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TranslatingandInterpretingintheContextofMediationforIndigenousRightsinPeru
RosaleenHoward(NewcastleUniversity)RaqueldePedroRicoy(Heriot-Wa;University)
LuisAndradeCiudad(Pon?ficiaUniversidadCatólicadelPerú)
1stInternationalForumonSocialActivisminTranslationandInterpreting,heldinGranadafrom28thto30thApril2007,Declaration:We(…)callupontranslators,interpreters,researchersandstudentsofTransla7onandInterpre7ngwhoareawareoftheneedforachangeofdirec7onintheseprofessionstoputtheirknowledgeattheserviceofsocietyasawhole,andofallsocie7es,withtheaimof:• buildinginterculturalsocie7eswhich,withoutadverselyaffec7ngthehostcultures,favourcommunica7onandmutualenrichmentamongthedifferentculturespresentineachsociety;
• reinforcinglinksbetweensocialmovementsaroundtheworldthatworktopromoteamorejustsociety;
• defendinglanguagediversitythroughmakingtransla7onsavailableandshowingrespectfortheequaldignityofeverylanguageinallspheres,includingacademiccircles,facedwiththehegemonicdominanceofcoloniallanguages;(…)
Aimsoftheproject
• Toiden7fyandcri7callyanalysetheissuesrelatedtotransla7onandinterpre7ngwhichariseduringtheimplementa7onofindigenousrightslegisla7onamongtheAndeanandAmazonianpeoplesofPeru.
• Tofocusonthechallengesfacedbyindigenoustranslatorsandinterpreterswhenprac7singincontextswheretheoJentenserela7onsbetweentheStateandtheindigenouspeoplesofPeruarebroughttothefore.
EthnolinguisticmapofPeru47languages,16languagefamiliesHighlands:Quechua,Aymara,JaqaruAmazonia:Ashaninka,Shipibo,Awajún,Matsigenkaandmanymore
Miningconcessionsinthehighlands
OilextractionconcessionsinAmazonia
Context:confrontationbetweenAwajúnpeopleandtheStateatBagua,N.Peru,2009
LanguagerightsandPeruvianlegislation
• 1993:StateCons*tu*on.Art.48guaranteesspeakersofindigenouslanguagestherighttoaninterpreter
• 2003:LeydeLenguas(28106).IndigenousLanguagesAct• 2007:DecretodeLeydeLenguas.Execu7veOrderonLanguages
• 2011:LeydeLenguas(29735).IndigenousLanguagesAct• 2011:LeydelDerechoalaConsultaPrevia(29785).RighttoPriorConsulta7onAct
LeydeLenguas/LanguagesAct• Regulatestheuse,preserva7on,development,revitalisa7on,promo7onanddiffusionoftheindigenouslanguagesofPeru.
• Art.4statesthattheen7tlementtotheservicesofa“translator”forcommunica7onpurposesbetweenindigenouspeopleandthepublicsectorisahumanright.
LawontheRighttoPriorConsultation
• AimstoreachanagreementorconsentbetweentheStateandtheindigenousororiginarypeoples[...]bymeansofaninterculturaldialoguewhichguaranteestheirinclusioninthedecisionmakingprocessesoftheStateandtheadop7onofmeasureswhichrespecttheircollec7verights(Art.3).
• Art.16guaranteestherighttoaninterpreterinpriorconsulta7onprocesses,whomustbetrainedinthespecificsubjectma`erandregisteredbythegovernmentalbodyspecialisedinindigenousaffairs.
Institutionalresponse• TheDirectorateforIndigenousLanguages(DireccióndeLenguasIndígenas),whichispartoftheMinistryofCulture,setupatrainingprogrammetoqualifytranslatorsandinterpreters(CursoBásico)in2012.
• Therehavebeeneightedi7onsoftheCurso.253translators/interpretershavebeenqualifiedand14languageshavebeencovered.
• Ini7alemphasisonPriorConsulta7onprocesses.Subsequently,PSITalsocovered.
Trainingoftranslators/interpreters• Three-weekintensiveprogramme(CursoBásico),whichleadstomembershipoftheofficialregister
• Specialisedworkshops(e.g.health,jus?ce)• TrainingworkshopsforthoseworkinginPriorConsulta?onprocesses,jointlyfacilitatedbytheMinistryofCultureandtheMinistryofEnergyandMines
• Placements
Positiveoutcomes• Thefigureoftheindigenoustranslator/interpreterhasgainedvisibilityand,forthefirst?me,hasbeenofficiallyrecognisedbytheState.
• Indigenouspeopleswhohadnotbeenpreviouslyincontacthavebeenabletonetworkanddeveloplinks.
• ANa?onalAssocia?onofindigenoustranslatorsandinterpreters(ANTRAIN-PERU)hasbeencreated.
• Thetransla?onoflegalandparalegaltextshasincreasedthewri;encorpusinsomeoftheindigenouslanguages.
• Linguis?chumanrightshavebeenpromoted.Translatorsandinterpretersareseen,andseethemselves,asguarantorsofthevisibilityandrevitalisa?onoftheirlanguages.
Challenges• Trainingprovision:
• LengthoftheCurso• Differentbackgrounds,educa?onallevelsandexperienceofthepar?cipants• Non-languagespecific
• Professionalprac?ce• Publicandins?tu?onalpercep?ons• Percep?onsoftheusersofinterpre?ngservices• Neutralityvs.allegiance• Co-presenceofinterpretersqualifiedbytheDirectorateofIndigenous
Languagesanduntrained,localinterpretersinPriorConsulta?onprocesses• Lackofagreementastotranscrip?onssystems(alphabets)forindigenous
languages• Difficul?esoftransla?ngtechnicalandlegalterminologyintolanguagesthat
havenoequivalents• Asymmetryofdiscursiveandtext-genericpa;ernsbetweenSpanishandthe
indigenouslanguages• Languagehegemony:Spanishasalinguafranca
Conclusion• Thelanguagesitua?oninPeru,apost-colonialState,hasbeen,historically,characterisedfortheviola?onoflinguis?chumanrights.Itremainscomplexandasymmetrical.
• Ifitistosucceed,thetrainingini?a?vehastobeembeddedin,andbackedby,widerpoliciesinsupportofindigenousrights.
• TheStateandcivilsocietyhavetotakeresponsibilityinthedefenceandpromo?onoflinguis?chumanrights,whichcannotbemerely“devolved”totheindigenoustranslatorsandinterpreters.
• Theinterac?onoftranslatorsandinterpreterswithpublicins?tu?onsneedstobestrengthened,sothatnotonlythescopeoftheirrole,butalsoitslimitsandcomplexityareproperlyunderstood.