TRIREMEUNITPLAN

Compelling

Question

Inwhatwaysdidthetriremespromotedemocracyandinwhatwaysdidtheypromote

imperialdominanceinAthensandtheMediterranean?

Standards

and

Practices

C3 Historical Thinking Standards–D2.His.1.9-12.

Evaluatehowhistoricaleventsanddevelopmentswereshapedbyuniquecircumstancesoftimeandplaceaswellasbroaderhistoricalcontexts.

C3 Historical Thinking Standards–D2.His.2.9-12.

Analyzechangeandcontinuityinhistoricaleras.

Common Core Content Standards–CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.WHST.9-10.1.B

Developclaim(s)andcounterclaimsfairly,supplyingdataandevidenceforeachwhilepointingoutthestrengthsandlimitationsofbothclaim(s)andcounterclaimsinadiscipline-appropriateformandinamanner,thatanticipatestheaudience'sknowledgelevelandconcerns.

Stagingthe

QuestionWhataretriremesandhowweretheyusedbytheAthenians?

Supporting

Question1

Supporting

Question2

Supporting

Question3

Supporting

Question4

Whatwerethetriremesandtheirtechnologicalfoundations,andhowweretheyusedbyAthens?

WhatwerethebasicprinciplesofAtheniandemocracy?

InwhatwayswerethetriremesconnectedwithAtheniandemocracy?

InwhatwayswerethetriremesconnectedwithAthenianimperialismovertheeasternMediterranean?

Formative

PerformanceTask

Formative

PerformanceTask

Formative

PerformanceTask

Formative

PerformanceTask

Classroom Activity: Introduction to the Trireme (See Below)Watch: IEEE REACH Video: Triremes (Part One)

Createaposter“advertising”Atheniandemocracy.Includeallthecharacteristicsthatmadeituniqueinitstimeandappealinginours.

Classroom Activity: Triremes of Atlantis(See Below)

- (Option 2: Trireme: Definition,Facts &Watch: Greek Diagramvideo on study.com. Sign-up onstudy.com required.)

Design a “car sales” ad for the trireme, extolling its unique features

View: Trireme Olympias video (outside source)

Watch: IEEE REACH Video: Triremes (Part Two)- (Option 2: Watch Study.comvideo (sign-up required) http://study.com/academy/lesson/pericles-the-delian-league-and-the-athenian-golden-age.html

After watching above video,review and answer the questions in the Democracy and Empire PPT

View Pilot Program video

Classroom Activity: Trireme Design

- A. Review: Triremes Hands-on Activity"How to" PDF and the Triremes Hands-on Activity PPT before beginning the hands-on activity and the Trireme Design found below.

Classroom Activity: Building Your Vessel - A. Review TriremesHands-on Activity"How to" PDF- B. Review TriremesHands-on Activity PPTbefore classroomactivity and thenbegin Building yourVessel found below.

Team Competitions: Vessel Load Test (Prerequisite: Classroom Activities: Trireme Design, and Building your Vessel, found in column 1 and below. This activity is the last part of the Building Your Vessel Activity)

Optional: Vessel Speed Race (Determine if your tech department can build a pulley system as described in the Triremes Hands-on Activity "How to" PDF, found in the Classroom Activity outline in column one.)

Classroom Activity: Oarsman Simulation with Hands-on-Activity (To do fully, requires model rowing platform) - A. View Trireme Olympiasvideo- B. Review Oarsman ModelRowing “How To” for Hands-onActivity

FeaturedSources FeaturedSources FeaturedSources FeaturedSources

1A.ExcerptfromHale,JohnR.Lords of the sea: The epic story of the Athenian navy and the birth of democracy.Penguin,2009.

1B.Examplesofbowprojectionsdated9th-7thcenturiesBCfromMurray,WilliamM.,LarrieD.Ferreiro,JohnVardalas,andJeffreyG.Royal."CutwatersBeforeRams:anexperimentalinvestigationintotheoriginsanddevelopmentofthewaterline

2A.Blackwell,ChristopherW. “AthenianDemocracy:Abriefoverview,”Demos.(TheStoa:aConsortiumforScholarlyPublicationintheHumanities),February28,2003.http://www.stoa.org/projects/demos/article_democracy_overview?page=all(Accessed23October2016)

2B.Pericles' Funeral Oration from the Peloponnesian War,Thucydides(c.460/455-c.399BCE):PeloponnesianWar,Book

3A.ExcerptfromHale,JohnR.Lords of the sea: The epic story of the Athenian navy and the birth of democracy.Penguin,2009.

3B.TranslationoftheDecreeofTroezen.Lendering,Jona."TheTroezenDecree."Livius.org:Articlesonancienthistory.August25,2015.AccessedJanuary02,2017.http://www.livius.org/sources/content/the-troezen-decree/.

3C.TranslationoftheDecreeofTroezen.

4A.MapofTributeDistrictsoftheAthenianEmpire,fromHale,JohnR.Lords of the sea: The epic story of the Athenian navy and the birth of democracy.Penguin,2009.

4B.ExcerptfromHale,JohnR.Lords of the sea: The epic story of the Athenian navy and the birth of democracy.Penguin,2009.

ram."International Journal of Nautical Archaeology(2016).

1CTechnicaldetailsaboutOlympias,afull-reconstructionofthetriremeandinsightonoarsmen,sourcedfrom"TheOneandOnly

Olympias."TheOfficialTriremeWebsite.AccessedJanuary29,

2017.

http://triremeolympias .com/design.html.

1D.LinedrawingofAthenian“three”,from Murray,William,andWilliamMichaelMurray.The age of titans: the rise and fall of the great Hellenistic navies.OUPUSA,2012.Andanexcerptfrom"JT(Timothy)ShawPapers."TheTriremeTrust.AccessedJanuary29,2017.http://www.triremetru st.org.uk/.

1E.ImagesofCutwaterBowtestsfromMurray,WilliamM.,LarrieD.Ferreiro,JohnVardalas,andJeffreyG.Royal."CutwatersBeforeRams:anexperimentalinvestigationintotheoriginsanddevelopmentofthewaterline."International Journal of Nautical Archaeology46,no.1(2017).

2.34-46,fromHalsall,Paul.Internet ancient history sourcebook.PaulHalsall,1998.http://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/pericles-funeralspeech.asp(Accessed19November2016)

Jameson,MichaelH."ADecreeofThemistoklesfromTroizen."AmericanSchoolofClassicalStudiesatAthens.AccessedJanuary2,2017.http://www.ascsa.edu.gr/pdf/uploads/hesperia/147 294.pdf.

3D.ImageoftheDecreeofTroezen.Μαρσύας."DecreeofThemistocles(orTroezen)."AncientHistoryEncyclopedia.March20,2014.AccessedJanuary02,2017.http://www.ancient.eu/image/2419/.

Summative

Performance

Task

Argument

Writeathesisessaythatdirectlyaddressesthecompellingquestionusingspecificclaimsandrelevantevidencefromhistoricalsourcestosupportyourclaimswhileacknowledgingcompetingviews.

ExtensionDebatewhethertheGreektriremesprimarilypromoteddemocracyorimperialdominance.

Taking

Informed

Action

UNDERSTAND:Researchtheconnectionbetweenmilitarytechnologyandgovernancearoundtheworld.

ASSESS:Towhatextentisresponsiblegovernancedependentonmilitarytechnologyandtowhatextentaretheyinopposition.

ACTION:Writealettertoanelectedfederalofficialarguingforanincreaseordecrease(dependingonyourposition)inmilitaryspendingforadvancedtechnologiesinordertofurtherthegoalsofresponsiblegovernment.

TOTHETEACHER

REACH nstr ctiona nitsareintendedto e c assroom read ac nit egins it aUnit Planint eformofaC3 Inquiry Design Model T eUnit Planinc des earningo ectives,contentstandards,formativeands mmativetasks, inksto rimar andsecondar reso rces,anda arm activit

nitsareorgani edaro ndaCompelling Questiondesignedtoins irec riosit and romotedisc ssionamongst dents Tot atend, e avea soinc deda riefst dentintrod ctiontot eto icentit ed,Staging the Question ncest dents ave eenintrod cedtot eto ic,an n m erofFormative Performance Tasksma ecom eted singt einc dedDocument Excerpts teac ersma e ectinsteadto ti i ef te tdoc ments inked it int eFeatured Sourcessection Document Excerptsare rintread insing e s eetformatandke edtot ecitationsint eFeatured Sourcessectionoft eUnit Plan Teac erss o dse ectt eFormative Performance Tasksandaccom an ingSourcest at ests itt eiro ninstr ctiona needs contentre irements, erformancegoa s,st dentreadiness,andtimeconstraints ont ecom etionofeac nit,st dentss o d eade ate re aredtocom etet eSummative Performance TaskandTaking Informed Actionsectionsoft eUnit Plan

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STAGINGTHEQUESTION

Inthefallof480BCE,Xerxes,theKingofPersia,attackedGreeceonlandandatsea.WhilethelandbattlethatendedwithaSpartanstandtothelastmanatThermopylae,hasbeenburnedintothecollectivememoryofwesterncivilization thinkofthemovie300 itwastheGreeknavythatrepelledXerxes’assaultandsavedAthensfromcertaindefeat.ThePersiannavalattackendedwiththeBattleofSalamis,anotherDavidandGoliathconfrontation.TheGreekswereoutnumbered somehistoriansclaimbyasmuchas10to1 butbyearly479BCE,thePersianfleetwasdecimatedandinretreat.ThesourceofWesterndemocracywassafeonceagain

WhatsavedGreecefromtheencroachmentofanempirethathadalreadyconsumedmuchofwesternAsia?WasitthetenacityofSpartanwarriorslikeatThermopylae?OrtheuniquestrengthoffreeAtheniansdefendingtheirhomeland?WhileallofthisplayedaroleatSalamis,thekeytotheGreekvictorywastechnology.TheAtheniannavyemployedaninnovativeshipdesigncalledtheTrireme.Builtforspeedandagilityanddesignedasanoffensiveweapon,thetriremeallowedtheancientGreekstodestroymostofthePersianfleetandstopthewesternadvanceoftheimperialPersianking.

Thetriremewaspoweredbyasmanyas170oarsmeninthreetiers.Ina1985re creationoftheancientvesselbasedonhistoricaldocuments,inexperiencedrowersmanagedtoachieveatopspeedof9knots,sowemightassumetheancientnavycouldgoevenfaster.Speedwasessentialbecausemountedatthefrontofeachtriremewasa400 poundbronzebatteringramthatcouldinflictfataldamageonitsenemywithasingleblow.Inadditiontoitsspeedandoffensiveprowess,thetriremewasperhapsthemostmaneuverableseavesselofitstime.Despiteits120 footlengthand200 personcrewcapacity,atriremecouldachievea180 degreeturninunderoneminute!

HistoriansbelievethatthetriremewasuniquelysuitedtotheAtheniannavy.Thecombinationoffreecitizen ro ers,advancedmilitarytechnology,andanastutenavalcommanderallowedtheAtheniannavytooverpoweramuchlargerenemyattheBattleofSalamis.Thedetailshavebeensubjectsofhistoricaldebateforcenturies,becauseaccountsofthetriremeinbattleareoftencontradictoryandthereexistsnoknownrecordofthevessel’sbuildingplans.Notsubjecttodebate,however,istheultimatesuccessoftheGreektriremenavythatsavedafreepeopleandacontinentfromtheclutchesofPersianimperialism.

PRINTDOCUMENTS

Document1A

ThemistocleshadspecifiedthatAthens’newshipsshouldbefasttriremes:light,open,andundeckedformaximumspeedandmaneuverability.Onlygangwayswouldconnectthesteersman’ssmallafterdecktotheforedeckattheprowwherethelookout,marines,andarcherswerestationed.ThenewAtheniantriremesweredesignedforrammingattacks,notforcarryinglargecontingentsoftroops…. et eenthestern andstempostsranthelonglinesofplanking.Intriremes,theoutershellwasbuiltupbyjoiningplanktoplank,ratherthanbyattachingplankstoaskeletonofframesandribsasinlater“frame first”traditions….Alongthenarrowedgesofeachplankthebuildersboredrowsofholes:tinyonesforthelinencords,largeronesforthegomphoiorpegs….Oncetheplankswereinplace,theshipwright’sassistantsspentdayssquattingontheinsideoftherisinghull,laboriouslythreadinglinencordsthroughthesmallholesalongtheplanks’edgesandpullingthemtight….Unlikewoolitwouldnotstretchorgivewiththeworkingoftheshipatsea.Linenpossessedtheverypropernauticalqualityofbeingstrongerwetthandry.T esystemofconstructionmadeastronghullthatcouldwithstandsevereshocks….

OntopofthelongslenderhulltheshipwrightnowerectedthestructurethatsetGreektriremesapartfromtheirPhoeniciancounterparts:thewoodenrowingframe….Sometimesreferredtoasanoutrigger,therowingframewaswiderthantheship’shull….Asthegreatsizeoftherowingframesuggests,oarsweretheprimemoversofthetrireme.Attwohundredpership(atotalthatincludedthirtyspares),T emistoc es newfleetrequiredtwentythousandlengthsoffinequalityfirwoodforitsoars….Onemanpulledeachoar….The62thraniteoarsmenonthetoptierenjoyedthemostprestige.Inboardandbelowthemwereplacedthewoodenthwartsorseatsforthe54zygianoarsmenandthe54thalamians.Thelattertooktheirnamefromthethalamusorholdsincetheywereentombeddeepwithinthehull,onlyalittleabovethewaterline.Alltherowersfacedafttowardthesteersmanastheypulledtheiroars.

Onceallthesewoodenfittingsofthehullwerecomplete,itwastimetocoattheshipwithpitch,anextractfromthetrunksandrootsofconifers….Thepoeticalreferencesto“darkships”or“blackships”referredtothecoatingofpitch….Throughconscientiousmaintenance newapplicationsofpitch,dryingoutandinspectionofthehulls,andpromptreplacementofunsoundplanks anAtheniantriremecouldremaininactiveservicefortwenty fiveyears.

Thetrireme’sdesignapproachedthephysicallimitsoflightnessandslendernesscombinedwithmaximumlength.Soextremewasthedesignthatnoteventhethousandsofwoodenpegsandlinenstitchescouldpreventthehullfromsaggingortwistingunderthestressesofroughseasorevenroutinerowing.OnAtheniantriremeshugehypozomataorgirdingcablesprovidedthetensilestrengththatthewoodenstructurelacked

Theship’sbeakhadalreadybeenfashionedinwoodaspartofthehull.Tocompletethetrireme’sprimelethalweapon,theram,metalworkershadtosheathethebeakwithbronze….Mastercraftsmenmadetheramswiththesamelost waxmethodthattheyusedtocasthollowbronzestatues….

SOURCE:ExcerptfromHale,JohnR.Lordsofthesea:TheepicstoryoftheAtheniannavyandthebirthofdemocracy.Penguin,2009.

Document1BExamplesofbowprojectionsdated9th-7thcenturiesBC

760–50BCEFragmentofashipfromanAttic‘Dipylon’Geometricvase,AthensNationalArchaeologicalMuseum802,Spathari1995,59,fig.61.

735–10BCEShiponanAtticGeometrickraterfoundatThebesLondon,BritishMuseum1899,0219,Spathari1995:65,fig.71.

c.701BCEOaredgalleyonanAssyrianrelieffoundinthepalaceofSennacheribatKuyunjik,BritishMuseum,124772A,Spathari,1995:76.

“Longandslenderprojectingforefeetcanbeseeninseveralshipdepictions,anddemonstratesthepersistenceofthisfeatureoveramulti-centuryperiodduringwhichotherevidenceforrammingwarfareistotallylacking.”

SOURCE:FromMurray,WilliamM.,LarrieD.Ferreiro,JohnVardalas,andJeffreyG.Royal."CutwatersBeforeRams:anexperimentalinvestigationintotheoriginsanddevelopmentofthewaterlineram."InternationalJournalofNauticalArchaeology(2016).

Document1C

TheTriremeHNOlympiaistheonlyreconstructionofanancientAtheniantriremeintheworldandanimportantexampleofexperimentalnavalarchitecture.ConstructiononOlympiasbeganin1985byashipbuilderinPiraeuswithdrawingfromnavalarchitectJohnF.Coates.Coatescreatedthetrireme'sblueprintonitsreconstructionbypartneringwithhistorianJ.S.Morrison….Thereconstructionoftheancientwarshipisofa4thand5thcenturyB.C.designandtookintoconsiderationancientverificationbyMorrison,whowastheformerPresidentofWolfsonCollegeinCambridge.

• Weight70tons• Length121ft1in(36.9m)• Beam(high)18ft1in(5.5m)• Wide17ft(5.3m)• Draught1.25• Propulsiontwolargesquaresalesand170oarsmen• SpeedMaximumwithoarsover9knots(17km/h),continuous(crewrowinginturns)2.5mph(2.15knots),estimated

Althoughnoremainsoftriremeshavebeenfound,navalscholarshadtorelyoncircumlocutoryevidenceinarchitecture,classicalplays,avarietyofancienttexts,andarchaeologicalevidencemostlyintheshipshedsofthePortofPiraeus.

ThereconstructionofOlympiasincludedconsultationsbyEnglishclassicalscholarandteacher,CharlesWillink.WillinkadvisedontheconstructionofthevesselbasedonhisfindingfromGreekliterat re,arthistoryandarchaeologydiscoveriesaboveandbelowwater.

ROWERRECRUITMENT–

170rowerssuppliedthedrivingforceRequiredsuperiorrowingskillsand

physicalresilienceandvigortoro ,astheoarsmenhadtomaintainaconstantpoundingwithfullstrokestopropellthesewarshipsthroughthewaterTeamsofAthenianTriremerowers

werecom osedoffreemenRequiredgreatcoordinatedrowing

skillsandlotsofpractice.

SOURCE:"TheOneandOnlyOlympias."TheOfficialTriremeWebsite.AccessedJanuary29,2017.http://triremeolympias.com/design.html.

Document1D

Line drawing of Athenian “three” by J. F. Coates. Copyright © 2000, Cambridge University Press.

SOURCE:Murray,William,andWilliamMichaelMurray.Theageoftitans:theriseandfallofthegreatHellenisticnavies.OUPUSA,2012.

ExcerptfromtheTriremeTrustIn1982theTriremeTrustwasestablishedbyJohnMorrisonahistorianandacademicnavalarchitectalongwithFrankWelsh,awriter,toinvestigatethetrireme.TheircollaborationresultedintheHellenic

av sfull scalereconstructionofanAthenianTriremeofthe5t and4t centuriesBC,builtin1987inGreece,knownastheOlympias.JohnCoates,anavalarchitectworkedoutadesignutilizingancientevidenceresearchedbyJohnMorrison.

170oarsmanarrangedinthreetiers(85toaside)Thranitesatthetop(ThenameforoarsmenintheuppermostfileofthetrieresZygiansinthemiddle(Thenameforoarsmeninthe(vertically)middlefileofthetrieresThalamiansatthebottom(ThenameforoarsmeninthelowestfileofthetrieresTheidealcrewheight:5'10",ifyo areover6'1"conditions o dbecrampedonboard.

SOURCE:"JT(Timothy)ShawPapers."TheTriremeTrust.AccessedJanuary29,2017.http://www.triremetrust.org.uk/.

Document1E

BenefitsoftheCutwaterBowDesign

a) Control bow showing wave build-up at 10 knot equivalent;b) cutwater bow showing wave attenuation at 11 knot equivalent.

SOURCE:Murray,WilliamM.,LarrieD.Ferreiro,JohnVardalas,andJeffreyG.Royal."CutwatersBeforeRams:anexperimentalinvestigationintotheoriginsanddevelopmentofthewaterline."InternationalJournalofNauticalArchaeology46,no.1(2017).

Document2A

ThecityofAthenslivedunderaradicallydemocraticgovernmentfrom508until322BCE.BeforetheearlierdatetherewasdemocracytobefoundhereandthereinthegovernmentofAthens,anddemocraticinstitutionssurvivedlongafterthelatterdate,butforthose186yearsthecityofAthenswasse f consciouslyanddecidedlydemocratic,autonomous,aggressive,andprosperous.DemocracyinAthenswasnotlimitedtogivingcitizenstherighttovote.Athenswasnotarepublic,norwerethePeoplegovernedbyarepresentativebodyoflegislators.Inaveryrealsense,thePeo egovernedt emse ves,debatingandvotingindividuallyonissuesgreatandsmall,frommattersofwarandpeacetotheproperqualificationsforferry boatcaptains

ThedemocraticgovernmentofAthensrestedonthreemaininstitutions,andafewot ersoflesserimportance.Thethreepillarsofdemocracywere:theAssemblyoftheDemos,theCouncilof500,andthePeople’sCourt.TheseweresupplementedbytheCounciloftheAreopagus,theArchons,andtheGenerals.ActuallegislationinvolvedboththeAssemblyandtheCouncil,andadhocboardsof“Lawmakers.”

TheAssemblywastheregulargatheringofmaleAtheniancitizens(womenalsoenjoyedacertaincitizenstat s,butwithoutpoliticalrights)tolistento,discuss,andvoteondecreesthataffectedeveryaspectofAthenianlife,bothpublicandprivate,fromfinancialmatterstoreligiousones,frompublicfestivalsto

ar,fromtreatieswithforeignpowerstoregulationsgoverningferryboats.

Inthe ssem ,eachmalecitizenofAthenscouldspeak,regardlessofhisstation.TheoratorAeschinessaysthat“theherald,actingasasergeant at arms,doesnotexcludefromtheplatformthemanwhoseancestorshavenotheldageneral’soffice,noreventhemanwhoearnshisdailybreadbyworkingatatrade;nay,thesemenhemostheartilywelcomes,andforthisreasonherepeatsagainandagaintheinvitation,‘WhowishestoaddresstheAssembly?’”

Ofcourse,somepeoplemightbebetterqualifiedthanotherstospeakoncertainsubjects,andthecitizensofAthenscouldbeverycriticalwhenanyonetriedtospeakoutsideofhisexpertise.ThecharacterSocratesinPlato’sProtagorassaysthat“whentheAthenianAssemblyisdiscussingconstr ction,thecitizenscallforbuilderstospeak,andwhenitisdiscussingtheconstructionofshipstheycallforshipwrights,butifanyoneelse,whomthepeopledonotregardasacraftsman,attemptstoadvisethem,nomatterhowhandsomeandwealthyandwell bornhemaybe,notoneofthesethingsind cesthemtoaccepthim;theymerelylaughhimtoscornandshouthimdown,untileitherthespeakerretiresfromhisattempt,overbornebytheclamor,ortheArcherspullhimfromhisplaceorturnhimoutaltogetherbyorderofthepresidingofficials”.But,Socratescontinues,whenthediscussionisnotabouttechnicalmattersbutaboutthegoverningofthecity,themanwhorisestoadvisethemonthismayequallywellbeasmith,ashoemaker,amerchant,asea ca tain,arichman,apoorman,ofgoodfamilyorofnone SOURCE:Blackwell,ChristopherW.“AthenianDemocracy:Abriefoverview,”Demos.(TheStoa:AConsortiumforScholarlyPublicationintheHumanities),February28,2003.

Document2B

Ourconstitutiondoesnotcopythelawsofneighboringstates;weareratherapatterntoothersthanimitatorsourselves.Itsadministrationfavorsthemanyinsteadofthefew;thisiswhyitiscalledademocracy.Ifwelooktothelaws,theyaffordequaljusticetoallintheirprivatedifferences;ifnosocialstanding,advancementinpubliclifefallstoreputationforcapacity,classconsiderationsnotbeingallowedtointerferewithmerit;noragaindoespovertybartheway,ifamanisabletoservethestate,heisnothinderedbytheobscurityofhiscondition.Thefreedomwhichweenjoyinourgovernmentextendsalsotoourordinarylife.There,farfromexercisingajealoussurveillanceovereachother,wedonotfeelcalledupontobeangrywithourneighborfordoingwhathelikes,oreventoindulgeinthoseinjuriouslookswhichcannotfailtobeoffensive,althoughtheyinflictnopositivepenalty.Butallthiseaseinourprivaterelationsdoesnotmakeuslawlessascitizens.Againstthisfearisourchiefsafeguard,teachingustoobeythemagistratesandthelaws,particularlysuchasregardtheprotectionofthein red,whethertheyareactuallyonthestatutebook,orbelongtothatcodewhich,although

n ritten,yetcannotbebrokenwithoutacknowledgeddisgrace

Ifweturntoourmilitarypolicy,therealsowedifferfromourantagonists.Wethrowopenourcitytotheor d,andneverbyalienactsexcludeforeignersfromanyopportunityoflearningorobserving,

althoughtheeyesofanenemymayoccasionallyprofitbyourliberality;trustinglessinsystemandpolicythantothenativespiritofourcitizens;whileineducation,whereourrivalsfromtheirverycradlesbyapainfuldisciplineseekaftermanliness,atAthensweliveexactlyasweplease,andyetarejustasreadytoencountereverylegitimatedanger.InproofofthisitmaybenoticedthattheLacedaemoniansdonotinvadeourcountryalone,butbringwiththemalltheirconfederates;whileweAtheniansadvanceunsupportedintotheterritoryofaneig or,andfightinguponaforeignsoilusuallyvanquishwitheasemenwhoaredefendingtheirhomes.Ourunitedforcewasneveryetencounteredbyanyenemy,becausewehaveatoncetoattendtoourmarineandtodispatchourcitizensbylanduponahundreddifferentservices;sothat,wherevertheyengagewithsomesuchfractionofourstrength,asuccessagainstadetachmentismagnifiedintoavictoryoverthenation,andadefeatintoareversesufferedatthehandsofourentirepeople.Andyetifwithhabitsnotof a orbutofease,andcouragenotofartbutofnature,wearestillwillingtoencounterdanger,wehavethedoubleadvantageofescapingtheexperienceofhardshipsinanticipationandoffacingtheminthehourofneedasfearlesslyasthosewhoareneverfreefromthem

Inshort,IsaythatasacitywearetheschoolofHellas,whileIdoubtiftheworldcanproduceamano,wherehehasonlyhimselftodependupon,isequaltosomanyemergencies,andgracedbyso

happyaversatility,astheAthenian.Andthatthisisnomereboastthrownoutfortheoccasion,butplainmatteroffact,thepowerofthestateacquiredbythesehabitsproves.ForAthensaloneofhercontemporariesisfoundwhentestedtobegreaterthanherreputation,andalonegivesnooccasiontoherassailantstoblushattheantagonistbywhomtheyhavebeenworsted,ortohersubjectstoquestionhertitlebymerittorule.Rather,theadmirationofthepresentandsucceedingageswillbeo rs,sincewehavenotleftourpowerwithoutwitness,buthaveshownitbymightyproofs;andfarfromneedingaHomerforourpanegyrist,orotherofhiscraftwhoseversesmightcharmforthemomentonlyfortheimpressionwhichtheygavetomeltatthetouchoffact,wehaveforcedeveryseaandlandtobethehighwayofourdaring,andeverywhere,whetherforevilorforgood,haveleftimperishablemonumentsbehindus.SuchistheAthensforwhichthesemen,intheassertionoftheir

SOURCE: Thucydides (c.460/455-c.399 BCE): Peloponnesian War, Book 2.34-46, from Halsall, Paul. Internet ancient history sourcebook. Paul Halsall, 1998. (Accessed 19 November 2016)

Page 1 of 2

resolvenottoloseher,noblyfoughtanddied;andwellmayeveryoneoftheirsurvivorsbereadytosufferinhercause

SodiedthesemenasbecameAthenians.You,theirsurvivors,mustdeterminetohaveasunfalteringaresolutioninthefield,thoughyoumaypraythatitmayhaveahappierissue.Andnotcontentedwithideasderivedonlyfromwordsoftheadvantageswhichareboundupwiththedefenseofyourcountry,thoughthesewouldfurnishavaluabletexttoaspeakerevenbeforeanaudiencesoalivetothemasthe

resent,youmustyourselvesrealizethepowerofAthens,andfeedyoureyesuponherfromdaytoday,tillloveofherfillsyourhearts;andthen,whenallhergreatnessshallbreakuponyou,youmustreflectthatitwasbycourage,senseofduty,andakeenfeelingofhonorinactionthatmenwereenabledtowinallthis,andthatnopersonalfailureinanenterprisecouldmakethemconsenttodeprivetheircountryoftheirvalor,buttheylaiditatherfeetasthemostgloriouscontributionthattheycouldoffer.Forthisofferingoftheirlivesmadeincommonbythemalltheyeachofthemindividuallyreceivedthatrenownwhichnevergrowsold,andforasepulcher,notsomuchthatinwhichtheirboneshavebeende osited,butthatnoblestofshrineswhereintheirgloryislaiduptobeeternallyremembereduponeveryoccasiononwhichdeedorstoryshallcallforitscommemoration.Forheroeshavethewholeearthfortheirtomb;andinlandsfarfromtheirown,wherethecolumnwithitsepitaphdeclaresit,thereisenshrinedineverybreastarecordunwrittenwithnotablettopreserveit,exceptthatoftheheart.Thesetakeasyourmodeland,judginghappinesstobethefruitoffreedomandfreedomofvalor,neverdeclinethedangersofwar.Foritisnotthemiserablethatwouldmostjustlybeunsparingoftheirlives;thesehavenothingtohopefor:itisrathertheytowhomcontinuedlifemaybringreversesasyet

nkno n,andtowhomafall,ifitcame,wouldbemosttremendousinitsconsequences.Andsurely,toamanofspirit,thedegradationofcowardicemustbeimmeasurablymoregrievousthantheunfeltdeathwhichstrikeshiminthemidstofhisstrengthandpatriotism!

SOURCE:Thucydides(c.460/455-c.399BCE):PeloponnesianWar,Book2.34-46,fromHalsall,Paul.Internetancienthistorysourcebook.PaulHalsall,1998.(Accessed19November2016)

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Document3A[Bythemid fifthcenturyBC…]T ee eriencesofthecommonAthenianinseafaringandfightingwerebeginningtorivalthoseofthearistocrats.HemightnotknowHomerbyheart,ortracehisancestrybacktoawarriorwhohadfoughtintheTrojanWar.ButtheaveragethetehadnowseenTroywithhisowne es,asmallhillofftothesouthasonerowedintotheHellespontontheruntoByzantium.D ringhisnavalservicetheordinarycitizenwouldfollowthesearouteshallowedbythelegendsofOdysseus,T ese s,Jason,andCadmus,toAsia,Africa,Europe,andtheislandsbetween.Althoughhecutamodestfigureashoreinforeignparts,carryinghisrowingpadashisonlyweaponinsteadofshieldandspear,amarinerfromAthenswastheOdysseusofhistime,widelytraveled,manyminded,facingdangersonthedeepinthestruggletobringhimselfandhisshipmatessafelyhome

AnAthenianmariner sfirststopoutsidethegatesoftheNavyYardwaslikelytobethebarbershop.InAthenshaircutsandhairstyleshadsocialandpoliticalimplications.Aristocratichorsemenstillworelongbraidsandgoldhairpins.Thecommonman(andthepoliticianswhospokeforhim)preferredashortc t,thoughnotquiteacrewcut….FromthebarbershoptheAthenianmarineremergedneatlytrimmedandfullyuptodate.Flushwithpay,hewasnowreadytoplungeintotheroilingmarketplaceofthe

irae s,locatedjustbeyondtheperimeteroftheshipshedsatZeaHarbor.Herethereturningmarinercouldindulgeintheluxuriesthathadbeendeniedhimduringmonthsofhardservicewiththefleet ThefoodvendorsprovidedfarefitfortheGreatKinghimself.AnAthenianfeastcouldincludesaltfishfromtheBlackSea,beefribsfromThessaly,porkandcheesefromSyracuseinSicily,datesfrom

oenicia,raisinsandfigsfromRhodes,pearsandapplesfromEuboea,almondsfromNa os,andchestnutsfromAsiaMinor

Astheroleofthenavyandmaritimetradeexpanded,thePiraeusbecameagreatcityinitsownright.TocreateahomeworthyoftheAtheniannavy,theAssemblyhiredtheworld’sfirstprofessionalurban

anner,HippodamusofMiletus…. omeresurveyorofstreets,Hippodamuswasinfactautopiantheorist.Hisquestledhiminsearchofaphysicalsettingfortheperfecthumancommunity:social,s atia ,andspiritual….Inhisidealcitythepopulationwouldbedividedintothreeclasses:craftsmen,farmers,andwarriors.Landshouldalsohaveitstripartitedivision:sacred,public,andprivate…

i odam s assignmentwasdescribedasdividingorcuttingupthePiraeus.FirsthechoseashisaxisthelongsaddleoflandthatranfromthefootofMunychiaHill,theacropolisofthePiraeus,southwesttotheAkteHillandthequarries.OneithersideofthiscentralspineHippodamusmarkedouttheboundariesofthesacred,public,andprivateareas….InthecenterwastheAgora,withitsownco ncilhouseandpublicoffices.OntheexpanseoflevelgroundnorthofZeaHarborHippodamuslaidoutthisciviccenter,everafterknownastheHippodamianAgora.NeartheedgeofZeaHarbortheAgorawidenedoutintoanopenareawherethecrewsoftriremescouldassembleatthestartofanavale edition

Uniformityofhousingreinforcedthemessageofdemocracyandequality.Hippodamusdividedeachresidentialcityblockamongeightdwellings,allofwhichwereonlyvariationsonauniform“Piraeushouse.”Thelongandnarrowlots,40feetby70feet,accommodatedinonehalfaflaggedcourtyardequippedwithoutdoorovensandadeepbell shapedcisterntoprovidethehousehold’swater.Thehouseitselfincludedafamilyroomwithahearth,withbedroomsonanupperflooraboveit.NooneinthePiraeuswaseververyfarfromthewater.Thankstotheslopingterrain,thehousesroseintierslike

: cer t from a e, o n ords of t e sea: T e e ic stor of t e t enian nav and t e irt of democrac eng in,

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theseatsinatheater.Almosteveryrooforupperstorycommandedaviewdowntothenearestharborandouttotheblueseabeyond

InthemaritimeworldofthePiraeusahappytolerancereignedamongallreligions,andtheideaofkillingamanforworshippingthewronggodwasunknown….SopopularweretheforeignfestivalsthatAtheniansoftenwalkedthefourmilesdowntothePiraeustowatchsomenewandexcitingcelebrationinthestreets.

ThedemocraticspiritofAthensanditsnavyfounditsfullestembodimentinthesacredtriremeParalos….Ardentdemocratstoaman,thecrewoftheParalosopposedanyproposalsthatsmackedofoligarchyortyranny….TheParalostookontheroleoftheflagshipfortheentirenavy.AttimestheParalosservedasashipofwar,butitalsocarriedimportantdispatches,conveyedembassiesondi omaticmissions,providedscoutingreportstotherestofthenavy,orservedasasacredshiptotakepriestsandcelebrantstoritesandfestivalsoverseas.Everyfouryearstheshiptransportedthecity’sOlympicathletesandtheirentouragearoundthePeloponnesetoOlympiafortheprestigiousgamescelebratedinhonorofZeus….EverymemberoftheParalos’crewwasanAtheniancitizen.Theshiphadnotrierarch:thedemocraticcrewwasincommand….

TheexperimentindemocracyensuredthatthefruitsofnavalvictoriesweresharedbyallAthenians,transformingthelifeofeventhepoorestcitizen.Theageofthecommonmanhaddawned.Forthefirsttimeanywhereonearth,amassofordinarycitizens,independentofmonarchsoraristocratsorreligiouseaders,wasguidingthedestinyofagreatstate.

: cer t from a e, o n ords of t e sea: T e e ic stor of t e t enian nav and t e irt of democrac eng in,

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Document3B

Gods.ResolvedbytheBouleandthePeople.ThemistoclessonofNeoclesofPhrearrhioimadethemotion.

ThecityshallbeentrustedtoAthena, t ens'protectress,andtotheothergods,allofthem,forprotectionanddefenseagainsttheBarbarianonbehalfofthecountry.

TheAtheniansintheirentiretyandthealienswholiveinAthensshallplacetheirchildrenandtheiromeninTroe en,[tobeentrustedtoTheseus?]thefounderoftheland.Theelderlyandmovable

propertyshallforsafetybedepositedat a amis.ThetreasurersandthepriestessesaretoremainontheAcropolisandguardthepossessionsofthegods.

T erestoftheAtheniansintheirentiretyandthosealienswhohavereachedyoungmanhoodshallembarkonthereadiedtwohundredshipsandtheyshallrepulsetheBarbarianforthesakeofliberty,boththeirownandthatoftheotherGreeks,incommonwiththeLacedaemonians,Corinthians,Aeginetansandtheotherswhowishtohaveashareinthedanger.

ointment i a so e made of ca tains, t o ndred in n m er, one for eac s i , t e genera s, eginning tomorro , from t ose o are o ners of ot and and ome in t ens and o ave

c i dren o are egitimate T e s a not e more t an fift ears o d and t e ot s a determine eac man s s i T e genera s s a a so en ist marines, ten for eac s i , from men over t ent ears of age

to t irt , and arc ers, fo r in n m er T e s a a so ot a oint t e s ecia ist officers for eac s i en t e a oint t e ca tains ot ist s a e made a so of t e ro ers, s i s i , t e genera s, on notice oards, it t e t enians to e se ected from t e e iarc ic registers, t e a iens from t e ist of names registered it t e o emarc T e s a rite t em , assigning t em divisions, to t o ndred divisions, eac of to one ndred ro ers, and t e s a a end to eac division t e name of t e ars i and t e ca tain and t e s ecia ist officers, so t at t e ma kno on at ars i eac division s a em ark

en assignment of a t e divisions as een made and t e ave een a otted to t e ars i s, a t e t o ndred s a e manned order of t e o e and t e genera s, after t e ave sacrificed to a ease e s t e o erf and t ena and ictor and oseidon t e ec rer en t e ave com eted t e manning of t e s i s, it one ndred t e s a ring assistance to t e rtemisi m in

oea, i e t e ot er ndred s a , a aro nd a amis and t e rest of ttica, ie at anc or and g ard t e co ntr

To ens re t at in a s irit of concord a t enians i ard off t e ar arian, t ose anis ed for t e ten ear s an s a eave for a amis and t e are to remain t ere nti t e eo e decide a o t t em

T ose o ave een de rived of citi en rig ts are to ave t eir rig ts restored trans ated ar es Fornara, Trans ated doc ments of Greece and ome, vo me one: rc aic times

to t e end of t e e o onnesian ar a timore and ondon : endering, ona T e Troe en Decree ivi s org: rtic es on ancient istor g st ,

ccessed an ar , tt : ivi s org so rces content t e troe en decree

Document3C

T eGods.

ResolvedbytheCouncilandthePeopleonthemotionofThemistokles,sonofNeokles,ofthedemePhrearrhoi:toentrustthecitytoAthenatheMistressofAthensandtoalltheothergodstoguardanddefendfromtheBarbarianforthesakeoftheland.TheAtheniansthemselvesandtheforeignerswholiveinAthensaretoremovetheirwomenandchildrentoTroizen...thearchegetesoftheland....TheoldmenandthemovablepossessionsaretoberemovedtoSalamis.Thetreasurersandthepriestessesaretoremainontheacropolisprotectingthepossessionsofthegods.

AlltheotherAtheniansandforeignersofmilitaryagearetoembarkonthe200shipsthatliereadyanddefendagainsttheBarbarianforthesakeoftheirownfreedomandthatoftherestoftheGreeks,alongwiththeLakedaimonians,theCorinthians,theAiginetans,andallotherswhowishtosharethedanger.Thegeneralsaretoappoint,startingtomorrow,200trierarchs,onetoaship,fromamongthosewho

ave ancestra and in t ens and egitimate c i dren and o are not o der t an fift to t ese men t e s i s are to e assigned ot T e are a so to en ist marines, to a s i , from men et een t e ages of t ent and t irt , and fo r arc ers to a s i T e are a so to assign t e ett officers to t e s i s at t e same time t at t e a ot t e trierarc s

T e genera s are a so to rite t e names of t e cre s of t e s i s on ite oards, taking t e names of t e t enians from t e e iarc ic registers, t e foreigners from t ose registered it t e o emarc T e are to rite t e names assigning t e o e n m er to e a divisions and to rite a ove eac division t e name of t e trireme and trierarc and t e names of t e ett officers so t at eac division ma kno on ic trireme it is to em ark en a t e divisions ave een com osed and a otted to t e triremes, t e o nci and t e genera s are to com ete t e manning of t e s i s, after sacrificing a acator offering to e s t e mig t , t ena, ictor , and oseidon t e ec rer

en t e manning of t e s i s as een com eted, it one ndred of t em t e are to meet t e enem at rtemision in oia, and it t e ot er ndred of t em t e are to ie off a amis and t e rest of ttika and kee g ard over t e and

n order t at a t enians ma e nited in t eir defense against t e ar arian, t ose o ave een sent into e i e for ten ears are to go to a amis and to sta t ere nti t e eo e come to some decision a o t t em, i e t ose o ave een de rived of citi en rig ts

SOURCE:Jameson,MichaelH."ADecreeofThemistoklesfromTroizen."AmericanSchoolofClassicalStudiesatAthens.AccessedJanuary2,2017.http://www.ascsa.edu.gr/pdf/uploads/hesperia/147294.pdf.

Document3D

SOURCE:Μαρσύας."DecreeofThemistocles(orTroezen)."AncientHistoryEncyclopedia.March20,2014.AccessedJanuary02,2017.http://www.ancient.eu/image/2419/.

Document4A

SOURCE:FromHale,JohnR.Lordsofthesea:TheepicstoryoftheAtheniannavyandthebirthofdemocracy.Penguin,2009.

Document4B

ThedemiseofSpartanpowerhadabruptlyknockedawaythecornerstoneonwhichtheSecondMaritimeLeaguehadbeenfounded.Thecharteroftheallianceproclaimedtheleague’spurpose:toprotectthealliesfromSpartanaggression.WhythenshoulditcontinuetoexistafterthefallofSparta?PericleshadmanagedtokeeptheDelianLeaguetogetherevenafterconcludingpeacewiththeGreating.NowtheAtheniansofalatergenerationdecidedtoholdontotheirnavalhegemonywithor

withoutaSpartanmenacetojustifyit.Fortunatelyforthem,maraudingfleetsofpiratesorThessaliansorThebansalmostannuallystirreduptroubleintheAegean.TheraidsendangeredtradeandshipmentsofgrainandthusobliginglyprovidedAthenswithapretextformaintainingtheleague.Assooftenhappensinempirebuilding,anapparentenemyprovedavaluablefriend.

TheallieswerestillhauntedbythespecteroftheoldoppressiveAthenianEmpire,withitsimperialtributeandbloodymassacres.DespitetheAssembly’soriginalpledgetopromotelibertyandjustice,itwasdriftinginthedirectionofempireoncemore.Ignoringtheleague’scharter,theAtheniansinstalledgovernorsandgarrisonsincertaincitiesandislands,justasinthebadolddays.BecausetheAssemblycontin edtosendexpeditionstoseawithinsufficientfundstopaythecrews,Atheniangeneralshadtoraidtheterritoriesofneutralsandevenallies.BlatantlyAtheniansinterferedintheinternalpoliticsofotherstatesandincreasinglyemployedthenavyonmissionsthathadnothingtodowiththeleague.

ThisrisingtideofabusesalmostwashedoutthebenefitsthattheleaguestillprovidedtoitsmembersandtotheGreeksatlarge….

SOURCE:ExcerptfromHale,JohnR.Lordsofthesea:TheepicstoryoftheAtheniannavyandthebirthofdemocracy.Penguin,2009.

CLASSROOMACTIVITY–INTRODUCTIONTOTHETRIREME

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Olympias: reproduction of a trireme

3 tiered trireme: yes those are people in the hull on

the bottom right

The bronze ram of the trireme

Watch: IEEE REACH Video: Triremes Video (Part One) If time, Watch: Triremes Video (Part Two) (Students may watch these videos at home.) Option 2: atc video on t d com sign re ired

Introduction“Time and winter rains have washed the original gaudy colors of scarlet, azure, and gold off the Parthenon. Passing centuries have also washed the blood and guts, sweat and struggle, from the modern conception of Athens. In losing sight of the Athenian navy, posterity has overlooked the vital propulsive force behind the monuments. A living sea creature, all muscle and appetite and growth, generated the glistening shell of inspiring art, literature and political ideas. Today we admire the shell for its beauty, but it cannot be fully understood without charting the life cycle of the animal that generated it. The beat of the oars was the heartbeat of Athens in the city’s Golden Age. This, then, is the story of unique and gigantic marine organism, the Athenian navy, that built civilization, empowered the world’s first great democracy, and led a band of ordinary citizens into new worlds. Their epic voyage alter the course of history (John R. Hale’s Lords of the Sea, p XXXIII).”

According to the above passage, what TWO key things did the trireme symbolize? a.

b.

What is a Trireme? (Please watch the Trireme video and describe a trireme in one original paragraph.)

CLASSROOMACTIVITY–TRIREMEDESIGN

Trireme Design: Understanding the Math and Science of Flotation

View Algodoo's video to lea n t e ole densit la s in lotation

Foam Core Vessel Design: Follow the instructions in the Trireme Hands-on Activity PPT Feel free to use a calculator.

Sketch your vessel. Include sizes and buoyancy calculations on the next page.

3

idea #1

idea#2

Calculations Worksheet

4

Volume in cu inches (L x W x H) =

Volume in cu feet (cu / 1728) =

Pounds of water displaced (vol x 64) =

Mass of vessel =

Convert grams to lbs (g/453.6) =

Determine Load (water displaced - weight of vessel) =

CLASSROOMACTIVITY–BUILDINGYOURVESSEL

The Trireme TrifectaOver the course of this activity, you will be experiencing avariety of historical, scientific and mathematical activities thatwill deepen your understanding of the role of this vessel in theemergence of the Athenian democracy and empire. You andyour design team will:a. design, build and test a vesselb. simulate the skill and strength of an oarsmanc. analyze the impact of the trireme on Athenian history

Building your Vessel

1. If you have access to the Battle of Salamis app, open it to begin this step. Swipe to the left and clickon “The Trireme”; then click on the button in the top right corner and look at the directions as itloads. Take a moment and use the 3D graphic to explore the construction of this amazing vessel.Although we are not actually constructing a trireme, you should note both the complexity andsimplicity of this design before you begin to study the math and science behind floatation and startto make your own vessel.

2. Meet with your design team and examine your sketches and design plans. Choose ONE design thatyou believe will give you maximum speed and cargo weight. In this team competition, the winners’vessel will carry the heaviest load and attain the highest speed.

3. Build your vessel using foam board, duct tape, and an exacto knife. Remember a paper clip needsto be attached to the front for testing.

4. Bring your vessel to the “testing tank.” One team member should hold the vessel while anotherplaces the weights inside. Remember to periodically let go to see if it still floats. As soon as it startstaking on water, you have reached your max. Consider shifting the load and spreading out theweight to maximize the results of your test.

Testing Results:Success? Yes?___No?___ Why or why not? __________________________________

Load capacity:__________________ Maximum Speed:_____________________

Now after your first test add the ram and test again:How did this impact your results? Why?

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Review Trireme Hands-on Activity PPT

Review Triremes Hands-on Activity "How to" PDF

Evaluation Worksheet

1. Did your product come out as planned. If no, what did youchange?

2. What was the difference between your estimated load and actualload?

3. Why do you think this difference exists?

4. If you could go back and rebuild this prototype, what changeswould you make for improved performance and aesthetics?

5. Knowing what you do about the Athenian trireme and havingexperienced real-world design and execution, what have you learnedabout the complexity and sophistication of their vessels?

6. What do you think were the design elements that made the GreekTrireme such a formidable force?

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CLASSROOMACTIVITY–OARSMENSIMULATION

ands on Activityforhowtobuildanoarsim ator

Oarsmen SimulationJohn R. Hale, in his book, Lords of the Sea said, “the beat of the oars was the heartbeat of

Athens in the city’s Golden Age”. As you have discovered, the power of the Trireme lies with the men who row. Rowing required tremendous strength, skill and stamina.

Now you and your teammates will step back in time, take a seat at the simulator and suspend reality. Grab the oars and pretend you are rowing for the glory and power of Athens! Behold the power of the Athenian oarsman!`First your rowing lesson:Please take a look at the image. Notice the form and positioning of the oars. Here are some key terms so that you understand the motion:

Catch - The beginning of the rowing stroke where the oar blade is set in the water.

Drive - The part of the stroke where the blade is pulled through the water.

Finish - The final part of the stroke where the blade comes out of the water.

Release - Pushing down on the handle to raise the blade out of the water at the end of the stroke to begin the recovery.

Recovery - The part of the stroke where the rower comes slowly up the slide to return to the catch.

Watch the Triremes Olympias video Please watch from the beginning to about 1:20 minutes. This video documents the construction and sailing of the Olympias, a full-scale working replica of the legendary 170-oared Athenian trireme of the 5th century B.C. The ship is the fastest human-powered vessel on the planet. While you watch, pay attention to the movements

Now it’s your turn!a. Sit down all facing the same direction.b. Take an oar and bring it across your lap.c. Follow the motion of catch, drive, finish, release, recovery and remember you need to be

in sync. You may even want to play the rowing segment of the video so you can hear thebeat! The Whumff! Whroosh!

Reflection: Now that you have tried it, (without water, chaos of actual battle, and for an entire day) Do you think the oarsman deserve their honored status? Why?

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CLASSROOMACTIVITY–TRIREMESOFATLANTIS

Triremes of Atlantis

In one day and night of terror all your fighting men were swallowed up by the earth, just as the island of Atlantis was swallowed up by the sea and

disappeared.” -Plato

According, to Hale and some others; there is no real Atlantis but in fact Plato’s story about this lost society is actually Athens. Hale says that Plato, the dominant figure in what some call the Age of Reason. Plato uses his discussions of Atlantis as an allegory (a symbolic tale to teach a lesson) about what he sees as the defining component of Athenian politics and history - sea rule (thalassocracy).

Read the quotes from Plato and answer the question that follows.

-Plato says of those great leaders like Themistocles and Pericles, “Yes, they say thesemen made our great city. They never realize that it is now swollen and infectedbecause of these statesmen of former days, who paid no heed to discipline andjustice. Instead, they filled our city with harbors and navy yards and walls and tributeand such-like trash.” (Hale, p. 269)

“They appeared glorious and blessed to those who could not recognize true happiness. Yet at the very same time they were in fact full of greed and unrighteous power.” (Hale, p 275)

Based on the quotes above and what you know about Athenian history, how does Plato feel about heroes and Athens? Do you think this view is justified? Why or why not (think about the concept of a hero)?

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