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The Great Wall of China is a series ofstone and earthen
fortificationsin nort-
hern China, built originally to protect the
northern
borders of
the Chinese
Empi-
reagainst
intrusions by
various no-
madic
groups. Se-
veral walls have been built since the 5th
century BC that are referred to collecti-
vely as the Great Wall, which has been
rebuilt and maintained from the 5th cen-
tury BC through the 16th century. One of
the most famous is the wall built betwe-
en 220206 BC by the first Emperor of
China,Qin Shi Huang. Little of that wall
remains; the majority of the existing wall
was built during the Ming Dynasty.
History
The Chinese were already familiar with the techniquesof
wall-buildingby the time of the Spring and Autumn
Period, which began around the 8th century BC.
During the Warring States Periodfrom the 5th century
BCE to 221 BCE, the states
of Qin,Wei,Zhao,Qi,Yanand Zhongshanall constructed
extensive fortifications to defend their own borders. Built
to withstand the attack of small arms such as s words
and spears, these walls were made mostly by stampingearth and
gravel between board frames.
The Ming era
The Great Wall concept was revived again during
the Ming Dynastyin the 14th century,[15]and following the
Ming army's defeat by the Oiratsin theBattle of Tumuin
1449. The Ming had failed to gain a c lear upper hand over
the Manchurianand Mongoliantribes after successivebattles, and
the long-drawn conflict was taking a toll on
the empire. The Ming
adopted a new strategy
to keep
the nomadictribes out by
constructing walls along
the northern border of
China. Acknowledging the Mongol control established in
the Ordos Desert, the wall followed the desert's southern
edge instead of incorporating the bend of the Huang He.
Unlike the earlier Qin fortifications, the Ming construc-
tion was stronger and more elaborate due to the use of
bricks and stone instead of rammed earth. As Mongol
raidscontinued periodically over the years, the Ming
devoted considerable resources to repair and reinforce
the walls. Sections near the Ming capital of Beijing were
especially strong.
Characteristics
Before the use of bricks, the Great Wall was mainly built
fromrammed earth, stones, and wood. During the Ming
Dynasty, however, bricks were heavily used in many
areas of the wall, as were m aterials such as tiles,lime,
and stone. The size and weight of the bricks made them
easier to work with than earth and stone, so construc-
tion quickened. Additionally, bricks could bear moreweight and
endure better than rammed earth. Stone can
hold under its own weight better than brick, but is more
difficult to use. Consequently, stones cut in rectangular
shapes were used for the foundation, inner and ou-
ter brims, andgatewaysof the wall. Battlementsline the
uppermost portion of the vast majority of the wall, w ith
defensive gaps a little over 30 cm (12 in) tall, and about
23 cm (9.1 in) wide.
THE GREAT WALL OF
CHINA
THE MING ERA
LITTLE CARTOON
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