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1
Experimenting with practical Transition Groundwater
management strategies for the Urban Poor in Sub-
Saharan Africa
(T-GroUP)
Jan Willem Foppen
Contents
Background:
– groundwater and the urban poor
– slums as complex adaptive systems
Key questions
Activities overview
Planning and project set-up
2
Groundwater and the urban poor
Inadequate (public) water services in slums in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)
Urban poor rely in part or in full on groundwater (Grönwall et al., 2010)
3
Groundwater and the urban poor
From 2010 to 2050: urban population from 300 million to > 1 billion. Mostly slums.
Mixed groundwater use will remain, but:
• good / safe quality groundwater is scarce;
• no institutions managing urban groundwater reserves;
• (un)sustainable (?).
How to move away from not managed unsustainable practices towards sustainable
urban groundwater management, which takes the interests of slum dwellers into
consideration??
4
Slums as complex adaptive systems (CAS)
Characteristics of complex adaptive systems:
Complex: Many interacting ‘dimensions’ : social, political, legal, economical,
religious, environmental, infrastructural, etc.
Self-organizing: Emerge from elements making up the system
Adaptive: Ability to change their behavior and adapt to new relationships
Dynamic: Can undergo rapid and unpredictable transformations
Co-evolving: Change and are changed by their environment
5
Transition management
A social learning protocol aimed at making controlled and intentional changes in
a societal CAS in order to create or spark a system change;
6
Not new. See: www.transitionsnetwork.org
Elsevier journal:
Recognized during SWITCH (www.switchurbanwater.eu); insufficient time to
‘play’ with it
Transition management
•Existing practical toolbox of participatory techniques;
•Easy to include water governance issues;
But:
•Never applied to urban groundwater governance;
•Never applied to SSA;
•Framework of power relations is poorly developed;
•Can TM become a model for urban groundwater governance?
7
Key question(s)
Changes required to make transition towards sustainable groundwater
management in urban SSA?
RQ1: Relations between 'below-ground' and 'above-ground' systems?
RQ2: Can TM be a suitable model for groundwater management and
governance in urban SSA?
8
3 slum areas or ‘urban laboratories’:
1. Bwaise slum (Kampala, Ug)
2. Sombetini slum (Arusha, Tan)
3. Dodowa (Accra, Gh)
RQ1: Extended Systems Analysis - activities
9
Hydrogeology: drilling, aquifer characterization, network design, piezometer
installation, automated monitoring (e.g.arduinos)
Groundwater quality: chemistry and viral pathogens, perhaps pharmaceuticals
Water governance, legal issues, power dynamics: (qualitative) literature surveys, field
observations, interviews with officials and users, focus group discussions, and multi-
level institutional analyses and mapping
Economics: (qualitative and quantitative) surveys among users and producers of
groundwater, formal or informal operators (households, informal and formal private
water vendors, state-owned enterprises or utilities).
Integration of above and below ground systems
Developments in 20-50 years time
ALLUVIAL SAND AQUIFER (Confined by top soils and a stiff clay layer at the bottom)
STIFF CLAY CONFINING LAYER
NO3-rich groundwater
REGOLITH AQUIFER
Spring High NO3 > 2mM
Low pH < 5
SLUM AREA
Pit latrine leachate NH4 = 3.2 mM
P O4 = 26 M
Nitrate reducing
zone
Mn- reducing
zone
Strongly Fe - reducing zone PO4 regulated by adsorption to calcite NO3 removed by denitrification NH4 partially removed by Anammox
Fe2+, NH4, PO4 < 10 M
Mn2+, NO3 NO3
Nsooba Channel NH4 = 0.5 – 3 mM
PO4 = 3.6 – 25 M NO3 = 0 – 0.26 mM
Fractured/ weathered regolith
N2
Shallow groundwater flow and hydrochemistry
in Bwaise slum
(Nyenje et al., 2013; -, 2014; -, 2014a; -, 2015)
Selected viruses (gc/ml) Bwaise slum
N
KATOOGO
BU
GA
LA
NI BO
KA
SA
KA
LIM
ALI
ST
. F
RA
NC
IS
KAWAALA ROAD
BO
MB
O/G
ULU
RO
AD
NABWERU ROAD
C
Kampala
B W A I S E III
N A
B
W
E
R
U
Drain
100 0 Metres300200100
N
SCALE 1 : 2,500
Drain
D
Nsoba drainage channel
Nakam
ilo
D
GG
G
G
Pt
G
GG
7.62x10
1.537.47
Adenoviruses-F and G
Rotavirus
D: Drinking water spring
Grey waterG:Pt: Pit latrine
Main drainage Channels
12.5
1.371.19
KEY
26.5
2.13
2.5
2.24
3.15
0.27
1.66
1.87x10
7.36x102.78
3.32x10
1.45
4.05
00
0
0
0
0
0
00
0
0
0
0
0
P1NS1
P4
A1
P9
00
A2A3NS2
P2
P8D3
A4
P12
P10
P11
P7
P6
D1 P5
NS3
P3
D2
C1
NS4
Nsoba drainage channel
Discharge monitoringlocation
Sampling locationsA, B, D, NS, P:
-3
1
2
2.481
5.52x103x10
12.66x10-1
2.09x10-1
3.27x10-1
4.87x10-2
5.12 -1
7.02x10-1
-16.87x10
-17.4x10
-13.51x10
2.96x10-1
(Katukiza et al., 2013 b)
Outcomes of RQ1
New science:
1. Urban groundwater dynamics.
2. Depth specific pollution patterns.
3. Dynamics of pathogens and indicators.
4. Current groundwater governance practices.
5. Water related power dynamics.
6. Slum water economics.
7. Analysis of relations and effects.
8. Comparison between Ghana, Uganda, and Tanzania.
9. Future prediction (20-50 years from now).
Open-access peer reviewed articles, course materials, policy briefs, and
presentations at conferences through regional networks like Waternet,
ASKNet, and AGW-Net, etc..
12
Characteristics of the Learning Alliance
15
•10-15 people;
•Multi-sectoral, multi-level urban frontrunners;
•Carry out the TM wheel or protocol;
•Will use information from RQ1;
•Learn from each other’s knowledge and perspectives (social learning);
•Integration of ideas into set of transition experiments;
•Carry out transition experiments and learn from them;
•Systemic thinking.
RQ2: Important outcomes
New science:
1. How to compose an effective Learning Alliance?
2. Social learning processes in the Learning Alliances (related to e.g. long
term vision, transition narrative, transition agenda, etc.).
3. Key transition experiments.
4. Results of the TM process in Urban Laboratories.
5. Comparison of the TM process between ULs.
6. Critical review of the applicability of TM in groundwater related problems
in slums in SSA.
7. Can TM be a new groundwater governance model?
16
RQ2: Important outcomes
Practical methodology manuals on:
1) Systems analysis,
2) Actor analysis,
3) Visioning,
4) Transition narrative,
5) Transition agenda,
6) From vision to action: carrying out transition experiments,
7) Monitoring transition experiments.
17
Planning and project set-up
18
Planning:
RQ1: Yr 1, yr 2, yr 3 (part of)
RQ2: Yr 2 (part of), yr 3, yr 4
LTTs:
Dodowa: Lutterodt, Oduro-Kwarteng, Saka
Arusha: Komakech, Machunda, Nelson
Kampala: Nyenje, Isoke, Twinomucunguzi, Kulabako, Kansiime
Expert Teams:
Hydrogeology: Lutterodt, Nyenje, Kulabako, Kansiime, Foppen
Pathogen (transport): Lutterodt, Van de Vossenberg, Foppen
Governance: Kooy, Grönwall, Komakech
Economics: Oduro-Kwarteng, Isoke, Van Dijk
Transitioning: Nastar, Olsson
Project partners: 5 (Dodowa), 5 (Arusha), 6 (Kampala)
Sub-contractors: Van Dijk, LTT support, drilling companies