrelay croppingsystem
Table 2 Productivity of component crops (mustard and onion) in different cropping patterns
Cropping patternCropping year 2013-14 Cropping year 2014-15
Seed yield ofmustard (tmiddothaminus1)
Bulb yield ofonion (tmiddothaminus1)
Seed yield ofmustard (tmiddothaminus1)
Bulb yield ofonion (tmiddothaminus1)
Mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice 156 1460 161 1568Mustard-onion-T Aman rice 148 1482 155 1510Level of significance NS NS NS NSSE (plusmn) 035 051 026 057CV () 423 547 521 437
Table 3 Productivity of component crops (maize and T Aman rice) in different cropping patterns
Cropping pattern
Cropping year 2013-14 Cropping year 2014-15Yield of maize
(tmiddothaminus1)Yield of T Aman
rice (tmiddothaminus1)Yield of maize
(tmiddothaminus1)Yield of T Aman
rice (tmiddothaminus1)Grain Stover Grain Straw Grain Stover Grain Straw
Mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice 765 843 454 588 839 913 477 606Mustard-onion-T Aman rice mdash mdash 444 546 mdash mdash 448 575Level of significance mdash mdash NS NS mdash mdash NS NSSE (plusmn) mdash mdash 036 123 mdash mdash 019 016CV () mdash mdash 459 574 mdash mdash 1032 850
Table 4 System productivity (REYlowast) of component crops indifferent cropping patterns
Cropping patternSystem REY (tmiddothaminus1)2013-14 2014-15
Mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice 2896 3095Mustard-onion-T Aman rice 2151 2201Level of significance 005 005SE (plusmn) 265 296CV () 621 862lowastRice equivalent yield
4 International Journal of Agronomy
35 System Productivity System productivity was consideredas rice equivalent yield (REY) ampe system REY significantlydiffered between the cropping patterns However data arepresented in Table 2 In general the pattern involving four cropsproduced significantly greater REY than that having three cropspattern However mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice showedhigher productivity in terms of REY (2896 tmiddothaminus1 in 2013-14and 3095 tmiddothaminus1 in 2014-15) with a mean REY 2995 tmiddothaminus1(Table 5) than mustard-onion-T Aman rice cropping pattern(2176 tmiddothaminus1) Total productivity increased by 3763 in themaize-included four crops pattern Mondal et al [16] alsoclaimed of having 49 to 67 higher productivity from theintensified land use system Total field duration of crops bycropping pattern is presented in Table 5 Total field durationwas the higher inmustard-onionmaize-TAman rice croppingpattern (340 days) due to additional maize crop cultivation andfound lower (270 days) in the existingmustard-onion-TAmanrice cropping pattern because of not cultivating maize in kharifseason
36 Production Efficiency (PE) ampe cropping patternsshowed variation on production efficiency (PE) (Table 5)ampe pattern having four crops generated the higher PE(8810 kgminus1middothaminus1middotdayminus1) ampis is due to the higher productivityof this sequence in which the contribution of maize is quiteobvious However the mustard-onion-T Aman rice gave the933 lower PE (8058kgminus1middothaminus1middotdayminus1) in the sequences HigherPE associated with improved cropping pattern coupled withmodern management practices were noted by Nazrul et al[17] Khan et al [18 19] and Krrishna and Reddy [20]ampoughnot studied here interrelay crops could increase system pro-duction by suppressing the weed growth [21]
37 Land Use Efficiency (LUE) Land use efficiency (LUE)varied according to the cropping patterns (Table 5) Ingeneral patterns intensified by four crops resulted in 1918higher LUE than the triple cropping systemampe higher LUE(9315) was recorded in mustard-onionmaize-T Amanrice whereas the lower LUE (7397) was recorded inmustard-onion-T Aman rice cropping pattern ampe resultsare in agreement with Kamrozzaman et al [22]
38 Economic Performance Based on two yearsrsquo observationeconomic performance of the patterns is presented in Table 6Cropping pattern attributed a remarkable impact on vari-able cost marginal return and marginal benefit cost ratio(MBCR) ampe annual gross return cultivation cost marginalreturn and marginal cost were considered for assessing thesuitability of the cropping pattern In general inclusion of thefourth crop (maize) markedly enhanced both the return andcultivation cost ampough maize accounted for 1964 highercultivation cost consequently it contributed to 3763 higherreturn in the four crops patternampemustard-onionmaize-TAman rice had a maximum gross return (Tk 539180 haminus1)along with a higher cultivation cost (Tk 285542haminus1) whichalso contributed to higher marginal return (Tk 147540 haminus1)and MBCR (314) than mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice-based three crops pattern
4 Conclusion
Relaying maize with onion is a simple but an effective timespace saving technology for shifting the thee crops pattern tofour crops (mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice) one Con-sidering systems REY LUE PE and economic performancesof the two-year crop cycle it is revealed that four crops patternis the best option for greater productivity and profitabilityover the triple cropping system
Disclosure
ampe authors do certify that the statements made by them aretrue and correct to the best of their knowledge and beliefampey understand that any false statements or any unfairmeans may provide grounds for the withdrawal or cancel-lation of the manuscript
Conflicts of Interest
ampe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interestregarding the publication of the article
Acknowledgments
ampe authors are thankful to the On-Farm Research DivisionBangladesh Agricultural Research Institute Gazipur forproviding financial help and logistic support respectively
Table 5 Field crop duration production efficiency and land use efficiency as influenced by cropping patterns
Cropping pattern Mean REY (tmiddothaminus1) Field duration ofcrop sequence (day)
Production efficiency(kgminus1middothaminus1middotdayminus1)
Land useefficiency ()
Mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice 2995 340 8810 9315Mustard-onion-T Aman rice 2176 270 8058 7397
Table 6 Profitability of the four crops pattern over the existing pattern
Cropping pattern Gross return(Tkmiddothaminus1)
Cultivation cost (TVC)(Tkmiddothaminus1)
Marginal value(MVP) (Tkmiddothaminus1)
Marginal cost(MVC) (Tkmiddothaminus1) MBCRlowast
Mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice 539180 285542 147540 46894 314Mustard-onion-T Aman rice 391640 238648 mdash mdash mdashlowastMarginal benefit cost ratio input urea 16 Tkmiddotkgminus1 TSP 22 Tkmiddotkgminus1 MoP 15 Tkmiddotkgminus1 gypsum 6 Tkmiddotkgminus1 zinc sulphate 120 Tkmiddotkgminus1 boric acid 150 Tkmiddotkgminus1furadan 150 Tkmiddotkgminus1 mustard seed 100 Tkmiddotkgminus1 tillage cost 10000 Tkmiddothaminus1 irrigation (1 time) 1000 Tkmiddothaminus1 and labour 200 Tkmiddotdayminus1 (8 hours) output ricegrain 18 Tkmiddotkgminus1 mustard seed 50 Tkmiddotkgminus1 onion bulb 15 Tkmiddotkgminus1 maize grain 16 Tkmiddotkgminus1 maize stover 1 Tkmiddotkgminus1 and rice straw 2 Tkmiddotkgminus1
International Journal of Agronomy 5
References
[1] M N Hasan M S Hossain M A Bari and M R IslamAgricultural Land Availability in Bangladesh SRDI DhakaBangladesh 2013
[2] BBS (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics) Yearbook of Agricul-tural Statistics Statistics and Informatics Division (SID)Ministry of Planning Dhaka Bangladesh 2016
[3] M Alauddin and C Tisdell ldquoTrends and projectionsfor Bangladeshi food production an alternative viewpointrdquoFood Policy vol 12 no 4 pp 318ndash331 1987
[4] M Tanveer S A Anjum S Hussain A Cerda and U AshrafldquoRelay cropping as a sustainable approach problems andopportunities for sustainable crop productionrdquo EnvironmentalScience and Pollution Research vol 24 no 8 pp 6973ndash69882017
[5] H Knorzer H Grozinger S Graeff-Honninger K HartungH P Piepho and W Claupein ldquoIntegrating a simple shadingalgorithm into CERES-wheat and CERES-maize with particularregard to a changing microclimate within a relay-intercroppingsystemrdquo Field Crops Research vol 121 no 2 pp 274ndash285 2011
[6] A C Gaudin K Janovicek R C Martin and W DeenldquoApproaches to optimizing nitrogen fertilization in a winterwheatndashred clover (Trifolium pratense L) relay cropping sys-temrdquo Field Crops Research vol 155 pp 192ndash201 2014
[7] C Amosse M H Jeuffroy B Mary and C David ldquoCon-tribution of relay intercropping with legume cover crops onnitrogen dynamics in organic grain systemsrdquoNutrient Cyclingin Agroecosystems vol 98 no 1 pp 1ndash14 2014
[8] J S Schepers D D Francis and J F Shanahan ldquoRelay croppingfor improved air and water qualityrdquo Journal of Biosciencesvol 60 pp 186ndash189 2005
[9] BARC (Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council) FertilizerRecommendation Guide BARC Farmgate Dhaka Bangladesh2005
[10] I P S Ahlawat and R P Sharma Agronomid TerminologyIndian Society of Agronomy New Delhi India 3rd edition1993
[11] J S Jamwal ldquoProductivity and economics of different maize(Zea mays) based crop sequences under dryland conditionsrdquoIndian Journal of Agronomy vol 46 no 4 pp 601ndash604 2001
[12] CIMMYT From Agronomic Data to Farmer Recommenda-tions An Economic Training Manual International Maize andWheat Improvement Center El Batan MEX Mexico 1988
[13] K A Gomez and A A Gomez Statistical Procedures forAgricultural Research An International Rice Research InstituteBook JohnWiley and Sons New York NY USA 2nd edition1984
[14] M V Correia L C R Pereira L D Almeida et al ldquoMaize-mucuna (Mucuna pruriens (L) DC) relay intercropping in thelowland tropics of Timor-Lesterdquo Field Crops Research vol 156pp 272ndash280 2014
[15] A Jabbar R Ahmad I H Bhatti T Aziz M Nadeem andR A Wasi-u-Din ldquoResidual soil fertility as influenced by diverserice-based interrelay cropping systemsrdquo International Journal ofAgriculture and Biology vol 13 pp 477ndash483 2011
[16] R I Mondal F Begum A Aziz and S H Sharif ldquoCrop sequencesfor increasing cropping intensity and productivityrdquo SAARCJournal of Agriculture vol 13 no 1 pp 135ndash147 2015
[17] M I Nazrul M R Shaheb M A H Khan andA S M M R Khan ldquoOn-Farm evaluation of productionpotential and economic returns of potato-rice based improvedcropping systemrdquo Bangladesh Agronomy Journal vol 16 no 2pp 41ndash50 2013
[18] M A Khan S M A Hossain andM A H Khan ldquoA study onsome selected jute-based cropping patterns at KishoregonjrdquoBangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research vol 31 no 1pp 85ndash95 2006
[19] M A H Khan M A Quayyum M I Nazrul N Sultana andM R A Mollah ldquoOn-farm evaluation of production potentialand economics of mustard-rice based improved croppingsystemrdquo Journal of Social and Economic Development vol 2no 1 pp 37ndash42 2005
[20] A Krishna and A K Reddy ldquoProduction potential andeconomics of different rice (Oryza sativa) based croppingsystems in Andhra Pradeshrdquo Indian Journal of AgriculturalSciences vol 67 no 12 pp 551ndash553 1997
[21] C Amosse M H Jeuffroy F Celette and C David ldquoRelay-intercropped forage legumes help to control weeds in organicgrain productionrdquo European Journal of Agronomy vol 49pp 158ndash167 2013
[22] M M Kamrozzaman M A H Khan S Ahmed andA F M Ruhul Quddus ldquoOn-farm evaluation of productionpotential and economics of Wheat Jute-Taman rice-basedcropping systemrdquo Journal of the Bangladesh AgriculturalUniversity vol 13 no 1 pp 93ndash100 2015
6 International Journal of Agronomy
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As per Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) [2] around3795 and 1688 thousand ha of land remain under double andtriple cropped area respectively which means that 4841and 2153 of the countryrsquos net cropped area has avenuespartly or a major portion to be brought under quadruplecropping system ampe area of cropland is decreasing that iswhy there is no option of horizontal expansion but in-tensifying land use system through multiple cropping or bygrowing more and more crops on the same piece of land ina calendar year However the agriculture is heading towardsa new paradigm to address the countryrsquos food securitya concerned issue of Bangladesh Alauddin and Tisdell [3]investigated that food production has been increased to 367folds over the period of time from an estimated amount of101m ton in 1971 during the independence of Bangladeshto 371m ton in 2016 as recorded in BBS [2] Cultivation ofmodern crop varieties improvising cultural operations andcrop protection measures as well as increasing crop intensity(Figure 1) collectively contributed to such achievement
Mustard-onion-T Aman rice is a popular croppingpattern in Durgapur Upazilla of Rajshahi district under HighGanges River Floodplain Upazila agricultural office of DAEclaims that there are 2000 hectare of land in the upazila inwhich the pattern mustard-onion-T Aman rice is beingpracticed during 2012 cropping year Mustard is usuallygrown in Rabi season Sowing is started in the last week ofOctober to 1st or 2nd week of November and the crop isharvested in the end of January to mid-February followed by
cultivation of onion planted at 2nd week to end of FebruaryAfter harvest of onion in April farmers go for T Aman ricecultivation in the end of July to 2nd or 3rd week of Augustampus after harvest of onion the land remains fallow fromlast week of April to July until T Aman rice being trans-planted Some commercial maize hybrids grown in Kharifseason mature in 95 to 105 days amperefore there is a chanceof developing four crops pattern as maize can easily begrown as relay crop with onion in between the fallow periodas shown in Figure 2 Tanveer et al [4] reviewed the benefitsof relay cropping that enhanced sustainable system pro-ductivity through efficient use of available resources likemicroclimate nutrients dynamics [5ndash8] Inclusion of fourthcrop in the sequence will increase system productivity as wellas improve farmerrsquos economic condition Keeping that in thepoint of view the study was undertaken to increase di-versification and intensification of existing Mustard-onion-T Aman rice cropping pattern in terms of productivityproduction efficiency land use efficiency and economicreturn
2 Materials and Methods
21 Site Selection ampe experiment was conducted at thefarmersrsquo field of Pali Durgapur under the MultilocationTesting Site (MLT) Shibpur Puthia Rajshahi during 2014-15to 2015-16 to assess the performance of alternate four cropspattern against existing three crops pattern (mustard-onion-T
1980
ndash81
1981
ndash82
1982
ndash83
1983
ndash84
1984
ndash85
1985
ndash86
1986
ndash87
1987
ndash88
1988
ndash89
1989
ndash90
1990
ndash91
1991
ndash92
1992
ndash93
1993
ndash94
1994
ndash95
1995
ndash96
1996
ndash97
1997
ndash98
1998
ndash99
1999
ndash00
2000
ndash01
2001
ndash02
2002
ndash03
2003
ndash04
2004
ndash05
2005
ndash06
2006
ndash07
2007
ndash08
2008
ndash09
2009
ndash10
2010
ndash11
2011
ndash12
2012
ndash13
2013
ndash14
2014
ndash15
2015
ndash16
Cropping intensity ()
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
Figure 1 Trend of cropping intensity () in Bangladesh since 1980-81 to 2015-16 (BBS)
January February March April May June July August September October November December
MustardRelay maize T Aman riceMustard Onion
4ndash6 days
Turnaround
time
4ndash6 days
Turnaround
time
4ndash7 days
Turnaround
time
70 daysof onion
Relaymaize
Figure 2 Calendar year of four crops pattern
2 International Journal of Agronomy
Aman rice) in High Ganges River Floodplain soils Geo-graphically the experimental field is located at 20deg02449Nlatitude and 88deg4720E longitude with the elevation of 20mabove the sea level ampe land was selected based on the dis-cussion with local farmers DAE personnel and availablesecondary information
22 Information Related to AEZ-11 ampere is an overallpattern of olive-brown silt loams and silty clay loams on theupper parts of floodplain ridges and dark grey mottledbrown mainly clay soils on ridge sites and in basins Mostridge soils are calcareous throughout General soil typespredominantly include calcareous dark grey floodplain soilsand calcareous brown floodplain soils Organic mattercontent in brown ridge soils is low and higher in dark greysoils Soils are slightly alkaline in reaction General fertilitylevel is low
23 Nutrient Status ampe experimental soil was slightly al-kaline (84) having low organic matter (178) ampe soilcontained 008 total N (very low) 2585 ppm available P(optimum) 016me exchangeable K (low) 1585 ppmavailable S (medium) 050 ppm available B (high) and020 ppm available Zn (very low) ampe rates of the fertilizersfor different crops were calculated using soil test valuesbased (STB) on high yield goal as per Fertilizer Recom-mendation Guidersquo 2012 [9]
24 Experimental Procedure ampe experiment was designedwith two cropping patterns following randomized complete
block design with six dispersed replications ampe unit plotsize was 8mtimes 4m ampe treatments were C1 mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice and C2 mustard-onion-TAman rice ampe sources of nutrients were urea for N TSPfor P MOP for K gypsum for S zinc sulphate for Zn andBoric acid for Bampe details of the varieties used and culturaloperations adopted in different crop sequences are given inTable 1 For mustard half of urea and all other inorganicfertilizers were applied according to individual plot andmixed with soil at the time of final land preparationampe restof urea was top dressed before flowering just one day afterfirst irrigation In case of onion half of urea and all otherinorganic fertilizers were applied to individual plot andmixed with soil at the time of final land preparationampe restof urea was top dressed 30 days after planting Maize wasplanted 70 days after planting of onion For maize half ofurea and all other inorganic fertilizers were appliedaccording to individual plot after harvesting of onion at 6-leaf stage of maize as side dressing followed by earthing upampe rest urea was top dressed at 10-leaf stage In case of TAman rice all the fertilizers except urea were applied asbasal Urea was applied as top dress in three equal splits at15 30 and 45 days after transplanting All the crops wereharvested at maturity from an area of central 50m2 Data onyield of component crops in sequences were recorded andconverted to ton per hectare Total system productivity wascalculated as summation of individual crop yield of eachcropping cycle ampe productivity of different crop sequenceswas compared by calculating their economic rice equivalentyield (REY) using formula given by Ahlawat and Sharma[10] where
REY Yield of each crop t middot haminus11113872 1113873 times economic value of respective crop Tk middot tminus1( 1113857
Price of rice grain Tk middot tminus1( ) (1)
241 Land Use Efficiency Land use efficiency (LUE) wasestimated by the total duration of crops in the sequencedivided by 365 days and expressed in as outlined byJamwal [11]
LUE 1113936Dc365
times 100 (2)
where Dc duration of crops in the sequence
242 Production Efficiency Production efficiency (PE) wascalculated by taking total economic yield of the sequence on
wheat equivalent basis divided duration of crops using performula by Jamwal [11]
PE REY1113936Dc
(3)
where REY rice equivalent yield in a sequence andDc duration of crops in that sequence
243 Marginal Benefit Cost Ratio (MBCR) ampe economicanalysis was done following the method suggested byCIMMYT [12] ampeMBCR can be computed as the marginal
Table 1 Details of cultural practices adopted for different crops in field experiments
Crop Cultivar Seed rate(kgmiddothaminus1) Spacing (cm2) Date of
sowingDate of
harvestingRate of fertilizer application (kgmiddothaminus1)N P K S Zn B
Mustard BARI Sarisha-14 07 30 cm solid row 01ndash05 Nov 01ndash05 Feb 78 15 42 10 2 15Onion BARI Piaz-2 08 15times10 05ndash10 Feb 10ndash15 May 93 29 85 19 2 mdashMaize NK-40 21 60times 20 10ndash15 Apr 15ndash20 Jul 250 53 100 40 mdash mdashT Aman rice BRRI dhan33 30 20times15 20ndash25 Jul 25ndash31 Oct 62 6 19 7 2 mdash
International Journal of Agronomy 3
value product (MVP) over the marginal value cost (MVC) Itcan be computed as
MBCR MVP(over control)MVP(over control)
(4)
All the data were statistically analyzed following theF-test and the mean comparisons were made by DMRT at5 level as per the outline by Gomez and Gomez [13]
3 Results and Discussion
31 Yield ofMustard Mustard was the first crop in both thecropping patterns ampere was no significant difference ofmustard yield in between the cropping patterns Howevernumerically higher yield (156 tmiddothaminus1 in 2013-14 and161 tmiddothaminus1 in 2014-15) was observed in the improved patternfollowed the existing one (Table 2)
32 Yield of Onion Onion was the second crop in both thesequences and planted in the late Rabi season (February)ampere was no significant difference between the croppingpatterns on the bulb yield of onion However from the 1styear observation numerically higher bulb yield was recor-ded in the existing cropping pattern (mustard-onion-TAman rice) than four crops pattern ampe 2nd year trendwas contrary to the first year result though the difference wasstatistically nonsignificant (Table 2)
33 Yield of Maize Maize was the included crop in theimproved pattern and grown as a relay crop with onion inKharif-I season (April) whereas in the existing pattern thisperiod remained fallow From the two yearsrsquo observation itwas clear that maize can effectively be grown as relay withonion to fit it in the four crops pattern by saving timeInclusion of maize in the fallow period characteristically
increased the systemrsquos equivalent yield Generally farmersuse excess amount of fertilizers for preceding crop onionamperefore maize can be grown with a minimum supportregarding input cost However maize produced 765 tongrain and 843 ton stover haminus1 in 2013-14 and 839 ton grainand 913 ton stover haminus1 in 2014-15 which contributed toa higher REY of 2995 tmiddothaminus1 in four crop-based pattern(Tables 3ndash5) Correia et al [14] observed 20957 higheryield from maize as intercroppedrelayed with mucuna
34 Yield of T Aman Rice T Aman rice is the commoncrop in the Kharif-II (JulyndashOctober) season in bothcropping patterns Grain yield of T Aman rice is a complexcharacter depending on a large number of environmentalmorphological and physiological characters Grain yieldsalso depend upon their yield components However therewas no significant difference on grain yield of rice in be-tween the cropping patterns but numerically higher (225in 2013-14 and 647 in 2014-15) grain yield observed inthe imposed pattern might be due to the residual effect offertilizers applied to the preceding maize crop (Table 3)Jabbar et al [15] observed the positive impact on residualsoil fertility when crops are grown as interrelay croppingsystem
Table 2 Productivity of component crops (mustard and onion) in different cropping patterns
Cropping patternCropping year 2013-14 Cropping year 2014-15
Seed yield ofmustard (tmiddothaminus1)
Bulb yield ofonion (tmiddothaminus1)
Seed yield ofmustard (tmiddothaminus1)
Bulb yield ofonion (tmiddothaminus1)
Mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice 156 1460 161 1568Mustard-onion-T Aman rice 148 1482 155 1510Level of significance NS NS NS NSSE (plusmn) 035 051 026 057CV () 423 547 521 437
Table 3 Productivity of component crops (maize and T Aman rice) in different cropping patterns
Cropping pattern
Cropping year 2013-14 Cropping year 2014-15Yield of maize
(tmiddothaminus1)Yield of T Aman
rice (tmiddothaminus1)Yield of maize
(tmiddothaminus1)Yield of T Aman
rice (tmiddothaminus1)Grain Stover Grain Straw Grain Stover Grain Straw
Mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice 765 843 454 588 839 913 477 606Mustard-onion-T Aman rice mdash mdash 444 546 mdash mdash 448 575Level of significance mdash mdash NS NS mdash mdash NS NSSE (plusmn) mdash mdash 036 123 mdash mdash 019 016CV () mdash mdash 459 574 mdash mdash 1032 850
Table 4 System productivity (REYlowast) of component crops indifferent cropping patterns
Cropping patternSystem REY (tmiddothaminus1)2013-14 2014-15
Mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice 2896 3095Mustard-onion-T Aman rice 2151 2201Level of significance 005 005SE (plusmn) 265 296CV () 621 862lowastRice equivalent yield
4 International Journal of Agronomy
35 System Productivity System productivity was consideredas rice equivalent yield (REY) ampe system REY significantlydiffered between the cropping patterns However data arepresented in Table 2 In general the pattern involving four cropsproduced significantly greater REY than that having three cropspattern However mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice showedhigher productivity in terms of REY (2896 tmiddothaminus1 in 2013-14and 3095 tmiddothaminus1 in 2014-15) with a mean REY 2995 tmiddothaminus1(Table 5) than mustard-onion-T Aman rice cropping pattern(2176 tmiddothaminus1) Total productivity increased by 3763 in themaize-included four crops pattern Mondal et al [16] alsoclaimed of having 49 to 67 higher productivity from theintensified land use system Total field duration of crops bycropping pattern is presented in Table 5 Total field durationwas the higher inmustard-onionmaize-TAman rice croppingpattern (340 days) due to additional maize crop cultivation andfound lower (270 days) in the existingmustard-onion-TAmanrice cropping pattern because of not cultivating maize in kharifseason
36 Production Efficiency (PE) ampe cropping patternsshowed variation on production efficiency (PE) (Table 5)ampe pattern having four crops generated the higher PE(8810 kgminus1middothaminus1middotdayminus1) ampis is due to the higher productivityof this sequence in which the contribution of maize is quiteobvious However the mustard-onion-T Aman rice gave the933 lower PE (8058kgminus1middothaminus1middotdayminus1) in the sequences HigherPE associated with improved cropping pattern coupled withmodern management practices were noted by Nazrul et al[17] Khan et al [18 19] and Krrishna and Reddy [20]ampoughnot studied here interrelay crops could increase system pro-duction by suppressing the weed growth [21]
37 Land Use Efficiency (LUE) Land use efficiency (LUE)varied according to the cropping patterns (Table 5) Ingeneral patterns intensified by four crops resulted in 1918higher LUE than the triple cropping systemampe higher LUE(9315) was recorded in mustard-onionmaize-T Amanrice whereas the lower LUE (7397) was recorded inmustard-onion-T Aman rice cropping pattern ampe resultsare in agreement with Kamrozzaman et al [22]
38 Economic Performance Based on two yearsrsquo observationeconomic performance of the patterns is presented in Table 6Cropping pattern attributed a remarkable impact on vari-able cost marginal return and marginal benefit cost ratio(MBCR) ampe annual gross return cultivation cost marginalreturn and marginal cost were considered for assessing thesuitability of the cropping pattern In general inclusion of thefourth crop (maize) markedly enhanced both the return andcultivation cost ampough maize accounted for 1964 highercultivation cost consequently it contributed to 3763 higherreturn in the four crops patternampemustard-onionmaize-TAman rice had a maximum gross return (Tk 539180 haminus1)along with a higher cultivation cost (Tk 285542haminus1) whichalso contributed to higher marginal return (Tk 147540 haminus1)and MBCR (314) than mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice-based three crops pattern
4 Conclusion
Relaying maize with onion is a simple but an effective timespace saving technology for shifting the thee crops pattern tofour crops (mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice) one Con-sidering systems REY LUE PE and economic performancesof the two-year crop cycle it is revealed that four crops patternis the best option for greater productivity and profitabilityover the triple cropping system
Disclosure
ampe authors do certify that the statements made by them aretrue and correct to the best of their knowledge and beliefampey understand that any false statements or any unfairmeans may provide grounds for the withdrawal or cancel-lation of the manuscript
Conflicts of Interest
ampe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interestregarding the publication of the article
Acknowledgments
ampe authors are thankful to the On-Farm Research DivisionBangladesh Agricultural Research Institute Gazipur forproviding financial help and logistic support respectively
Table 5 Field crop duration production efficiency and land use efficiency as influenced by cropping patterns
Cropping pattern Mean REY (tmiddothaminus1) Field duration ofcrop sequence (day)
Production efficiency(kgminus1middothaminus1middotdayminus1)
Land useefficiency ()
Mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice 2995 340 8810 9315Mustard-onion-T Aman rice 2176 270 8058 7397
Table 6 Profitability of the four crops pattern over the existing pattern
Cropping pattern Gross return(Tkmiddothaminus1)
Cultivation cost (TVC)(Tkmiddothaminus1)
Marginal value(MVP) (Tkmiddothaminus1)
Marginal cost(MVC) (Tkmiddothaminus1) MBCRlowast
Mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice 539180 285542 147540 46894 314Mustard-onion-T Aman rice 391640 238648 mdash mdash mdashlowastMarginal benefit cost ratio input urea 16 Tkmiddotkgminus1 TSP 22 Tkmiddotkgminus1 MoP 15 Tkmiddotkgminus1 gypsum 6 Tkmiddotkgminus1 zinc sulphate 120 Tkmiddotkgminus1 boric acid 150 Tkmiddotkgminus1furadan 150 Tkmiddotkgminus1 mustard seed 100 Tkmiddotkgminus1 tillage cost 10000 Tkmiddothaminus1 irrigation (1 time) 1000 Tkmiddothaminus1 and labour 200 Tkmiddotdayminus1 (8 hours) output ricegrain 18 Tkmiddotkgminus1 mustard seed 50 Tkmiddotkgminus1 onion bulb 15 Tkmiddotkgminus1 maize grain 16 Tkmiddotkgminus1 maize stover 1 Tkmiddotkgminus1 and rice straw 2 Tkmiddotkgminus1
International Journal of Agronomy 5
References
[1] M N Hasan M S Hossain M A Bari and M R IslamAgricultural Land Availability in Bangladesh SRDI DhakaBangladesh 2013
[2] BBS (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics) Yearbook of Agricul-tural Statistics Statistics and Informatics Division (SID)Ministry of Planning Dhaka Bangladesh 2016
[3] M Alauddin and C Tisdell ldquoTrends and projectionsfor Bangladeshi food production an alternative viewpointrdquoFood Policy vol 12 no 4 pp 318ndash331 1987
[4] M Tanveer S A Anjum S Hussain A Cerda and U AshrafldquoRelay cropping as a sustainable approach problems andopportunities for sustainable crop productionrdquo EnvironmentalScience and Pollution Research vol 24 no 8 pp 6973ndash69882017
[5] H Knorzer H Grozinger S Graeff-Honninger K HartungH P Piepho and W Claupein ldquoIntegrating a simple shadingalgorithm into CERES-wheat and CERES-maize with particularregard to a changing microclimate within a relay-intercroppingsystemrdquo Field Crops Research vol 121 no 2 pp 274ndash285 2011
[6] A C Gaudin K Janovicek R C Martin and W DeenldquoApproaches to optimizing nitrogen fertilization in a winterwheatndashred clover (Trifolium pratense L) relay cropping sys-temrdquo Field Crops Research vol 155 pp 192ndash201 2014
[7] C Amosse M H Jeuffroy B Mary and C David ldquoCon-tribution of relay intercropping with legume cover crops onnitrogen dynamics in organic grain systemsrdquoNutrient Cyclingin Agroecosystems vol 98 no 1 pp 1ndash14 2014
[8] J S Schepers D D Francis and J F Shanahan ldquoRelay croppingfor improved air and water qualityrdquo Journal of Biosciencesvol 60 pp 186ndash189 2005
[9] BARC (Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council) FertilizerRecommendation Guide BARC Farmgate Dhaka Bangladesh2005
[10] I P S Ahlawat and R P Sharma Agronomid TerminologyIndian Society of Agronomy New Delhi India 3rd edition1993
[11] J S Jamwal ldquoProductivity and economics of different maize(Zea mays) based crop sequences under dryland conditionsrdquoIndian Journal of Agronomy vol 46 no 4 pp 601ndash604 2001
[12] CIMMYT From Agronomic Data to Farmer Recommenda-tions An Economic Training Manual International Maize andWheat Improvement Center El Batan MEX Mexico 1988
[13] K A Gomez and A A Gomez Statistical Procedures forAgricultural Research An International Rice Research InstituteBook JohnWiley and Sons New York NY USA 2nd edition1984
[14] M V Correia L C R Pereira L D Almeida et al ldquoMaize-mucuna (Mucuna pruriens (L) DC) relay intercropping in thelowland tropics of Timor-Lesterdquo Field Crops Research vol 156pp 272ndash280 2014
[15] A Jabbar R Ahmad I H Bhatti T Aziz M Nadeem andR A Wasi-u-Din ldquoResidual soil fertility as influenced by diverserice-based interrelay cropping systemsrdquo International Journal ofAgriculture and Biology vol 13 pp 477ndash483 2011
[16] R I Mondal F Begum A Aziz and S H Sharif ldquoCrop sequencesfor increasing cropping intensity and productivityrdquo SAARCJournal of Agriculture vol 13 no 1 pp 135ndash147 2015
[17] M I Nazrul M R Shaheb M A H Khan andA S M M R Khan ldquoOn-Farm evaluation of productionpotential and economic returns of potato-rice based improvedcropping systemrdquo Bangladesh Agronomy Journal vol 16 no 2pp 41ndash50 2013
[18] M A Khan S M A Hossain andM A H Khan ldquoA study onsome selected jute-based cropping patterns at KishoregonjrdquoBangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research vol 31 no 1pp 85ndash95 2006
[19] M A H Khan M A Quayyum M I Nazrul N Sultana andM R A Mollah ldquoOn-farm evaluation of production potentialand economics of mustard-rice based improved croppingsystemrdquo Journal of Social and Economic Development vol 2no 1 pp 37ndash42 2005
[20] A Krishna and A K Reddy ldquoProduction potential andeconomics of different rice (Oryza sativa) based croppingsystems in Andhra Pradeshrdquo Indian Journal of AgriculturalSciences vol 67 no 12 pp 551ndash553 1997
[21] C Amosse M H Jeuffroy F Celette and C David ldquoRelay-intercropped forage legumes help to control weeds in organicgrain productionrdquo European Journal of Agronomy vol 49pp 158ndash167 2013
[22] M M Kamrozzaman M A H Khan S Ahmed andA F M Ruhul Quddus ldquoOn-farm evaluation of productionpotential and economics of Wheat Jute-Taman rice-basedcropping systemrdquo Journal of the Bangladesh AgriculturalUniversity vol 13 no 1 pp 93ndash100 2015
6 International Journal of Agronomy
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Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom
Aman rice) in High Ganges River Floodplain soils Geo-graphically the experimental field is located at 20deg02449Nlatitude and 88deg4720E longitude with the elevation of 20mabove the sea level ampe land was selected based on the dis-cussion with local farmers DAE personnel and availablesecondary information
22 Information Related to AEZ-11 ampere is an overallpattern of olive-brown silt loams and silty clay loams on theupper parts of floodplain ridges and dark grey mottledbrown mainly clay soils on ridge sites and in basins Mostridge soils are calcareous throughout General soil typespredominantly include calcareous dark grey floodplain soilsand calcareous brown floodplain soils Organic mattercontent in brown ridge soils is low and higher in dark greysoils Soils are slightly alkaline in reaction General fertilitylevel is low
23 Nutrient Status ampe experimental soil was slightly al-kaline (84) having low organic matter (178) ampe soilcontained 008 total N (very low) 2585 ppm available P(optimum) 016me exchangeable K (low) 1585 ppmavailable S (medium) 050 ppm available B (high) and020 ppm available Zn (very low) ampe rates of the fertilizersfor different crops were calculated using soil test valuesbased (STB) on high yield goal as per Fertilizer Recom-mendation Guidersquo 2012 [9]
24 Experimental Procedure ampe experiment was designedwith two cropping patterns following randomized complete
block design with six dispersed replications ampe unit plotsize was 8mtimes 4m ampe treatments were C1 mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice and C2 mustard-onion-TAman rice ampe sources of nutrients were urea for N TSPfor P MOP for K gypsum for S zinc sulphate for Zn andBoric acid for Bampe details of the varieties used and culturaloperations adopted in different crop sequences are given inTable 1 For mustard half of urea and all other inorganicfertilizers were applied according to individual plot andmixed with soil at the time of final land preparationampe restof urea was top dressed before flowering just one day afterfirst irrigation In case of onion half of urea and all otherinorganic fertilizers were applied to individual plot andmixed with soil at the time of final land preparationampe restof urea was top dressed 30 days after planting Maize wasplanted 70 days after planting of onion For maize half ofurea and all other inorganic fertilizers were appliedaccording to individual plot after harvesting of onion at 6-leaf stage of maize as side dressing followed by earthing upampe rest urea was top dressed at 10-leaf stage In case of TAman rice all the fertilizers except urea were applied asbasal Urea was applied as top dress in three equal splits at15 30 and 45 days after transplanting All the crops wereharvested at maturity from an area of central 50m2 Data onyield of component crops in sequences were recorded andconverted to ton per hectare Total system productivity wascalculated as summation of individual crop yield of eachcropping cycle ampe productivity of different crop sequenceswas compared by calculating their economic rice equivalentyield (REY) using formula given by Ahlawat and Sharma[10] where
REY Yield of each crop t middot haminus11113872 1113873 times economic value of respective crop Tk middot tminus1( 1113857
Price of rice grain Tk middot tminus1( ) (1)
241 Land Use Efficiency Land use efficiency (LUE) wasestimated by the total duration of crops in the sequencedivided by 365 days and expressed in as outlined byJamwal [11]
LUE 1113936Dc365
times 100 (2)
where Dc duration of crops in the sequence
242 Production Efficiency Production efficiency (PE) wascalculated by taking total economic yield of the sequence on
wheat equivalent basis divided duration of crops using performula by Jamwal [11]
PE REY1113936Dc
(3)
where REY rice equivalent yield in a sequence andDc duration of crops in that sequence
243 Marginal Benefit Cost Ratio (MBCR) ampe economicanalysis was done following the method suggested byCIMMYT [12] ampeMBCR can be computed as the marginal
Table 1 Details of cultural practices adopted for different crops in field experiments
Crop Cultivar Seed rate(kgmiddothaminus1) Spacing (cm2) Date of
sowingDate of
harvestingRate of fertilizer application (kgmiddothaminus1)N P K S Zn B
Mustard BARI Sarisha-14 07 30 cm solid row 01ndash05 Nov 01ndash05 Feb 78 15 42 10 2 15Onion BARI Piaz-2 08 15times10 05ndash10 Feb 10ndash15 May 93 29 85 19 2 mdashMaize NK-40 21 60times 20 10ndash15 Apr 15ndash20 Jul 250 53 100 40 mdash mdashT Aman rice BRRI dhan33 30 20times15 20ndash25 Jul 25ndash31 Oct 62 6 19 7 2 mdash
International Journal of Agronomy 3
value product (MVP) over the marginal value cost (MVC) Itcan be computed as
MBCR MVP(over control)MVP(over control)
(4)
All the data were statistically analyzed following theF-test and the mean comparisons were made by DMRT at5 level as per the outline by Gomez and Gomez [13]
3 Results and Discussion
31 Yield ofMustard Mustard was the first crop in both thecropping patterns ampere was no significant difference ofmustard yield in between the cropping patterns Howevernumerically higher yield (156 tmiddothaminus1 in 2013-14 and161 tmiddothaminus1 in 2014-15) was observed in the improved patternfollowed the existing one (Table 2)
32 Yield of Onion Onion was the second crop in both thesequences and planted in the late Rabi season (February)ampere was no significant difference between the croppingpatterns on the bulb yield of onion However from the 1styear observation numerically higher bulb yield was recor-ded in the existing cropping pattern (mustard-onion-TAman rice) than four crops pattern ampe 2nd year trendwas contrary to the first year result though the difference wasstatistically nonsignificant (Table 2)
33 Yield of Maize Maize was the included crop in theimproved pattern and grown as a relay crop with onion inKharif-I season (April) whereas in the existing pattern thisperiod remained fallow From the two yearsrsquo observation itwas clear that maize can effectively be grown as relay withonion to fit it in the four crops pattern by saving timeInclusion of maize in the fallow period characteristically
increased the systemrsquos equivalent yield Generally farmersuse excess amount of fertilizers for preceding crop onionamperefore maize can be grown with a minimum supportregarding input cost However maize produced 765 tongrain and 843 ton stover haminus1 in 2013-14 and 839 ton grainand 913 ton stover haminus1 in 2014-15 which contributed toa higher REY of 2995 tmiddothaminus1 in four crop-based pattern(Tables 3ndash5) Correia et al [14] observed 20957 higheryield from maize as intercroppedrelayed with mucuna
34 Yield of T Aman Rice T Aman rice is the commoncrop in the Kharif-II (JulyndashOctober) season in bothcropping patterns Grain yield of T Aman rice is a complexcharacter depending on a large number of environmentalmorphological and physiological characters Grain yieldsalso depend upon their yield components However therewas no significant difference on grain yield of rice in be-tween the cropping patterns but numerically higher (225in 2013-14 and 647 in 2014-15) grain yield observed inthe imposed pattern might be due to the residual effect offertilizers applied to the preceding maize crop (Table 3)Jabbar et al [15] observed the positive impact on residualsoil fertility when crops are grown as interrelay croppingsystem
Table 2 Productivity of component crops (mustard and onion) in different cropping patterns
Cropping patternCropping year 2013-14 Cropping year 2014-15
Seed yield ofmustard (tmiddothaminus1)
Bulb yield ofonion (tmiddothaminus1)
Seed yield ofmustard (tmiddothaminus1)
Bulb yield ofonion (tmiddothaminus1)
Mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice 156 1460 161 1568Mustard-onion-T Aman rice 148 1482 155 1510Level of significance NS NS NS NSSE (plusmn) 035 051 026 057CV () 423 547 521 437
Table 3 Productivity of component crops (maize and T Aman rice) in different cropping patterns
Cropping pattern
Cropping year 2013-14 Cropping year 2014-15Yield of maize
(tmiddothaminus1)Yield of T Aman
rice (tmiddothaminus1)Yield of maize
(tmiddothaminus1)Yield of T Aman
rice (tmiddothaminus1)Grain Stover Grain Straw Grain Stover Grain Straw
Mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice 765 843 454 588 839 913 477 606Mustard-onion-T Aman rice mdash mdash 444 546 mdash mdash 448 575Level of significance mdash mdash NS NS mdash mdash NS NSSE (plusmn) mdash mdash 036 123 mdash mdash 019 016CV () mdash mdash 459 574 mdash mdash 1032 850
Table 4 System productivity (REYlowast) of component crops indifferent cropping patterns
Cropping patternSystem REY (tmiddothaminus1)2013-14 2014-15
Mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice 2896 3095Mustard-onion-T Aman rice 2151 2201Level of significance 005 005SE (plusmn) 265 296CV () 621 862lowastRice equivalent yield
4 International Journal of Agronomy
35 System Productivity System productivity was consideredas rice equivalent yield (REY) ampe system REY significantlydiffered between the cropping patterns However data arepresented in Table 2 In general the pattern involving four cropsproduced significantly greater REY than that having three cropspattern However mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice showedhigher productivity in terms of REY (2896 tmiddothaminus1 in 2013-14and 3095 tmiddothaminus1 in 2014-15) with a mean REY 2995 tmiddothaminus1(Table 5) than mustard-onion-T Aman rice cropping pattern(2176 tmiddothaminus1) Total productivity increased by 3763 in themaize-included four crops pattern Mondal et al [16] alsoclaimed of having 49 to 67 higher productivity from theintensified land use system Total field duration of crops bycropping pattern is presented in Table 5 Total field durationwas the higher inmustard-onionmaize-TAman rice croppingpattern (340 days) due to additional maize crop cultivation andfound lower (270 days) in the existingmustard-onion-TAmanrice cropping pattern because of not cultivating maize in kharifseason
36 Production Efficiency (PE) ampe cropping patternsshowed variation on production efficiency (PE) (Table 5)ampe pattern having four crops generated the higher PE(8810 kgminus1middothaminus1middotdayminus1) ampis is due to the higher productivityof this sequence in which the contribution of maize is quiteobvious However the mustard-onion-T Aman rice gave the933 lower PE (8058kgminus1middothaminus1middotdayminus1) in the sequences HigherPE associated with improved cropping pattern coupled withmodern management practices were noted by Nazrul et al[17] Khan et al [18 19] and Krrishna and Reddy [20]ampoughnot studied here interrelay crops could increase system pro-duction by suppressing the weed growth [21]
37 Land Use Efficiency (LUE) Land use efficiency (LUE)varied according to the cropping patterns (Table 5) Ingeneral patterns intensified by four crops resulted in 1918higher LUE than the triple cropping systemampe higher LUE(9315) was recorded in mustard-onionmaize-T Amanrice whereas the lower LUE (7397) was recorded inmustard-onion-T Aman rice cropping pattern ampe resultsare in agreement with Kamrozzaman et al [22]
38 Economic Performance Based on two yearsrsquo observationeconomic performance of the patterns is presented in Table 6Cropping pattern attributed a remarkable impact on vari-able cost marginal return and marginal benefit cost ratio(MBCR) ampe annual gross return cultivation cost marginalreturn and marginal cost were considered for assessing thesuitability of the cropping pattern In general inclusion of thefourth crop (maize) markedly enhanced both the return andcultivation cost ampough maize accounted for 1964 highercultivation cost consequently it contributed to 3763 higherreturn in the four crops patternampemustard-onionmaize-TAman rice had a maximum gross return (Tk 539180 haminus1)along with a higher cultivation cost (Tk 285542haminus1) whichalso contributed to higher marginal return (Tk 147540 haminus1)and MBCR (314) than mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice-based three crops pattern
4 Conclusion
Relaying maize with onion is a simple but an effective timespace saving technology for shifting the thee crops pattern tofour crops (mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice) one Con-sidering systems REY LUE PE and economic performancesof the two-year crop cycle it is revealed that four crops patternis the best option for greater productivity and profitabilityover the triple cropping system
Disclosure
ampe authors do certify that the statements made by them aretrue and correct to the best of their knowledge and beliefampey understand that any false statements or any unfairmeans may provide grounds for the withdrawal or cancel-lation of the manuscript
Conflicts of Interest
ampe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interestregarding the publication of the article
Acknowledgments
ampe authors are thankful to the On-Farm Research DivisionBangladesh Agricultural Research Institute Gazipur forproviding financial help and logistic support respectively
Table 5 Field crop duration production efficiency and land use efficiency as influenced by cropping patterns
Cropping pattern Mean REY (tmiddothaminus1) Field duration ofcrop sequence (day)
Production efficiency(kgminus1middothaminus1middotdayminus1)
Land useefficiency ()
Mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice 2995 340 8810 9315Mustard-onion-T Aman rice 2176 270 8058 7397
Table 6 Profitability of the four crops pattern over the existing pattern
Cropping pattern Gross return(Tkmiddothaminus1)
Cultivation cost (TVC)(Tkmiddothaminus1)
Marginal value(MVP) (Tkmiddothaminus1)
Marginal cost(MVC) (Tkmiddothaminus1) MBCRlowast
Mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice 539180 285542 147540 46894 314Mustard-onion-T Aman rice 391640 238648 mdash mdash mdashlowastMarginal benefit cost ratio input urea 16 Tkmiddotkgminus1 TSP 22 Tkmiddotkgminus1 MoP 15 Tkmiddotkgminus1 gypsum 6 Tkmiddotkgminus1 zinc sulphate 120 Tkmiddotkgminus1 boric acid 150 Tkmiddotkgminus1furadan 150 Tkmiddotkgminus1 mustard seed 100 Tkmiddotkgminus1 tillage cost 10000 Tkmiddothaminus1 irrigation (1 time) 1000 Tkmiddothaminus1 and labour 200 Tkmiddotdayminus1 (8 hours) output ricegrain 18 Tkmiddotkgminus1 mustard seed 50 Tkmiddotkgminus1 onion bulb 15 Tkmiddotkgminus1 maize grain 16 Tkmiddotkgminus1 maize stover 1 Tkmiddotkgminus1 and rice straw 2 Tkmiddotkgminus1
International Journal of Agronomy 5
References
[1] M N Hasan M S Hossain M A Bari and M R IslamAgricultural Land Availability in Bangladesh SRDI DhakaBangladesh 2013
[2] BBS (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics) Yearbook of Agricul-tural Statistics Statistics and Informatics Division (SID)Ministry of Planning Dhaka Bangladesh 2016
[3] M Alauddin and C Tisdell ldquoTrends and projectionsfor Bangladeshi food production an alternative viewpointrdquoFood Policy vol 12 no 4 pp 318ndash331 1987
[4] M Tanveer S A Anjum S Hussain A Cerda and U AshrafldquoRelay cropping as a sustainable approach problems andopportunities for sustainable crop productionrdquo EnvironmentalScience and Pollution Research vol 24 no 8 pp 6973ndash69882017
[5] H Knorzer H Grozinger S Graeff-Honninger K HartungH P Piepho and W Claupein ldquoIntegrating a simple shadingalgorithm into CERES-wheat and CERES-maize with particularregard to a changing microclimate within a relay-intercroppingsystemrdquo Field Crops Research vol 121 no 2 pp 274ndash285 2011
[6] A C Gaudin K Janovicek R C Martin and W DeenldquoApproaches to optimizing nitrogen fertilization in a winterwheatndashred clover (Trifolium pratense L) relay cropping sys-temrdquo Field Crops Research vol 155 pp 192ndash201 2014
[7] C Amosse M H Jeuffroy B Mary and C David ldquoCon-tribution of relay intercropping with legume cover crops onnitrogen dynamics in organic grain systemsrdquoNutrient Cyclingin Agroecosystems vol 98 no 1 pp 1ndash14 2014
[8] J S Schepers D D Francis and J F Shanahan ldquoRelay croppingfor improved air and water qualityrdquo Journal of Biosciencesvol 60 pp 186ndash189 2005
[9] BARC (Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council) FertilizerRecommendation Guide BARC Farmgate Dhaka Bangladesh2005
[10] I P S Ahlawat and R P Sharma Agronomid TerminologyIndian Society of Agronomy New Delhi India 3rd edition1993
[11] J S Jamwal ldquoProductivity and economics of different maize(Zea mays) based crop sequences under dryland conditionsrdquoIndian Journal of Agronomy vol 46 no 4 pp 601ndash604 2001
[12] CIMMYT From Agronomic Data to Farmer Recommenda-tions An Economic Training Manual International Maize andWheat Improvement Center El Batan MEX Mexico 1988
[13] K A Gomez and A A Gomez Statistical Procedures forAgricultural Research An International Rice Research InstituteBook JohnWiley and Sons New York NY USA 2nd edition1984
[14] M V Correia L C R Pereira L D Almeida et al ldquoMaize-mucuna (Mucuna pruriens (L) DC) relay intercropping in thelowland tropics of Timor-Lesterdquo Field Crops Research vol 156pp 272ndash280 2014
[15] A Jabbar R Ahmad I H Bhatti T Aziz M Nadeem andR A Wasi-u-Din ldquoResidual soil fertility as influenced by diverserice-based interrelay cropping systemsrdquo International Journal ofAgriculture and Biology vol 13 pp 477ndash483 2011
[16] R I Mondal F Begum A Aziz and S H Sharif ldquoCrop sequencesfor increasing cropping intensity and productivityrdquo SAARCJournal of Agriculture vol 13 no 1 pp 135ndash147 2015
[17] M I Nazrul M R Shaheb M A H Khan andA S M M R Khan ldquoOn-Farm evaluation of productionpotential and economic returns of potato-rice based improvedcropping systemrdquo Bangladesh Agronomy Journal vol 16 no 2pp 41ndash50 2013
[18] M A Khan S M A Hossain andM A H Khan ldquoA study onsome selected jute-based cropping patterns at KishoregonjrdquoBangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research vol 31 no 1pp 85ndash95 2006
[19] M A H Khan M A Quayyum M I Nazrul N Sultana andM R A Mollah ldquoOn-farm evaluation of production potentialand economics of mustard-rice based improved croppingsystemrdquo Journal of Social and Economic Development vol 2no 1 pp 37ndash42 2005
[20] A Krishna and A K Reddy ldquoProduction potential andeconomics of different rice (Oryza sativa) based croppingsystems in Andhra Pradeshrdquo Indian Journal of AgriculturalSciences vol 67 no 12 pp 551ndash553 1997
[21] C Amosse M H Jeuffroy F Celette and C David ldquoRelay-intercropped forage legumes help to control weeds in organicgrain productionrdquo European Journal of Agronomy vol 49pp 158ndash167 2013
[22] M M Kamrozzaman M A H Khan S Ahmed andA F M Ruhul Quddus ldquoOn-farm evaluation of productionpotential and economics of Wheat Jute-Taman rice-basedcropping systemrdquo Journal of the Bangladesh AgriculturalUniversity vol 13 no 1 pp 93ndash100 2015
6 International Journal of Agronomy
Nutrition and Metabolism
Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Food ScienceInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
International Journal of
Microbiology
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom
The Scientific World Journal
Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom
Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science
Volume 2018
AgricultureAdvances in
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
PsycheHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
BiodiversityInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
ScienticaHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Plant GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Biotechnology Research International
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Forestry ResearchInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
BotanyJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
EcologyInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Veterinary Medicine International
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Cell BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
BioMed Research International
Agronomy
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
International Journal of
Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom
value product (MVP) over the marginal value cost (MVC) Itcan be computed as
MBCR MVP(over control)MVP(over control)
(4)
All the data were statistically analyzed following theF-test and the mean comparisons were made by DMRT at5 level as per the outline by Gomez and Gomez [13]
3 Results and Discussion
31 Yield ofMustard Mustard was the first crop in both thecropping patterns ampere was no significant difference ofmustard yield in between the cropping patterns Howevernumerically higher yield (156 tmiddothaminus1 in 2013-14 and161 tmiddothaminus1 in 2014-15) was observed in the improved patternfollowed the existing one (Table 2)
32 Yield of Onion Onion was the second crop in both thesequences and planted in the late Rabi season (February)ampere was no significant difference between the croppingpatterns on the bulb yield of onion However from the 1styear observation numerically higher bulb yield was recor-ded in the existing cropping pattern (mustard-onion-TAman rice) than four crops pattern ampe 2nd year trendwas contrary to the first year result though the difference wasstatistically nonsignificant (Table 2)
33 Yield of Maize Maize was the included crop in theimproved pattern and grown as a relay crop with onion inKharif-I season (April) whereas in the existing pattern thisperiod remained fallow From the two yearsrsquo observation itwas clear that maize can effectively be grown as relay withonion to fit it in the four crops pattern by saving timeInclusion of maize in the fallow period characteristically
increased the systemrsquos equivalent yield Generally farmersuse excess amount of fertilizers for preceding crop onionamperefore maize can be grown with a minimum supportregarding input cost However maize produced 765 tongrain and 843 ton stover haminus1 in 2013-14 and 839 ton grainand 913 ton stover haminus1 in 2014-15 which contributed toa higher REY of 2995 tmiddothaminus1 in four crop-based pattern(Tables 3ndash5) Correia et al [14] observed 20957 higheryield from maize as intercroppedrelayed with mucuna
34 Yield of T Aman Rice T Aman rice is the commoncrop in the Kharif-II (JulyndashOctober) season in bothcropping patterns Grain yield of T Aman rice is a complexcharacter depending on a large number of environmentalmorphological and physiological characters Grain yieldsalso depend upon their yield components However therewas no significant difference on grain yield of rice in be-tween the cropping patterns but numerically higher (225in 2013-14 and 647 in 2014-15) grain yield observed inthe imposed pattern might be due to the residual effect offertilizers applied to the preceding maize crop (Table 3)Jabbar et al [15] observed the positive impact on residualsoil fertility when crops are grown as interrelay croppingsystem
Table 2 Productivity of component crops (mustard and onion) in different cropping patterns
Cropping patternCropping year 2013-14 Cropping year 2014-15
Seed yield ofmustard (tmiddothaminus1)
Bulb yield ofonion (tmiddothaminus1)
Seed yield ofmustard (tmiddothaminus1)
Bulb yield ofonion (tmiddothaminus1)
Mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice 156 1460 161 1568Mustard-onion-T Aman rice 148 1482 155 1510Level of significance NS NS NS NSSE (plusmn) 035 051 026 057CV () 423 547 521 437
Table 3 Productivity of component crops (maize and T Aman rice) in different cropping patterns
Cropping pattern
Cropping year 2013-14 Cropping year 2014-15Yield of maize
(tmiddothaminus1)Yield of T Aman
rice (tmiddothaminus1)Yield of maize
(tmiddothaminus1)Yield of T Aman
rice (tmiddothaminus1)Grain Stover Grain Straw Grain Stover Grain Straw
Mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice 765 843 454 588 839 913 477 606Mustard-onion-T Aman rice mdash mdash 444 546 mdash mdash 448 575Level of significance mdash mdash NS NS mdash mdash NS NSSE (plusmn) mdash mdash 036 123 mdash mdash 019 016CV () mdash mdash 459 574 mdash mdash 1032 850
Table 4 System productivity (REYlowast) of component crops indifferent cropping patterns
Cropping patternSystem REY (tmiddothaminus1)2013-14 2014-15
Mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice 2896 3095Mustard-onion-T Aman rice 2151 2201Level of significance 005 005SE (plusmn) 265 296CV () 621 862lowastRice equivalent yield
4 International Journal of Agronomy
35 System Productivity System productivity was consideredas rice equivalent yield (REY) ampe system REY significantlydiffered between the cropping patterns However data arepresented in Table 2 In general the pattern involving four cropsproduced significantly greater REY than that having three cropspattern However mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice showedhigher productivity in terms of REY (2896 tmiddothaminus1 in 2013-14and 3095 tmiddothaminus1 in 2014-15) with a mean REY 2995 tmiddothaminus1(Table 5) than mustard-onion-T Aman rice cropping pattern(2176 tmiddothaminus1) Total productivity increased by 3763 in themaize-included four crops pattern Mondal et al [16] alsoclaimed of having 49 to 67 higher productivity from theintensified land use system Total field duration of crops bycropping pattern is presented in Table 5 Total field durationwas the higher inmustard-onionmaize-TAman rice croppingpattern (340 days) due to additional maize crop cultivation andfound lower (270 days) in the existingmustard-onion-TAmanrice cropping pattern because of not cultivating maize in kharifseason
36 Production Efficiency (PE) ampe cropping patternsshowed variation on production efficiency (PE) (Table 5)ampe pattern having four crops generated the higher PE(8810 kgminus1middothaminus1middotdayminus1) ampis is due to the higher productivityof this sequence in which the contribution of maize is quiteobvious However the mustard-onion-T Aman rice gave the933 lower PE (8058kgminus1middothaminus1middotdayminus1) in the sequences HigherPE associated with improved cropping pattern coupled withmodern management practices were noted by Nazrul et al[17] Khan et al [18 19] and Krrishna and Reddy [20]ampoughnot studied here interrelay crops could increase system pro-duction by suppressing the weed growth [21]
37 Land Use Efficiency (LUE) Land use efficiency (LUE)varied according to the cropping patterns (Table 5) Ingeneral patterns intensified by four crops resulted in 1918higher LUE than the triple cropping systemampe higher LUE(9315) was recorded in mustard-onionmaize-T Amanrice whereas the lower LUE (7397) was recorded inmustard-onion-T Aman rice cropping pattern ampe resultsare in agreement with Kamrozzaman et al [22]
38 Economic Performance Based on two yearsrsquo observationeconomic performance of the patterns is presented in Table 6Cropping pattern attributed a remarkable impact on vari-able cost marginal return and marginal benefit cost ratio(MBCR) ampe annual gross return cultivation cost marginalreturn and marginal cost were considered for assessing thesuitability of the cropping pattern In general inclusion of thefourth crop (maize) markedly enhanced both the return andcultivation cost ampough maize accounted for 1964 highercultivation cost consequently it contributed to 3763 higherreturn in the four crops patternampemustard-onionmaize-TAman rice had a maximum gross return (Tk 539180 haminus1)along with a higher cultivation cost (Tk 285542haminus1) whichalso contributed to higher marginal return (Tk 147540 haminus1)and MBCR (314) than mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice-based three crops pattern
4 Conclusion
Relaying maize with onion is a simple but an effective timespace saving technology for shifting the thee crops pattern tofour crops (mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice) one Con-sidering systems REY LUE PE and economic performancesof the two-year crop cycle it is revealed that four crops patternis the best option for greater productivity and profitabilityover the triple cropping system
Disclosure
ampe authors do certify that the statements made by them aretrue and correct to the best of their knowledge and beliefampey understand that any false statements or any unfairmeans may provide grounds for the withdrawal or cancel-lation of the manuscript
Conflicts of Interest
ampe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interestregarding the publication of the article
Acknowledgments
ampe authors are thankful to the On-Farm Research DivisionBangladesh Agricultural Research Institute Gazipur forproviding financial help and logistic support respectively
Table 5 Field crop duration production efficiency and land use efficiency as influenced by cropping patterns
Cropping pattern Mean REY (tmiddothaminus1) Field duration ofcrop sequence (day)
Production efficiency(kgminus1middothaminus1middotdayminus1)
Land useefficiency ()
Mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice 2995 340 8810 9315Mustard-onion-T Aman rice 2176 270 8058 7397
Table 6 Profitability of the four crops pattern over the existing pattern
Cropping pattern Gross return(Tkmiddothaminus1)
Cultivation cost (TVC)(Tkmiddothaminus1)
Marginal value(MVP) (Tkmiddothaminus1)
Marginal cost(MVC) (Tkmiddothaminus1) MBCRlowast
Mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice 539180 285542 147540 46894 314Mustard-onion-T Aman rice 391640 238648 mdash mdash mdashlowastMarginal benefit cost ratio input urea 16 Tkmiddotkgminus1 TSP 22 Tkmiddotkgminus1 MoP 15 Tkmiddotkgminus1 gypsum 6 Tkmiddotkgminus1 zinc sulphate 120 Tkmiddotkgminus1 boric acid 150 Tkmiddotkgminus1furadan 150 Tkmiddotkgminus1 mustard seed 100 Tkmiddotkgminus1 tillage cost 10000 Tkmiddothaminus1 irrigation (1 time) 1000 Tkmiddothaminus1 and labour 200 Tkmiddotdayminus1 (8 hours) output ricegrain 18 Tkmiddotkgminus1 mustard seed 50 Tkmiddotkgminus1 onion bulb 15 Tkmiddotkgminus1 maize grain 16 Tkmiddotkgminus1 maize stover 1 Tkmiddotkgminus1 and rice straw 2 Tkmiddotkgminus1
International Journal of Agronomy 5
References
[1] M N Hasan M S Hossain M A Bari and M R IslamAgricultural Land Availability in Bangladesh SRDI DhakaBangladesh 2013
[2] BBS (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics) Yearbook of Agricul-tural Statistics Statistics and Informatics Division (SID)Ministry of Planning Dhaka Bangladesh 2016
[3] M Alauddin and C Tisdell ldquoTrends and projectionsfor Bangladeshi food production an alternative viewpointrdquoFood Policy vol 12 no 4 pp 318ndash331 1987
[4] M Tanveer S A Anjum S Hussain A Cerda and U AshrafldquoRelay cropping as a sustainable approach problems andopportunities for sustainable crop productionrdquo EnvironmentalScience and Pollution Research vol 24 no 8 pp 6973ndash69882017
[5] H Knorzer H Grozinger S Graeff-Honninger K HartungH P Piepho and W Claupein ldquoIntegrating a simple shadingalgorithm into CERES-wheat and CERES-maize with particularregard to a changing microclimate within a relay-intercroppingsystemrdquo Field Crops Research vol 121 no 2 pp 274ndash285 2011
[6] A C Gaudin K Janovicek R C Martin and W DeenldquoApproaches to optimizing nitrogen fertilization in a winterwheatndashred clover (Trifolium pratense L) relay cropping sys-temrdquo Field Crops Research vol 155 pp 192ndash201 2014
[7] C Amosse M H Jeuffroy B Mary and C David ldquoCon-tribution of relay intercropping with legume cover crops onnitrogen dynamics in organic grain systemsrdquoNutrient Cyclingin Agroecosystems vol 98 no 1 pp 1ndash14 2014
[8] J S Schepers D D Francis and J F Shanahan ldquoRelay croppingfor improved air and water qualityrdquo Journal of Biosciencesvol 60 pp 186ndash189 2005
[9] BARC (Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council) FertilizerRecommendation Guide BARC Farmgate Dhaka Bangladesh2005
[10] I P S Ahlawat and R P Sharma Agronomid TerminologyIndian Society of Agronomy New Delhi India 3rd edition1993
[11] J S Jamwal ldquoProductivity and economics of different maize(Zea mays) based crop sequences under dryland conditionsrdquoIndian Journal of Agronomy vol 46 no 4 pp 601ndash604 2001
[12] CIMMYT From Agronomic Data to Farmer Recommenda-tions An Economic Training Manual International Maize andWheat Improvement Center El Batan MEX Mexico 1988
[13] K A Gomez and A A Gomez Statistical Procedures forAgricultural Research An International Rice Research InstituteBook JohnWiley and Sons New York NY USA 2nd edition1984
[14] M V Correia L C R Pereira L D Almeida et al ldquoMaize-mucuna (Mucuna pruriens (L) DC) relay intercropping in thelowland tropics of Timor-Lesterdquo Field Crops Research vol 156pp 272ndash280 2014
[15] A Jabbar R Ahmad I H Bhatti T Aziz M Nadeem andR A Wasi-u-Din ldquoResidual soil fertility as influenced by diverserice-based interrelay cropping systemsrdquo International Journal ofAgriculture and Biology vol 13 pp 477ndash483 2011
[16] R I Mondal F Begum A Aziz and S H Sharif ldquoCrop sequencesfor increasing cropping intensity and productivityrdquo SAARCJournal of Agriculture vol 13 no 1 pp 135ndash147 2015
[17] M I Nazrul M R Shaheb M A H Khan andA S M M R Khan ldquoOn-Farm evaluation of productionpotential and economic returns of potato-rice based improvedcropping systemrdquo Bangladesh Agronomy Journal vol 16 no 2pp 41ndash50 2013
[18] M A Khan S M A Hossain andM A H Khan ldquoA study onsome selected jute-based cropping patterns at KishoregonjrdquoBangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research vol 31 no 1pp 85ndash95 2006
[19] M A H Khan M A Quayyum M I Nazrul N Sultana andM R A Mollah ldquoOn-farm evaluation of production potentialand economics of mustard-rice based improved croppingsystemrdquo Journal of Social and Economic Development vol 2no 1 pp 37ndash42 2005
[20] A Krishna and A K Reddy ldquoProduction potential andeconomics of different rice (Oryza sativa) based croppingsystems in Andhra Pradeshrdquo Indian Journal of AgriculturalSciences vol 67 no 12 pp 551ndash553 1997
[21] C Amosse M H Jeuffroy F Celette and C David ldquoRelay-intercropped forage legumes help to control weeds in organicgrain productionrdquo European Journal of Agronomy vol 49pp 158ndash167 2013
[22] M M Kamrozzaman M A H Khan S Ahmed andA F M Ruhul Quddus ldquoOn-farm evaluation of productionpotential and economics of Wheat Jute-Taman rice-basedcropping systemrdquo Journal of the Bangladesh AgriculturalUniversity vol 13 no 1 pp 93ndash100 2015
6 International Journal of Agronomy
Nutrition and Metabolism
Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Food ScienceInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
International Journal of
Microbiology
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom
The Scientific World Journal
Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom
Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science
Volume 2018
AgricultureAdvances in
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
PsycheHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
BiodiversityInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
ScienticaHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Plant GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Biotechnology Research International
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Forestry ResearchInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
BotanyJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
EcologyInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Veterinary Medicine International
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Cell BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
BioMed Research International
Agronomy
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
International Journal of
Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom
35 System Productivity System productivity was consideredas rice equivalent yield (REY) ampe system REY significantlydiffered between the cropping patterns However data arepresented in Table 2 In general the pattern involving four cropsproduced significantly greater REY than that having three cropspattern However mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice showedhigher productivity in terms of REY (2896 tmiddothaminus1 in 2013-14and 3095 tmiddothaminus1 in 2014-15) with a mean REY 2995 tmiddothaminus1(Table 5) than mustard-onion-T Aman rice cropping pattern(2176 tmiddothaminus1) Total productivity increased by 3763 in themaize-included four crops pattern Mondal et al [16] alsoclaimed of having 49 to 67 higher productivity from theintensified land use system Total field duration of crops bycropping pattern is presented in Table 5 Total field durationwas the higher inmustard-onionmaize-TAman rice croppingpattern (340 days) due to additional maize crop cultivation andfound lower (270 days) in the existingmustard-onion-TAmanrice cropping pattern because of not cultivating maize in kharifseason
36 Production Efficiency (PE) ampe cropping patternsshowed variation on production efficiency (PE) (Table 5)ampe pattern having four crops generated the higher PE(8810 kgminus1middothaminus1middotdayminus1) ampis is due to the higher productivityof this sequence in which the contribution of maize is quiteobvious However the mustard-onion-T Aman rice gave the933 lower PE (8058kgminus1middothaminus1middotdayminus1) in the sequences HigherPE associated with improved cropping pattern coupled withmodern management practices were noted by Nazrul et al[17] Khan et al [18 19] and Krrishna and Reddy [20]ampoughnot studied here interrelay crops could increase system pro-duction by suppressing the weed growth [21]
37 Land Use Efficiency (LUE) Land use efficiency (LUE)varied according to the cropping patterns (Table 5) Ingeneral patterns intensified by four crops resulted in 1918higher LUE than the triple cropping systemampe higher LUE(9315) was recorded in mustard-onionmaize-T Amanrice whereas the lower LUE (7397) was recorded inmustard-onion-T Aman rice cropping pattern ampe resultsare in agreement with Kamrozzaman et al [22]
38 Economic Performance Based on two yearsrsquo observationeconomic performance of the patterns is presented in Table 6Cropping pattern attributed a remarkable impact on vari-able cost marginal return and marginal benefit cost ratio(MBCR) ampe annual gross return cultivation cost marginalreturn and marginal cost were considered for assessing thesuitability of the cropping pattern In general inclusion of thefourth crop (maize) markedly enhanced both the return andcultivation cost ampough maize accounted for 1964 highercultivation cost consequently it contributed to 3763 higherreturn in the four crops patternampemustard-onionmaize-TAman rice had a maximum gross return (Tk 539180 haminus1)along with a higher cultivation cost (Tk 285542haminus1) whichalso contributed to higher marginal return (Tk 147540 haminus1)and MBCR (314) than mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice-based three crops pattern
4 Conclusion
Relaying maize with onion is a simple but an effective timespace saving technology for shifting the thee crops pattern tofour crops (mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice) one Con-sidering systems REY LUE PE and economic performancesof the two-year crop cycle it is revealed that four crops patternis the best option for greater productivity and profitabilityover the triple cropping system
Disclosure
ampe authors do certify that the statements made by them aretrue and correct to the best of their knowledge and beliefampey understand that any false statements or any unfairmeans may provide grounds for the withdrawal or cancel-lation of the manuscript
Conflicts of Interest
ampe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interestregarding the publication of the article
Acknowledgments
ampe authors are thankful to the On-Farm Research DivisionBangladesh Agricultural Research Institute Gazipur forproviding financial help and logistic support respectively
Table 5 Field crop duration production efficiency and land use efficiency as influenced by cropping patterns
Cropping pattern Mean REY (tmiddothaminus1) Field duration ofcrop sequence (day)
Production efficiency(kgminus1middothaminus1middotdayminus1)
Land useefficiency ()
Mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice 2995 340 8810 9315Mustard-onion-T Aman rice 2176 270 8058 7397
Table 6 Profitability of the four crops pattern over the existing pattern
Cropping pattern Gross return(Tkmiddothaminus1)
Cultivation cost (TVC)(Tkmiddothaminus1)
Marginal value(MVP) (Tkmiddothaminus1)
Marginal cost(MVC) (Tkmiddothaminus1) MBCRlowast
Mustard-onionmaize-T Aman rice 539180 285542 147540 46894 314Mustard-onion-T Aman rice 391640 238648 mdash mdash mdashlowastMarginal benefit cost ratio input urea 16 Tkmiddotkgminus1 TSP 22 Tkmiddotkgminus1 MoP 15 Tkmiddotkgminus1 gypsum 6 Tkmiddotkgminus1 zinc sulphate 120 Tkmiddotkgminus1 boric acid 150 Tkmiddotkgminus1furadan 150 Tkmiddotkgminus1 mustard seed 100 Tkmiddotkgminus1 tillage cost 10000 Tkmiddothaminus1 irrigation (1 time) 1000 Tkmiddothaminus1 and labour 200 Tkmiddotdayminus1 (8 hours) output ricegrain 18 Tkmiddotkgminus1 mustard seed 50 Tkmiddotkgminus1 onion bulb 15 Tkmiddotkgminus1 maize grain 16 Tkmiddotkgminus1 maize stover 1 Tkmiddotkgminus1 and rice straw 2 Tkmiddotkgminus1
International Journal of Agronomy 5
References
[1] M N Hasan M S Hossain M A Bari and M R IslamAgricultural Land Availability in Bangladesh SRDI DhakaBangladesh 2013
[2] BBS (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics) Yearbook of Agricul-tural Statistics Statistics and Informatics Division (SID)Ministry of Planning Dhaka Bangladesh 2016
[3] M Alauddin and C Tisdell ldquoTrends and projectionsfor Bangladeshi food production an alternative viewpointrdquoFood Policy vol 12 no 4 pp 318ndash331 1987
[4] M Tanveer S A Anjum S Hussain A Cerda and U AshrafldquoRelay cropping as a sustainable approach problems andopportunities for sustainable crop productionrdquo EnvironmentalScience and Pollution Research vol 24 no 8 pp 6973ndash69882017
[5] H Knorzer H Grozinger S Graeff-Honninger K HartungH P Piepho and W Claupein ldquoIntegrating a simple shadingalgorithm into CERES-wheat and CERES-maize with particularregard to a changing microclimate within a relay-intercroppingsystemrdquo Field Crops Research vol 121 no 2 pp 274ndash285 2011
[6] A C Gaudin K Janovicek R C Martin and W DeenldquoApproaches to optimizing nitrogen fertilization in a winterwheatndashred clover (Trifolium pratense L) relay cropping sys-temrdquo Field Crops Research vol 155 pp 192ndash201 2014
[7] C Amosse M H Jeuffroy B Mary and C David ldquoCon-tribution of relay intercropping with legume cover crops onnitrogen dynamics in organic grain systemsrdquoNutrient Cyclingin Agroecosystems vol 98 no 1 pp 1ndash14 2014
[8] J S Schepers D D Francis and J F Shanahan ldquoRelay croppingfor improved air and water qualityrdquo Journal of Biosciencesvol 60 pp 186ndash189 2005
[9] BARC (Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council) FertilizerRecommendation Guide BARC Farmgate Dhaka Bangladesh2005
[10] I P S Ahlawat and R P Sharma Agronomid TerminologyIndian Society of Agronomy New Delhi India 3rd edition1993
[11] J S Jamwal ldquoProductivity and economics of different maize(Zea mays) based crop sequences under dryland conditionsrdquoIndian Journal of Agronomy vol 46 no 4 pp 601ndash604 2001
[12] CIMMYT From Agronomic Data to Farmer Recommenda-tions An Economic Training Manual International Maize andWheat Improvement Center El Batan MEX Mexico 1988
[13] K A Gomez and A A Gomez Statistical Procedures forAgricultural Research An International Rice Research InstituteBook JohnWiley and Sons New York NY USA 2nd edition1984
[14] M V Correia L C R Pereira L D Almeida et al ldquoMaize-mucuna (Mucuna pruriens (L) DC) relay intercropping in thelowland tropics of Timor-Lesterdquo Field Crops Research vol 156pp 272ndash280 2014
[15] A Jabbar R Ahmad I H Bhatti T Aziz M Nadeem andR A Wasi-u-Din ldquoResidual soil fertility as influenced by diverserice-based interrelay cropping systemsrdquo International Journal ofAgriculture and Biology vol 13 pp 477ndash483 2011
[16] R I Mondal F Begum A Aziz and S H Sharif ldquoCrop sequencesfor increasing cropping intensity and productivityrdquo SAARCJournal of Agriculture vol 13 no 1 pp 135ndash147 2015
[17] M I Nazrul M R Shaheb M A H Khan andA S M M R Khan ldquoOn-Farm evaluation of productionpotential and economic returns of potato-rice based improvedcropping systemrdquo Bangladesh Agronomy Journal vol 16 no 2pp 41ndash50 2013
[18] M A Khan S M A Hossain andM A H Khan ldquoA study onsome selected jute-based cropping patterns at KishoregonjrdquoBangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research vol 31 no 1pp 85ndash95 2006
[19] M A H Khan M A Quayyum M I Nazrul N Sultana andM R A Mollah ldquoOn-farm evaluation of production potentialand economics of mustard-rice based improved croppingsystemrdquo Journal of Social and Economic Development vol 2no 1 pp 37ndash42 2005
[20] A Krishna and A K Reddy ldquoProduction potential andeconomics of different rice (Oryza sativa) based croppingsystems in Andhra Pradeshrdquo Indian Journal of AgriculturalSciences vol 67 no 12 pp 551ndash553 1997
[21] C Amosse M H Jeuffroy F Celette and C David ldquoRelay-intercropped forage legumes help to control weeds in organicgrain productionrdquo European Journal of Agronomy vol 49pp 158ndash167 2013
[22] M M Kamrozzaman M A H Khan S Ahmed andA F M Ruhul Quddus ldquoOn-farm evaluation of productionpotential and economics of Wheat Jute-Taman rice-basedcropping systemrdquo Journal of the Bangladesh AgriculturalUniversity vol 13 no 1 pp 93ndash100 2015
6 International Journal of Agronomy
Nutrition and Metabolism
Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Food ScienceInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
International Journal of
Microbiology
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom
The Scientific World Journal
Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom
Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science
Volume 2018
AgricultureAdvances in
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
PsycheHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
BiodiversityInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
ScienticaHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Plant GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Biotechnology Research International
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Forestry ResearchInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
BotanyJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
EcologyInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Veterinary Medicine International
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Cell BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
BioMed Research International
Agronomy
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
International Journal of
Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom
References
[1] M N Hasan M S Hossain M A Bari and M R IslamAgricultural Land Availability in Bangladesh SRDI DhakaBangladesh 2013
[2] BBS (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics) Yearbook of Agricul-tural Statistics Statistics and Informatics Division (SID)Ministry of Planning Dhaka Bangladesh 2016
[3] M Alauddin and C Tisdell ldquoTrends and projectionsfor Bangladeshi food production an alternative viewpointrdquoFood Policy vol 12 no 4 pp 318ndash331 1987
[4] M Tanveer S A Anjum S Hussain A Cerda and U AshrafldquoRelay cropping as a sustainable approach problems andopportunities for sustainable crop productionrdquo EnvironmentalScience and Pollution Research vol 24 no 8 pp 6973ndash69882017
[5] H Knorzer H Grozinger S Graeff-Honninger K HartungH P Piepho and W Claupein ldquoIntegrating a simple shadingalgorithm into CERES-wheat and CERES-maize with particularregard to a changing microclimate within a relay-intercroppingsystemrdquo Field Crops Research vol 121 no 2 pp 274ndash285 2011
[6] A C Gaudin K Janovicek R C Martin and W DeenldquoApproaches to optimizing nitrogen fertilization in a winterwheatndashred clover (Trifolium pratense L) relay cropping sys-temrdquo Field Crops Research vol 155 pp 192ndash201 2014
[7] C Amosse M H Jeuffroy B Mary and C David ldquoCon-tribution of relay intercropping with legume cover crops onnitrogen dynamics in organic grain systemsrdquoNutrient Cyclingin Agroecosystems vol 98 no 1 pp 1ndash14 2014
[8] J S Schepers D D Francis and J F Shanahan ldquoRelay croppingfor improved air and water qualityrdquo Journal of Biosciencesvol 60 pp 186ndash189 2005
[9] BARC (Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council) FertilizerRecommendation Guide BARC Farmgate Dhaka Bangladesh2005
[10] I P S Ahlawat and R P Sharma Agronomid TerminologyIndian Society of Agronomy New Delhi India 3rd edition1993
[11] J S Jamwal ldquoProductivity and economics of different maize(Zea mays) based crop sequences under dryland conditionsrdquoIndian Journal of Agronomy vol 46 no 4 pp 601ndash604 2001
[12] CIMMYT From Agronomic Data to Farmer Recommenda-tions An Economic Training Manual International Maize andWheat Improvement Center El Batan MEX Mexico 1988
[13] K A Gomez and A A Gomez Statistical Procedures forAgricultural Research An International Rice Research InstituteBook JohnWiley and Sons New York NY USA 2nd edition1984
[14] M V Correia L C R Pereira L D Almeida et al ldquoMaize-mucuna (Mucuna pruriens (L) DC) relay intercropping in thelowland tropics of Timor-Lesterdquo Field Crops Research vol 156pp 272ndash280 2014
[15] A Jabbar R Ahmad I H Bhatti T Aziz M Nadeem andR A Wasi-u-Din ldquoResidual soil fertility as influenced by diverserice-based interrelay cropping systemsrdquo International Journal ofAgriculture and Biology vol 13 pp 477ndash483 2011
[16] R I Mondal F Begum A Aziz and S H Sharif ldquoCrop sequencesfor increasing cropping intensity and productivityrdquo SAARCJournal of Agriculture vol 13 no 1 pp 135ndash147 2015
[17] M I Nazrul M R Shaheb M A H Khan andA S M M R Khan ldquoOn-Farm evaluation of productionpotential and economic returns of potato-rice based improvedcropping systemrdquo Bangladesh Agronomy Journal vol 16 no 2pp 41ndash50 2013
[18] M A Khan S M A Hossain andM A H Khan ldquoA study onsome selected jute-based cropping patterns at KishoregonjrdquoBangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research vol 31 no 1pp 85ndash95 2006
[19] M A H Khan M A Quayyum M I Nazrul N Sultana andM R A Mollah ldquoOn-farm evaluation of production potentialand economics of mustard-rice based improved croppingsystemrdquo Journal of Social and Economic Development vol 2no 1 pp 37ndash42 2005
[20] A Krishna and A K Reddy ldquoProduction potential andeconomics of different rice (Oryza sativa) based croppingsystems in Andhra Pradeshrdquo Indian Journal of AgriculturalSciences vol 67 no 12 pp 551ndash553 1997
[21] C Amosse M H Jeuffroy F Celette and C David ldquoRelay-intercropped forage legumes help to control weeds in organicgrain productionrdquo European Journal of Agronomy vol 49pp 158ndash167 2013
[22] M M Kamrozzaman M A H Khan S Ahmed andA F M Ruhul Quddus ldquoOn-farm evaluation of productionpotential and economics of Wheat Jute-Taman rice-basedcropping systemrdquo Journal of the Bangladesh AgriculturalUniversity vol 13 no 1 pp 93ndash100 2015
6 International Journal of Agronomy
Nutrition and Metabolism
Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Food ScienceInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
International Journal of
Microbiology
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom
The Scientific World Journal
Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom
Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science
Volume 2018
AgricultureAdvances in
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
PsycheHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
BiodiversityInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
ScienticaHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Plant GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Biotechnology Research International
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Forestry ResearchInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
BotanyJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
EcologyInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Veterinary Medicine International
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Cell BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
BioMed Research International
Agronomy
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
International Journal of
Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom
Nutrition and Metabolism
Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Food ScienceInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
International Journal of
Microbiology
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom
The Scientific World Journal
Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom
Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science
Volume 2018
AgricultureAdvances in
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
PsycheHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
BiodiversityInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
ScienticaHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Plant GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Biotechnology Research International
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Forestry ResearchInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
BotanyJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
EcologyInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Veterinary Medicine International
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Cell BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
BioMed Research International
Agronomy
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
International Journal of
Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom
