Trinity by Bainbridge.test Report.1945; First Printed by LASL in Classified Form as LA-1012; Reprinted 1960s LA-6300

8/19/2019 Trinity by Bainbridge.test Report.1945; First Printed by LASL in Classified Form as LA-1012; Reprinted 1960s LA-6300

1/94

LA-6300 -

History ..

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IS-4 REPORT SECTION -:-:

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LOS ALAMOS, NEW MEXICO 87545

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An

Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer

UNITED STATES

ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEvELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION

CONTRACT W-7405 -ENG. 36


2/94

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3/94

LA-6300-H

History

Special Distribution

Issued: May 1976

Iamos

s c ie n t ific la bo r a t o ry

of the University of California

LOS ALAMOS, NEW MEXICO 87545

1

Trinity

by

K. T. Bainbridge

.. .

111


4/94


5/94

FOREWORD

The w orld’s first a t omic explosion occurred J uly 16, 1945 a t t he

Trinit y t est sit e in sout hern New Mexico.

This a ccount of t he orga niza tion a t Trinit y , t he experiment s, a nd

t he result s, under t he direct ion of K. T. B a inbr idge, w a s w rit t en

short ly a ft er complet ion of t he t est .

B eca use few delet ions w ere req uired from t he origina l (secret )

report , t h is uncla ssified version cont a ins a lmost a ll t he origina l t ext

previously published a s LA-1012. The Appendix ha s been a dded t o

provide a short phot ogra phic a ccount of t his hist oric event .

Robert D. Krohn

Technical Information Group

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory


6/94

.


7/94

PR EFA CE

This report is in t ended a s a comprehensive record of t he J uly 16,

1945 a t omic bomb t est a t t he Ala mogordo Air B a se. S ect ions 1-5

descr ibe in det a il t he event s lea ding up t o “Zero,” t he moment t he

bomb w a s det ona t ed. S ect ion 6, w hich w a s origina lly in t ended a s a

summa ry only of t he ra dia t ion observa t ions a t Trinit y , w a s not

w rit t en unt il t he summer of 1946. D uring t he int ervening t ime, t he

a irburst t est a t B ikini w a s ma de, a nd it w a s considered useful t ha t a

compa rison be included bet w een t his la ter t est a nd t he Trinit y da ta .

S ect ions 7-10 summa rize a ll ot her experiment al observa tions ma de

a t t he Trinit y t est . S ect ion 11, by t he edit or of t his report , is rela tive

t o possible fut ure a t omic bomb t est s t ha t might be scheduled t o in-

vest iga t e t he beha viour of bombs of a design different from t he

Model 2 Implosion B omb used a t Trinit y, Na ga sa ki, a nd B ikini.

K . T. B a in br idge

vi i


8/94


9/94

Author

K . T, B a in br id ge

K . T. B a in br id ge

CONTENTS

Section

1.

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

2.

2.1

2.2

2.3

R . C . Tolm a n

2.3.1

2.3.2

2.3.3

2.3.4

2.3.5

IN ITIAL P REP ARATIO N S

F OR TH E TE ST

Introduction

Te st P l a nn ed

C hoice of a S it e

Appr ova l of B a s e

C a mp a nd Test S it e

C on st r uct ion of

J u mbo a nd Recovery

Methods

E xpa nsion of t he

Tr in it y P r og ra m ,

Ma rch - M a y 1945

1O O-TO N TN T C AL I -

B RATION AND RE -

H E ARS AL S HOT

P la n a nd Or ga niza -

tion

F i ri n g of 10 0-Ton

Shot

Result s of t he 100-

Ton S hot

Report on F ir st

Tr in it y Tes t

P u r pos e of Tes t

G e ner a l C h a ra ct er

of t h e Tes t

P r og ra m of M ea su re-

m en t a n d O bs er va t ion

O rg a n iz a t ior l f or

C arrying Out t he

P ro gra m

B eh aviour of t h e

Implosion

1

1

1

3

4

4

5

7

7

8

8

9

9

9

9

9

10

ix


10/94

2.3.6

2.3.7

2.3.8

N ucl ea r E n er gy

Released

10

D a m a ge E ffect s

Produced

11

12

O ve ra l l B e h a v iou r

of t he E xplosion a nd

I t s Aft er E f fect s

2.3.9

Meteorological

Observations

12

12

12

13

2.3.10

2.3.11

2.4

H ea lt h C on t rol

Conclusion


P o s t 100-Ton ,

S ug ges tion s F or

I m pr ov ed F a ci lit ies

a n d P r oced ur e:

S ug ges tion s for

Improvements

C on cl us ion s C on ce rn -

in g t h e 100-Ton Tes t

14

2.5

3.

. T. B a in br id ge

P RE PAR ATI ONS F OR

TH E J U LY 16 TE ST

15

3.1

3.2

3.3

I n t r od u ct i on

15

15

25

Organization

C oor din a t ion of

Pre para t ions

3.3.1

3.3.2

3.3.3

Consul tants

25

25

26

We ekly M ee t ing s

Accept a n ce of

N ew E x pe ri me nt s

26

.3.4

P r om pt D is sem in a -

t ion of G en er a l

Information

27

28

3.3.5

C oor din a t ion of

Construction

K . T, B a in br id ge

F I N AL P R E P AR ATI O NS

F OR R E H E AR S AL S

AND TE S T

4.


11/94

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

(’, )1. S . Wa r r en

L. H . H empelma nn, M.D . 4.7

4.7.1

4.7.2

4.7.3

4.7.4

4.7.5

4.7.6

4.7.7

4.7.8

4.7.9

C a pt . W. F. S cha ffer

5.

5.1

5.2

5.3

,J . L . Ma g ee

6.

6.1

Schedule

Tim in g a n d Wir in g

Layout—Electronics

S h el ter C h ief s

Ar min g P a r ty

L oca t ion a n d Tim e

of S h ot

P r ot ect ion Ag a in st

Radiat ion—Base

C a m p

Directions

H ea lt h a n d M on it or in g

Or ga niza t ion a n d P r e-

parations

Introduction

Orga niza tion of Medica l G roup (TR-7)

E quipment of Medica l G roup

P la ns for Monit or in g—B efore S hot

P la ns for Monit or ing—Time of S hot

P la ns for Monit or in g—Aft er S hot

I mm edia t e H a za r ds

D ela yed H a za r ds

Meteorology

WORK P RE CE D ING AND I N-

CLU DING AS S E MB LY AT

TRINITY

P r elim in a ry Tes ts

P repa ra tions a t Y

P r oced ur e for F in a l

Assembly

R AD I AL D I S TR I B U TI O N

OF NE UTRONS , G AMMA

R AD I ATI ON , AN D TH E RMAL

RADIATION

Introduction

28

29

29

3 0

3 1

3 1

3 1

3 1

3 1

3 2

3 3

3 3

3 4

3 5

3 6

3 6

3 7

3 9

3 9

3 9

4 0

4 5

4 5


12/94

xii

R . k, Wils on

J . H . Ma nley

J . E . Ma ck

6.2

6.2.1

6.2.2

6.3

6.3.1

6.3.2

6.3.3

6.3.4

6.4

6.4.1

6.4.2

6.4.3

7.

8,

8.1

9.

9.1

9.2

9.3


1 0 .


11.

11.1

1.1.1.1

11.1.2

11.2

Neutrons

F ast P rom pt Neut rons

S low Neut rons—S pa ce a nd Time Rela tions

G a mm a Ra dia tion

Ra dia l D ist ribut ion of Tot al Ra dia t ion .

Time D ependence of Ra dia tion a t

D ist a nt P oin ts

S pect rum of G a mma Ra dia tion

Ca pt ure G amma a nd C ont amina tion

Th er ma l R a dia t ion

Tot a l R a dia t ion

R adia t ion I nt en sit ies—S pa ce a n d

Ti me R el a t ion s

I n cen dia r y E f fect s

S UMMARY OF P HYS ICS

MEASUREMENTS

S U MMAR Y OF ME C HANI CAL

EFFECTS

100-Ton Tes t a n d J u ly 16t h

N uclear Explos ion

J U LY 16TH NU CLE AR E XP LOS ION–

O P TI C AL O B S E RVATI ON S

Introduction

S p a ce-Ti me R el a t ion s hi p

Ana lysis of t he E mit ted Light

S U MMARY OF TRI NI TY

E XP ERIME NTS AND IND E X

O F R E P O RTS

RE C OMME ND ATI ONS FOR

F U TU R E O P E RATI ON S

Measurements

G r ou nd Tes t

Air bor n e D r op Tes t

P r epa r at ion s a n d

Administration

45

45

45

46

46

47

47

48

48

48

48

48

53

55

55

60

60

60

60

63

7 0

7 0

7 0

7 2

7 4


13/94

TRINITY

by

K . T. B a in br idge

1. INI TIAL P RE P ARATIONS FOR TH E TE S T (K . T. B a inbr idge)

1. 1. I n t r od u ct i on

P repa ra tions for t he Trinit y t est w ere st a rt ed in Ma rch 1944 a nd culmina ted in a 100-t on

rehea rsa l shot on Ma y 7, 1945 a nd t he fina l ga dget t est shot on J uly 16, 1945. The ma in purpose of

t his volume is t o a id in t he pla nning for a ny fut ure t est by furnishing a review of t he prepa ra tions

for a nd result s of t he a bove t est s. The report s on result s a re included in t heir complet e form,

beca use t he purpose of t h is report ca n only be met by supplying complet e det a ils of t he ~ quip-

ment design a nd ca libra tion w it h t he result s obt ained. The ma in edit or ia l w ork ha s been done by

D . Inglis, w ho ha s a ct ed a s edit or for a ll LA a nd LAMS report s .

The purposes of t h is report a re:

To put on record t he development , scope, a nd t ype of opera tions involved in t he J u ly 16, 1945

a tomic bomb t est w it h recommenda tions for fut ure opera ting procedure;

. To collect in one pla ce a ll t he report s rela ting t o t he a ppa ra tus a nd result s, pla nning, a nd a d-

ministrat ion.

A t est of t he a tomic bomb w as considered essent ia l by t he D irect or a nd most of t he group a nd

division lea der s of t he La bor at or y beca use of t he enor mous st ep fr om t he differ en tia l a nd in tegra l

exper iment s, a nd t heory , t o a pra ct ica l ga dget . No one w as cont ent t ha t t he first t r ia l of a Fa t

Ma n (F . M.) ga dget should be over en em y t er rit ory , w here, if t he ga dget fa iled, t he sur pr ise fa ct or

w ould be lost a nd t he enemy might be present ed w it h a la rge a mount of a ct ive ma t eria l in

recovera ble form. The only t hing t ha t could fina lly set tle t he ma ny q uest ions current before t he

t est w as a n a ct ua l experiment w it h full inst rument a tion . P la ns w ere ma de for yields from 100-

10000 t ons w it h t he most proba ble va lue 4000 t ons (J uly 10, 1945). The sa fey of personnel a nd

st ruct ur es w a s insur ed for yields a s grea t a s 200000 t on s. Th e fina l funct ionin g of t he bom b sh ow -

ed t ha t t he pr ior w ork h ad been excellen t in ever y r espect a nd n o vit al fa ct or ha d been over looked.

1.2. Test P la nn ed

The first forma l a rra ngement s for prepa ra tions for a n a tomic bomb t est w ere ma de in Ma rch

1944, w hen G roup X-2 w as formed in t he E xplosives D ivision hea ded by G . B . Kist ia kow sky. The

dut ies of t he X-2 group under K. T. B a inbr idge included ma king prepa ra tions for a field t est in

w hich bla st , ea r t h shock, neut ron a nd ga mma ra dia t ions w ould be st udied a nd complet e

phot ogra phic records w ould be ma de of t he explosion a nd a ny a t mospheric phenomena

a ssocia ted w it h it . This w ork w as set up under S ect ion X-2C w it h L. Fussell, J r ., in cha rge. E n-

sign G . T. Reynolds a nd D . F. H ornig of D ivision 2 of t he Na tiona l D efense Resea rch Council

(ND RC ) w ere recruit ed t o hea d t he w ork on bla st a nd ea rt h shock mea surement s. D . L. Anderson

ha d cha rge of t he w ork on met eorologica l mea surement s a nd eq uipment for ent ering t he cra ter

a rea t o recover sa mples of ra dioa ct ive ma ter ia ls. P . B . Moon w as in cha rge of t he prepa ra tions for

n uclea r m ea sur em ent s. Th e sect ion gr ew t o a t ot al of 25 mem ber s. All opt ica l a nd ph ot ogr aph ic

st udies w ere prepa red by J . E . Ma ck’s group in a not her division .


14/94

The first syst ema tic a ccount of t he t est pla n is given by a memora ndum da ted S ept ember 1,

1944, by Fussell a nd B ainbr idge. These pla ns w ere ba sed on t he a ssumpt ion t ha t a la rge st eel

vessel (J umbo) w ould enclose t he ga dget so t ha t t he a ct ive ma ter ia l could be recovered in t he

event of a complet e fizzle. The pla nned t est s included provision for a yield of 200-10000 t ons.

Th e follow ing out line list s t hese experiment s. S ee S ec. 10 for a ddit ion al infor ma tion.

I .

I I .

111.

I V.

v.

VI .

VII .

B l a st M ea s ur em en t s

a . P iezo elect ric ga uges

b. P aper dia phra gm ga uges

c. C ondenser bla st ga uges

d. B arnes’ boxes

e. C ondenser ga uge bla st mea surement from pla ne

G r ou nd S h ock M ea s ur em en t s

a . G eoph on es

b. S eis mog ra ph s

N eu t ron M ea s ur em en t s

a . G old foil

b. Fa st -ion cha mber

G a mma Ra ys

a . Recording in pla ne, dropped “ga uges”

b. G a mma -ra y sent inels

N ucl ea r E f fi ci en cy

P h ot og ra ph ic S t ud ies

a . Fa st a xes a t 800 yd.

b. S pect r og ra ph ic s tu dies . R a dia t ion ch a ra ct er is tics

c. P h ot om et ric

d. B all of fire st udies

S C R-584 R a da r

VI I I . M et eor ol og y

Addit iona l nuclea r mea surement s w ere considered by P . B . Moon w ho a nt icipa ted some of t he

experiment s w hich w ere la ter a dopt ed in Ma rch 1945.

2

S ec. 10, P ar t I I I , B la st

(1)

(4d)

(2a)

Not used

(2b)

I II , E ar t h S hock

(1)

(4)

(2b)

Not used in t his form

Not used

v. (1)

11. (3a)

I V. G en er a l P h en om en a

(la ), (b), (c)

I V. R a dia t ion C ha r a ct er is tics

(la ), (b)

I V. R a dia t ion C ha r a ct er is tics

(3a)


(2a ), (3a )


(If)

VI


15/94

1.3 Choice of a S it e

E ight different sit es w ere considered from ma p da ta .

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Tu la r os a Va l ley

J orna da del Muert o Va lley

D eser t t ra in ing a rea nea r Rice, CA

S a n Nicola s I sla nd off t he coa st of sout hern C A

The la va region sout h of G ra nt s, NM

S out hw est of C uba , NM a nd nort h of Thorea u

S a nd ba rs, w hich form t he coa st of sout hern TX, loca t ed 10 mi from t he ma in coa st

S a n Luis Va lley region nea r t he G rea t S a nd D unes Na t iona l Monument in CO

.

S cient ific considera tions required t ha t t he sit e be fla t t o minimize ext ra neous effect s on bla st .

Th e la rge a moun t of opt ica l inform at ion desir ed r eq uired t ha t , on t he a ver age, t he w ea th er sh ould

be good, w it h sma ll a nd infreq uent a mount s of ha ze or dust a nd rela tively light w inds. Ra nches

a nd set tlem ent s should be dist an t t o a void possible da nger fr om t he pr oduct s of t he fission bom b.

An ot her m ajor con sider at ion w a s t he requir emen t of minimum loss of t im e in t ra vel by per sonn el

a nd t ra nsport a tion of eq uipment bet w een P roject Y* a nd t he sit e.

Th e ma in con sider at ion of t he Milit ary I nt elligen ce w a s t he q uest ion of secur it y a nd complet e

isola tion of t he a ct ivit ies of t he t est sit e from a ct ivit ies a t P roject Y.

The ma jor problem of t he milit a ry w as t he const ruct ion of a ca mp a nd fa cilit ies for living in

w ha tever fla t a nd desola te region w a s select ed.

Aut o t r ips w ere ma de t o t he regions nort h a nd sout h of G ra nt s a nd Thorea u, t he Tula rosa

ba sin , t he J orna da del Muert o Va lley , a nd t he deser t t ra ining a rea . Aeria l surveys w ere ma de a t

low a lt it ude by on e or a not her of t he gr oup, K . B a inbridge, R. W. H en der son, Ma j. W. A. S teven s,

a nd Ma j. P . deS ilva , over t he sa me a rea s. The choices fina lly na rrow ed t o eit her t he J orna da del

M u ert o region in t he nort hw est corner of t he Ala mogordo B ombing Ra nge or t he deser t t ra ining

a rea nort h of Rice, C A.

The fina l choice of a sit e w as ma de a ft er consult at ion w it h G en. E nt of t he S econd Air Force on

S ept ember 7, 1944, w ho ga ve permission for a pa rt y t o a pproa ch t he Comma nding Officer of t he

Ala mogordo B ombing B ase t o seek a n a rea w it hin t he ba se a pproxima t ely 18 by 24 mi. Four

loca tions w ere discussed, a nd fina lly t he nort hw est corner of t he Ala mogordo Air B ase w a s

select ed, la t it ude 33 ° 28’-33050’, lon git ude 106° 22’-106041’. Th is per mit ted sepa ra t ion on t he

nort h a nd w est of a minimum of 12 mi t o t he nea rest ha bit a tion, w hich w as grea t enough so t ha t

no t rouble could be expect ed from sha tt er ing of ra nchers’ w indow s by t he bla st even under con-

dit ion s of 100% y ield. On t he ea st t he a r ea u nder gover nm en t con tr ol ext en ded 18 m i a n d a djoin ed

t he “Ma lpa is” a rea . The n ea rest t ow ns in a ny dir ect ion w ere 27-30 mi a w ay. Th e pr eva lent w inds

w er e w es t er ly .

Arra ngement s w ere ma de w it h t he S econd Air Force for a 6 in.- t o- t he-mile mosa ic t o be ma de

of a st r ip 6 by 20 mi including point O a t t he cent er t o a id in loca ting st a tions. A t ra nspa rent

overla y w as ma de for t his ma p w ith 10 000-yd sca led a rms so t ha t t he ma in inst rument shelt ers

could be r ot at ed w it h r espect t o poin t O, a n d t he w hole overla y could be sh ift ed over t he m osa ic so

t ha t shelt er posit ion s t ha t w ould not be in w a shes could be specified. A ground sur vey group, w it h

t his ma p, la id out point s A a nd O a nd set a t ent a t ive loca t ion for point B , w hich w a s fina lly

a dopt ed follow ing discussions w it h C ol. Wrist on of t he Ala mogordo Air B ase.

The usefulness of a er ia l mosa ics ca nnot be overempha sized, bot h for t he explora tory w ork of

t he region a nd in t he fina l precise pla nning. A grea t dea l of t ime w as w ast ed in la nd surveys

beca use of ina dequa te ma ps; t he good ma ps w ere not obt ained in t ime t o be of a ny use. Ma ps ha d

t o be r eq uest ed t hr ough t he S ecur it y Office, in J u ne 1944, a nd in ma ny ca ses w ere not r eceived a t

a ll. The m aps fina lly used w ere obt ained by or derin g a ll t he geodet ic survey m aps for New Mexico

a nd sout hern C a lifornia , a ll t he coa st a l cha rt s of t he U S, a nd most of t he gra zing service a nd

count y ma ps for t he st at e of New Mexico t hrough ot her sources w hich norma lly ha d some use for

ma ps. Aeria l mosa ics a nd la nd st at us ma ps w ere scrounged. This ga ve enough ma ps w it h w hich

t o w or k.

—————

—

“P roject Y w a s t he code na me for Los Ala mm.


16/94

1.4. Approva l of B a se C a mp a nd Test S it e

The origina l pla ns for t he ba se ca mp w ere dra wn up by C a pt . S . P . D a va los, B ainbridge, a nd

Fussell on Oct ober 10, 1944. A survey of t he pr oposed scient ific mea surement s a t t he sit e w as

given in a memora ndum from G . B . Kist ia kow sky t o J . R. Oppenheimer da ted Oct ober 13, 1944,

giving just ifica tion for t he const ruct ion a nd eq uipment requirement s for t he t est . These t wo

document s w ere t ra nsmit ted t o G en. G roves on Oct ober 14, 1944, follow ed by a t elet yped req uest

for a decision w het her or not a t est w ould be run a t a ll, a nd a pprova l w as sought for t he pr oposed

pla ns. The pla ns w ere a ppr oved, a nd ea rly in November cont ra ct s w ere let t hrough Ma j. S tevens

for t he init ia l const ruct ion, w hich h a d t o be expa nded la ter (in Ma y 1945) t o t ake ca re of t he ex-

pa nsion in a ct ivit ies pla nned for t he fina l t est shot in J uly. The ca mp w a s complet ed la t e in

December 1944; a nd a sma ll det achment , a bout 12 men, of Milit ary P olice under Lt . H . C . B ush

t ook up residence t heret o gua rd t he buildings a nd shelt ers before t he complet ion of t he m ess ha ll

a nd improvement s in t he roa ds. The choice of Lt . B ush a s C omma nding Officer of t he Trinit y

B a se C a mp w as a pa rt icula rly fort una te one. The w ise a nd efficient running of t he B a se C a mp by

Lt . B ush cont ribut ed grea t ly t o t he success of t he Ma y 7 a nd J uly 16 t est s. I t w a s a “ha ppy

ca mp, ”

t o borrow a Na vy t erm. The excellent ca mp mora le a nd milit ary-civilia n coopera tion did

much t o a meliora te t he difficult ies of opera tion under primit ive condit ions.

1.5. C onst ruct ion of J umbo a nd Recovery Met h ods

I n t he w int er a nd spring of 1944, t he possibilit y t ha t t he first t est bomb w ould not w ork a t a ll

w a s const a nt ly in mind. D iscussions ha d been held bet w een S . Neddermeyer, G . B .

Kist ia kow sky, J . R. Oppenheimer, a nd ot her s t o consider t he const ruct ion of a la rge pressure

vessel t ha t w ould be a ble t o cont ain t he a ct ive ma teria l a nd product s of t he explosion of a high ex-

plosive, if t he opera tion of t he first a tomic bomb should be a complet e fizzle. The need for t he

con ta in ing ves sel w a s ba sed on t he un cer ta in ties of t he beh aviour of t he bom b a nd t he des ir abilit y

of con ser vin g a ct ive m at er ia l.

The engineering, design, a nd procurement of t he pr essure vessel J u mbo w ere ha ndled by R. W.

H enderson a nd R. W. C a rlson of S ect ion X-2A, a mong t heir ot her dut ies; a nd t he t est ing w as

ca rried out by Lt . W. F. S cha ffer , w ho h ea ded S ect ion X-2B a nd a ssist ed in t he mea surement s of

pr essures a nd deforma tions by G . M. Ma rt in; T/3, B . B ederson; T14, J . A. H ofma nn, a nd T/4, K .

W. H enderson of F ussell’s sect ion under P . B . Moon’s direct ion. The ea rly ca lcula tions by B et he,

Weiss kopf, a nd H ir sch felder of t he beha viour of h igh -pr ess ur e vess els w er e n ot fully sus ta in ed by

experiment , a s t he best obt aina ble ma chine st eel vessels could not cont ain more t ha n a bout 509?0

of t he predict ed cha rge. R. W. C a rlson 1

ma de a more complet e a na lysis of t he dyna mic

mecha nics of t he vessel a nd of t he st resses involved in t he w alls. R. W. H enderson complet ed t he

new , fina l det ailed design for J u mbo, w hich ult ima tely w as built by B a bcock & Wilcox. S ca le ex-

periment s proved t he soundness of t he new design: The 214-t on J umbo w as shipped t o t he t est

sit e a nd fina lly erect ed a w eek or t w o before t he t est (F ig. 1) a t a point 800 yd from it s origina l

loca tion, beca use by t ha t t ime it s use in t he J uly t est ha d been a ba ndoned, for rea sons t o be con-

s id er ed la t er .

Ot her met hods for recovery of t he a ct ive ma teria l w ere explored by Lt . W. F. S cha ffer . One

met hod provided a sa n d pile covering t he bomb w hich “cont a ined” t he explosion of high ex-

plosive (H E) required for t he init ia tion of t he bomb a nd w ould permit recovery of t he a ct ive

ma teria l from a dud shot . The a mount of sa nd required w ould not be sma ll in it s muffling effect s

on a full-sca le a tomic explosion. All proposed bla st , ea rt h shock, a nd opt ica l mea surement s

w ould be seriously compromised or r en dered ent irely useless if a ny of t he recovery met hods

should be used. Anot her met hod r eq uired ma king a cone in t he gr ound, mount ing t he bomb, t hen

filling t he cone w it h sa nd, a nd fina lly covering w it h sa nd in a cone a bove ground level. This

reduced t he a mount of sa nd required t o ha lf t ha t in t he previous ca se. A ra tio of w eight of sa nd t o

w eight of explosive of 15000 t o 1 w as required for t he recovery of t he ma teria l in t his ca se.

Fina lly, a w at er recovery met hod w a s invest iga ted in w hich model bom bs surr ounded by a n a ir

spa ce w ere suspended in a cylindrica l t ank of w at er w hose w eight w as 50-100 t imes t he w eight of

t he bomb’s H E. The w at er recovery met hod w as invest iga ted in det a il, beca use it w as t he only

4


17/94

met hod w hich ga ve a ny hope of recovery of 25 in t he event t ha t a 25-28* ga dget w a s used, beca use

mecha nica lly it ga ve promise of nonmixing a nd nonburning of t he core in t he event of a nuclea r

fizzle.

All chemica l met hods of recovery, w het her from J umbo or from sa nd, w ere st udied by R. B .

D uffield ’s G r ou p, C M-10.

I t is in terest in g t o r eca ll t ha t ha d a dud shot been m ade in J u mbo, t he a ct ive ma ter ia l disper sed

in t he con densed st ea m a nd t a mped by J u mbo’s w alls could be super cr it ica l if no bor on w er e a dd-

ed t o pr event t he rea ct ion .

All recovery met hods w ere a ba ndoned in Ma rch 1945, w hen it w as no longer possible t o ma ke

t est pla ns t ha t did not in t erfere: one set of pla ns for t he ca se of firing w it h J u mbo, t he ot her , for a n

a ir shot w it h no a tt empt a t recovery of t he a ct ive ma teria l in t he event of a fizzle. Any st ra ddle

w ould ha ve mea nt t ha t neit her t est set up w ould be rea dy on t ime. Recovery met hods w ere a ba n-

doned a s t he grea ter promised product ion of a ct ive ma ter ia ls ma de it less essent ia l t o sa ve t he

ma ter ia l in t he event of a fa ilure. Also, con fidence in t he ult ima te success of t he bomb incr ea sed.

A ma jor fa ct or in t he decision w as t he increa sed prot est a ga inst t he use of a cont a ining vessel,

beca use t he vessel proper w ould spoil a very la rge sha re of t he mea surement s. C ert ainly bla st

da ta experiment s w ould be grea tly a ffect ed, a nd good bla st informa tion w as one of t he ma in ob-

ject ives of t he t est . I t w as import a nt t o st udy t he bla st effect s under condit ions t ha t could be

t ra nsla ted int o comba t use condit ions t o obt ain t he ma ximum milit ary effect of t he bomb. J u mbo

cont ained 214 t ons of st eel w hich w ould be va porized for yield >500 t ons; a t t hese yields of t he

a tom ic bom b t he st eel w ould be va por ized a nd la ter bur nt , pr oducin g pr essur e effect s t ha t could

n ot ea sily be a na lyzed. lf t he explosion w er e in t he r egion 100-300 t on s, t he fr agm en ts fr om J u mbo

w ould be a ha za rd t o ga uge lines, eq uipment , a nd personnel; a nd t he energy a bst ra ct ed by t he

fra gment s w ould be uncert a in a nd difficult t o correct for in mea suring t he t ot a l energy yield.

1.6. E xpa nsion of t he Trinit y P rogra m, Ma rch-Ma y 1945

P refer ence r at in g on t he scien tific mea surement s ha d gr adua lly descen ded a lmost t o zero st ar -

t in g in Au gu st 1944 a nd con tin ued ver y low un til t he en d of F ebr ua r y 1945. Th is r esult ed fr om dif-

ficult ies in t he development of t he det ona ting syst em t or t he F. M., w hich req (lired more ma n-

pow er on resea rch a nd development w ork t ha n could he provided hy norma l recruit ing. The

urgencv w as so grea t t o produce a sa tisfa ct orv det (ma t ing syst em for t he F. M. t h a t t ill hut t ,w o

men of S ect ion X-2C w ere a pplied t o t he development (i t he det (jna t ing svst em a nd ot her jol)s

w hich h a d h igh er pr ior it y t ha n t he pr epa r at ion s for t he t est . S tu dies c(n lt in iled (m c(m den ser bla st

g a ug es , ea r t h s hock g eoph on es ,

“pa per ” h ox bla st ga uges. a n d ot h er eq (lipm en t in l)r et )a ra t ion for

t he t est , pa rt icula rly t he pr ocur em en t of piezo elect ric ga uges, r a dioson des, r a da r s+ pilot ba lloon

eq ~ lipmen t, a nd H eila nd r ecor ders, so t ha t m uch eq uipm ent w a s pur ch ased for use in t he t est . I )(I t

t here w as not sufficient ma npow er for a ll t he development , ca lihra t ion , a nd t est ing t hilt w ere

needed.

The det ailed st at us of t he prepa ra tions for t he Trinit y t est w as ma de by Fussell’s group. This

st udy summ ar ized t he ba sic la yout t o w hich experimen ts w er e a dded or n ew met hods subst it ut ed

a s dem anded by incr ea sed know ledge a nd pr edict ion s of t he physica l effect s t o be en coun ter ed.

F ussell w rot e a br ief sum ma ry.

“I t ha s been suggest ed t ha t I prepa re a short descr ipt ion of t he w ork

ca rr ied on in E -9 a nd X-2C in t he ea rly st ages of prepa ra tion for Trinit y .

“Th e la yout of t he t est sit e h a d been det er min ed, r oa ds w er e con st ruct ed ,

a nd shelt ers for inst rument s a nd personnel ha d been built . S helt er design

w as by C ar lson a nd Reynolds. E art h sa mples in t he region of t he cra ters ha d

been obt ained; t his w ork w as supervised by D . L. Anderson w it h t he help of

B la ke, B reit er, Rohlfing a nd F ort ine. S om e met eorologica l eq uipment h ad

been obt a ined t hrough t he effor t s of Anderson w ho ma de a few t est soun-

dings.

.—— ——

*C od e n a me for 235U , fr om elem en t 92, is ot ope 23E , a n d 238U , fr om elem en t 92, is ot ope 23Q.


18/94

6

“A con sider able num ber of bla st ga uges, of sever al va riet ies, h ad been ob-

t ained a nd ca libra ted by Reynolds, w ho a lso designed a nd built a number of

specia l geophones. A st udy of t he expect ed bla st pa tt ern by Reynolds ha d

fixed t he loca tions for t he bla st a nd ea rt h shock inst rument s. A design for

a n a irborne condenser ga uge a nd ra dio informer ha d been w orked out by

B la ke, RoMfing, a nd F or tin e; H or nig cont ribut ed t o t he con den ser design .

“A number of ca bles w ere inst alled, t o det ermine elect rica l a nd w ea ther

ch ar a ct er ist ics; t his w or k w a s d on e by B la ke, B r eit er , R oh lfin g, a n d F or tin e.

“A considera ble progra m of pressure mea surement in sca led J umbino

models w as supervised by Moon a nd performed by Ma rt in, B ederson, H of-

m a nn , H en der son .

“The st at us of t he nuclea r prepa ra tions is covered by memo from Moon t o

Ma nley da t ed 14 F ebr ua ry 1945. At t ent ion sh ould be ca lled pa rt icula rly t o

t he cont r ibut ions by H o fma nn a nd B reit er t o t he dela yed ioniza tion (sen-

t inel progra m); t o D . L. Anderson’s w ork in obt a in ing, designing, a nd

a ssembling M-4 t anks a nd lea d (w hich w as t aken over la ter by H . L. Ander-

son); a nd t o t he ma ny idea s a nd overa ll supervisory loa d ca rr ied by Moon. ”

No direct ive could be given for a t est beca use of t he loose ends cropping up in bomb

ment , a nd unt il t hose w ere t a ken ca re of t here w ould not be a bomb in a ny ca se.

develop-

Fina lly, w it h t he complet ion of a lmost a ll of t he physics resea rch essent ia l_t o t he bomb, J . R.

Oppenheimer proposed in Ma rch 1945 t ha t sect ion X-2C complet e t he det ona ting syst em

development a nd t ha t t he va r ious groups in R D ivision should consider t he complet ion of

different pha ses of t he t est project , w hich w as chr ist ened “Trinit y” or “TR”.

-+===xL...Lif iL--...i .2”.?---

F ig. 1.

J umbo.


19/94

2. 1OO-TON TNT C ALI B RATION AND RE H E ARS AL S H OT (K. T. B ainbridge)

2.1 P la n a nd Orga niza tion

A 100-t on shot w a s proposed in t he summer of 1944 t o a ccomplish a dua l purpose: (1) t o

provide a full dress rehea rsa l in prepa ra tion for t he la ter ga dget t est a nd (2) t o provide ca libra -

t ion of bla st a nd ea rt h shock equipmen t. Very lit tle w a s kn ow n experiment ally from prior w or k of

bla st effect s a bove a few t ons of H E . The result s on bla st a nd ea rt h shock w ould a id in det er-

m in in g pr oper st ru ct ur es for w it hst a ndin g t hese effect s for t he fin al sh ot by usin g pr oper sca le fa c-

t ors. The cent er of gra vit y of t he 100-t on st ack w as ma de 28 ft a bove t he ground in sca le w it h t he

4000-5000 t ons a t 100-ft height expect ed in t he fin al t est .

The orga niza tion out lined below w as set up a nd w as expa nded ra pidly . This group served for

t he Ma y 7, 100-t on shot .

P ROJ EC T TR


Lt . H . C . B ush

L t. R . A. Ta ylor

C apt . S . P . D ava los

W. G . P enn ey

V. Weisskopf

S . K er sh a w

L t. W. F . S ch affer

TR -1 . J . H . Willia m s (R -2’

TR -1 E . Ma r low e

TR-1 R. J . Va n G emer t

TR-2 J . H . Ma nley (R-3

TR-2 W. C . B r igh t

TR -2 R . L . Wa lker

TR -2 , J . C . H t jog t er p

TR -2 T. . J o r ge ns en

TR -2 H . H . B a rsch all

TR-2 J . H . Coon

TR -2 .J . H . C oon

TR -3 R. R. Wilson (R-1, R-4

TR-3 P . B . Moon

TR -3 R . R . Wils on (R -1)

TR -3 , J . H . Willia m s (R -2)

TR -3 E . S egr e (R -4) a n d

TR-3 P . B . Moon

TR-3 D r. L . H . H em pelm an n

TR -3 H . L . An der son (F -4)

D ir ect or , P r oject TR

C . 0., Trinity C amp

Security

E n gin eer D et a ch men t , Tr in it y

C onsult an t, S hock a nd B la st

C on su lt a n t, Nu clea r P h ys ics P r oblem s

S a fet y C om mit t ee Ad vis or

H E Tow er a nd S t acking

Services

R a d io a n d Tel ep hon e

C on s t ru ct i on

Communications

Transportation

Timing

Locking

R em ot e C on t rol C ir cu it s

P u rch a se a n d F ollow -u p

S hock a nd B la st

C on den ser G a u ges

P i ez o G a u ges

P a per B ox G a uges

Mech a n ica l I m pu ls e

Excess Velocity

E a rt h D ispla cem en t a n d C ra t er

Dimensions

G e oph on es a n d S eis mog ra p hs

N ucl ea r M ea s u r em en t s

Consultant

P r o mp t M ea s u r em en t s

D ela y ed n eu t ron s

D ela y ed g a mm a s

Health

Conversion


20/94

8

TR-4 J . M. I jubba rd Met eorology

TR-4 Lt . C . D . C urt is

S CR-584 Ra da r a nd B a ll of Fire

Plott ing

AS S OC I ATE D G ROU P S OR TE AMS

TR-5 J , E . Ma ck (G -n) S pect rogra phic a nd P hot ogra phic

TR-6 B . Wa ldma n (O-4) Airborne Mea surement s

I n a ddit ion , t he follow in g w er e a ssocia t ed unt il t heir w or k could be t ra nsfer red fr om t he old sec-

t ion X-2C .

F. G . B la ke, J r .

Condenser

E ns. G . T. R ey nolds

S hock a nd B la st

D . L . Anderson Met eorology a nd S a mple Recovery

2.2. Firing of 100-Ton S hot

The com plet e cooper at ion a nd un selfish devot ion of a ll t o t he w or k a t h an d ena bled t he 100-t on

shot t o be fired on Ma y 7, 1945. The scheduled da t e ha d been Ma y 5 but ext ended t o Ma y 7 t o

a llow in st a lla t ion of a ddit ion al eq uipm en t.

S evera l req uest s for a n a ddit iona l t ime ext ension ha d t o be refused. Any dela y in st ar t ing t he

a ddit ion al w iring, sh elt er con st ruct ion , a nd com plet ion of r oa ds in prepa ra t ion for t he m ain sh ow

w ould ha ve dela yed t he a tomic bomb t est a nd put in t olera ble burdens on t he w hole group t o be

prepa red for t he J uly t est . To keep t he schedule for t he ma in t est w it hin t he bounds of huma n

ca pa bilit ies it w a s essent ia l t o get t he Ma y 7 shot out of t he w a y.

The grea test st ra in fa lls on t hose responsible for t iming services, a s t he t ria ls of signa l lines,

remot e a ct ua ting circuit s, a nd t est ca libra tions must cont inue for long periods a nd a t a ll hours.

The rela y syst em designed by Ma rlow e a ccomplished a ccura tely a ll of t he t iming a nd a ct ua ting

fun ct ion s r eq uir ed. Th e fina l t imin g of eq uipm en t in t he la st 45s w a s per for med by a combina t ion

of a rot a ting drum a nd pin-a ct ua ted sw it ch mecha nism designed by J . L. McKibben a nd elec-

t ronic t im ing devices pr ovided by t he E lect ron ics G roup.

The a ct ua l t ime of t he explosion w as 4:37:05.2 + 0.1s MWT,* Ma y 7, 1945. The loca tion of t he

bla st w a s la t it ud e 33 ° 40’0”, lon git ude 106° 28’0”.

Th e “Arm in g P a rt y” r esponsible for t he fin al closin g of t he firin g line sw it ches a nd for t he sa fe-

t y of a ll personnel comprised K. T. B ainbr idge, TR H ea d; Lt . H . C . B ush, C . O.; E . W. Ma rlow e,

Timing; S gt . W. S t ew ar t , H E; a nd J ohn Anderson, S ecurit y . There w ere t hree M.P . gua rds w ho

ca me in from N-10 000, W-10 000, a nd S -10 000 a t 2:00 a .m. a nd ret urned t o t he shelt ers t o ma ke

a fina l check on personnel in t he field w ho might be t rying t o do la st -minut e w ork.

The sw it ches a t S -10 000 w ere not closed unt il every single individual w ho ha d been a llow ed

w it hin t he t est a rea w as a ccount ed for a nd ha d been checked in a t h is post of dut y. The checking

t ook a bout 30 min for t he Ma y 7 s hot a nd 15 m in for t he J uly 16t h shot under t he syst em set up by

Lt . B ush a nd B ainbr idge.

Th e keys t o t he t hr ee locked boxes a t Zer o, S -1500, a nd S -10 000 w er e in B a in bridge’s posses-

sion a s t he responsible hea d of t he opera tion .

2.3. Result s of t he 100-Ton S hot

R. C . Tolma n w rot e on Ma y 13, 1945 a memora ndum t o G enera l G roves t ha t is a concise sum-

ma ry of t he result s of t he “First Trinit y Test . ”

E xcerpt s follow from t his report . The out line

—————————

*Mou nt a in Wa r Tim e.


21/94

follow s t ha t pr esen ted in a Tuesda y night colloquium by B a inbr idge summ arizing Trinit y pla ns.

Th e rela t ion of t he 100-t on t est t o t he J u ly 16 t est is given in t abula r for m in S ec. 10 o f t his r epor t.

D et ailed r epor ts a re in dexed in t he t abula t ion .

Report on First Trinit y Test (R. C . Tolma n)

2.3.1. P urpose of Test . This memora ndum gives a br ief descr ipt ion of result s obt ained in t he

fir st Tr init y Test ca rr ied out on 7 Ma y 1945. The pur pose of t his t est w a s t o obt ain prelimina ry in -

forma tion , from t he det ona tion of 100 t ons of ordina ry H E, rega rding t he success t o be expect ed

from observa tiona l met hods a nd fr om a dm inist ra t ive pr ocedur es pr oposed for t he fina l t est w it h

nuclear e xplos ive.

The sect ion hea dings in t h is memora ndum a gree w it h t hose in t he memora ndum of 17 April

1945 on t he “P rogra m for Trinit y Test ,” t o w hich reference ma y be ma de for a clea rer underst an-

ding of t he purpose of t he w hole progra m. The present memora ndum is w rit ten a t a t ime w hen t he

da ta provided by t he first t est ha ve, for t he most pa rt , not been w orked out , but w hen it is possi-

ble t o give a n overa ll pict ure of t he cha ra ct er of t he t est , a nd t o st at e w hich mea surement s a ppea r

t o h ave fa iled or succeeded.

2.3.2. G enera l Cha ra ct er of t he Test . The t est w as ca rr ied out w it h 100 t ons of H E st a cked on

t he pla tform of a 20-ft t ow er a s descr ibed in more det ail in t he previous memora ndum. The st ack

of H E w a s pr ovided w it h t ubes cont ain in g r adioa ct ive solut ion t o sim ula te, a t a low level of a ct ivi-

t y, t he r adioa ct ive pr oduct s expect ed fr om t he n uclea r explosion .

Mea surement s of bla st effect , ea rt h shock, a nd da ma ge t o a ppa ra tus a nd t o a ppa ra tus shelt ers

w ere ma de in genera l a t “sca led-in” dist a nces a s compa red w it h t he dist ances proposed for t he

fina l shot . Mea surement s t o det ermine “crosst alk” bet ween circuit s, a nd phot ogra phic obser-

va tions w ere in genera l ca rr ied out a t t he full dist ances proposed for t he fina l shot .

The scheduling of t he t est w a s a dva nced from t he origina l da te, 5 Ma y, t o 7 Ma y t o a llow for

furt her in t roduct ion of a ppa ra tus. On t he ba sis of cont inuing w ea ther foreca st ing, t he t ime

select ed for t he shot w a s 4:00 a .m., a nd it w as a ct ua lly pulled off w it h a dela y of only 37 min t o

a llow t he observa tion pla ne t o get properly ra nged for dropping it s a irborne inst rument s.

The det on at ion w a s evident ly high or der . I t led t o t he pr oduct ion’ of a highly lumin ous sph er e,

w hich t hen sprea d out in t o a n ova l form. This w a s follow ed by t he a scent of t he expect ed hot

column w hich mushroomed out a t a height of some 15000 ft , a t a level w here a tmospheric in-

st abilit y w a s in dica ted by m et eor ologica l obser va t ion , a nd t hen dr ift ed ea st wa rd over t he m oun-

t ains, t he illumina tion a nd sound w ere det ect ed a t t he Ala mogordo Air B ase 60 mi a wa y, by a n

observer w ho ha d been prew arned. E ar t h shock w as impercept ible a t 10 OQOyd a nd a t t he ba se

ca mp 10 mi a wa y. The explosion seems t o ha ve a roused lit t le comment in neighboring t ow ns.

2.3.3 P rogra m of Mea surement a nd Observa t ion. As descr ibed in more det a il in t he

pr evious memor an dum , t he prima ry m ea surem en ts a nd obser va tions t o be t aken in t he fin al t est

ma y be grouped under t he follow ing four hea dings:

1. B eha viour of t he I mplosion

2. Nuclea r E ner gy Relea sed

3. D am age E ffect s P roduced

4. Overa ll B eha viour of t he E xplosion a nd I t s Aft er E ffect s

I n t his pr elim in ary t est , w hich involved neit her a n im plosion n or n uclea r explosive, on ly sub-

sidia ry experiment s could be ca rr ied out in connect ion w it h t he first t wo hea dings.

I n a ddit ion t o t he progra m of prima ry mea surement s a nd observa t ions, t here w ere a lso

pr ogr am s of mea sur em en t in con nect ion w it h met eor ologica l observa tion s a nd hea lt h cont rol.

2.3.4. Orga niza tion for Ca rrying Out t he P rogra m. The orga niza tion for ca rrying out t he

progra m w as subst ant ia lly a s descr ibed in t he previous memora ndum. Including milit ary per-

sonnel, it involved a t ot al of a pproxima tely 200 men. I n view of t he circumst ances, t ha t t he t est

w as ca rr ied out on a very t ight t ime schedule a nd w as t o be rega rded a s a t r ia l run, t he orga niza -

t ion fu nct ion ed w it h con sid er a ble su cces s.


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10

The t ight ness of t he schedule w as a ffect ed by dela ys in procurement a nd t ra nsport at ion . This

mea nt t ha t some a ppa ra tus a rr ived only a t t he la st moment a nd involved fever ish night w ork for

ma ny persons on one or more night s preceding t he a ct ua l t est . We hoped t o cure t his in t he fina l

t est (a ) by a more rea list ic scheduling a llow ing for t ime dela ys in procurement , (b) by t he provi-

sion of a ddit ion al t ra nspor ta t ion , pa rt of w hich w ill be a ssign ed t o individua l gr oups w ho w ill t h en

be r esponsible for it s upkeep, (c) by im pr ovem ent s in key r oa ds w hich w ill r educe t ra nspor ta t ion

brea kdow n, a nd (d) by t he set t ing of a defin it e da te, sufficient ly in a dva nce of t he t est , beyond

w hich fur t her a ppa ra tus ca nnot be int roduced int o t he experiment a l a rea .

I n con nect ion w it h scheduling, it sh ould be r ema rked t ha t t he t ight ness of t he t im e sch edule for

t his prelimina ry t est ha s t he a dva nt ages of empha sizing t he need for a less hurr ied procedure in

t he fina l t est a nd of providing a longer in t erva l of t ime t o prepa re for t he fina l t est .

Th er e w a s s om e cr it icism in con nect ion w it h a r ra n gem en ts for in ter com mu nica t ion a n d t im in g.

Ra dio communica tion w as oft en w ea k a nd subject t o in t er ference. We pla nned t o cure t his by in-

st alling more t elephone communica tion , by obt aining bet ter ra dio set s, a nd if possible by ob-

t aining more t ha n a single ra dio freq uency for use. The a rra ngement s for sending t ime signa ls t o

va rious a ppa ra t us st at ion s a ct ua lly w or ked w ell but in volved a la rge a moun t of la st -m in ut e w ork

hy a n emergency group. I t is possible t ha t a sepa ra te group, TR-7, w ill be set up t o t ake cha rge of

r adio, t eleph one, a nd t imin g pr oblem s.

Th e or ga niza tion is a t em por ar y on e set up specia lly for t he Tr in it y Test s a m-i i nvolves pla cing

h ea vy r espon sibilit ies on y ou nger m en , in clu din g S E D* m em ber s. Th is m ea n s a cer ta in loosen es s

in t he orga niza tion a nd inexperience on t he pa rt of some of t he opera tors. I n spit e of t his, t he

orga niza tion funct ioned a s w ell a s could be expect ed a nd ha s been t hrough a good sha kedow n

prepa ra tory t o t he fina l t est .

We ma y now t urn t o a br ief but more det a iled descr ipt ion of t he different mea surement s a nd

observa tions t ha t w ere ma de, using t he sa me hea dings a s in t he previous memora ndum.

2.3.5. B eha viour of t he Implosion

a. Detonator S imultanei ty. No mea surement s of det ona tor simult a neit y w ere ma de in t his

t est , w hich did n ot involve t hirt y-t wo det on at ion point s a s in t he fina l bomb. S uch m ea sur em en ts

a re st a nda rd a t Los Ala mos.

b. T ime Inter val Between Detonator and Nuclear Acti on. No m ea su rem en ts of t im e bet w eer

det on at or a nd n uclea r a ct ion w ere possible.

c. Determinantion of A lpha for the Nuclear Reaction. The ca ble a nd recording a ppa ra tus t o be

used by Wilson in t he m ea sur em ent of a lph a w er e t est ed for cr osst alk. Th e a ccident a l sign al level

w as a few millivolt s so t ha t t he fina l a ppa ra tus w ill be designed t o give it s t rue signa l a t a level of

a bout 1 V.

2.3.6. Nuclea r E nergy Relea sed

a. Delayed Neutrons. Willia ms’s eq uipm ent for m ea sur ing dela yed n eut ron s w a s inst a lled a t a

“sca led-in” dist ance a nd suffered no da ma ge.

b. Delayed Gamma Rays.

Moon’s a ppa ra tus for mea suring dela yed ga mma ra ys w as inst a iled

a nd ga ve records. Test s w ere ma de on eq uipment for S egre’s met hod, w hich w it hst ood a ir bla st

a nd ea rt h sh ock.

..— .————— ——

*S l)eci a l E n gin eer in g D et a ch m en t .


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c. Conversion of 49* to Fission Products. The H a nfor d slug w a s successfully dissolved a nd in -

t roduced int o t he pile w hich t hen ha d a bet a -ra y a ct ivit y of 1000 C i a nd a ga mma -ra y a ct ivit y of

400 C i. On t he ba sis of simple sca ling up of t he Ra La ** shot s, it w ould be ca lcula ted t ha t 10% of

t his a ct ivit y w ould rema in in t he soil w it hin a 300-ft ra dius a ft er t he shot . Act ua lly only ’ ZOw a s

found in t he ra dius, indica ting a s might be expect ed t ha t simple sca ling la ws do not properly

a llow for t he increa se in updra ft w it h increa sed cha rge. A dist ribut ion formula for t he a ct ivit y a s

a funct ion of dist ance w as det ermined. I t sva s a lso det ermined t ha t t he loca l dist ribut ion in t he

soil w a s su ch a s t o per mit a lph a -pa r ticle cou nt s w it hout difficult ch em ica l sepa r at ion . Th e r ocket

met hod for obt aining soil sa mples from t he cra ter w as t est ed a nd found sa tisfa ct ory , a nd t he use

of shielded t a nks in connect ion w it h t he fina l sa mpling w as a lso t est ed.

2.3.7. D ama ge E ffect s P roduced

a. B last P ressure at G round Level from P iezo Gauges. E leven q ua r tz bla st ga uges w er e in st a ll-

ed, a nd nine records w ere obt a ined. These ha ve not yet been a na lyzed in det a il. S ome of t hem

show crosst a lk, but a cer t a in a mount of relia ble da ta w ill cert a in ly be obt a ined.

b. B last P ressur e at G round L evel fr om Condenser G auges.

E ight condenser ga uges w ere

pla nned for use, but only one a ct ua lly w as inst alled, a nd it ga ve no record. I n view of t he success

of a simila r a irborne ga uge, some success in t he fina l t est is t o be expect ed.

c. B last Pressure at Ground Level from Excess Veloci ty.

S ix r eceiver s w er e inst alled t o pick up

t he bla st w ave a nd record it s t ime of a rr iva l. These w orked w ell on t he sma ll ca libra tion shot but

ga ve evidence of much crosst alk ha sh on t he ma in shot . I t is not yet know n w het her t he records

ca n be sa tisfa ct or ily a na lyzed. Improvement might be int roduced by low ered sensit ivit y for t he

ma in shot a s compa red w it h t ha t needed for t he ca libra tion shot , a nd by lea ding t he signa ls in t o

sepa ra ted r at her t ha n a sin gle a mplifier .

For t y-seven fla sh bombs t o be opera ted by a rriva l of t he bla st w ere inst alled. P hot ogra phic

observa tion w as t hen t o be used t o det ermine bla st pressure from excess velocit y. Only t wo fla sh

bombs w ent off beca use personnel fa iled t o provide enough ba tt er ies.

d. P eak P ressur e at G round L evel fr om Paper Gauges. Tw ent y-nine box ga uges, ea ch w it h

t welve h oles cover ed w it h a lum in um foil, w er e int roduced t o m ea sur e pea k pr essur e a t differ en t

d is ta n ces , a n d t h ey fu nct ion ed s ucces sfu lly .

e. B last Impulse at G round Level fr om P iston Acti ng on F lui d. F ive L os Ala mos design ed in -

st rument s w ere pla nned, a nd one w as sa tisfa ct or ily inst a lled, for mea suring bla st impulse by

follow ing t he a ct ion of a pist on in forcing w at er t hrough a set of const rict ions. A good record w as

obt ain ed, but w it hout t im ing m ar ks; it ca n pr oba bly be a na lyzed a s a conseq uen ce of t he con st an -

cy of speed of t he m ot or used t o dr ive t he r ecor ding disk. One B rit ish design ed in st rumen t did n ot

opera te ent irely sa tisfa ct or ily , perha ps from sa nd in t he bea rings, beca use it show ed a velocit y

t ha t increa sed during t he pa ssa ge of t he bla st w ave.

f. B last Pr essur e at H igher L evels fr om Condenser G auges. Three condenser ga uges for

mea suring bla st pressure w ere dropped over t he t a rget from a height 15000 ft a bove ground by

t he observa tion pla ne. One ra dio receiver in t he pla ne w as know n t o be out of order beca use of a

fir e, a nd on e r ecor ding in st rument fa iled. The ot her ga ve a n excellent pr essur e-t ime r ecor d. The

t hr ee pa ra chut es h ad t o be dr opped in sa lvo in st ea d of successively, a s pla nned, beca use of fa ilure

in t he bomb-relea se mecha nism. The pla ne used w as a B -29 a ssigned t o t he project . H ardly a ny

shock w a s felt by t he pla ne w hen t he bla st w a ve rea ched it a t a dist a nce of a bout 4 mi.

—————————

*C cJ d e n a m e f or 239Pu, fr om elem en t 94, is ot ope 23Q .

** R a diola n t ha n um , a r a dioa ct iv e is ot ope of 140L a .

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g. E ar th S hock . S ix convert ed geoph on es w er e used for mea sur in g velocit ies of ea rt h m ot ion

a nd ga ve sa tisfa ct ory records, w hich ha ve not yet been a na lyzed. S urvey is now being ma de t o

det ermine t he perma nent displa cement of st akes dr iven int o t he ground a round t he point of ex-

plosion . The cra ter w as a bout 5 ft deep a nd 30 ft in dia met er , w hich w as sma ller t ha n expect ed.

This ma y be pa rt ly due t o t he effect of t he hea vy concret e foot ing for t he t ow er .

2.3.8. Overa ll B eha viour of t he E xplosion a nd I t s Aft er E ffect s

a. S ize, S hape, B ehavi our , and Path of the Ball of F ir e. Three out of t hree Fa st ax ca mera s

(1000 fr am es/s) a t 800 yd, a nd t wo out of t wo a t 10000 yd, oper at ed sa tisfa ct orily . Tw o Mit chell

ca mera s a t 10000 yd oper at ed sa tisfa ct or ily, one for 30 s a nd t he ot her for t he full 1000s pla nned.

F ilm s h ave been sen t out for developm en t.

b. Radi ati on and Temperature of Ball of F i re. Tw o out of t w o H ilger spect rogra phs w ere in

opera tion; t here w as some uncert aint y a bout t he focusing of one of t hese. The films a re being

developed. The B ausch & Lomb spect rogra ph a nd t he movie ca mera w it h filt ers w ere on low

priorit y for t h is t est a nd w ere not inst a lled. The drum ca mera w it h phot ocells ga ve no record

beca use of cr osst a lk. Th e t her mocouples a n d ga lva n om et er s a ppea r ed t o fun ct ion sa t isfa ct or ily .

c. Behauiour of Hot Column.

Th ree F airchild Aer o C amer as w ere inst alled. The t wo a t 10000

yd nort h a nd sout h did not opera te beca use personnel fa iled t o push t he necessa ry but t ons.

The one a t 35000 yd cont inued t o t a ke pict ures unt il 9:00 a .m.

d. Mach Wave and A i r Veloci ty. Th e pr oposed ph ot ogr a ph s of a su spen ded pr im a cor d w er e n ot

obt a ined beca use of fa ilure t o la unch t he ba lloons from w hich it w as t o be suspended. The poor

qua lit y ba lloons burst a nd a low helium supply prevent ed a ddit iona l a t t empt s. P hot ogra phs of a

horizont a l st ret ch of pr ima cord a ppea r t o ha ve been obt a ined. The prima cord det ona tion w as

dimmed ra ther t ha n bright ened by t he bla st .

2.3.9. Met eorologica l Obser va tions. Met eor ologica l obser va tions a re being cont inuously un -

der t a ken t o obt a in a good idea of beha viour in t he pa rt icula r loca tion . They w ould be grea tly

a ssist ed by t he proposed inst a lla t ion of a t elet ype w ea ther service, w hich ha s st ill not come

through.

I n con nect ion w it h t he pr esen t t est , excellen t m et eor ologica l ser vice w a s pr ovided. On 23 Apr il

it w as successfully foreca st t ha t 7 Ma y w ould fa ll in a good w ea ther per iod. On 3 Ma y, successful

foreca st w as ma de a s t o t he surfa ce w ind direct ion , upper a ir flow , a nd visibilit y t o be expect ed a t

4:00 a .m. on 7 Ma y. S imila r foreca st s w ere ma de on 5 Ma y, a nd a t 5:00 p.m. 6 Ma y, w hich ga ve

4:00 a .m. a nd a lso 9:00 t o 10:30 a .m. a s opera tiona lly possible.

Tem per at ure, humidit y, a nd w ind velocit ies a t a ll levelsupt o30000 ft w er e m ea sur ed w it h t he

help of ra diosondes a nd ra da r a t 1:30 a .m., 3:00 a .m., a nd 4:37 a .m., on 7 Ma y, before a nd just

a ft er t h e explos ion .

P . E . C hurch a rr ived in t ime for t he t est a nd w as helpful in discussing met eorologica l met hods

a n d p rob lem s.

2.3.10. H ea lt h C ont rol. Ra dioa ct ive monit or ing w as ca rr ied out by H empelma nn during t he

processes of slug solut ion a nd int roduct ion int o t he pile. Monit or ing a ft er t he explosion in t he

neighborh ood w a s ca rried out by H em pelm ann a nd checked by Ander son . The level of a ct ivit y in

t he fina l cra ter w as low enough t o be sa fe for severa l hours’ exposure.

The dissolving unit is t o be covered w it h fresh ea rt h a nd surrounded by a gua rd fence.

2.3.11. C onclusion . The t est a ppea rs t o ha ve been successful a s a t ria l run . I n t he fina l t est , it

is t o be hoped t ha t a la rger proport ion of t he mea surement s w ill be successful, but even if t h is

w ere not t he ca se sufficient da ta w ould be provided t o a nsw er a considera ble proport ion of t he

n eces sa r y q u es t ion s .


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There is common a greement , a mong t hose concerned, rega rding t he st eps suggest ed t ha t

should be t a ken t o insure grea ter success in t he fina l t est . Among t hese suggest ions, one of t he

most import ant is t ha t of set ting a n a dva nced da te beyond w hich fur t her a ppa ra tus, especia lly

elect rica l a ppa ra tus, ca nnot be int roduced int o t he experiment al a rea . This w ill a llow t ime for

plent y of dry runs a nd elimina tion of crosst alk. Improvement in t ra nsport at ion eq uipment a nd

key roa ds should be sought . S pecia l a tt ent ion should be given t o t he ea rly procurement a nd

t est ing of t hose very import ant kinds of a ppa ra tus t ha t could not be t r ied in t he present pa rt ia l

test .

2.4. P ost 100-Ton, S uggest ions for I mproved Fa cilit ies a nd P rocedure: S uggest ions for im-

provements

A few da ys a ft er t he shot , w hile t he experiences of t he personnel w ere st ill fresh in peoples’

minds, B a inbr idge ca lled a meet ing in w hich a ll gr ipes could be a ired a nd suggest ions ma de for

improved opera ting procedure. Writ ten suggest ions from J . E . Ma ck a nd from members of J . H .

Ma n ley’s gr ou p w er e pa r ticula rly va lua ble.

Th e 100-t on t est poin ted up t he follow ing r eq uir emen ts:

1. B et t er roa ds w ere needed t o prot ect personnel a nd inst rument s from t he effect s of

dust —essent ia l t o meet t he schedule. About 20 mi of bla ckt op roa d w ere la id, a nd a n a rea in t he

vicinit y of t he t ow er w a s a lso bla ckt opped.

2. Mor e vehicles w ere r eq uir ed per gr oup. Addit iona l ca rs, w ea pon s ca rr ier s, a nd ca rr ya lls w ere

obt a ined by purcha se or loa n t o help in correct ing t he deficit , but t here w a s never a surplus.

Tha nks t o t he cont inued ha rd w ork of D . G reene a nd emergency loa ns from Ma j. Miller, t he

t ra n spor ta t ion pr oblem w a s licked. Th e fin al list of veh icles com pr ised a ppr oxim a tely 15 seda n s,

16 w ea pon s ca rr ier s, 32 ca rrya lls, a nd 11 jeeps, t o w hich possibly 30 m or e ca rs w er e a dded t he la st

w eek by t he monit or ing a nd G -2 groups.

3. More repa ir men w ere needed, a nd night servicing w as req uired t o a id in keeping up w it h t he

vehicle dema nd. Arra ngement s w ere ma de w it h Ma j. S tevens a nd C apt . D ava los for a ddit iona l

help. The ca r pa rking a nd checking syst em, set up by G reene, a nd t he improved roa ds a ided in

decrea sing t he a mount of repa ir w ork per ca r.

4. Wire communica tions w ere over loa ded, so t ha t pla ns w ere ma de for more t elephone lines,

a ddress syst ems in a ll shelt ers, a nd more Mot orola ra dios in field ca rs a nd a t shelt ers. The

t elephone syst em la ter w as inst alled by Lt . C omdr. T. M. Keiller of J . H . Willia ms’s group. E igh-

t een vehicles w ere eq uipped w it h 25-W Mot orola ” FM ra dios. Their convenience w as grea t a nd

m or e could h ave been used w it h pr ofit , possibly a n a ddit iona l t en , befor e t he r adio t ra ffic beca me

congested.

5. The need for a ddit iona l help on procurement , sh ipping, a nd st ock ma na gement a t Trinit y

could be a nt icipa ted w it h t he scheduled increa sed a ct ivit y for t he J uly shot . A t elet ype w as in-

st a lled for “in t he clea r” communica tion bet w een Y a nd TR. More st ock men a t TR a nd longer

h our s open sch edules w er e used a t F uba r S tockr oom . D . P . Mit chell w a s a ble t o furn ish a lt ern at es

or “st and-ins” for key men such a s Va n G emert a nd H arry Allen a t Y so t ha t t he a bsence of one or

t he ot her on ot her w ork for a short t ime w ould not slow dow n t he solut ion of Trinit y problems.

6. A Tow n H all w a s fina lly built a t Tr init y so t ha t t he regula r n ight ly m eet in gs on con st ruct ion

a nd occa siona l t echnica l meet ings or a dminist ra t ive meet ings could be properly housed. The

ra nch house office furnished a cent ra l point for ma il a nd bullet ins of genera l in t erest .

7. The ha rdness of t he w a t er a t Trinit y ma de it difficult t o ma int a in ordina ry sa nit a ry re-

q uir emen ts in t he m ess ha ll. Wa t er -soft ening eq uipmen t w a s inst a lled but som e er ror occur red in

t he a na lysis of a sa mple of t ypica l w a t er, a nd t he unit w as ent irely t oo sma ll t o ha ndle t he gypsum

a nd lime cont ent encount ered. The a ddit ion of a st ea m ba t h for t ra ys solved t he grea se a nd

sa nit ar y problem s. Mor e h elp in t he m ess ha ll w a s fin ally obt a in ed so t ha t 18-h w orking da ys w er e

no longer t he rule for t he chefs a nd KP help.

*Reference t o a compa ny or product na me does not imply a pprova l or recommenda tion of t he

pr oduct by t he U niver sit y of C alifor nia or t he U S E nergy Resea rch a nd D evelopment Adm in ist ra -

t ion t o t he exclusion of ot hers t ha t ma y be suit a ble.

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8. Th e gua rdin g r ules dur in g t he 12 h pr ecedin g t he sh ot w er e t oo r igid. A nose count ing syst em

ha d been set up so t ha t everyone could be a ccount ed for 2 h before t he shot unt il a ft er t he shot .

E mer gencies a rose in w hich a n elect ronics exper t, for exa mple, w ould ha ve t o pr oceed from t he S -

10000 t o t he N-10 000 yd sh elt er a t minus 2-1/2 h . I f h e h ad n ot been on t he N-10 000 gua rd’s list ,

some t elephoning w as req uired before he could be a dmit t ed. C onsidera ble t ime w as w ast ed in

emergencies of t his sor t or beca use ot her personnel t rips ha d not been a nt icipa ted fully . In t he

fin al a rr an gem en t for J u ly 12 a nd succeedin g r ehea rsa ls, a nd just befor e t he J u ly 16 sh ot , anyone

ha ving legit ima te business out side t he B ase C a mp ha d free a ccess t o a ll pa rt s of t he t est a rea .

F ree a ccess w as fea sible a s by mut ua l a greement ; ea ch respect ed t he ot hers’ problems, w iring

t roubles, a nd need for unha mpered w ork in get ting t he job done. As a ma tt er of sa fet y, everyone

w as a sked not t o kibit z a t t he t ow er during a ssembly , hoist ing, checking, i.e., a ny t ime a ft er

a s sem bly s ta r t ed .

2.5. C onclusions C oncerning t he 100-Ton Test

Th e origin al pur poses for w hich t he 100-t on t est h ad been pla nn ed w er e a ccom plish ed. Th ose

w ho h ad n o pr ior exper ience in field w or k w er e fa milia rized w it h t he difficult ies a nd t ribula t ions

a ssocia ted w it h w ork a wa y from a w ell-eq uipped la bora tory. The a tomic bomb t est could be a p-

proa ched w it h more confidence a ft er t he sha kedow n t est . The ca libra tion of inst rument s w as

va lua ble, pa rt icula r ly for bla st m ea su rem en ts, w h er e t he 100-t on da t a fu rn ish ed a u sefu l ca libr a -

t ion point of grea ter va lue t ha n ext ra pola tion from t ables prepa red from 66-lb shot s. The ea rt h

sh ock da ta ga ve a r efer ence poin t w hich w a s gr ea tly super ior t o ext ra pola t ion s fr om va rious sh or t-

r ange la w s w hich va ried in t heir pr edict ion s for la rge r an ges over t rem en dous fa ct ors . Th e design

of shock-proof inst rument shelt ers could proceed w it h confidence. The ga ps in eq uipment a nd

orga niza tion point ed out by t he t est could be correct ed or pla ns a lt ered t o give a smoot her opera -

t ion in t he ma in show .

Th e 100-t on pile w a s spiked w it h 1000 C i of fission pr oduct s der ived fr om a H a nfor d slug. This

pa rt of t he t est conduct ed under H . L . Anderson w as of pa rt icula r va lue in giving informa tion on

t he proba ble a mount of ma teria l w hich w ould be deposit ed on t he ground a nd it s dist ribut ion .

B ot h set s of informa t ion w ere essent ia l t o t he pla nning of t he J uly 16t h shot w it h respect t o

recovery of eq uipment , t he mea sur em ent of t he efficiency of t he ga dget , a nd pr epa ra t ion s for t he

pr ot ect ion of per son n el .

The high percent age of successful mea surement s in t he fina l J u ly 16t h t est ma ybe a tt ribut ed

in la rge mea sure t o t he Ma y 7t h rehea rsa l shot pra ct ice t ha t ga ve a n improved fra mew ork on

w hich t o build.

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3. P RE P ARATI ONS F OR TH E J U LY 16 TE S T (K . T. B AI NB RI D G E )

3. 1 I n t r od u ct i on

The prepa ra tions for t he bomb t est w ere grea tly increa sed in int ensit y st ar t ing in Ma rch, w hen

a J uly 4 da te w as set for t he ga dget t est . * In t he fina l 2 w k a bout 250 men from Y w ere enga ged in

t echnica l w ork a t Trinit y, a nd ma ny more cont ribut ed t o t heoret ica l a nd experiment al st udies a t

Y a nd in t he const ruct ion of eq uipment . The very difficult w ork of providing in t ime t he w ir ing,

pow er , t ra nsport at ion , communica tion fa cilit ies, a nd const ruct ion needed for t he t est w as a bly

ca rr ied out by J . H . Willia ms a nd h is gr oup. Th e w hole-h ea rt ed suppor t of ot her gr oups in P roject

Y ma de t he t est possible. I n a ddit ion t o t he w ork of R-1, R-2, R-3, R-4, F-4, G -n, a nd O-4, groups

effect ively t ra n sfer red full t im e in to t he Tr in it y P r oject , gr ou ps T-3 u nder Weisskopf a n d T-7 u n-

der H irsch felder ga ve full t ime t o t he con sidera t ion of n uclea r a nd r adia t ion effect s or t o da ma ge

phenomena w hich w ould be a ssocia ted w it h a successful shot . R. F . B a t her generously ga ve t he

support of G D ivision by t he loa n of personnel or by supplying specia l eq uipment for t he t est

prepa ra tions. H ea vy dema nds w ere ma de upon W. A. H iginbot ha m’s G roup G -4. H e a ssigned his

best per son nel t o st ra tegic poin ts, a nd h is gr oup m an ufa ct ur ed t he gr ea t er pa rt of t he elect ron ic

a mplify in g a nd r ecor ding eq uipm en t a nd a ll t he m ain elect ron ic t iming eq uipmen t. Th e very im -

port ant a nd punishing job of supplying t he t iming a nd remot e opera ting signa ls w as w ell done by

.J . L. McKibben for t he rela y a nd sa fing circuit s a nd by E . W. Tit ter t on for t he elect ronic t iming

a n d det on a tin g cir cuit s.

3. 2. O rg a niz a t ion

The det ailed orga niza tion cha rt must be included here t o be rea d beca use it gives t he most con-

cise view of t he responsibilit ies a nd number of people necessa ry t o conduct a t est . I n ma ny ca ses

a n individua l t ook pa rt in t he prepa ra t ion of severa l experiment s a nd w ent from one job t o

a not her a s r eq uir ed. The list given con for ms t o t he sit ua t ion t he la st w eek or possibly 2 w k lea ding

up t o t he t est . F or t he period 4 w k before t he t est , only t wo-t hirds t o t hree-fourt hs of t he people

list ed w ere enga ged full t ime, a nd only one ha lf for t he prior 4 mont hs.

ORG ANIZATI ON C H ART FOR P ROJ EC T TR

K . T. B a in hr idge

Administ ra tive hea d. Overa ll responsibilit y.

Vet o pow er on su ggest ed exper im en ts. P la nn in g

a nd coor din at ion . Arm in g P a rt y.

B a rba ra S . An der son

Secretary .

.J . H . Willia ms (TR -1)

All services a s given under TR-1 below . Alt er-

n a te for B a in br id ge.

F . O pp en h ei me r

Administ ra t ive a ide. P la nning. S a fet y .

E mer gen cy r ovin g cen ter .

L t . H . C . B ush

C om ma ndin g Officer of Tr init y C am p. Respon -

sible for ca mp ma t t ers, ba rra cks, mess, roa d

ma int ena nce, gua rding, ca mp hygiene, et c. Ar-

ming P a rt y.

L t . R. A. Ta ylor

S ecurit y for Trinit y a t Y.

t J oh n An d er s on

S ecurit y for Trinit y a t TR.

——— —_____

*On .J ~ l ne30 t he C ow punch er C om mit tee fin ally a greed t o .J u lv 16 a s t he ea rliest I mssih le da te.

15


28/94

C a pt . S . P . D a va los

Lt . R.. D . Wholey

S gt . W. S t ew ar t

Consultants

R. W. C ar lson (X-2)

P . E . C hurch

E . F er mi (F D ivision )

J . O. H ir schfelder (T-7)

S . K er sha w

L. D . Leet

W. G . P enney

E ns. G . T. Reynolds

V. We isskopf

TR As sem bl y

C omdr. N. E . B ra dbury (X-1, X-6)

G . B . K ist ia kow sky, Alt er na te

P it Assembly (G -1)

M. G . H ollow ay

P . Mor ris on

R. F. B at her

R. E . S ch reiber

H . K. D a ghlia n

L . S lot in

B . D . McD aniel

C . S . S mit h

M. G . H ollow ay

TR U .S . E ngin eer D et achm en t Oper at ion s.

U .S . Ar my C on tr act s.

Responsible for H E for a ll inst rument ca libra -

t ion t est s, velocit y of soun d ch a rges, et c. Ar min g

P a r t y .

D esign of st ruct ures. I nst a lla t ion of t ow er.

Met eor ologica l pr oblem s, pa r ticula rly t he dilu -

t ion of a ct ive ga ses.

All n uclea r ph ys ics m ea s ur em en t s.

All pr oblem s a ffect in g da m age w hich a r ises a ft er

t he nuclea r r ea ct ions ha ve st opped.

P r oper sa fet y r egu la t ion s a n d pr oced ur es.

E a rt h shock problems pa rt icula rly a t dist a nt

points.

B la st , ea r t h shock, a nd perma nent ea r t h dis-

p la cem en t pr ob lem s.

Structures.

All n uclea r ph ysics m ea su rem en ts a n d r a dia t i{m

pr oblem s. C ha irm an of Nuclea r Mea sur emen ts

Committee.

All problems connect ed w it h a ssembly of t he

gadget .

He ad .

Ar min g P a r ty .

P it As sem bly over a ll r es pon sibilit y.

Advisor.

Certification.

Mecha nica l Assem bly (check la ter on t ow er ).

Mecha nica l Assembly a t ba se of t ow er (check

la t er on t ow er ).

16


29/94

L . S lot in

H . K . D a ghlia n

B . T. Feld

S gt . H . Lehr

D et ona tor U nit (X-5)

D . F . H ornig

T/4 R. J . B row n

T13 W. Vog el

Monitoring.

Checking.

Assembly.

Ra yt heon unit . Wir ing of det ona tors. Test of

s ta n d-in u nit .

Asim ult a neit y (X-7)

K . G r eisen

I nst a lla tion a nd check of specia l sw it ches a nd

J . C . An derson

circuits.

E . W. Tit t er t on on recording

T/3 V. C a leca

m echa nism a t W-800. Test in g of H E-a ct ua ted

R. W. Willia ms

switches.

H E Assembly a nd D et ona tors (X D ivision)

R. S . Wa rner, J r .

H E a nd mecha nica l a ssembly. Inst a lla tion of

R. W. H ender son

det on a tor s. Test of d et on a tor s.

H . L in sch it z

Lt . W. F. S cha ffer

T/3 L . J er cin ov ic

A. B . Ma chen

77/3 A. D . Va n Vessem

E . J . Lofgren

Services

X l

J . H . Willia ms (R-2)

TR-lA

Lt . C omdr. T. M. Keiller,

He ad

T/4 A. H .

J o p p pv.

P vt . A. L . B rehm, S upv.

P vt . L. J a ckson

P vt . V. G uess

T/5 J . Ma th er

T/4 S . F ried ma n

P vt . B . D oyle

T15 A. M a rt in ez

TR-lB

J . L. McK ibben, H ea d

T/3 W. Tr ei bel

P fc. R. Moore

R. P erry

Construction.

E lect rica l con st ruct ion a n d t eleph on e ser vices.

M ot or g en er a t or s.

Timing, a ll t iming a nd remot e cont rol signa ls.

Ar min g P a rt y.

17


30/94

C . L. B ailey

L. G ut tm an

E . W. Tit t er ton

T13 V. F it ch

T/3 R .

LOWI’Y

G . Ma this

C . R. Lint on

TR-lC

R. J . Va n G emert , H ea d

T/5 T. M on t gom er y

T/5 E . P ercy

T/5 C . P et tis

(L a ter s ea r ch lig ht g rou p).

E lect ron ic t im e s ig na ls .

P rocur ement a t Y.

Stock.

Stock.

Y S hipping t o S -45 (TR).

Ad dit ion al un loa der s a nd cler ks

TR-lD

D . G reene, H ea d Tra nsport a t ion a t TR

1 S E D t o a ssist G reene

S gt . Ma rga ret S w a nk, H ea d Tra nsport a t ion a t Y.

TR-lE

F. S tokes, H ea d

T/3 G . C url

T/4 D . Miller

T/5 A. G i or da n o

P vt . R. B . H a rt

P vt . W. D . B ra den

TR-lF

C a pt . B . B . G eery

P vt . G . Merriga n

P vt . A. W. Reinert

TR - 1G

H . S . Allen

T/5 A. N ew ell

T/4 E . U tzig

T/4 J . A. Rice

W. C a se

R a d io com m un ica t i on s .

S CR-299 a t S -10 000 No. 1 unit .

S CR-299 a t S -10 000 No. 2 unit .

B a l loon fly in g.

H igh iron w ork a nd specia l jobs.

18


31/94

TR-2

J . H . Ma nley (R-3)

W. G . P enney, C tmsult ant

H . H . B a rscha ll, 1st Alt erna te

T. ,J o rg en sen t 2n d Alt er na t e

Air B la st

TR-2A

R. L. Wa lker

H . S hea rd , C on sult a nt

D . L it tler , C on sult a nt

W. D . K ennedy, C onsult ant

R. B ahick (from A-1)

T/3 M. B a t t at

T14 H . C our an t

E . L en nox

W. Nver

M. S a nds (from G -4)

P fc. C . S imons (from G M-13)

TR-2B

W. C . B right

V. An d er s on

T/4 R. D ye (from G -4)

W. H a ne (from G -4)

T/4 K . K u pf er ber g

T/4 D . Leed (from G -4)

P . Oliva s

TR-2C

H . H . B a rscha ll

R. W. D a vis

W. E lmore (from G -4)

G . M. Ma r t in

TR-2D

T. J or gen sen

P vt . D . W. Rhoa des

R. S herr

TR-2E

H . S hea rd, D . Lit t ler

C . J a nney

W. L a w ren ce

TR-2F

J . C . H oogt erp

P fc. F . Mich aels

Air bla st a nd ea rt h shock. Responsible for a ll

m ea surem ent s below in TR-2 group.

P iezo g au ges .

C on den ser g a ug es .

E xces s v elocit y m ea s ur em en t .

I m pu ls e g a ug e.

Ma xim um pr essur e g auge.

B ox g auge.

19


32/94

E art h S hock

L. D. Leet , C onsult ant

TR-2G

H . M. H ought on

.J . C oon , Alt er na t e

P vt . C . D. J ones

R . N ob les

T/5 O. S ebor er

TR-2H

L. D . Lcet

H . G cw er tz, Alt er na te

.J . A. C rocker

T13 A. H er sh ey

T/5 D . G a rret t

T/3 C . C rumb

T/4 J . Lepm an

T/4 S . C a lver t

E liza bet h R. G ra ves

A. C . G ra ves

P fc. G . H a ll

TR-21

W. G . P enney

W. G . Ma rley

F . R ein es

Surveyors

Physics

TR-3

R. R. Wilson (R D iv.)

E . F er mi, C on sult a nt

V. Wei ss kopf , C on su lt a n t

TR-3A

R. R. Wilson (R-1)

J . D eWir e, Alt er na t e

S . B a rnes

H . B ridge

W. C ald es

P . B alch

T15 R . F or t en ba u gh

T/5 W. S . H a ll

L . L a va t elli

W. S ch a efer

T. S ny der

R. S ut ton

W. Wood w a r d

Ve loci ty g eoph on e

D is pl a cem en t s ei sm og ra ph s (Tu la r os a ).

9000 N

9000 N

E lepha nt B ut te

E lepha nt B ut te

S a n An ton io

S a n An ton io

Tularosa

Carrizozo

Carrizozo

P er ma n en t ea r th d is pla cem en t.

P r ompt mea surement s. a a nd shock w a ve

transmission

t ime

(shock w a ve

t ra nsmission t ime, Froma n a t Y).

20


33/94

B . Rossi, C onsult a nt a nd H ea d

P rompt Mea surement s, a .

‘T14 J . Al ex a n de r

C oopera t ing w it h R-1 on M.I .T. fa st os-

J . Allen

cillograph.

B . D iven

J . FOX

J . F red ricks

A. G r ubm a n

S . A. K line

C . Menz

D . N icod em u s

C orp. R. E . S herma n

TR-3B

H . T. Richa rds

J . M. B la ir

D . F ris ch

J . H ush

E . Klema

R. Krohn

R. P erry

C . Tu rn er

TR-3C

E . S egr e (R-4)

C . Wi eg a nd

M. D eut sch

O . C h a m ber la i n

J . Aeby

G . W. Fa rw ell

G . A. L in en ber ger

W. N ob les

T14 A. H . S pa no

T/5 C . Wa h lig

TR-3D

P . B . Moon

S /S gt . W. .J . B reit er

E ns. I . H alpern

T/4 .J . A. H ofm a nn

,1. Hug he s

T/5 M. J . P incus

TR-3E

H . L . Ander son (F-4)

C . W. S nyder

D ela y ed n eu tr on m ea s ur em en t s.

D ela yed ga mma ra ys.

E lect r ica l pa r t .

I on iza t ion ch a mber s a n d ca libr a tion s.

S h el ter d es ig n.

G a mm a-ra y sen tinels a nd dela yed

ga mma ra ys.

Conversion.

C .I .T. r ock et con su lt a n t,

21


34/94

G , L. Weil

D . E . Na gle

H . H esket t

S gt . J . Tw ombly

S gt . N. S mit h

S gt . J . B rot hers

T/5 F. J . Tucci

S gt . G . B a na s

L . D . P . King

A. Turkevich

V. C ann on

N . Wi lk en in g

. J . Ta b in

A. N ov ick

N. S uga rm an

D . E n g el kem ei r

M. Ka hn

J . M is kell

S . K a tcoff

. J . S ei le r

L . Wi ns ber g

S gt . .C . S ch wob

S gt . E . H oa gla nd

A. G {~ l d st e in

WAC Te chnicians

M. Youn g

M. Wirz

S . L oz ier

S . C orl

Meteorology

TR-4

= H ubba rd

TR-4A

Lt . C . D . C urt is

P vt . F . K . Fra nce

T/5 T. H a rlow e

P vt . R. L. H eller

P vt . G . F . Ma son

P vt . G . Meyers

R ock et s a mpl in g.

Ta n k s a mplin g.

R a di o m a in t en a n ce.

Ta n k d river .

Ta n k d riv er

Ta n k m a in t en a n ce.

Ta n k m a in t en a n ce.

Survey.

Survey.

G r os s cou nt in g.

Al ph a cou nt in g.

B et a cou nt in g.

G a mm a cou nt in g.

Chemistry .

49 C h em is t r y.

F is sion pr od uct ch em is tr y.

S a mpling a t Y.

Count ing room a K Y.

R a d a r .

22


35/94

TR-4B

S gt . J . C . Alderson

S gt . J . M. Lobel

S gt . J . G . Ta ylor

TR-4C

S gt . P . A. Tudor

S gt . L. C a skey

S gt . I . E . Rosent ha l

P ilot ba lloons (Ar min g P a rt y).

Radiosonde.

TR-4D

S gt . W. B la des

B a se w ea ther a nd records.

S pect rogra phic a nd P hot ogr aphic Mea surem ent s

TR-5

.J . E . Ma ck (G -I I )

B . B rixn er , Alt er na t e

N. B ifa no, Alt erna t e a t Y

T/3 N. York (perma nent ly a t TR a nd in

cha rge in a bsence of Ma ck a nd B rixner)

T/5 E . D . Wa llis

P hot ogra pher (a nd st ockeeper unt il S h ue’s a rriva l).

T/4 B . C . B enja min

T/5 G . E . E conomou

F . E . G eiger

R . L oe vi ng er

T. S . Needels

T/5 K . J . S hue

Stockkeeper.

T/3 G . W. Th om ps on

Photographer.

T14 J . Wa h len

Wir in g l ia i son .

D . Wi ll ia m s

Tot a l r a dia t ion .

P . Yust er

Airbla st —Airborne C ondenser G a uges

TR-6

B . Wa ldm an (O-2)

L . Alva r ez

H . Agn ew

R. D ike

T/5 R . Alh br a n d

T/5 W. G ood ma n

L . J o hn st on

T/3 E . K ara s

T/2 J . Wi eb ol dt

W. S tr oud

23


36/94

Medica l group

Dr. L. H . H empelma nn

C a pt . J . F. Nola n, H ea d a t TR

C ol. S . L. Wa rren, C onsult a nt

J . H offma n, C onsult ant

TR-7A

R. Wa t ts

W. S civ a lly

L. B row n

TR-7B

P . Ae be rs ol d

C a pt . H . L. B arnet t

Lt . J . H . Allen

C a pt . P . O. H a gema n

A. An d er s on

S gt . J . G reen

t J . O . H ir sch fel der

J . H offm an

S gt . R. Leona rd

S gt . P . Levine

J . Ma gee

Lt . J . S . B rooks

Lt . A. M. La rge

S peci a l As si gn men t s

C apt . M. Allen

L . R eis er , As sis ta n t

P vt . J . H . Fuqua

P a ul H ough

T/5 C . Wr ig ht

C . L. B ailey

D . B art on

T/5 D . Miller

A. B r es low

I . Rehn

R. Wh it e

J . B la ir

M . K upf er ber g

A. N ed zel

S . K . Allison

Instruments.

Mon it or G r ou p.

N -10 000

w -lo 000

s-lo 000

R oa d M on it or s.

E mergency medica l a id

S ea r ch li gh t plot t in g.

L-2 crew a t W-10 000.

L-3 crew a t N-10 000.

L-7 crew NE of O.

L-8 crew NNE of O.

G r ou nd -t o-pla n e com mun ica t ion a n d s helt er a n -

nouncer.

24

8/19/2019 Trinity by Bainbridg

Documents

Trinity by Bainbridge.test Report.1945; First Printed by LASL in Classified Form as LA-1012; Reprinted 1960s LA-6300