Transparencies.pdf

Focus on Grammar 3 Transparencies Grammar Charts

The purpose of the grammar charts is to help students notice the form of the structure, to pre-teach some of the grammar notes that follow, and to familiarize students with grammar terminology. The Focus on Grammar (FOG) transparencies give instructors a tool to more effectively engage students in class as they tackle a new grammar point together. Here are some suggestions for using the transparencies.

• Ask questions that will help students become aware of the form of the structure. For example, for the imperative (FOG 3, Unit 2, page 14), read the affirmative statement, �Bend your knees,� and ask the class to name the verb. (Bend.) Ask students what form it is. (The base form.) Ask students what �base form� means. (The simple form without an ending.) Ask students, �Is there a subject?�(No.) Explain that in the imperative we understand that the subject is �you.� Ask, �How do we form the negative in the imperative?� (Add Don’t before the base form.)

• Have students use the examples in the charts to practice the form. In the imperative

unit, you might ask students to look at the examples in the chart and change the affirmative statements to negative ones. (Bend your knees. →Don�t bend your knees.)

• Use the charts with Grammar in Context. Ask students to look at Grammar in Context

and find examples that illustrate the points in the grammar charts. Students can also use the grammar terms in the charts to label items in Grammar in Context.

• Compare charts. For example, for the simple past (FOG 3, Unit 3, pages 23�25), there

are charts for the past of be and for other verbs. Ask, �How many forms are there for the simple past of be in affirmative statements?� (Two: was and were.) �How many forms are there for the simple past of other verbs in affirmative statements?� (One: i.e. moved or came.) Ask, �Do you use the base form for past yes/no questions with be?� (No.) �Do you use the base form for past yes/no questions with other verbs? (Yes.) What else do you use? (Did.)

• Help students understand grammar terminology through the use of the charts. All

Focus on Grammar charts are clearly labeled (Affirmative/ Negative, Yes/No Questions, Wh- Questions, Subject, Base Form, Subject Pronoun, Object Pronoun, etc.) Ask questions to make certain students understand what the labels mean.

• Use the charts to practice items from a list. For example, FOG 3, Unit 21, page 241,

students could practice the quantifiers by making up sentences about themselves and classmates. (I baked some cakes. I used a lot of cream. I put in a few strawberries. I didn�t use much sugar, etc.)

• Ask students to provide personal examples. For example, Unit 32, page 357 of FOG

3, says, �Eva enjoys going to the park. Eva wants to go to the park. �Ask students to say what they enjoy and what they want to do. (I enjoy playing soccer. I want to join a soccer team.)

Guidelines provided by Irene E. Schoenberg

Click the links below to view the Grammar Charts for this level. Grammar Chart Unit 1 Grammar Chart Unit 2 Grammar Chart Unit 3 Grammar Chart Unit 4 Grammar Chart Unit 5 Grammar Chart Unit 6 Grammar Chart Unit 7 Grammar Chart Unit 8 Grammar Chart Unit 9 Grammar Chart Unit 10 Grammar Chart Unit 11 Grammar Chart Unit 12 Grammar Chart Unit 13 Grammar Chart Unit 14 Grammar Chart Unit 15 Grammar Chart Unit 16 Grammar Chart Unit 17 Grammar Chart Unit 18 Grammar Chart Unit 19 Grammar Chart Unit 20 Grammar Chart Unit 21 Grammar Chart Unit 22 Grammar Chart Unit 23 Grammar Chart Unit 24 Grammar Chart Unit 25 Grammar Chart Unit 26 Grammar Chart Unit 27 Grammar Chart Unit 28 Grammar Chart Unit 29 Grammar Chart Unit 30 Grammar Chart Unit 31 Grammar Chart Unit 32 Grammar Chart Unit 33 Grammar Chart Unit 34 Grammar Chart Unit 35 Grammar Chart Unit 36 Grammar Chart Unit 37

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Grammar Chart Unit 12 Grammar Chart Unit 13

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Negative Statements

Base Form Subject Do Not of Verb

I do

He does not travel often.

We do

Grammar Presentation

Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 1 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Affirmative Statements

Subject Verb

I

Youtravel.

He

She often travels.

It

We

You travel.

They

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE SIMPLE PRESENT


Base Form Subject Be of Verb + -ing

I am*

You are

He

She is traveling now.

It

We

You are

They

*For contractions of I am, you are, etc., see Appendix 26 on page A-12.

Negative Statements

Base Form Subject Be Not of Verb + -ing

I am

He is not traveling now.

We are

Yes / No Questions

Base Form Do Subject of Verb

Does he travel often?

Yes / No Questions

Base Form Be Subject of Verb + -ing

Is he traveling now?

Short Answers

Yes, is.

No,he

isn’t.

Short Answers

Yes, does.

No,he

doesn’t.

Wh- Questions

Base Form Wh- Word Do Subject of Verb

Where do you usually travel?

Wh- Questions

Base Form Wh- Word Be Subject of Verb + -ing

Where are you traveling now?



Negative

Base Form Don’t of Verb

Don’tbend your knees.

raise your fists.

IMPERATIVE

Affirmative

Base Form of Verb

Bend your knees.

Raise your fists.



SIMPLE PAST: BE


Subject Be

I was

You were

He

She was famous.

It

We

You were

They

Negative Statements

Subject Be + Not

I wasn’t

You weren’t

He

She wasn’t famous.

It

We

You weren’t

They

Yes / No Questions

Be Subject

Was I

Were you

he

Was she famous?

it

we

Were you

they

Short Answers

Affirmative Negative

you were. you weren’t.

I was. I wasn’t.

he he

Yes, she was. No, she wasn’t.

it it

you you

we were. we weren’t.

they they

Wh- Questions

Wh- Word Be Subject

was I

were you

Where he

When was she famous?Why it

we

were you

they

(continued)


Short Answers


you you

I I

he he

Yes,she

did. No,she

didn’t.it it

you you

we we

they they

SIMPLE PAST: REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS


Subject Verb

I

You moved

He traveledto Japan.

She

It

We came*

You left*in 1684.

They

Negative Statements

Base Form Subject Did not of Verb

I

You move

He travelto Japan.

Shedidn’t

It

We comein 1684.

You leave

They

*Come (came) and leave (left) are irregular verbs. See Appendix 1 on page A-1 for a list of irregular verbs.

Yes / No Questions

Base Form Did Subject of Verb

I

you move

he travelto Japan?

Didshe

it

we come

you leavein 1684?

they

Wh- Questions

Base Form Wh- Word Did Subject of Verb

I

you moveto Japan?

he travel

Whendid

she

Why it

we come?

you leave?

they



Yes / No Questions

Was / Base FormWere Subject of Verb + -ing

Was I

Were you

he eating yesterday at 7:00 P.M.?

Was she working when Eve called?

it sleeping while Sal was talking?

we

Were you

they

Statements

Was / Base FormSubject Were (Not) of Verb + -ing

I was

You were

He eating yesterday at 7:00 P.M.

She was (not) working when Eve called.

It sleeping while Sal was talking.

We

You were

They

PAST PROGRESSIVE

Short Answers


you were. you weren’t.

I was. I wasn’t.

he he

Yes, she was. No, she wasn’t.it it

you you

we were. we weren’t.

they they

Wh- Questions

Was / Base FormWh- Word Were Subject of Verb + ing

was I

were you

he eating yesterday at 7:00 P.M.?

Why was she working when Eve called?

it sleeping while Sal was talking?

we

were you

they



USED TO

Statements

Base FormSubject Used to of Verb

I

You

He

She used to

It didn’t use tobe popular.

We

You

They

Short Answers


you you

I I

he he

Yes,she

did. No,she

didn’t.it it

you you

we we

they they

Yes / No Questions

Base Form Did Subject Use to of Verb

I

you

he

Didshe

use to be popular?it

we

you

they

Wh- Questions

Base FormWh- Word Did Subject Use to of Verb

I

you

he

When didshe

use to be popular?it

we

you

they



BE GOING TO FOR THE FUTURE

Statements

Base Form Subject Be (Not) Going to of Verb

I am*

You are

He

She is (not) going to leave soon.

It

We

You are

They

Yes / No Questions

Base Form Be Subject Going to of Verb

Am I

Are you

he

Is she going to leave soon?

it

we

Are you

they

* For contractions of I am, you are, etc., see Appendix 26 on page A-12.

Short Answers


you are. you’re

I am. I’m

he he’s

Yes, she is. No, she’s not.

it it’s

you you’re

we are. we’re

they they’re

Wh- Questions

Base FormWh- Word Be Subject Going to of Verb

Whenare you going to leave?

Why

(continued)


Statements

Subject + Be (Not) + Base Form + -ing

We’re(not) leaving soon.

It’s

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE* FOR THE FUTURE

WILL FOR THE FUTURE

*For a complete presentation of present progressive and simple present forms, see Unit 1, page 3.

* For contractions of I will, you will, etc., see Appendix 26, page A-12.

Statements

Base Form Subject Will (not) of Verb

I

You

He

Shewill (not)* leave soon.

It

We

You

They

Short Answers


you you

I I

he he

Yes,she

will. No,she

won’t.it it

you you

we we

they they

Yes / No Questions

Base FormWill Subject of Verb

I

you

he

Willshe

leave soon?it

we

you

they

Wh- Questions

Base Form Wh- Word Will Subject of Verb

When will you leave?

Statements

Subject Verb

We leave

It leavesMonday at 6:45 A.M.

SIMPLE PRESENT* FOR THE FUTURE



Yes / No Questions

Main Clause Time Clause

Will II graduate?

Am I going to

Will sheget a job when she graduates?

Is she going to

Will theythey graduate?

Are they going to

Statements


I willI graduate.

I am going to

She willget a job when she graduates.

She is going to

They willthey graduate.

They are going to

FUTURE TIME CLAUSES

Short Answers


youwill.

youwon’t.

are. aren’t.

Yes, shewill.

No, shewon’t.

is. isn’t.

theywill.

theywon’t.

are. aren’t.

Wh- Questions


will II graduate?

am I going to

Wherewill she

get a job when she graduates?is she going to

will theythey graduate?

are they going to



WH- QUESTIONS: SUBJECT AND OBJECT

Questions About the Subject

Wh- WordSubject Verb Object

Who sawHarry?

the box?

Answers

Subject Verb Object

Marta sawhim.

it.

Questions About the Object

Wh-Word Auxiliary MainObject Verb Subject Verb

Who(m)

Whatdid Marta see?

Answers

Subject Verb Object

She sawHarry.

the box.



REFLEXIVE AND RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS

Reflexive Pronouns

Subject ReflexivePronoun Pronoun

I myself

You yourself

He himself

Shelooked at

herselfin the mirror.

It itself

We ourselves

You yourselves

They themselves

Reciprocal Pronouns

Subject ReciprocalPronoun Pronoun

We

You looked ateach other.

Theyone another.



Object Subject Verb (Noun / Pronoun) Particle

puthis lab coat

on.

Heit

helpedhis students

out.them

PHRASAL VERBS

Transitive Phrasal Verbs

Object Subject Verb Particle (Noun)

Heput on his lab coat.

helped out his students.

Intransitive Phrasal Verbs

Subject Verb Particle

She started over.

He grew up in Texas.

They got back early.



ABILITY: CAN AND COULD

Statements

Subject Can / Could (not) Base Form of Verb

I

You can (not) now.

He

She dance

We

You could (not) last year.

They

Contractions

cannot

can not= can’t

could not = couldn’t

Short Answers


you you

I can. I can’t.he he

Yes, she No, she

you you

we could. we couldn’t.

they they

Yes / No Questions

Can / Could Subject Base Form of Verb

I

Can you

he

she dance?

we

Could you

they

Wh- Questions

Wh- Word Can / Could Subject Base Form of Verb

How wellcan she

dance?could you

(continued)


Statements

Subject Be (Not) Able to Base Form of Verb

I am

You are

He

Sheis (not) able to practice.

We

You are

They

ABILITY: BE ABLE TO

Yes / No Questions

Be Subject Able to Base Form of Verb

Is sheable to practice?

Are you

Short Answers


Yes,she is.

No,she isn’t.

I am. I’m not.

Wh- Questions

Wh- Word Be Subject Able to Base Form of Verb

When is sheable to practice?

How often are you



PERMISSION: CAN, COULD, MAY, DO YOU MIND IF

Questions: Can / Could / May

Base FormCan / Could / May* Subject of Verb

I

Can he

Could she stay here?

May we

they

*Can, could, and may are modals. Modals have only oneform. They do not have -s in the third-person singular.

NOTE: May not is not contracted.

Short Answers


you you

hecan.

hecan’t.

Yes, shemay.

No, shemay not.

you you

they they

Statements: Can / May

Base Form Subject Can / May (not) of Verb

Youcan (not)

Hemay (not)

stay here.

They

Questions: Do you mind if

Do you mind if Subject Verb

I

we stay

theyDo you mind if

hehere?

she stays

it

Short Answers


Not at all.

No, I don’t. Yes, I do.

Go right ahead.

NOTE: See Grammar Note 4 for a full explanation.



REQUESTS: CAN, COULD, WILL, WOULD, WOULD YOU MIND

Questions: Can / Could / Will / Would

Can / Could Base Form Will / Would* Subject of Verb

Can

Could

Will

Would

mail this letter for me?

you drive me to the doctor?

pick up some groceries?

Short Answers


Sure

Certainly(I can).

I’m sorry, but I can’t.

Of course(I will).

Questions: Would you mind

Would you mind Gerund

mailing this letter for me?

Would you mind driving me to the doctor?

picking up some groceries?

Short Answers


Not at all.

I’d be glad to. I’m sorry, but I can’t.

No problem.

*Can, could, will, and would are modals. Modals do not have -sin the third-person singular.

NOTE: See Grammar Note 4 for a full explanation.



ADVICE: SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER

Statements

Should / Ought to / Base FormSubject Had Better* of Verb

I

You

He should (not)

She ought to reply.

We had better (not)

You

They

*Should and ought to are modals. Had better issimilar to a modal. These forms do not have -s inthe third-person singular.

Contractions

should not = shouldn’t

had better = ’d better

Yes / No Questions

Base Form Should Subject of Verb

I

he

Should she reply?

we

they

Short Answers


you you

he he

Yes, she should. No, she shouldn’t.

you you

they they

Wh- Questions

Base Form Wh- Word Should Subject of Verb

I

How he

When should she send it?

Where we

they



SUGGESTIONS: LET’S, COULD, WHY DON’T, WHY NOT, HOW ABOUT

Let’s

Base Form Let’s (not) of Verb

Let’s (not)take the ferry.

stay in a castle.

Could

Base Form Subject Could* of Verb

I

You take the ferry.

Hecould

She

We stay in a castle.

They

*Could is a modal. Modals have only one form.They do not have -s in the third-person singular.

Why don’t

Base Form Why Don’t Subject of Verb

I

don’twe take the ferry?

Whyyou

they

he stay in a castle?doesn’t

she

Why not

Base Form Why not of Verb

take the ferry?Why not

stay in a castle?

How about

How about Gerund / Noun

staying in a castle?How about

a castle?



PRESENT PERFECT: SINCE AND FOR

Statements

Subject Have (not) Past Participle Since / For

I

You*

Wehave (not) been†

They heresince 1995.

Hefor a long time.

She has (not) lived

It

*You is both singular and plural.†Been is an irregular past participle. See Grammar Notes on page 185 andAppendix 1 on page A-1 for a list of irregular verbs.

Yes / No Questions

Have Subject Past Participle Since / For

I

Haveyou

beenwe

they heresince 1995?

hefor a long time?

Has she lived

it

Short Answers


you you

I / we I / we

youhave.

youhaven’t.

Yes, they No, they

he he

she has. she hasn’t.

it it

Wh- Questions

Wh- Word Have Subject Past Participle

I

haveyou

beenwe

How long they here?

he

has she lived

it

Short Answers

Since 1995.For many years.

(continued)


Contractions


I have = I’ve he has = he’s have not = haven’t

you have = you’ve she has = she’s has not = hasn’t

we have = we’ve it has = it’s

they have = they’ve



PRESENT PERFECT: ALREADY AND YET

Affirmative Statements: Already

Subject Have Already Past Participle

They have mailed the invitations.

She hasalready

gotten her invitation.

Negative Statements: Yet

Subject Have not Past Participle Yet

They haven’t mailed the invitations

She hasn’t gotten her invitationyet.

Yes / No Questions: Yet

Have Subject Past Participle Yet

Have they mailed the invitations

Has she gotten her invitationyet?

Short Answers


they have. they haven’t.Yes,

she has.No,

she hasn’t.



PRESENT PERFECT: INDEFINITE PAST

Statements

Subject Have (not) Past Participle

They have (not) visited Egypt.

She has (not) been there.

See page 183 in Unit 16 for a complete presentation ofpresent perfect forms.

Statements with Adverbs

Subject Have (not) Adverb Past Participle Adverb

They have visited Egypt.

She has been there.

They have (not) visited Egypt

She has (not) been there

Yes / No Questions

Have Subject (Ever) Past Participle

Have they(ever)

visited Egypt?

Has she been there?

neverjustrecently

twice.lately.recently.

Short Answers


Yes,they have.

No,they haven’t.

she has. she hasn’t.

Wh- Questions

Wh- Word Have Subject Past Participle

How oftenhave they visited Egypt?

has she been there?



PRESENT PERFECT AND SIMPLE PAST

Present Perfect

She has been here since 2003.

They’ve lived here for 20 years.

We’ve spoken once today.

He hasn’t flown this month.

Has she called him today?

Simple Past

She was in Detroit in 2000.

They lived there for 10 years.

We spoke twice yesterday.

She didn’t fly last month.

Did she call him yesterday?



PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE AND PRESENT PERFECT

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Statements

Base Form Subject Have (not) Been of Verb + -ing (Since / For)

I

You*have (not)

We

Theybeen writing

(since 2004).

He(for years).

She has (not)

It

Yes / No Questions

Base Form Have Subject Been of Verb + -ing (Since / For)

Have youbeen writing

(since 2004)?

Has he (for years)?

Short Answers


I / we have. I / we haven’t.Yes,

he has.No,

he hasn’t.

*You is both singular and plural.

Wh- Questions

Base Form Wh- Word Have Subject Been of Verb + -ing

have youHow long

has hebeen writing?

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE AND PRESENT PERFECT

Present Perfect

They have lived here for 5 million years.

I’ve read two books about elephants.

Dr. Owen has written many articles.

She’s worked in many countries.

Present Perfect Progressive

They have been living here for 5 million years.

I’ve been reading this book since Monday.

Dr. Owen has been writing articles since 1990.

She’s been working in Niger for a year.



NOUNS AND QUANTIFIERS

Count Nouns

Article / Number Noun Verb

Asailor is

Onebrave.

Thesailors are

Two

Non-count Nouns

Noun Verb

Oil necessary.

is

Sailing dangerous.

Quantifiers and Count Nouns

Quantifier Noun

some

enough

I sawa lot of

a few sailors.

several islands.

many boats.

any

I didn’t seeenough

a lot of

many

Quantifiers and Non-count Nouns

Quantifier Noun

some

enough

I useda lot of

a little oil.

a great deal of salt.

much honey.

any

I didn’t useenough

a lot of

much



ARTICLES: INDEFINITE AND DEFINITE

INDEFINITE DEFINITE

Singular Count Nouns

A / An (Adjective) Noun

Let’s read a story.

This is an old story.

Singular Count Nouns

The (Adjective) Noun

Let’s read the story by Aesop.

It’s the oldest story.

Plural Count Nouns / Non-count Nouns

(Some) (Adjective) Noun

Let’s listen to(some)

stories on this CD.

This CD has nice music too.

Plural Count Nouns / Non-count Nouns

The (Adjective) Noun

Let’s listen tothe

stories by Aesop.

I like old music on this CD.



Participial Adjectives

-ing Adjective -ed Adjective

ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

Adjectives

They are quiet tenants.

It’s a fast elevator.

The house looks nice.

It’s absolutely perfect.

Adverbs

They talk quietly.

It moves fast.

She described it nicely.

It’s absolutely perfect.

The apartment is interesting.

It’s an interesting one-bedroom apartment.

My neighbor is annoying.

He’s an annoying neighbor.

This street map is confusing.

It’s a confusing street map.

One couple is interested in the apartment.

The interested couple called again.

I’m annoyed by his loud music.

Another annoyed tenant complained.

People were confused by the street map.

A confused driver asked for directions.



ADJECTIVES: COMPARISONS WITH AS . . . AS AND THAN

Comparisons with As . . . as

(Not) As Adjective As

large

busy

The new restaurant is (not) as good as the other ones.

interesting

expensive

Comparisons with Than

Comparative Adjective Form Than

larger

busier

The new restaurant is better than the other ones.

more interesting

less expensive



ADJECTIVES: SUPERLATIVES

Superlatives

Superlative Adjective Form

the largest

the busiest in the world.

This is the best city of all.

the most interesting I’ve ever visited.

the least expensive



ADVERBS: AS . . . AS, COMPARATIVES, SUPERLATIVES

As . . . as

As Adverb As

hard

The Huskiesplayed

aswell

as the Gophers.didn’t play aggressively

consistently

Comparatives

Comparative Adverb Form Than

harder

The Huskies playedbetter

than the Gophers.more aggressively

less consistently

Superlatives

Superlative Adverb Form

the hardest

The star player playedthe best

of anyone in the game.the most aggressively

the least consistently



GERUNDS: AS SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS

Gerund as Subject

Gerund (Subject) Verb

Smoking causes health problems.

Not smoking is healthier.

Gerund as Object

Subject Verb Gerund (Object)

You should quit smoking.

We suggest not smoking.



GERUNDS AFTER PREPOSITIONS

Preposition + Gerund

Do you have ideas about improving life at school?

Are the teachers against increasing tuition?

The students are for having online courses.

My roommate left before finishing the test.

Verb + Preposition + Gerund

I plan on joining the Student Council.

We’ll succeed in improving the school.

They object to paying higher fees.

Please think about voting for Latoya.

Adjective + Preposition + Gerund

I’m interested in studying math.

Are you tired of hearing complaints?

They are happy about not missing the meeting.

She is used to organizing large groups.



INFINITIVES AFTER CERTAIN VERBS

Statements

Subject Verb (Object) Infinitive

I decided (not) to write to Annie.

You urged John (not) to take her advice.

He wanted (her) to advise John.



INFINITIVES OF PURPOSE

Affirmative

I left at 9:00 (in order) to be on time.

Negative

I left at 9:00 in order not to be late.



INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH

Infinitives with Too

Adjective / (For + Noun / Too Adverb Object Pronoun) Infinitive

We’re (not) young to vote.

They answered too quickly for Kyle to understand the issues.

It’s (not) hard (for us) to decide.

Infinitives with Enough

Adjective / (For + Noun / Adverb Enough Object Pronoun) Infinitive

We’re (not) old to vote.

They have(n’t) answered clearly enough for Kyle to understand the issues.

It’s (not) easy (for us) to decide.



GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

Gerunds

Eva enjoys going to the park.

She loves taking long breaks.

She stopped studying.

Changing habits is hard.

She’s worried about finishing her paper.

Infinitives

Eva wants to go to the park.

She loves to take long breaks.

She stopped to study.

It’s hard to change habits.



PREFERENCES: PREFER, WOULD PREFER

Statements

Subject Prefer / Would prefer* Noun / Gerund / Infinitive

I

You prefer

We would prefer TV news (to newspapers).

They watching the news (to reading newspapers).

He prefers(not) to watch the news.

She would prefer

*Like modals, would prefer does not have -s in the third-person singular.

Contraction

would prefer = ’d prefer

Short Answers


you you

I / we do. I / we don’t.

you would. you wouldn’t.Yes, they No, they

he does. he doesn’t.

she would. she wouldn’t.

Yes / No Questions

Noun / Gerund / Do / Would Subject Prefer Infinitive

I

Do you

Would we TV news?

they prefer watching the news?

Does heto watch the news?

Would she

PREFERENCES: WOULD RATHER

Contraction

would rather = ’d rather

Short Answers


I I’dYes,

shewould.

She’drather not.

Yes / No Questions

Base Form Would Subject Rather of Verb

youWould

sherather read?

Statements

Base Form Subject Would rather* of Verb

I

You watch the news (than read newspapers).

He

Shewould rather

We not read newspapers.

They

*Like modals, would rather does not have -s in the third-person singular.



NECESSITY: HAVE (GOT) TO, DON’T HAVE TO


Have to / Base Form Subject Have got to of Verb

I

You have to

We have got to

They leave now.

He

Shehas to

Ithas got to

Negative Statements

Base Form Subject Do not Have to of Verb

I

You

Wedon’t

They have to leave now.

He

She doesn’t

It

Contractions

have got to = ’ve got to

has got to = ’s got to

Note: There are no contractions for have to and has to.

Yes / No Questions

Base Form Do Subject Have to of Verb

I

youDo

we

they have to leave now?

he

Does she

it

Short Answers


you you

I / we I / we

youdo.

youdon’t.

Yes, they No, they

he he

she does. she doesn’t.

it it

Wh- Questions

Base Form Wh- Word Do Subject Have to of Verb

I

youdo

we

When they have to leave?

he

does she

it

(continued)


Must

Base FormSubject Must* (not) of Verb

I

You must leave early.He

She

It

We must not arrive late.

They

*Must is a modal. Modals have only one form.They do not have -s in the third-person singular.

NECESSITY: MUST, MUST NOT, CAN’T

Contraction

must not = mustn’t

Can’t

Base Form Subject Can’t of Verb

You

Theycan’t sit here.



EXPECTATIONS: BE SUPPOSED TO

Statements

Base FormSubject Be (not) Supposed to of Verb

Iam

was

Youare

Wewere

(not) supposed to sign the marriage certificate.

They

He

She is

Itwas

be a small wedding.

Yes / No Questions

Base Form Be Subject Supposed to of Verb

Am

WasI

Are

Wereyou supposed to stand?

Is

Wasshe

Short Answers


are. aren’t.you

were.you

weren’t.

am. ’m not.Yes, I

was.No, I

wasn’t.

is. isn’t.she

was.she

wasn’t.

Wh- Questions

Base Form Wh- Word Be Subject Supposed to of Verb

am

wasI

areWhere

wereyou supposed to stand?

is

wasshe



FUTURE POSSIBILITY: MAY, MIGHT, COULD

Statements

Base FormSubject May / Might / Could* of Verb

You may (not)

It might (not) get cold.

They could

Yes / No Questions

Are you going to fly to Paris?

Are you leaving on Monday?

Are you going to

Will you be there long?

Is it possible you’ll

Short Answers

may (not).

I might (not).

could.

may

We might be.

could

Note: May not and might not are not contracted.

*May, might, and could are modals. Modals have only oneform. They do not have -s in the third-person singular.

Wh- Questions

When are you going to Paris?

How long are you going to be there?

Answers

Imay go next week.

mightWe

could be there a week.



CONCLUSIONS: MUST, HAVE (GOT) TO, MAY, MIGHT, COULD, CAN’T


Must / May / Base FormSubject Might / Could* of Verb

I

You

He must

She maybe wrong.

It might

We could

You

They

Negative Statements

Must / May / Base FormSubject Might / Could / Can Not of Verb

I

Youmust

Hemay

Shemight not be right.

Itcould

Wecan

You

They

Contractions

could not = couldn’t

cannot

OR = can’t

can not

Note: We usually do not contractmust not, may not, and might notwhen we draw conclusions.

*Must, may, might, and could are modals. Modals haveonly one form. They do not have -s in the third-personsingular.

Affirmative Statements with Have (got) to

Subject Have (got) to Base Form

I

Youhave (got) to

We

They be right.

He

She has (got) to

It

(continued)


Do Subject Base Form

Does he know that?

Yes / No Questions

Can / Could Subject Base Form

Couldhe know that?

Can

Short Answers

Subject Modal

must (not).

may (not).

Hemight (not).

could(n’t).

has (got) to.

can’t.

Yes / No Questions with Be

Can / Could Subject Be

Couldhe be a detective?

Can

Short Answers

Subject Modal Be

must (not)

may (not)

Hemight (not)

be.could(n’t)

has (got) to

can’t

Be Subject

Is he a detective?

Wh- Questions with Can and Could

Wh- Word Can / Could Subject Base Form

Who can it be?

What could they want?

Documents

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