Trinity Neches Forest Landowners Association Meeting …forestry.sfasu.edu/faculty/stovall/home/documents/stovall_nfla... · Drought and Forests Trinity Neches Forest Landowners Association

Drought and ForestsTrinity Neches

Forest Landowners Association MeetingApril 6, 2013

Jeremy Stovall, Ph.D., CFArthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture

Stephen F. Austin State University

Jeremy StovallArthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture


Outline

• Texas droughts• Drought and our forests• Drought stress

– Tree‐level effects– Stand‐level effects

• Managing with droughtPhoto Credit: Ron Billings, Texas A&M Forest Service, bugwood.org

Walker County, September 2000, Ips and drought

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2011 Texas Drought

Video Credit: http://atmo.tamu.edu/osc/drought/

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Texas Drought History

Figure Credit: http://climatexas.tamu.edu/files/osc_pubs/2011_drought.pdf

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Texas Drought History

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Figure Credit: http://thinkprogress.org/



Outline



• Managing with droughtPhoto Credit: Ron Billings, Texas A&M Forest Service

Drought‐Killed Trees in Kimble County

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Drought Effects on East Texas Forests

• 301 Million trees killed in forest and woodland areas

• Equivalent to 2.5 M acres of complete mortality at stocking of 120 TPA– East Texas = 12.1 M acres of forestland for comparison

• Mature stands hit harder

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Citation: Billings, R. and C. Edgar. 2013. Impact of the 2011 drought on thinned and unthinned pine plantations. Texas Forestry 53:1‐4.

Photo Credit: USDA Forest Service

Davy Crockett National Forest




• Near total losses on some older stands reported in Trinity, Montgomery, Walker, and Grimes, Counties

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Photo Credit: Mabry Campbell



Drought Effects on East Texas Forests• 5.6 Million trees killed in urban areas

• >90% pine mortality in Houston’s Memorial Park

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Photo Credit: Ron Billings, Texas A&M Forest Service



Drought Effects on East Texas Forests• 0‐25% of trees killed in typical midrotation plantations, with a mean of 4% mortality in unthinned and 1.2% in thinned stands

• 15% reduction in growth in surviving trees

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Citations: Billings, R. and C. Edgar. 2013. Impact of the 2011 drought on thinned and unthinned pine plantations. Texas Forestry 53:1‐4.Fox, Thomas, Forest Productivity Cooperative, Personal Communication.

Photo Credit: Tim Tigner, VDOF, bugwood.org




• Pine plantation survival surveys in East Texas showed 66% mortality of 1‐year‐old pine seedlings

• 116,000 acres will need reforestation

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Citations: Billings, R. and C. Edgar. 2013. Impact of the 2011 drought on thinned and unthinned pine plantations. Texas Forestry 53:1‐4. Texas A&M Forest Service. 2012. East Texas forest recovery. http://texasforestservice.tamu.edu/

Photo Credit: www.messenger‐news.com



Drought Effects on East Texas Forests• Lost Stumpage Value

– $558 M merchantable– $111 M precommercial– $669 M total tree loss

• Lost Delivered Value– $1.1 B merchantable– $1.2 B total tree loss

• Lost Product Value• EXCLUDES FIRE LOSSES

– $208 M loss (delivered)– $1.6 B in forest products lost– $3.4 B total economic impact

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Citations: Texas A&M Forest Service. 2012. Preliminary estimation of drought economic loss in East Texas forests. http://texasforestservice.tamu.edu/Texas A&M Forest Service. 2012. East Texas forest recovery. http://texasforestservice.tamu.edu/

Photo Credit: Paul Butts, Georgia Forestry Commission, bugwood.org

Salvage Logging



Outline



• Managing with droughtPhoto Credit: Texas A&M Forest Service, http://texasclimatenews.org/wp/?p=3779

Drought‐Killed Hardwood Tree

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Tree‐Level Drought EffectsSoil Plant Air Continuum (SPAC)

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Figure Credit: Postaire, O., L. Verdoucq, and C. Maurel. 2007. Aquaporins in Plants: From Molecular Structure to Integrated Functions. Pages 75‐136 in K. Jean‐Claude and D. Michel, editors. Advances in Botanical Research. Academic Press.



Tree‐Level Drought EffectsSOIL Plant Air Continuum (SPAC)

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Which soil texture has the least plant available water?

A. SandB. ClayC. Silt Loam



Tree‐Level Drought EffectsSOIL Plant Air Continuum (SPAC)

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Figure Credit: © 2012 Nature Education www.nature.com All rights reserved.

Implications for Drought• No soils are holding more than

~25% volumetric soil water• Drought may rapidly deplete plant

available water in sands, and even in clays

• Even loams are susceptible eventually



Tree‐Level Drought EffectsSOIL PLANT Air Continuum (SPAC)

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Figure Credit: http://www.robinsonlibrary.com/science/botany/anatomy/roots.htm

Implications for Drought• Roots grow by turgor pressure

alone• Roots can’t grow if tree is

drought stressed• Fine roots have high mortality• Trees get many nutrients

dissolved in water



Tree‐Level Drought EffectsSoil PLANT Air Continuum (SPAC)

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Figure Credit: http://woodmagic.vt.edu/kids/anatomy/

Figure Credit: Brodersen, C. R., A. J.McElrone, B. Choat, M. A. Matthews, andK. A. Shackel. 2010. The Dynamics ofEmbolism Repair in Xylem: In VivoVisualizations Using High‐ResolutionComputed Tomography. Plant Physiology154:1088‐1095.




Stomata

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Figure Credit: http://www.aucoeurdelarbre.ca




Stomata

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Figure Credit: http://plantcellbiology.masters.grkraj.org



Tree‐Level Drought Effects

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Carbon starvation hypothesis1. Trees can’t open stomata

due to drought stress2. Trees can’t photosynthesize

without stomata open3. Trees eventually starve

because they can’t make enough sugar

Figure Credit: https://www.bgc‐jena.mpg.de



Tree‐Level Drought EffectsSoil Plant AIR Continuum (SPAC)

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Figure and Table Credit: http://ohioline.osu.edu/aex‐fact/0804.html



Tree‐Level Drought EffectsSoil PLANT AIR Continuum (SPAC)

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Photo Credit: http://www.kitchenpantryscientist.com

• Transpiration: 540,000 gallons per acre per year in upland hardwoods




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Photo Credit: http://botanicaleducation.blogspot.com

• Drought Adaptations– Desiccation Avoidance– Desiccation Tolerance

• Dehydration Tolerance• Dehydration Postponement

Desert Annual Plants




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Video Credit: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jdB_pmzhhbE



Resurrection Fern: 2 hours in 15 seconds




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Photo Credit: Texas Parks & Wildlife Department



Post Oak Savannah




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Photo Credit: Jeremy Stovall

Dehydration Postponement1. Deep wide‐spreading root

system (i.e. Bastrop pines)2. Leaf adaptations (orientation,

rolling, drooping, hairs, abscission)

3. Stomata (close early, open at night like CAM plants)

4. Metabolic (hormonal regulation)

5. Water storage (capacitance)6. Osmotic adjustment (change

salt content to get more water)

6‐Year‐Old Loblolly




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Photo Credit: Jeremy Stovall








Red Buckeye




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Photo Credit: www.greenhousegoodlife.com








Opuntia texana?




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Photo Credit: Joe Martinez, Biosphere 2, University of Arizona








Pinyon Pine Drought Study




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Photo Credit: Bernard Gagnon 2007








Adansonia grandidieri, Madagascar




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Figure Credit: Bray, E.A. 2007. Plant Response to Water‐deficit Stress. In: eLS. JohnWiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester. http://www.els.net








Osmotic Adjustment: Sweetgum, Oaks, Dogwoods, Ashes,

Cherries, Magnolias, Sycamore




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salt content to get more water)Figure Credit: © 2012 Nature Education www.nature.com All rights reserved.

Osmotic Adjustment: Sweetgum, Oaks, Dogwoods, Ashes,

Cherries, Magnolias, Sycamore



Outline



• Managing with droughtPhoto Credit: Pat Sullivan, Associated Press

Removal of Drought‐Killed Trees in a Stand

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Stand‐Level Drought Effects

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Photo Credit: Mike Ryon, Oak Ridge National Lab Photo Credit: http://www.floridadisaster.org

More than 4200 ac were killed by SPB in Kisatchie Hills Wilderness, Natchitoches Parish, LA, in 1984‐5. Control efforts were too late, with 350 ac infested before suppression started. In 1987 a wildfire burned 7500 acres, including the beetle kill.

Citation: T.W. Coleman, Martin, A., et al. 2010. Disturbance from southern pine beetle, suppression, and wildfire affects vegetation composition in central Louisiana: A case study. General Technical Report SRS‐129. USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Asheville, NC.

SYNERGISM




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Photo Credit: Bouton Lake, Angelina County, USDA Forest Service

Bottomland trees tend to be shallowly rooted, and are thus more susceptible to drought. Additionally, drought stressed trees in bottomlands suffer root mortality during the drought. If subsequent years are very wet, the root zone is then flooded. Stresses compound, resulting in mortality.

SYNERGISM




• Stand Density is Key to Stand Health– Overstocked stands more susceptible to drought and other disturbances

– Maintain stocking between A and B lines

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Citation: Goelz, J. C. G. 1995. A stocking guide for southern bottomland hardwoods. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 19:103‐104.




• Trees are competing in a stand– Large trees have access to lots of resources

– Small trees have access to fewer resources

– Drought may affect certain trees more than others

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Photo Credit:Mike Fountain



Stand‐Level Drought Effects• Different species will respond differently to drought

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Citation: Streng, D. R., J. S. Glitzenstein, and P. A. Harcombe. 1989. Woody seedling dynamics in an East Texas floodplain forest. Ecological Monographs 59:177‐204.

Bottomland Hardwood Forests in Jasper County

water oak

deciduous holly

American holly

American elm

American hornbeam

sweetgumred maple

Sebastian bush

DROUGHT




• Different species will respond differently to drought

• Seedlings are particularly susceptible to acute drought stress

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Citation: Streng, D. R., J. S. Glitzenstein, and P. A. Harcombe. 1989. Woody seedling dynamics in an East Texas floodplain forest. Ecological Monographs 59:177‐204.

Bottomland Hardwood Forests in Jasper County

American hornbeamsweetgum

red maple



Outline



• Managing with droughtPhoto Credit: http://forwarn.forestthreats.org/

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Managing Forests with Drought

• Droughts are projected to become more frequent, longer, and more intense in Texas

• How do we manage for this?

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Citation: Allen, C. D., A. K. Macalady, et al. 2010. A global overview of drought and heat‐induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests. Forest Ecology and Management 259:660‐684.




• Maintain healthy stands– Proper density management

• Thinning• Invasive species• Competition control

– Protection• Insects• Disease

– Manage for fire before the fire

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Managing Forests with Drought• Maintain healthy stands

– Proper density management




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Photo Credit: Tim Tigner, VDOF, bugwood.org

Photo Credit: SFIWCA, bugwood.org




• Maintain healthy stands– Proper density management




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Photo Credit: USFWS, http://www.fws.gov/southeastlouisiana/fire_mgt.html



Managing Forests with Drought• Species selection

– Right species on right sites– Provenance

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UPLANDS FLOODPLAIN TERRACE

Flat Flat SwampFlat

River Base Level

Citation: Hodges, J. D. 1995. The southern bottomland hardwood region and brown loam bluffs subregion. Pages 227‐270 in J. W. Barrett, editor. Regional Silviculture of the United States. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY.



Managing Forests with Drought• Species selection

– Right species on right sites– Provenance

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Citation: Schmidtling, R. C. 2001. Southern pine seed sources. General Technical Report SRS‐44. Asheville, NC: USDA, Forest Service, Southern Research Station



Managing Forests with Drought• The value of diversity

– Stand ages– Stand structures– Composition / Genetics– Stand sizes

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Managing Forests with Drought• Active management

– Is your forest is at risk?– Intervene early

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Photo Credit: http://www.vtnews.vt.edu

Photo Credit: http://www.msuextension.org

Questions?Jeremy Stovall, Ph.D., CF

Arthur Temple College of Forestry and AgricultureStephen F. Austin State University

[email protected](936) 468 – 2127

To download a PDF of this powerpoint google:“Jeremy Stovall Outreach Presentations”

Documents

Trinity Neches Forest Landowners Association Meeting …forestry.sfasu.edu/faculty/stovall/home/documents/stovall_nfla... · Drought and Forests Trinity Neches Forest Landowners Association