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22Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
References
[1] Photonic Aspects of CATV Networks, C. van der Plaats & T. Muys, ECOC ’98 short course 2 [2] Broadband Hybrid Fiber/Coax Access System Technologies, W. I. Way, Academic Press, ©1999, ISBN 0-
12-738755 [3] Article JCF [4] X.P. MAO, G.E.BODEEP, R.W.TKACH, A.R.CHRAPLYVY, T.E.DARCIE, R.M.DEROSIER, "Brillouin Scattering in
externally modulated lightwave AM-VSB CATV transmission systems", IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol.4, No 3, 1992, pp 287-289
[5] M.R.PHILLIPS, T.E.DARCIE, D.MARCUSE, G.E.BODEEP, N.J.FRIGO, "Nonlinear distortion generated by dispersive transmission of chirped intensity-modulated signals", IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol.3,No 5, 1991, pp 481-483
[6] F.COPPINGER, M.D.SELKER, D.PIEHLER, "The effect of SPM, EPM and sign of dispersion on the second order distortion in analog link", OFC 2001, 2001, WCC2/1-3
[7] M.C.WU, C.H.WANG, W.I.WAY, "CSO distortions due to the combined effects of self-and external-phase modulations in long distance 1550 nm CATV systems", IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol.11, No 6, 1999, pp 718-720
[8] Subscriber Multiplexing for Lightwave Networks and Video Distribution Systems, T. E. Darcie, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas on Communications, Vol. 8, n°7, september 1990, pp. 1240-1248
33Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Outline
I - From coaxial CATV towards HFC II - General Technical Background III - Emitters and receivers for
downstream transmissions IV - Linear transmission effects V - Non-linear fiber transmission effects VI - Return path optical link VII - Future : from HFC to FTTx and
network segmentation with the use of WDM
I - From coaxial CATV towards HFC
55Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
HEADEND
Trunk linePrimary lines
Distribution lines
Classical coaxial topology
66Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
HEAD
END
Optical fibre
Fibre backbone topology
77Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
HFC topology
TAPTAPTAP
Upstream fibre
Downstream fibre
O/E
O/E
COHE
O/E
O/E
COHE
COHE
COHE
Optical fibre
Coaxial cable
Subscribers cluster
ONU PN
PN
88Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
HFC frequency allocation
Digital Video, Telephony, Data,...
Analogue Video
Data, Telephony,...
Downstream ServicesUpstreamServices
5 65 300 862
MHz
99Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
EO
DFB laser
EO
Photoreceiver
Photoreceiver
Fabry-Perot laser
OE
OE
Headend ONU
(Frequency
Multiplexing)
5-200 MHz
Optical transmission on HFC
II - General Technical Background
1111Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Outline
Analogue and digital video signal formats and standards
CATV channel allocation plan CNR, HD2, HD3, IMD2, IMD3, CSO &
CTB Definition Measurement
1212Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Analogue video format
Image carrier: AM-VSB modulation Sound carrier: FM modulation Color carrier:
phase modulation
PAL system NTSC system
videosignal
fcv
AMModulator
video IFcarrier
VSBfilter
fca
audio IFcarrier
audiosignal
+
+
IF AM-VSBTV signal
FMModulator
1313Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Inside an analogue channel, the spacing between carriers is normalised
Belgium case •625 interleaved lines (even & odd)• Negative Modulation• Noise bandwidth: 5 MHz • Espacement de 7 ou 8 MHz• PAL B/G & PAL+• FM & NICAM
PAL
1414Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Analogue VHF (Very High Frequency) channel: 7 MHz
7 MHz
1515Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Analogue UHF (Ultra High Frequency) channel: 8 MHz
8 MHz
1616Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Digital downstream transmission: DVB (Digital Video
Broadcast) DVB = market-led initiative since 1993 to standardize
digital broadcasting world wide. Concerns all media
220 membres (broadcast industry with head quarters in Europe) from 30 countries.
Work in an open standard concensus with ETSI/EBU/CENELEC/JTC and is published by ETSI/EBU.
DVB - SDVB - CDVB - CSDVB - TDVB - MS/MC
SatelliteCable
SMATVTerrestrial
MMDS
1717Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Worldwide DVB Standards Acceptation Process
(from http://www.dvb.org)
1818Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
DVB - CGeneral Features
ITU-T J.83 Annex A, ETS 300 429 Broadcast application based on MPEG-2 TS (it may also
carry data). 1 program = 1.5, ..., 6 Mbit/s (depending on the quality).
Use of 16, 32 or 64-QAM modulation schemes in 8 MHz channels
Several programs per analogue channel. Randomization and protection against errors on 768 bits :
RS(204,188,8) and interleaver (I=12).
1.5 Mbit/s
2 to 3 Mbit/s
VHS quality video for film material
Sports
4 Mbit/s
6 Mbit/s
Most users detect no visible degradation
Broadcast quality
1919Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
DVB - C Transmission & Reception Schemes
MPEGCoding
MPEGCoding
MPEGCoding
Multiplexing&
Scrambling
FEC, formating,filtering,
DAC
QAMModulation
Upconverter
DownconverterQAM
Demodulation
ADC, filtering
formating, FEC
Demultiplexing&
Descrambling
CABLE
MPEGDecoding
SELECTORSOURCE (DE)CODING
CHANNEL (DE)CODING
2020Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Digital UHF 64-QAM channels
BeTVCanal +
numérique
Zoom
Canal Z
2121Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Zoom on one of the BeTV channel
Symbol rate
Occupied bandwidth: 8 MHz 3dB bandwidth: symbol rate
2222Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Multichannel AM-VSB TV transmission
frequency
1
f1 - fIF
IF AM-VSBTV signal 1
2f2 - fIF
IF AM-VSBTV signal 2
N
fN - fIF
IF AM-VSBTV signal N
N
iiiii tftsmtx
1
)2cos()()(
x(t) : multichannel AM-CATV signalmi : modulation index of i-th channelsi(t) : normalized i-th modulation signalfi : carrier frequency of i-th channeli : carrier phase of i-th channelN : number of channels
It is a SCM modulation (= FDM)
[1]
2323Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
‘Full Span’ IDEATEL spectrum: from 40 to 425 MHz
Band I analoguecarriers
FM radio carriers
Analogue VHF carriers
Analogue UHF carriers
Digital 64-QAM carriers
Pilot Tone
VHF : 30 à 300 MHz UHF : 300MHz à 3 GHz
2424Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
DefinitionsSecond and Third Order Distortions
Non-linearSystem
f1, f2, f3 First order
3f1, 3f2, 3f3 3HDf1, f2,f3
f1 2f2, f1 2f3, f2 2f1 +-+- +-
f2 2f3, f3 2f1, f3 2f2 +-+- +-
f1 f2 f3+-+-
IMD3
3rd Order
Non-linearSystem
f1, f2 First order
2f1, 2f2 2HD
f1 f2 IMD2+-
f1 f2f1 f2 2f1 2f2f1 f2
+-
IMD22HD
f1, f2
2d Order
2525Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
IMD2 & IMD3
2ω1-ω2ω2-ω1 2ω2-ω1 ω1+ω2ω1 ω2
IMD3 IMD2
2626Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Frequency plan allocation: CENELEC 42 test plan
2727Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Multichannel input signal: x(t) = mcos(1t + 1) + mcos(2t + 2) + ...
Non-linear transfer function: y(t) = 1 + x(t) + a x2(t) + b x3(t) + ...
y(t) will have the following intermodulation products:
Term Relativeampli-tude
Relativepower
Count
i (carrier) 1 1 -
2i (HD2) am/2 a2m2/4 1/4
i j (IM2) am a2m2 1
3i (HD3) bm2/4 b2m4/16 1/36
2i j (IM3) 3bm2/4 9b2m4/16 1/4
i j
k 6bm2/4 36b2m4/16 1
Distortions aggregation : CSO & CTB
Taylor(worst case)
or Volterratheory
coefficients
2828Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
C
DCSO 2
C
D2 unmodulatedcarrier
Composite Second Order (CSO)
CSO: Composite Second Order intermodulation distortion = Spectrum measurement of the ratio of the carrier power C to the total power of the accumulation of second order distortion products for each second order distortion generated
2929Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
C
D3
C
DCTB 3unmodulated
carrier
Composite Triple Beat (CTB)
CTB: Composite Triple Beat intermodulation distortion: Spectrum measurement of the ratio of the carrier power C to the total power of the accumulation of third order distortion products for each thrid order distortion generated
3030Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique MoeyaertJCvdP/TM/10/07/98 Photonic Aspects of CATV Networks
Typical system specifications
Actual deployment in Eastern Europe; HFC network with 1310 nm feeder with max. 3 coaxial amplifiers in cascade; System input signal specification:
CNR 50dB, CSO -65dBc, CTB -65dBc, Specification at subscriber wall-outlet:
CNR 46dB, CSO -57dBc, CTB -57dBc.
3131Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Frequency count of non-linearities: CENELEC
3232Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
C
n = noise power density [dBm/Hz]
eBn
CCNR
unmodulatedcarrier
Be = 5 MHz (PAL), 4 MHz (NTSC)
Carrier-to-Noise Ratio (CNR)
CNR: Carrier-to-Noise Ratio: Sprectrum measurement of the ratio of the carrier power C to the noise power in 5 MHz bandwidth (NTSC: 4 MHz).
3333Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Experimental Setup for CNR, CSO & CTB measurements
AttenuatorDFBLaser
Optical receiver
Multicarrier generator
Spectrum analyserPC
AND/OR
Optical fibre
GPIB
DUT
3434Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
CNR, CSO, CTB measurements & OMD
CNR CSO & CTB
RBW 100 kHz 30 kHz
VBW 1 kHz 1 kHz
SPAN 3.5 MHz 500 kHz
Spectrum parameters CSO & CTB measurements
Optical Modulation Depth
In a 5 MHz BW
*
* Not EN50083-7 compliant
OMDP
Pjj
0
3535Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Real CTB measurement (zoom in)
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
48.244 48.246 48.248 48.25 48.252 48.254 48.256
Frequency [MHz]
Po
we
r D
en
sit
y
[1]
III - Emitters and receivers for downstream
transmissions
3737Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Outline
IntroductionCNR calculation
Receiver noises Transmitters types Transmitter RIN
Laser Chirp Clipping
3838Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Outline
IntroductionCNR calculation
Receiver noises Transmitters types Transmitter RIN
Laser Chirp Clipping
3939Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
LinearLaser
LinearPhotodiode
))(1( txP0
))(1)(( txIII thbth RR
R
R
Ph
qPI
txI
r
))(1(L
))(1( txPR 0R PLP
Multi-channel
AM-CATV signal
PL
Ith Ib
P
I
AM-SCM transmission system
IR : average photodiode current [A] : quantum efficiency of photodiodeq : electron charge 1.610-19 CPR : average received optical power [W]h : Planck’s constant 6.626 10-34 Js : optical frequency [Hz]rphotodiode responsivity [A/W]
[1]
4040Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique MoeyaertJCvdP/TM/10/07/98 35Photonic Aspects of CATV Networks
High power low RIN 1.55 (or 1.3) m Continuous Wave (CW) laser with linearized (using predistorter) external LiNbO3 Mach-Zehnder amplitude modulator - no chirp - expensivePredistorter
Directly modulated (predistorter optional) analogue (medium power, linear and low RIN) 1.3 (or 1.55) m DFB laser - chirp (1.55) - low cost
Predistorter
Transmitter types[1]
4141Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Outline
IntroductionCNR calculation
Receiver noises Transmitters types Transmitter RIN
Laser Chirp Clipping
4242Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Receiver noise sources
Schottky noise: noise due to the fact that the PIN or APD
photodiode acts as a junction.
Thermal noise: Due to resistance and leaking currents Characterized by Iéqu [pA/(Hz1/2)], an
equivalent noise current at the photodiode output
ReSchottky IqAverage receivedcurrent
4343Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Emitter noise source: RIN
Hypothesis: monomode transmission! RIN = relative intensity noise [dB/Hz]
Inherent noise due to the intrinsic instabilities of oscillation conditions inside the laser cavity
Ratio between the square of the optical noise power density and the average optical power emitted by the laser
2o
2
P
tPfRIN
The RIN depends on frequency!
4444Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Optical budget [dB]
Definition: maximum loss of the link (fibre loss + connectors loss + …).
Depends on the laser output power and the receiver sensitivity (minimum input power to obtain a given quality)
B
laser
receiver
4545Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Optical modulation index: OMI
mi , the optical modulation index of the ith carrier, is defined as the ratio maximal variation of optical power due to the ith carrier and the average emitted power P0
All carriers have generally the same OMI --> mi = m
0
ii P
Pm
4646Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
CNR calculation (I)
Received power due to a single carrier:
Received noise due to laser RIN:
Received noise due to the photodiode Schottky noise:
B
PrrPI 0
RR B
mPrI 0
carrier1R 2
0carrier1R
2B
mPrP
2
20
2
PP B2
RIN.P
B0
R
B
PqrI.q 0
RI,Schottky R
4747Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
CNR calculation (II)
Received noise due to the photodiode thermal noise:
Noises are not correlated and are integrated in f = 5 MHz (PAL) noise equivalent bandwidth:
2
I2equ
I,thermal R
2
I
B
r.P.q
B2
r.P.RIN.f.2i
2equ0
2
202
2
I
Br.P.q
B2r.P.RIN
.f.2
2B
rP.m
log.10CNR2equ0
2
20
2
0
10
4848Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
CNR vs B in a reference situation
m = 4% P0 = 6 mW r = 0.8 A/W RIN = -155 dB/Hz Iequ = 12 pA/(Hz1/2)
13
4949Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
CNR vs B with RIN as parameter
RIN = -160 dB/HzRIN = -155 dB/HzRIN = -150 dB/Hz
If the RIN decreases, CNR improves only for low optical budgets. From a given OB budget, there is no improvement anymore.
Useful zone forCATV transmissions--> laser RIN not important!
Useful zone forstudio transmissions
5050Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
CNR vs B with OMI as parameter
m = 5%m = 4%m = 3%
If OMI increases, CNR improves
5151Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
CNR vs B with P0 as parameter
P0 = 8 mW
If the laser output power increases, CNR improves only for high optical budgets
P0 = 6 mWP0 = 4 mW
5252Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
CNR vs B with r as parameter
r = 0.9 A/W
If the photodiode responsivity increases, CNR improves only for high optical budgets but the improvement is not important
r = 0.8 A/Wr = 0.7 A/W
5353Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
CNR vs B with Iequ as parameter
Iequ = 5 pA/(Hz1/2)
If the photodiode equivalent noise current increases, CNR degrades for high optical budgets
Iequ = 10 pA/(Hz1/2)
Iequ = 7 pA/(Hz1/2)
5454Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
CNR Measurements vs. Frequency & Optical Budget
48.25
133.25
154.25
175.25
196.25
217.25
238.25
259.25
8.89.8
10.811.8
12.813.8
14.815.8
16.817.8
18.819.8
20.821.8
25272931333537394143454749
51
53
55
53-55
51-53
49-51
47-49
45-47
43-45
41-43
39-41
37-39
35-37
33-35
31-33
29-31
27-29
25-27
Car
rier
to
No
ise
Rat
io [
dB
]
Optical budget [dB]
Frequency [MHz]25 carriers
(IDEATEL)
5555Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
RIN & Iequ Computation from CNR theory
Least squares fit results
51 carriers@ 407.25 MHzP0 = 5 mWm = 3.2 %r = 0.86 A/W
Experimental parameters:
RIN = -159.6 dB/HzIeq = 5.6 pA/(Hz1/2)
2
I
Br.P.q
B2r.P.RIN
.f.2
2B
rP.m
log.10CNR2equ0
2
20
2
0
10
5656Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
RIN & Ieq Computation vs. Frequency
-165
-164
-163
-162
-161
-160
-159
-158
-157
-156
-155
-154
-153
-152
-151
-150
-149
-148
-147
-146
-145
48.25 62.25 140.25 154.25 168.25 182.25 196.25 210.25 224.25 238.25 252.25 266.25
RIN [dB/Hz]
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
48.25 62.25 140.25 154.25 168.25 182.25 196.25 210.25 224.25 238.25 252.25 266.25
Ieq [pA/(Hz)^0.5]
RIN computation
Iequ computation
5757Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Outline
IntroductionCNR calculation
Receiver noises Transmitters types Transmitter RIN
Laser Chirp Clipping
5858Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Laser chirp in direct modulation
The laser chirp comes from a AM-FM conversion of the modulation signal
It is due to a variation of refractive index of the laser cavity due to the injected carrier density (modulation).
The variation of refractive index modifies the propagation constant.
tsintjmo
moetcosm1EE Field intensity
5959Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Spectrum due to chirping
But,
(Bessel 1st order)
=> Chirping results in a discrete spectrum
n
jnn
sin.x.j e).x(Je
fm = 150 MHz
0 mA(mod. Current)
0.76 mA
1.4 mA
1.84 mA
2.24 mA
2.88 mA
3.44 mA4 mA
6060Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Outline
IntroductionCNR calculation
Receiver noises Transmitters types Transmitter RIN
Laser Chirp Clipping
6161Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Laser clipping
P
Vb V
PM
P
IbIth I
IL(t)
PL
PL(t) PM(t)
VM(t)
Directly Modulated Laser External Modulator
6262Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
SCM modelling statistic
Perfect linear transmitters still have a clipping distortion limit.
The amplitude distribution of the driving multi-channel current or voltage can be approximated by a Gaussian distribution if the number of channels N >7.
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e)
Pdf of:•(a) 1•(b) 2•(c) 3•(d) 5•(e) 10
carriers
6363Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Clipping limit (worst case) Clipping starts to occur when N·m > 1, where N is the
number of channels and m the OMI. The clipping distortion is largely a function of the
standard deviation of the amplitude distribution of the driving signal:
Darcie limit [8]:2
Nm
2213
2
e61
2NLD
C
C/NLD = 55 dB if µ = 0.246
N
348,0OMD
6464Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Clipping as a distortion generator or as an impulse noise generator
Impulse noise generator
IntermodulationOutside the band
Distortions generator
"Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of Clipping-Induced Impulsive Noise in AM–VSB Subcarrier Multiplexed Lightwave Systems"; Stephen Lai and Jan Conradi, Senior Member, IEEE; JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 1, JANUARY 1997
IntermodulationOutside the band
IntermodulationsIntside the band
6565Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Laser clipping as distortion generator - CSO
-60 dB
7.7 %
6666Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Laser clipping as distortion generator - CTB
-60 dB
7.3 %
IV - Linear transmission effects
6868Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Outline
Multi-Path InterferenceChromatic DispersionPolarisation Mode DispersionEDFA amplification
6969Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Outline
Multi-Path InterferenceChromatic Dispersion Polarisation Mode DispersionEDFA amplification
7070Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Multipath Interference (MPI)
54Photonic Aspects of CATV Networks
Two or more reflections in the optical transmission path cause interference at the receiver of the direct signal (POUT0 ) the doubly reflected version of itself (POUT2). If R1R2 << 1, the higher order (POUT4, POUT6, …) reflected versions of the signal can in general be neglected.
Besides discrete reflections from connectors, components, etc., also Rayleigh backscatter in the fiber causes MPI.
PINPOUT0
POUT2
POUT4
POUT1
POUT3
R1POUT1’ R2Lc ,
c
Core
Envelope
7171Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique MoeyaertJCvdP/TM/10/07/98 55Photonic Aspects of CATV Networks
)2t(j)t(jc0eqc
2eq
)2t(jc021
2c
)t(j0
c0212c0
*RR
2
RR
t
0
thbFM0
n0
)2t(jc021
2c
)t(j0R
c
c
c
ee))2t(x1))(t(x1(ReLPrR2)2t(IR)t(I
e))2t(x1(LPRRLe))t(x1(LPrRe2
))2t(x1(rLPRRL))t(x1(rLP)t(E)t(rEtEr)t(I
modulationdirectford)(x)II(2t2
modulationexternalfor)t(t2)t(with
e))2t(x1(LPRRLe))t(x1(LP)t(E
MPI - Phase to intensity noise conversion
Original signal
Delayed and attenuated
version of original signal
Beating of original signal with a delayed and attenuated version of itself,
baseband intensity noise if 2c >> coh [9][24][25]
and distortion if 2c < coh [10][39]
[1]Link loss Lc = Cavity loss (1 trip)
7272Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
RIN in the case of N connectors and Rayleigh equivalent RIN
N connectors (same return loss, same distance between connectors)
Rayleigh backscattering Calculation (complex formula) of an equivalent
RIN depending on the spectral linewidth, the electrical modulation frequency, the link length and the backscattering coefficient
N222
2
sNconnector11N
1f
4RfRIN
Equivalent to Lc
7373Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Laser linewidth influence on CNR (RIN) due to Rayleigh backscat.
If => reflection influence => CNR
=> Alwaysmodulate to lower RIN!
()
7474Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
How to evaluate the equivalent Rayleigh backscattering RIN?
Core
Envelope
Car
rier
to
No
ise
Rat
io [
dB
]
Optical budget [dB]
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
10
.7
11
.7
12
.7
13
.7
14
.7
15
.7
16
.7
17
.7
18
.7
19
.7
20
.7
21
.7
22
.7
23
.7
24
.7
25
.7
26
.7
27
.7
28
.7
29
.7
With fiber (25 km)
Without fiber
OMD = 3 %, 26 carriers, = 1312 nm
Ps = 11.8 dBm, r = 0.73 A/W
Phenomenon
Results
Computation of RIN value due to the fibre
@48.25 MHz
RINsource = -160.5 dB/Hz (Iequ = 5.6pA/(Hz1/2))RINsource+fibre = -151.5 dB/HzEquivalent RINfibre = -152 dB/Hz
7575Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Outline
Multi-Path InterferenceChromatic DispersionPolarisation Mode DispersionEDFA amplification
7676Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Chirp + chromatic dispersion lead to distortion generation
In the case of a 1.55 m (1.3 m) directly modulated transmitter, the laser chirp in combination with the dispersion of standard SMF (dispersion shifted SMF) generates second-order (CSO) and some negligible third-order (CTB << CSO) distortion.
with fd the distortion frequency, D the fiber dispersion [ps/nmkm], L the fiber length [km].
In general, the distortions generated by chromatic dispersion for externally modulated systems can be neglected.
22
)(2
thbFMdCSODISP IIDL
cmfNCSO
[1]
7777Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
-75.0
-70.0
-65.0
-60.0
-55.0
-50.0
-45.0
-40.0
-35.0
-30.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
50 km
25 km
10 km
IMD
2 [d
Bc]
Frequency [MHz]
CSO a OMD N
CTB a Kwith a D L
cI I
d CSOFM a th
20 10
20 200
2
00
log . . log
log log. .
6 dB
carriers = 1312 nm
DS fibreD = -17.81 ps/(nm*km)
6 dB
Chromatic Dispersion & Laser Chirp - CSO measurement
7878Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Given a 1550 nm DFB laser with FM = 100 MHz/mA and (Ib - Ith) = 30 mA used in a directly modulated system with BK600 frequency plan, OMI = 5%. If we require CSO < -60 dBc, what is then the maximum length L of standard non-dispersion shifted SMF (D = 17 ps/nmkm) over which we can transmit the AM-CATV signal?
Maximum CSO distortion occurs in channel K25 with carrier frequency 503.25 MHz. The NCSO = 6.25 for this channel at frequency fd = 504.25 MHz.
CSOthbFMd N
CSO
IIDmf
cL max
2max)(2
Lmax = 6.18 km
Example[1]
7979Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Chromatic dispersion & chirp countermeasures?
Electronic compensation in transmitterInsertion of Dispersion Compensating
Fiber (DCF)Use of the fiber with the right 0 for
chromatic dispersionUse of externally instead of directly
modulated transmitter
8080Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Outline
Multi-Path InterferenceChromatic DispersionPolarisation Mode DispersionEDFA amplification
8181Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
PMD generates CSO
Two different PMD related mechanisms generate second-order distortion: Interaction of PMD and laser chirp generates CSO, in fibers
with coupling between the polarization modes, which scales with the square of the distortion frequency fd,
Interaction of PMD, laser chirp, and Polarization Dependent Loss (PDL) generates CSO independent of the distortion frequency.
The fiber PMD fluctuates with time because it is dependent on the polarization mode coupling in the fiber which is sensitive to ambient temperature and mechanical perturbations.
8282Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
-80
-75
-70
-65
-60
-55
-50
-45
-40
42 72 92 119 147 169 202.5 224 265.5 343.5 399.5 455.5 511.5C
SO
[d
Bc
]
Frequency [MHz]
Pigtails
Standard fibre alone
Standard fibre + disp. comp. fibre
PhenomenonAnalogue to chromatic dispersion but fluctuates with time due to the random polarisation mode coupling -> CSO generation
PMD (2.5 ps) generated by a 4.2 km DCF to compensate for 14.77 km CF, o = 1544.5 nm
FM = 260 MHz/mAOMD = 3%(Iao - Ith) = 38 mA
Theoretical result fd = 56 MHz, NCSO = 26
CSO = -61 dB
Polarization Mode Dispersion & Laser Chirp
8383Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Outline
Multi-Path InterferenceChromatic DispersionPolarisation Mode DispersionEDFA amplification
8484Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Measurement of the distortions due to the insertion of the home-made EDFA along an optical link
-75.00
-70.00
-65.00
-60.00
-55.00
-50.00
0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
Frequency [MHz]
CS
O [
dB
c]
LEVEL of link distortions without EDFA [dBc]
LEVEL of link distortions with EDFA [dBc]
Without EDFA
With EDFA
Insertion of an EDFA - Influence on Second Order Distortions
8585Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Insertion of an EDFA - Influence on Second Order Distortions
Measurement of the distortions due to the insertion of the home-made EDFA along an optical link
-95.00
-90.00
-85.00
-80.00
-75.00
-70.00
-65.00
-60.00
-55.00
-50.00
0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
Frequency [MHz]
CS
O [
dB
c]
LEVEL of EDFA (home-made) distortions [dBc]
CSO due to the EDFA gain tilt
around o combined with
the laser chirp.
V - Non-linear fiber transmission effects
8787Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Outline
Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS)Self-Phase Modulation (SPM)
… in external modulation
8888Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Direct modulation vs External modulation in CATV transmission
Direct Modulation: Laser intensity is directly modulated by the injected current
• induces laser chirp (intensity modulation induces phase modulation) Main limitation : combined effect of CD and laser chirp on standard
monomode fibre (SMF)• generates second and third order distortions
– Limit distance = +/- 35 km @ 1550 nm Long distance transmission @ 1550 nm is not possible
External Modulation (complexity >>>): Intensity modulation is realized by an external modulator Transmitter using external modulator presents low residual chirp
• combined effect of CD and laser chirp is not significant allows to realize long distance transmission @ 1550 nm (up to 100 km
on SMF) takes advantage of the smallest fibre attenuation (0.2 dB/km @ 1550
nm) and the use of optical amplification (EDFA)
8989Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Limiting effects on external modulation – Brillouin effect
Optical fibre presents Stimulated Brillouin Scattering is a non-linear effect in optical fibre (increases with optical power) consists of a distributed backscattering of the input optical power appears only when input optical power is greater than a power threshold
(Brillouin threshold = PSBS)
• In direct modulation with 67.25 MHz as input signal, PSBS = 30 dBm [4] (due to beneficial effect of laser chirp)
• In external modulation with 67.25 MHz as input signal, PSBS = 6 dBm [4] (due to very low residual chirp)
Impossible to use optical amplification Brillouin threshold must be increased in external modulation
transmission
Pth = threshold depending on fibre properties [W]l = bandwidth of the modulated source [Hz]
b = Brillouin bandwidth of the fibre depending on
fibre properties (between 20 MHz and 100 MHz)
9090Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Solutions to increase Brillouin threshold in external modulation
Main Idea : increase the bandwidth of the modulated source (spread the total optical power on a greater bandwidth)=> l increases => PSBS increases
Techniques Dithering
• consists in directly modulating the laser with an unmodulated electrical tone (to induce chirp)
External Phase Modulation (EPM)• optical carrier is modulated in phase by a frequency fEPM
– Total optical power » is not only content in a single carrier» is spread on several optical carriers spaced by fEPM
(first order Bessel function)• allows to increase SBS threshold by 10 dB (PSBS 16 – 17 dBm)
=> compatible with optical booster amplification
SC laserTone
External mod.
SC laserTone
External mod.
9191Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
f0-fm f0+fm0 f0
0.25Ap
0.35Ap
0.5Ap
0.35Ap
0.5Ap
0.35Ap 0.35Ap
0.15Ap0.15Ap
0.05Ap0.05Ap
f0-4fm
f0-5fmf0-3fm
f0-2fm f0+2fm
f0+3fm
f0+4fm
f0+5fmfrequency
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Modulation index
J i(
)
J1
J0
J2J3 J4 J5
= 3
Classical spectrum of a phase modulated signal
f0 = carrier
fm = modulating signal
modulation index = 3)
9292Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
External modulator presents 2 inputs CATV RF signal for intensity modulation Frequency fEPM for phase modulation
To avoid spectral overlapping : fEPM > 2 * fmax => fEPM > 2 GHz
laserExternal Modulator
CATV-RF fEPM
f0
f0-2fEPM f0 f0+fEPM f0+2fEPM
0 0 fEPMfmax = 862 MHz
Electrical spectrumWith EPM Without EPM
Optical spectrum
External modulation with EPM: optical spectrum output
Optical spectrum
9393Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Limiting effects on external modulation – Self Phase Modulation
SPM is a non-linear phenomenon of the optical fibre (increases
with optical power) is due to the dependence of the fibre refractive index with
the optical intensity• induces a phase modulation of the optical carrier (is equivalent
to a distributed chirp into the fibre) => leads to a spectral broadening of the transmitted signal
In external modulation using external phase modulation (to avoid SBS threshold), injected power can reach 15 dBm=> SPM effect can not be neglected
Intensity variation of optical signal
Variation of fibre refractive index
Phase variation of the optical signal
SPM
9494Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Intuitive analysis of CD effect in external modulation transmission
As for direct modulation, if the optical signal presents a spectral broadening (due to SPM or/and EPM), the presence of CD induces distortions
Influence of CD and SPM• SPM induces spectral spreading => SPM + CD induces distortions
Influence of CD and EPM• EPM induces spectral spreading => EPM + CD induces distortions
=> In practice : combined effect of CD+EPM and CD+SPM
9595Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Combined effect of CD and SPM : analytical results and simulations : HD2 and HD3 [5]
Evolution of distortion/carrier (HD2 and HD3 in the case of 1 tone as RF input signal) versus fibre length in external modulation transmission system with SPM (and without EPM) Comments:
Analytical results give separated contributions forCombined effect of SPM and CD
(‘NL’ curve)Combined effect of CD and the
modulating RF signal (‘DSP’ curve)Distortions increase with fibre lengthHD3 is more than 60 dB below HD2
There is no experimental results because, in practice, EPM is present to avoid Brillouin Scattering
RF input = 500 MHz ; dispersion = 17 ps/nm/km
fibre length
9696Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Combined effect of CD, EPM and SPM – experimental results : HD2 [3]
Phase Modulation @ 3 GHz with = 2.4 CATV-RF signal composed by only one tone @ 375 MHz Optical link composed by 3 EDFAs and 3 fibre spans of 50 km => HD2 (@ 750 MHz) is measured for different fibre lengths
9797Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Combined effect of CD, EPM and SPM - experimental results : HD2 [3]
The combined effect of CD, EPM and SPM allows to obtain a minimum (a cancellation) of HD2 for a specific fibre length
This experimental result is confirmed by simulation
Minimum CSO position and curve shape depend on several parameters : fibre parameters (chromatic dispersion, non-linear coefficient)phase modulation parameters (frequency and modulation index )intensity modulation parameters (RF frequency, OMI,…)laser parameters (output power, wavelength,…)
9898Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Combined effect of CD, EPM and SPM : experimental results : CSO [5]
Phase Modulation frequency : 1.9, 4 and 6 GHz (simulations) phase modulation index : between 2.5 and 6 (simulations and experiments)
CATV-RF signal composed by NTSC plan (78 tones) Optical link composed by 5 stages (EDFA + 60 km fibre link) => CSO @ 548.5 MHz (channel 78) is measured in function of fibre link
for different phase modulation frequency for different phase modulation index
9999Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Combined effect of CD, EPM and SPM – experimental results : CSO [7]
Simulation of CSO evolution versus fibre length for different phase modulation frequency.
Analytical and simulation results of CSO evolution versus fibre length (without EPM : = 0) => measurement is not possible
Comments:Minimum CSO position appears for
shorter fibre length when phase modulation frequency increases
For fibre length lower than the CSO minimum, all curves follow the curve without EPM (analytical curve)
100100Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Combined effect of CD, EPM and SPM - experimental results : CSO (ref. [4] – Wu et al.)
Simulation and experimental measurements of CSO evolution versus fibre length for different phase modulation index
Comments:Minimum CSO position appears for
shorter fibre length when phase modulation index increases
For fibre length lower than the CSO minimum, all curves follow the curve without EPM (analytical curve)
101101Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Effect of modulation frequency and on the minimum CSO position
These 2 last results are coherent with the evolution of the spectral bandwidth of the phase modulation signal for different phase modulation frequency phase modulation index
Indeed, effective spectral bandwidth of the phase modulation signal increases when modulation frequency increases (for same modulation index) when modulation index increases (for same modulation frequency)
because there are more significant tones in the modulation signal spectrum
modulation frequency increases or modulation index increases
Effective spectral bandwidth increases
Same effect for CSO evolution
Minimum CSO position appears for shorter fibre length
102102Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Influence of modulation frequency on a phase modulated signal spectrum
(f0 = 100 kHz, modulation index = 5)
ffmm = = 20 k20 kHzHz
ffmm = = 40 k40 kHzHz
BP = 400 kHz
BP = 800 kHz
- Shape is the same (same number of significant tones)
- Space between tones is different
103103Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Influence of modulation index on a phase modulated signal spectrum
(f0 = 100 kHz, modulation frequency = 20 kHz)
= 2.5= 2.5
= 1.5= 1.5
-Space between tones is the same -Shape is different (not same number
of significant tones)
BP = 200 kHz
BP = 120 kHz
104104Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Our experimental setup and simulation tool
External modulator
Multi-tones generator
External modulator with phase Modulation frequency variable (2 GHz or 6 GHz) phase modulation index variable
CATV-RF signal composed by only one tone @ 375.25 MHz Cenelec 42 carriers plan
Optical link composed by 3 EDFAs and 3 fibre spans of 50 km
EDFA EDFA EDFA
VI - Return path optical link
106106Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Laser types
Return signals need less performance than downstream signals: Return :
• QPSK or 16-QAM signal• SNR = 16 or 23 dB (10-9)• SNR = 13 or 19 dB (10-5)
Downstream: CNR = 55 dBReturn lasers costs are shared among less
subscribers than downstream=> return lasers have lower quality (DFB or
FP, sometimes no isolator or no cooler)
107107Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Laser types
Return lasers are in cabinets => they are subject to temperature change if not cooled
Optical Dispaching
Batteries
ONU
Dow
nstream
receiver
Up
stream em
itter
4 coaxial amp
lifiers F
or 4 distrib
ution
lines
108108Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
OMI variation with temperature
OMI variation if no cooling (very often) or active polarisation current research
25°C
85°C
P0
P0
2P
2P
I
VII - Future : from HFC to FTTx and network
segmentation with the use of WDM
110110Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Aim of network segmentation
Increase throughput per user for the same bandwidth
Decrease noise level at the CMTS
Upstream fibre
Downstream fibre
TAPTAPTAP
O/EO/E
ONU
PN
TAPTAPTAPTAPTAPTAP
TAPTAPTAP
One Subscriber cluster
111111Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Network segmentation using frequency stacking
Use of return path laser full bandwidth by subscriber cluster bandwidth frequency up-convertion
Upstream fibre
Downstream fibre
TAPTAPTAP
O/EO/E
ONU
PN
TAPTAPTAPTAPTAPTAP
TAPTAPTAP
4 Subscriber clusters
ElectricalFrequency [MHz]0 200
Cluster1
Cluster2
Cluster3
Cluster4
112112Dr Ir Véronique MoeyaertDr Ir Véronique Moeyaert
Network segmentation using WDM Benefit of fiber bandwidth. Each subscriber cluster
modulated its own return path lasers centered on different wavelength.
Upstream fibre
Downstream fibre
TAPTAPTAP
O/EO/E
ONU
PN
TAPTAPTAPTAPTAPTAP
TAPTAPTAP
4 Subscriber clusters
OpticalWavelength [nm].
Cluster1
Cluster2
Cluster3
Cluster4
Coarse WDMor
Dense WDM