True or False:True or False:1.1. President Nixon & Sec. of State President Nixon & Sec. of State

Kissinger's diplomacy attempted to play Kissinger's diplomacy attempted to play China & the USSR off one another. China & the USSR off one another.

2.2. Nixon attempted to reverse what he Nixon attempted to reverse what he called the Warren Court’s “judicial called the Warren Court’s “judicial activism”. activism”.

3.3. Richard Nixon was impeached as a Richard Nixon was impeached as a result of the Watergate scandal. result of the Watergate scandal.

4.4. The 1973 Arab-Israeli War and the The 1973 Arab-Israeli War and the OPEC oil embargo added to the inflation OPEC oil embargo added to the inflation that began in the wake of the Vietnam that began in the wake of the Vietnam War. War.

5.5. President Gerald Ford immediately set President Gerald Ford immediately set out to reverse the Nixon-Kissinger out to reverse the Nixon-Kissinger policy of détente toward the Soviet policy of détente toward the Soviet Union.Union.

The Stalemated The Stalemated Seventies:Seventies:APUSH Chapter 39 APUSH Chapter 39

Rachel CarsonRachel Carson: A marine : A marine biologist, published a book biologist, published a book entitled entitled Silent Spring. Silent Spring. Warned against the growing Warned against the growing use of pesticides. Argued use of pesticides. Argued that pesticides poisoned the that pesticides poisoned the food they were intended to food they were intended to protect.protect.

EPA founded in 1970 in part EPA founded in 1970 in part due to uproar created by due to uproar created by Silent SpringSilent Spring

Cesar ChavezCesar Chavez: Mexican – : Mexican – American farmer that American farmer that organized farm workers to organized farm workers to protest against low wages. protest against low wages. Help founded the United Help founded the United Farm Workers Organizing Farm Workers Organizing Committee. Used many of Committee. Used many of the same tactics of Martin the same tactics of Martin Luther King (non-violent) Luther King (non-violent)

Rachel Carson Rachel Carson

Cesar ChavezCesar Chavez

p. 945p. 945

p. 1026p. 1026

The Election of 1968 The Election of 1968 p. 931p. 931 Richard Nixon only narrowly won the 1968 election, Richard Nixon only narrowly won the 1968 election,

but the combined total of popular votes for Nixon but the combined total of popular votes for Nixon and Wallace indicated a shift to the right in and Wallace indicated a shift to the right in American politics. American politics.

The 1960's began as an era of optimism and The 1960's began as an era of optimism and possibility and ended in disunity and distrust. possibility and ended in disunity and distrust.

The Election of 1968The Election of 1968 Nixon campaigned as a Nixon campaigned as a

champion of the champion of the ""silent silent majoritymajority," ," the hardworking the hardworking Americans who paid taxes, Americans who paid taxes, did not demonstrate, and did not demonstrate, and desired a restoration of "law desired a restoration of "law and order” in the face of and order” in the face of assassinations & mass assassinations & mass protests. protests.

He vowed to restore respect He vowed to restore respect for the rule of law, for the rule of law, reconstitute the stature of reconstitute the stature of America, dispose of America, dispose of ineffective social programs, ineffective social programs, and provide strong and provide strong leadership to end the leadership to end the turmoil of the 1960's.turmoil of the 1960's.

The Stagnated 70sThe Stagnated 70s p. p. 938938

Why did the U.S. Economy suffer Why did the U.S. Economy suffer at the beginning of the 1970s? at the beginning of the 1970s?

- End of post WWII - End of post WWII economic economic boomboom- Funding Vietnam War - Funding Vietnam War & The & The Great Society Great Society -- International International competitioncompetition

What is inflation?What is inflation?

President Nixon & China President Nixon & China During Nixon’s During Nixon’s

presidency, his goal was presidency, his goal was to make significant to make significant advances in America’s advances in America’s relationships with China relationships with China and the Soviet Union and the Soviet Union

1972 President Nixon 1972 President Nixon visited China & visited China & “normalized” relations“normalized” relations

Significance of “one-Significance of “one-China” policy?China” policy?

President Nixon & The President Nixon & The U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. How would Nixon’s How would Nixon’s

dealings with China dealings with China affect the U.S.S.R? affect the U.S.S.R?

Nixon visits the Nixon visits the Soviet Union in Soviet Union in 1972, signed SALT 1972, signed SALT I agreement I agreement

The agreement The agreement limited the number limited the number of ICBMsof ICBMsUshers in era of Ushers in era of

détentedétente = relaxed tension= relaxed tension

The Election of 1972The Election of 1972

Despite the growing stain of Watergate, which had Despite the growing stain of Watergate, which had not yet reached the President, Nixon won by the not yet reached the President, Nixon won by the largest margin in history to that point.largest margin in history to that point.

The White House The White House PlumbersPlumbers

In 1971 the White House In 1971 the White House created a secret unit to created a secret unit to ensure internal security. ensure internal security.

This unit was called the This unit was called the Plumbers because they Plumbers because they stopped leaks of classified stopped leaks of classified information to the news information to the news media. media.

While working for the While working for the Committee for the Re-Committee for the Re-election of the President election of the President (CREEP) the Plumbers (CREEP) the Plumbers began engaging in illegal began engaging in illegal activities including the activities including the Watergate break ins.Watergate break ins.

This resulted in the This resulted in the Watergate cover up scandalWatergate cover up scandal

Howard HuntHoward Hunt G. Gordon G. Gordon LiddyLiddy

James McCordJames McCord Chuck Chuck ColsonColson

Pentagon PapersPentagon Papers

The Watergate Break-inThe Watergate Break-in When initial polls showed When initial polls showed

Nixon’s support starting Nixon’s support starting to slide in the Election of to slide in the Election of 1972, the Plumbers 1972, the Plumbers turned their activities to turned their activities to political espionage.political espionage.

On 17 June 1972, 5 men On 17 June 1972, 5 men were arrested while were arrested while attempting to bug the attempting to bug the headquarters of the headquarters of the Democratic Party inside Democratic Party inside the Watergate building the Watergate building in Washington D.C. in Washington D.C.

One of the men arrested, One of the men arrested, James McCord, was the James McCord, was the head of security for the head of security for the Republican Party. Republican Party.

The Nixon campaign The Nixon campaign denied any involvement.denied any involvement.

Nixon’s V.P. Resigns Nixon’s V.P. Resigns In an unrelated In an unrelated

incident Nixon’s incident Nixon’s Vice President, Vice President, Spiro Agnew Spiro Agnew is forced to resign is forced to resign in 1973 for taking in 1973 for taking bribes. bribes.

How did How did the the public public view view Agnew’s Agnew’s resignatioresignation n in the in the middle of middle of the the WatergatWatergate e Scandal?Scandal?

Congress uses the 25Congress uses the 25thth

Amendment for the 1st Amendment for the 1st time & appoints time & appoints congressman congressman Gerald Ford Gerald Ford as Nixon’s new V.P.as Nixon’s new V.P.

Woodward, Bernstein and Woodward, Bernstein and the the Washington PostWashington Post

Watergate came to public attention largely through the Watergate came to public attention largely through the work of Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, investigative work of Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, investigative reporters from the reporters from the Washington PostWashington Post. .

Despite enormous political pressure, Despite enormous political pressure, PostPost editor Ben editor Ben Bradlee, publisher Katherine Graham, Woodward and Bradlee, publisher Katherine Graham, Woodward and Bernstein, aided by an enigmatic source nicknamed Bernstein, aided by an enigmatic source nicknamed “Deepthroat” kept the story in the public consciousness “Deepthroat” kept the story in the public consciousness until Nixon’s resignation.until Nixon’s resignation.

Watergate Enters the Nixon Watergate Enters the Nixon CampaignCampaign

The break-in was eventually The break-in was eventually tied to the Nixon reelection tied to the Nixon reelection campaign through a $25,000 campaign through a $25,000 check from a Republican check from a Republican donor that was laundered donor that was laundered through a Mexican bank and through a Mexican bank and deposited in the account of deposited in the account of Watergate burglar Bernard Watergate burglar Bernard Barker. Barker.

Later it was discovered that Later it was discovered that Former Attorney General Former Attorney General John Mitchell, head of John Mitchell, head of Nixon’s “Committee to Re-Nixon’s “Committee to Re-Elect the President,” Elect the President,” (CREEP) controlled a secret (CREEP) controlled a secret fund for political espionage.fund for political espionage. Mitchell would later go to prisonMitchell would later go to prison

for his role in the scandalfor his role in the scandal

Senate Investigation and the Oval Senate Investigation and the Oval Office TapesOffice Tapes

The Senate began The Senate began hearings into Watergate hearings into Watergate in May 1973. in May 1973.

The hearings were The hearings were televised in their televised in their entirety. entirety.

They focused on when They focused on when the President knew of the President knew of the break-in. the break-in.

In June 1973, former In June 1973, former White House legal White House legal counsel John Dean counsel John Dean delivered devastating delivered devastating testimony that testimony that implicated Nixon from implicated Nixon from the earliest days of the earliest days of Watergate. Watergate.

Senate Investigation and the Senate Investigation and the Oval Office TapesOval Office Tapes

The Nixon Administration was The Nixon Administration was eager to discredit Dean and his eager to discredit Dean and his testimony so it began to release testimony so it began to release factual challenges to his account. factual challenges to his account.

Eventually a former White House Eventually a former White House aide would reveal information aide would reveal information about an automatic taping system about an automatic taping system that Nixon had secretly installed that Nixon had secretly installed in the Oval Office. in the Oval Office.

Nixon fought to keep these tapes Nixon fought to keep these tapes from being released to the public. from being released to the public.

The “Saturday Night The “Saturday Night Massacre”Massacre”

The U.S. Attorney The U.S. Attorney General and his General and his top deputy resign top deputy resign from their posts – from their posts – why? why?

They refused to They refused to fire the special fire the special prosecutor prosecutor appointed to appointed to investigate to investigate to Watergate Watergate scandalscandal

Who ordered the “Saturday Night Massacre”?Who ordered the “Saturday Night Massacre”?

The Smoking Gun TapesThe Smoking Gun Tapes The Supreme Court forced The Supreme Court forced

Nixon to surrender the Nixon to surrender the tapes.tapes.

Nixon was implicated from Nixon was implicated from the earliest days of the the earliest days of the cover-up:cover-up: authorizing the payment authorizing the payment

of hush moneyof hush money attempting to use the attempting to use the

CIA to interfere with the CIA to interfere with the FBI investigation. FBI investigation.

One tape has an 18 ½ One tape has an 18 ½ minute gap. minute gap.

““The smoking gun tapes,” The smoking gun tapes,” were released in August were released in August 1974, just after the House 1974, just after the House Judiciary Committee Judiciary Committee approved Articles of approved Articles of Impeachment against Impeachment against Nixon. Nixon.

Nixon ResignsNixon Resigns On 27 July 1974, the On 27 July 1974, the

House Judiciary House Judiciary Committee approved Committee approved Articles of Impeachment Articles of Impeachment against Nixon. against Nixon.

On 5 August 1974, when On 5 August 1974, when the “smoking gun tape” the “smoking gun tape” became public, a became public, a delegation from the delegation from the Republican National Republican National Committee told Nixon Committee told Nixon that he would not survive that he would not survive the vote in the Senate. the vote in the Senate.

On August 8, 1974 On August 8, 1974 Richard Nixon became Richard Nixon became the first American the first American president to resign. president to resign.

Aftermath Aftermath SpiritSpirit p. 543 p. 543

More than 30 government officials went to More than 30 government officials went to prison for their role in Watergate. prison for their role in Watergate.

Richard Nixon was not one of them. Richard Nixon was not one of them. In September 1974, President Gerald Ford gave In September 1974, President Gerald Ford gave

Nixon a full pardon. Nixon a full pardon. In 1976 In 1976 All the President’s MenAll the President’s Men was adapted was adapted

into an Oscar winning film.into an Oscar winning film.

Ford announcing the pardonFord announcing the pardon

An Accidental PresidentAn Accidental President President Gerald President Gerald

FordFord- - Unelected Unelected - Appointed V.P. by Appointed V.P. by

Congress Congress - ““Whip Inflation Whip Inflation

Now” ProgramNow” Program- Helsinki Accords - Helsinki Accords -

attempt to improve attempt to improve relations between the relations between the Communist bloc and the Communist bloc and the West. West.

- Height of the OPEC Height of the OPEC oil embargooil embargo

How is Ford seen by How is Ford seen by most Americans? most Americans?

22ndnd Woman’s Rights Woman’s Rights MovementMovement

1972 - 1972 - Title IX Title IX Education Education Amendment Amendment

1972 - 1972 - Equal Equal Rights Rights Amendment Amendment proposed but is proposed but is not ratified.not ratified.

Increased Increased feminism leads to feminism leads to landmark landmark Supreme Court Supreme Court Cases Cases

Phyllis Schlafly Phyllis Schlafly leads the leads the conservative charge conservative charge against the Equal Rights against the Equal Rights Amendment. Amendment. Why? Why? ERA falls 3 states short of ERA falls 3 states short of

ratification ratification

Roe v. WadeRoe v. Wade In 1973, the Supreme In 1973, the Supreme

Court ruled in Roe v. Court ruled in Roe v. Wade that certain Wade that certain kinds of abortion kinds of abortion should be legal in the should be legal in the United States.United States.

This ruling still This ruling still creates controversy creates controversy around the countryaround the country

How does this ruling How does this ruling continue to affect continue to affect politics & the court politics & the court system of the United system of the United States? States?

California v. BakkeCalifornia v. Bakke In 1978 Allan Bakke In 1978 Allan Bakke

applied to University applied to University of California at Davis of California at Davis medical school. The medical school. The school had a quota – school had a quota – based affirmative-based affirmative-action plan that action plan that reserved 16 out of 100 reserved 16 out of 100 spots for minorities.spots for minorities.

Bakke sued for Bakke sued for admission arguing admission arguing that he had been that he had been discriminated against discriminated against based on his race.based on his race.

In a 5 to 4 ruling the In a 5 to 4 ruling the Supreme Court held that Supreme Court held that quotas were illegal and quotas were illegal and Bakke was admittedBakke was admittedbut…but…

1976 Election 1976 Election Narrow victory for Jimmy CarterNarrow victory for Jimmy CarterOn what platform did Carter Run?On what platform did Carter Run?

President Jimmy Carter President Jimmy Carter A Washington outsider A Washington outsider

who wanted to clean up who wanted to clean up big government big government

Southern Baptist – was Southern Baptist – was seen as sincere & seen as sincere & honesthonest

Democratic majorities Democratic majorities in both houses of in both houses of congress congress

Creates the department Creates the department of energy & cuts taxesof energy & cuts taxes

High approval ratings High approval ratings during first few months during first few months

Carter attacked Washington in his election Carter attacked Washington in his election speeches, and offered a religious salve speeches, and offered a religious salve for the nation's woundsfor the nation's wounds

The Carter The Carter Administration Administration

Not well connected in Not well connected in D.C. & is unable to D.C. & is unable to work with work with congressional leaders congressional leaders of both partiesof both parties

Unaware of D.C. Unaware of D.C. political strategy political strategy

SALT II proposed SALT II proposed U.S. to return Panama U.S. to return Panama

Canal in 1999Canal in 1999 Encourages efforts to Encourages efforts to

curb oil consumption curb oil consumption

Camp David Accords Camp David Accords p. 960p. 960 September 1978 September 1978

Nations involved? Nations involved? Egypt & Israel Egypt & Israel Terms of agreement? Terms of agreement? Significance? Significance?

How did domestic events overshadow How did domestic events overshadow Carter’s foreign policy success? Carter’s foreign policy success?

Oil pricesOil prices

InflationInflation

Public moralPublic moral

What about détente? What about détente?

Renewed competition b/w U.S. & SovietsRenewed competition b/w U.S. & Soviets

Crisis in Iran 1979 Crisis in Iran 1979 American morale American morale

at an all time lowat an all time low Shah of Iran Shah of Iran

overthrown in overthrown in early 1979early 1979

Nov. 1979 Iranian Nov. 1979 Iranian militants take 53 militants take 53 Americans Americans hostage hostage

Carter is unable to Carter is unable to secure their secure their release release

Authorizes a failed Authorizes a failed rescue attempt rescue attempt

American hostages held for 444 American hostages held for 444 daysdays

Soviets invade Afghanistan Soviets invade Afghanistan – Issue?– Issue?American response? American response?

APUSH Chapter 40:APUSH Chapter 40:The Resurgence of The Resurgence of

ConservativismConservativism When did When did

the modern the modern conservative conservative movement movement begin? begin?

What events What events contributed contributed to the rise of to the rise of conservative conservative politics?politics?

1980 Election1980 Election ““Its morning in America”Its morning in America”

Where is Uncle Leo???Where is Uncle Leo???

What caused this shift in American political thought?What caused this shift in American political thought?

1980s American Politics 1980s American Politics ““Supply Side” Economics - Trickle Supply Side” Economics - Trickle

Down?Down? ““Reaganomics” Reaganomics” Neoconservatives Neoconservatives Reagan DemocratsReagan Democrats Cold War Thaw?Cold War Thaw? Star Wars – SDI: Star Wars – SDI: orbiting battle orbiting battle

satellites & laserssatellites & lasers Iran Contra Scandal Iran Contra Scandal

The Regan The Regan RevolutionRevolution A major goal of Ronald Reagan was A major goal of Ronald Reagan was

to reduce the size of the to reduce the size of the government by shrinking the government by shrinking the federal budget and cutting taxesfederal budget and cutting taxes

He proposed a new federal budget He proposed a new federal budget that called for cuts of $35 billion, that called for cuts of $35 billion, mostly in social programsmostly in social programs Food stamps Food stamps Federally-funded job-training Federally-funded job-training

centerscenters On March 6, 1981, Reagan was On March 6, 1981, Reagan was

shot.  12 days later, Reagan shot.  12 days later, Reagan recovered and returned to workrecovered and returned to work

New Economic New Economic ConsequencesConsequences For the first time in the 20For the first time in the 20thth

century, income gaps widened century, income gaps widened between the rich and the poorbetween the rich and the poor

Some economists located the Some economists located the sources of the economic sources of the economic upturn in the massive military upturn in the massive military expendituresexpenditures Reagan allocated nearly $2 Reagan allocated nearly $2

trillion to the Pentagon in the trillion to the Pentagon in the 1980s1980s

Gov’t deficit grew rapidly – most Gov’t deficit grew rapidly – most since the New Deal since the New Deal

1.1. American hostages in American hostages in LebanonLebanon

2.2. Communist Communist Sandinistas in Sandinistas in Nicaragua Nicaragua

3.3. American weapons American weapons sold to Iran – sold to Iran – hostages releasedhostages released

4.4. $$$ from Iran $$$ from Iran funneled to Contras funneled to Contras in Nicaragua in Nicaragua

5.5. Reagan denies Reagan denies knowledge - knowledge - Why no 2Why no 2ndnd Watergate?Watergate?

Reagan's Economic Reagan's Economic LegacyLegacy Ronald Reagan had taken Ronald Reagan had taken

office vowing to stimulate office vowing to stimulate the American economy by the American economy by rolling back government rolling back government regulations, lowering taxes, regulations, lowering taxes, and balancing the budgetand balancing the budget

Supply-side economic Supply-side economic theory had promised that theory had promised that lower taxes would actually lower taxes would actually increase government increase government revenue because they revenue because they would stimulate the would stimulate the economy as a wholeeconomy as a whole

The combination of tax The combination of tax reduction and huge reduction and huge increases in military increases in military spending caused $200 spending caused $200 billion in annual deficitsbillion in annual deficits

Reagan's Economic Reagan's Economic LegacyLegacy The large deficits of the Reagan years The large deficits of the Reagan years

were financed by many foreign were financed by many foreign countries, esp. Japancountries, esp. Japan Greater dependence on foreign Greater dependence on foreign

investment for domestic economic investment for domestic economic stability – stability – legacy? legacy?

By appearing to make new social By appearing to make new social spending both practically and spending both practically and politically impossible for the politically impossible for the foreseeable future, though, the foreseeable future, though, the economic deficits served their purposeeconomic deficits served their purpose

They achieved Reagan's highest They achieved Reagan's highest political objective:  the political objective:  the containment of containment of the welfare statethe welfare state

The Religious RightThe Religious Right In 1979, Reverend Jerry In 1979, Reverend Jerry

Falwell founded a Falwell founded a political organization political organization called the called the Moral Moral MajorityMajority He preached with He preached with

great success against great success against sexual sexual permissiveness, permissiveness, abortion, feminism, abortion, feminism, and the spread of gay and the spread of gay rightsrights

Collecting millions of Collecting millions of dollars and members, dollars and members, the organization the organization became an aggressive became an aggressive political advocate of political advocate of conservative causesconservative causes

Jerry Falwell Jerry Falwell