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Hannah Leach
ein Beitrag zur Tagung:
Nach der Bundestagswahl – Das Ringen um die künftige Migrationspolitik
26.–28. Januar 2018 in Stuttgart-Hohenheim
http://downloads.akademie-rs.de/migration/20180126_leach_levant.pdf
Transit Countries or Retention Zones? The case of Levant
Transit Countries or Retention Zones?The case of the Levant
What is mixed migration?
- No standardised definition
- Acknowledges shifting complexity of migration
- Irregular movement
- Variety of profile (asylum seekers, economic migrants, climate-displaced, trafficking victims, smuggled persons)
- Multitude of shifting drivers
MMP aims to:
- promote research, data sharing, and information management on mixed migration
- actively inform policy relevant to mixed migration
- highlight regional patterns and trends
- provide a hub for, and disseminate information on, mixed migration to, from and within the Middle East
- provide quality information to people on the move to enable informed decision making
Regional trends
- “European Refugee Crisis” is only a fraction of those displaced within Middle East
- The Levant has played host to refugees over decades
- Population of Syria = 18.4 mill.- Neighbouring countries = 4.5 mill.
- Lebanon = just below 1 mill.
- Jordan = 650k
- Iraq = 247k
- Internally displaced = 6.1 mill.
Regional trends Refugees Deeply, December 2017
Mixed Migration Context in the Middle East and Europe- Physical and policy restrictions for people on the move
from/through Middle East to Europe since 2015 (e.g. border walls, EU-Turkey Statement).
- Current trends Middle East:
- Complex IDP-returnee situation in Syria & Iraq; closed borders and limited movement options; mass displacement and returns in Iraq; displaced minorities across the region; deportations from Jordan; EU-Jordan Compact; migrants in vulnerable situations (esp. labour exploitation);
- ceased registration of Syrians in Lebanon; eviction campaigns; mass returns from Arsal
- Increased arrivals to Greece since summer: highest monthly number of arrivals in September 2017 since May 2016
- Current trends Europe: stranded migrants (Greece, Balkans); covert/alternative routes (e.g. Black Sea); 90% increased arrivals to Spain; integration challenges; (returns and deportations); shift from Central to Eastern Mediterranean
Drivers of irregular migration to Europe
- Coping strategy- last resort
- Asylum policy does influence movement
- Not all plan to reunite with family
- Drivers = multiple & interrelated
- Drivers affect whole family, not just individual
- Both security and livelihoods
Decision-making en route
- Est. 70,000 refugees, asylum seekers & other migrants trapped in limbo in Greece & W. Balkans
- Planned to reach northern European countries (Germany, Sweden, Austria)
- Many waiting for opportunities for onward movement
- Many started journeys prior to border closures
- Thwarted mobility has led to precarious socio-economic circumstances & negative coping mechanisms
Return to Iraq
- Ranging profiles of those who left
- Motivations for return:- Individual- Structural- Policy-related
- Iraq = complex environment for return
- Risk of repeated displacement/blocked return
- Reintegration challenged by sectarian demographic make-up & partisan governance
Return to Iraq IOM, December 2017
Return to Iraq IOM, March 2017
Return to Syria
- Syria: safe for returns?- Ongoing instability- Further internal displacement- Poor livelihoods strategies
- 31,000 returned internationally in 2017
- Deportations from Jordan- 400 per month
- Lebanon- mass removals from Arsal- >10,000
- Conditions are not yet in place for safe, sustainable or voluntary returns
Transit countries or retention zones?
- Majority retained in Middle East
- Europe’s externalisation of migration management has not halted flows, only undermined human rights
- Instead, policy should harness mutual benefits of migration- Regular pathways
- Labour migration agreements at all skills levels
- Legislative/administrative solutions for failed asylum seekersincapable of returning
http://downloads.akademie-rs.de/migration/20180126_leach_levant.pdf
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