1TraductologieL2

2. Translation Procedures

2Homework: dank

Suggestions

1. Lendroit tait sombre et humide.2. on remarqua une odeur humide de musc / de sous-bois

humide3. Le Midwest est une rgion terne o il ne fait pas bon

vivre... / peu reluisante (?)4. une note mystrieuse et fruit / sombre et fruit rappelant

le cannabis...5. Cest un film cafardeux et misrabiliste.

3Homework: rencler

Suggestions Componential analysis: mot ngatif; renifler, faire du bruit

avec le nez; animal; manque denthousiasme, quasi-refus;mcontentement, plaintes touffes; marmonner,sapitoyer; tre oblig, contraint

The old steam engine puffed and panted up the slightslope.

service-providers often grumble / groan / look down theirnoses when it comes to helping each other out.

you might find his game less than convincing / beunderwhelmed by his game

4Methods and procedures

Translation methods Text-level

Semantic Functional

Translation procedures Sentence-level

Transfer, naturalization, transposition, modulation,...

5Transfer

Use of source-language word in targetlanguage text.

2 Pierre woke up.4 She lives in rue Mgevand.6 according to the Banque de France, interest rates

8 their legendary joie de vivre...10 Herr Hitler, the Fhrer12 one of the best cuves in the south of France

6Transfer

la beaut de ses paysages (crtes calcaires,garrigue odorante, vignoble), 14 The beauty of its landscapes (chalky ridges,

fragrant garrigue, vineyards),

Problem of connotation Fr. garrigue > Eng. scrub Eng. scrub > Fr. brousse (back-translation test)

Local color

7Are proper nouns translated?

1. Names of people Translators initiative (rare)

Non-situated texts 16 Childrens literature: Peter & the Wolf / Pierre et le loup; Cendrillon /

Cinderella 18 Fables, legends: Ulysse / Ulysses, biblical names

With semantic content 20 the glass doors of Victory Mansions (Orwell, 1984) la porte vitre du bloc des Maisons de la Victoire

Lexicalised (in the dictionary) Certain historical figures have naturalized forms

Latin / Greek 22 Julius Caesar, Pliny, Mark Anthony; Plato, Socrates, Ulysses

Renaissance 24 Michelangelo, Caravaggio, Leonardo da Vinci, Macchiavelli

8Translating names

2. Names of places Countries, cities where established translations exist

Genoa, Venice, Parma... Some regions (eg historic French regions)

Picardy, Brittany, Burgundy, Tuscany

Transliteration differences Iraq/Irak Chernobyl/Tchernobyl

9Translating names

Fictional names Use the established name (check!)

26 Notre-Dame de Paris > The Hunchback of Notre-Dame Twelfth Night > La nuit des rois La Joconde > Mona Lisa Wuthering Heights > ? (Les Hauts de Hurlevent, Hurlevent,

Haute Plaine...)

NB: conservation of Le/La in place names 28 Je vais au Havre > Im going to Le Havre.

10

Cultural equivalent

A comparable culture-specific referent in targetculture30

baccalaurat > (French) A level Palais Bourbon > ?(French) Westminster charcuterie > delicatessen notaire > solicitor He met her in the pub. > Il la retrouva au caf. Vingt mtres plus loin > Twenty yards...

11

Functional equivalent

Reduction to sense (describes function)32

baccalaurat > French school-leaving exam Palais Bourbon > French national assembly charcuterie > cooked-meat shop/counter notaire > ? notary (=naturalisation) He met her in the pub. > ?

12

Transposition

Semantic units are rendered by a different lexicalcategory (n./adj./v./adv...).

SL grammar different from TL grammar

34 He wrote in the briefest terms (Jude The Obscure, line 29) Il crivit brivement (line 87)

36 Je prfrais quil en ft ainsi. I preferred things this way.

38 lintressant, cest que jentretiens une relation trsmotionnelle avec cette main, autant quavec lautre en fait. (LeMatin, 8.2.13)

what is interesting is... the interesting thing is...

13

Modulation

Changement de point de vue (Vinay and Darbelnet,chap. 5)

Lexicalized, formally similar 40 Objets trouvs / Lost Property Voiture doccasion / Second-hand car

Greater formal independence 42 Say when! / Vous marrterez. Senior citizens / Personnes du troisime ge

Specific type: negated opposite 44 Il na pas hsit > He acted at once Il nest pas lche > He is extremely brave.

14

Modulation: negated opposite

46

Pour mettre en valeur les atouts naturels etpatrimoniaux de leur rgion, trs prise des touristes,tout en protgeant le milieu, les lus dcident de crer unensemble de boucles de randonne desservant chaque commune.

In order to improve the visibility of their regionsscenery and its historical attractions, which attractmany tourists, without damaging the naturalenvironment, the councillors... while protecting: the process is too active

15

Modulation: negated opposite48

Nous avons tous entendu, il y a quelques semaines, lacampagne de publicit mene par E. Leclerc

Nobody in France could have missed the advertisingcampaign for Leclerc supermarkets

50

(...) jtais prt payer le prix fort. Et jai lu sur le billet :matine, plein tarif, 120 F, 16 h 52. (T. Viel)

(...) I was willing to pay full price. On the ticket it said,matinee, no reduction, 120 francs, 16:52.

avoids repetition of full price

16

Glossing

Supplying extra information in order to guaranteecomprehension practical, historical, sociological...

Used when dealing with SL cultural referenceshaving no equivalent in TL

Degree of explicitness depends on context52

Il y avait un bar-tabac ct de la mairie. Il demanda troiscigares et un briquet.

Il est propritaire dun bar-tabac. Le bar-tabac - une vritable institution franaise -

17

Glossing cultural references

54 Il y avait un bar-tabac ct de la mairie. Ildemanda trois cigares et un briquet. There was a tobacconists next to the... (componential analysis,

selective translation) Next to the town hall, he bought three cigars and a lighter.

(effacement / avoidance)

No gloss necessary

56 Il est propritaire dun bar-tabac. Hes the owner of a bar-tabac. (transfer) Hes the owner of a bar with a cigarette counter / which

doubles as a tobacconists... (functional equivalent, deculturalised) Hes the owner of a bar-tabac (a caf-cum-tobacconists)

(couplet transfer + gloss)

18

Glossing cultural references

58 Le bar-tabac - une vritable institution franaise, The bar-tabac: a real French institution. (transfer: shining

through / le sens transparait)

The bar-tabac, or caf-cum-tobacconists: a real... (couplettransfer + gloss)

19

Glossing: additions, notes in text

Example: Vesoul 60 La socit, qui est installe Vesoul, ... The company, whose headquarters are in the eastern

(French) town of Vesoul, ...

Example: dme depuis le Moyen ge et jusqu' la Rvolution franaise, une redevance en nature

ou en argent, portant principalement sur les revenus agricoles collects en faveurde l'glise catholique. (Wikipedia)

62 The dme, a tax abolished in the revolution, was... apposition

The Catholic dme tax was qualification (generally preferable)

20

Glossingbyfootnote

Examples from A.Kourkov, Smertpostoronnevo, tr.Le Pingouin, 1996.

21

Glossing by footnote

Examples from A. Kourkov, Smert postoronnevo, tr.Le Pingouin, 1996.

22

Glossingbyfootnote

Examples fromA. Kourkov,Smertpostoronnevo,tr. Le Pingouin,1996.

23

Example: acronyms

Beaucoup de jeunes passent du RMI auSMIC, pour revenir au RMI en fin de contrat.

Les agents FO et CGT de la RATP et de laSNCF ont vot une grve reconductible hiersoir.

24

Possible strategies

Transfer: only use if acronym is current in bothcultures the BBC > la BBC but not *MI5

Equivalence He worked for MI5 in the 80s Il a travaill pour les RG dans les annes 80

Reduce to sense Il a travaill pour les services de renseignements

Gloss Il a travaill pour MI5 (le service de renseignements

britannique)...

25

Possible strategies

Restore full form (shining through) leader of the Union pour un Mouvement Populaire party... cf He works at the Banque de France

Abandon acronym LOPA du RPR sur les dputs du Front National Chirac bids for FN support (titles, Le Monde / Guardian Weekly,

1988)

lobjet dun fantastique OPA du RPR. the object of a determined takeover bid by Jacques

Chiracs RPR (Rassemblement Pour la Rpublique) (text,ibid)

26

Translate

Jean-Pierre Pernaut, prsentateur du journaltlvis de TF1...

In Wuthering Heights, the herones attractionfor the mysterious Heathcliff leads to herdownfall.

Au cri de CRS, SS , des milliersdtudiants ont envahi le Quartier latin... (newsreport in 1968)

27

Reading

Ballard, Le commentaire de traductionanglaise, p. 8-18.

La traduction seulement de Hardy, Jude TheObscure. Est-elle naturelle?