Tribute State 2014

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The Tribute State

Organization and administration

and monumental public works


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Great Pyramid of Giza (or of Khufu, or of Cheops)

@2600 BCE (Old Kingdom)


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The Tribute State

Q: Did engineering come into being to solve

the new problems of a new society?

Th: Engineering was created to serve the

ambitions of rulers.


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I. Engineering: what was it?

II. Administration of ancient public works

III. The state and engineering

IV. Egyptian chronology

The Tribute State


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I. Engineering: what was it?

-- the word: late 18C, engineery

-- service to the state was/is central-- ancient irrigation: service to the statethrough technical achievement

-- connected to building & controlling engines

-- purposes: larger than those of any device itself

-- professionalization & service to society

The Tribute State


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1. using their knowledgeand skill for the

enhancement ofhuman welfare andthe environment;

2. being honest andimpartial and servingwith fidelity the public,their employers andclients;

Fundamental Principles [of the ASCE]

Engineers uphold and advance the integrity,

honor and dignity of the engineering profession by:


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II. The administration of ancient public works, cont.

C. engineering consolidated royal/priestly

power

1) evidence: records and memorials

2) overseers of public works gained

wealth and prestige

-- Imhotep (1stpyramid at Saggara)

-- Senmut (temple builder)

-- Ineni (irrigation administrator)

The Tribute State


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A. The Tribute State

-- Neolithic to ancient, 6/7,000 to 3,500 BCE

-- surplus, granaries stored grain, allowed

people to do other work-- a system: all work no longer tied to foodproduction

-- examples: Egypt, Sumer, Mesopotamia,Indus Valley, China

The Tribute State


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Giza

Pyramids

Valley of

the Kings


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Egyptian GranaryModel

12thDynasty1800 BCE

gyptisches Museum Berlin, Inv. 12548
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Egyptian_granary.jpg


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Granaries at Akhetaten

http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/agriculture.htmSource: Kemp, Barry,Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization


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III. The state and engineering, cont.

B. Function of ruler

-- protector of farmers and people

-- consumer of goods-- priestly hierarchy

The Tribute State


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III. The state and engineering, cont.

C. Irrigation civilizations

-- government as distinct institution

-- people as citizens (they were counted)

-- standing army

-- social classes

-- organized knowledge

The Tribute State


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D. engineering consolidated royal/priestly power

-- record keeping-- tool of knowledge of available andanticipated wealth-- survey of resources: e.g. sandstone& limestone available for building

-- memorials-- illustrate eminence of ruler-- thousands subjected to ruler

The Tribute State


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D. engineering consolidated power, cont.

-- provided for defense and conquest

-- ex: Nilometers-- further and further up theNile into Nubian territory

The Tribute State


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Aswan Nilometer,Elephantine Island

December 2002, Hajor


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Aswan Nilometer,Elephantine Island

December 2002, Hajor


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E. Conquest preceded development

-- Menes, first dynasty (3,000+ BCE)

-- great tomb projects (New Kingdom)

The Tribute State


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Egyptian dynasties

Alternate between chaos and control

Old Kingdom 2778-2423 BCE Central irrigation

Giza pyramids

Middle Kingdom 2160-1785 BCE Kahun/Lahun

pyramids

New Kingdom 1580-1090 BCE


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Egyptian dynasties

Alternate between chaos and control

Old Kingdom 2778-2423 BCE Central irrigation

Giza pyramids

Middle Kingdom 2160-1785 BCE Kahun/Lahun

pyramids

New Kingdom 1580-1090 BCE Great temples,

tombs


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The Tribute State


-- early dynasties, beginning of centralauthority, beginning of irrigation system


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The Tribute State


-- Old Kingdom: strong, centralizedauthority, and building of great pyramids ofGiza

-- big vs. little technologies

-- shadduffs and cord stretches


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www.historyonthenet.com/Egyptians/farming.htm

The Nile in flood
http://www.historyonthenet.com/Egyptians/farming.htmhttp://www.historyonthenet.com/Egyptians/farming.htm


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Garden of root vegetables, with checker-board irrigation systemTomb, Beni Hasan, Egypt, @ 1900 BCE


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Singer, V. I, p. 541

Cord stretchers


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Land reclamation in ancient EgyptTomb in Thebes, @1420 BCE

Singer, V. I, p. 540


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Shadduf, used to water palm gardenClay counterpoise, sloping funnel

Copied from tomb at Thebes, original @1500 BCESinger, V. I, p. 523 (?)


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Watering an Egyptian garden with a shadduf

Singer, V. I, p. 544 (?)


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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza_2010.jpg


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Great Pyramid of Giza, in 2005. Built c. 2560 BC (4th

dynasty)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza_2010.jpg


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The Tribute State

III. Egyptian chronology

-- Middle Kingdom: centralized authority,

construction of second wave of pyramids ofKahun/Lahun


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Moving an Egyptian statue

Middle Kingdom, Djehutihotep Tomb


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Transporting a heavy statue, bas relief at Nineveh

From Kirby et al, Engineering in History (New York: Dover, 1990, 1956), p. 17From A. Paterson,Ass rian Scul tures, Palace o Sinacherib 1912


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The Tribute State

IV. Egyptian chronology, cont.

-- New Kingdom: period of centralizedpower, construction of great tombs atThebes, great temple of Karnak


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commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Karnak_Temple...Karnak Temple, Egypt
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Karnak_Temple,_Egypt.JPGhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Karnak_Temple,_Egypt.JPGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Karnak_Temple,_Egypt.JPG


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Pillars of the Great Hypostyle Hallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Hypostyle_Hall.jpg

Mask of Tutankhamuns
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Hypostyle_Hall,_Karnakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Hypostyle_Hall,_Karnakhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/32/Great_Hypostyle_Hall.jpg


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Mummy(fl @ 1330 BCE)

Museum of Egypt
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Luxor,_Tal_der_K%C3%B6nige_(1995,_860x605).jpg


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Valley of the Kings, Egypt
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Luxor,_Tal_der_K%C3%B6nige_(1995,_860x605).jpg


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Bust of Nefertiti(fl. 1370-1330 BCE)

Neues Museum,Berlin


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http://shaw.pulitzerarts.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/nefertiti.jpg


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http://shaw.pulitzerarts.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/nefertiti.jpg


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Formal Egyptian Garden, from tomb at Thebes, @1450 BCE


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Canal, tomb of Senedjem (19thdynasty)

Courtesy Jon Bodsworth

http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/agriculture.htm

C e l e b r a t i n g


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C e l e b r a t i n gThe Greatest Profession

Documents

Tribute State 2014