TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING AND PLANNING Lecture. No. 2

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERINGAND PLANNING

(110 401367)SPRING 2019-2020

Dr. Hamza Alkuime

Lecture. No. 2Transportation planning

Textbook■ Paul H. Wright, Norman J.

Ashford and Robert J.Stammer, TransportationEngineering Planning andDesign, Fourth Edition, JohnWiley and Sons, 1998

■ Nicholas Garber and LesterHoel ,Traffic & HighwayEngineering, 5th Edition..Cengage Learning, 2015

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Topic 2 : Transportation planning

■Nicholas Garber and Lester Hoel ,Traffic &Highway Engineering, 5th Edition.. CengageLearning, 2015

Chapter 11 : The Transportation planning process

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References

Definition of transportation planning■ It is a methodological process of preparing physical

facilities and services of modes for transportationneeds

■ It is not intended to furnish a decision or to give asingle result that must be followed, although it can doso in relatively simple situations.

■ It is intended to provide the appropriate information tothose who will be affected and those responsible fordeciding whether the transportation project should goforward.

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Transportation planning is needed because of

Increased demand of new facilities and servicesHuge investments in transportation projectsLand use developmentMany alternatives exist for any transportation project

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Basic elements of transportation planningThe transportation planning process comprises seven basicelements,1. Situation definition2. Problem definition3. Search for solutions4. Analysis of performance5. Evaluation of alternatives6. Choice of project7. Specification and construction

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Basic elements of transportation planningThe elements are :■ Interrelated■ Not necessarily carried out sequentially.■ The information acquired in one phase of the process

may be helpful in some earlier or later phase, so thereis a continuity of effort that should eventually result ina decision

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Basic elements of transportation planning

Involves all of the activities required to understandthe situation that gave rise to the perceived needfor a transportation improvement

The present system is analyzed, and its characteristicsare described

Information about the surrounding area, its people, andtheir travel habits may be obtained.

Previous reports and studies that may be relevant to thepresent situation are reviewed

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1. Situation Definition

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■ To describe the problem in terms of the objectives to beaccomplished by the project

■ To translate those objectives into criteria that that can beused to quantify the extent to which a proposedtransportation project will achieve the stated objective(measures of effectiveness).

■ Identified the characteristics of an acceptable system Constraints placed on the project (e.g. physical limitation [presence of

other structures ] ) Design standards (e.g., bridge width, clearances)

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2. Problem Definition:


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2. Problem Definition:

Problem

Traffic congestion

Objectives

Reduce trafficcongestion

Quantifyingcriteria

Travel time Establishdesignstandards

Constraints

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■ Consideration is given to a variety of ideas,designs, locations, and system configurations thatmight provide solutions to the problem

■ IncludesPreliminary feasibility studies, which might narrow the range ofchoices to those that appear most promising.Some data gathering, field testing, and cost estimating may benecessary at this stage to determine the practicality and financialfeasibility of the alternatives being proposed

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3. Search for Solutions (Idea-generating phase)


To estimate performance of proposed alternatives underpresent and future conditions.

Determination of the investment cost of building thetransportation project, as well as annual costs formaintenance and operation.

Involves the use of mathematical models for estimatingtravel demand.

Determine use of the system (such as trip length, travelby time of day, and vehicle occupancy)

Environmental effects are estimated12

4. Analysis of Performance:

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Consideration is given to a variety of ideas,designs, locations, and system configurations that mightprovide solutions to the problem

Includes preliminary feasibility studies, which might narrowthe range of choices to those that appear most promising.

Some data gathering, field testing, and cost estimatingmay be necessary at this stage to determine the practicalityand financial feasibility of the alternatives being proposed

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3. Search for solutions (Idea-generating phase)


■How well each alternative will achieve theobjectives of the project as defined by the criteria.Performance data produced in the analysis phase are usedto compute the benefits and costs that will result if theproject is selected.

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5. Evaluation of Alternatives:

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■ It is made after considering all the factorsinvolved.

■Whether the factors were a single criterion suchas cost (select the lower cost)

■ In more complex projects other factors might beconsidered, selection is based on how the resultsare perceived by those involved in decision-making

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6. Choice of Project:


■Detailed design phase in which each of thecomponents of the facility is specified.

■This involves its physical location, geometricdimensions, and structural configuration.

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7. Specifications and construction

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Summary

Situation definition Inventory transportation facilities, Measure travel patterns,Review prior studies

Problem definition Define objectives (e.g., Reduce travel time), Establishcriteria (e.g., Average delay time), Define constraints,Establish design standards

Search for solutions Consider options (e.g., locations and types, structureneeds, environmental considerations)

Analysis of performance For each option, determine cost, traffic flow, impacts

Evaluation of alternatives Determine values for the criteria set for evaluation (e.g.,benefits vs. cost, cost-effectiveness, etc)

Choice of project Consider factors involved (e.g., goal attainability, politicaljudgment, environmental impact, etc.)

Specification andconstruction

Once an alternative is chosen, design necessary elementsof the facility and create construction plans


■This example isbased on a studycompleted by theengineering firm,Edwards andKelsey

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Example : Planning the relocation of a rural road

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Step 1- Situation definition■ The project is a proposed

relocation or reconstructionof 3.3 miles of U.S. 1Alocated in the coastal townof Harrington, Maine.

■ The town of Harrington has553 residents, of whom 420live within the study areaand 350 live in the towncenter

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Step 1- Situation definition■ The town of Harrington has

553 residents, of whom 420live within the study area and350 live in the town center

■ Most of the town’sindustry consists ofagriculture or fishing, so arealignment of the road thatdamages the environmentwould also affect the town’slivelihood

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Step 1- Situation definition■ Most of the town’s

industry consists ofagriculture or fishing, so arealignment of the road thatdamages the environmentwould also affect the town’slivelihood

■ The average daily trafficis 2620 vehicles/day, of which69 percent represent throughtraffic and 31 percentrepresent local traffic

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Step 2- Problem definition■ ProblemsHigh accident rate on 1A rout

Low level of service for through traffc

■ ObjectiveReduce the high accident rate on this

road

Improve the level of service forthrough traffic by increasing theaverage speed on the relocatedhighway.

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Step 2- Problem definition

■ Measures of effectivenessAccident rate Travel time

Construction costchanges in noise levels andair qualityNumber of businesses andresidences that would bedisplaced

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Step 2- Problem definition

■ Measures of effectivenessAccident rate Travel time

Construction costchanges in noise levels andair qualityNumber of businesses andresidences that would bedisplaced

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Step 3- Search for solutions

■ Four alternative routes wereidentified

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Step 3- Search for solutions

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Step 4- Analysis of performance

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Step 4- Analysis of performance

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Step 5 – Evaluation ofalternatives

■ Travel time

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Improves this way

Topic 2 : Transportation planning

Step 6 – Choice of project

Step 7- Specification and construction

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Documents

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING AND PLANNING Lecture. No. 2